hardware komponen -...
TRANSCRIPT
HARDWARE KOMPONEN
ERI PRASETYOGUNADARMA
Inside Microsoft’s Wireless Bluetrack Mouse
Inside Palm Pre
Inside ARRU449 Universal Remote
ES: Simplified Block Diagram
actuatorsactuators
Information Processing• Processor Technology• Characteristics
Energy efficiency Code-size efficiency Run-time efficiency
• Special features of DSP processors• Multimedia instructions• Very Long Instruction Word (VLIW) machines
• Reconfigurable Hardware• Memory
Processors• What is a processor?
– Artifact that computes (runs algorithms)– Controller and data-path
• General-purpose processors (GP):– Variety of computation tasks– Functional flexibility and low cost at high volumes (maybe)– Slow and power hungry
• Application-Specific Instruction-set Processors (ASIP):– Tuned for application domain, but programmable– Fast and power efficient (compared to GP)
• Application-Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC):– Customized hardware for specific task/application– Fast, power efficient, minimal area– Functional inflexibility and high cost at low volumes (maybe)
General-purpose processors• Programmable device used in
a variety of applications– Also known as “microprocessor”
• Features– Program memory– General datapath with large
register file and general ALU• User benefits
– Low time-to-market and NRE costs
– High flexibility• Examples
– Pentium, Athlon, PowerPC
IR PC
Registerfile
GeneralALU
DatapathController
Program memory
Assembly code for:
total = 0 for i =1 to …
Control logic and
State register
Datamemory
Application-specific IS processors (ASIPs)• Programmable processor optimized
for a particular class of applications having common characteristics– Compromise between general-purpose
and ASIC (custom hardware)• Features
– Program memory– Optimized datapath– Special functional units
• Benefits– Some flexibility, good performance, size
and power• Examples
– DSPs, Video Signal Processors, Network Processors,..
IR PC
Registers
CustomALU
DatapathController
Program memory
Assembly code for:
total = 0 for i =1 to …
Control logic and
State register
Datamemory
Application-Specific ICs (ASICs)• Digital circuit designed to
execute exactly one program– coprocessor, hardware accelerator
• Features– Contains only the components
needed to execute a single program
– No program memory• Benefits
– Fast– Low power– Small size
DatapathController
Control logic
State register
Datamemory
index
total
+
Application Specific Circuits (ASIC)
•Custom-designed circuits necessary if ultimately speed or energy efficiency is the goal and large numbers can be sold.•Approach suffers from long design times and high costs.
IC technology
• A digital implementation (gate-level) is mapped to silicon using various layers– Full-custom/VLSI– Semi-custom ASIC (gate array and standard
cell)– PLD (Programmable Logic Device)
source drainchanneloxidegate
Silicon substrate
IC package IC
Full-custom/VLSI• All layers are optimized for an embedded
system’s particular implementation– Placing transistors– Sizing transistors– Routing wires
• Benefits– Excellent performance, small size, low
power• Drawbacks
– High NRE cost (e.g., $300k), long time-to-market
Semi-custom
• Lower layers are fully or partially built– Designers are left with routing of wires and
maybe placing some blocks• Benefits
– Good performance, good size, less NRE cost than a full-custom implementation (perhaps $10k to $100k)
• Drawbacks– Still require weeks to months to develop
PLD (Programmable Logic Device)
• All layers already exist– Designers can purchase an IC– Connections on the IC are either created or
destroyed to implement desired functionality– Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) very
popular• Benefits
– Low NRE costs, almost instant IC availability• Drawbacks
– Penalty on area, cost (perhaps $30 per unit), performance, and power
Full-custom/VLSI
MENGGUNAKAN SOFTWARE CAD TERTENTU
Software Tools Design
• LASI,MAGIC,DREAI• MAX,MyCAD LAYED• Cadence
• Mentor Graphics• Etc
Pengguna Mentor Graphics
CHIP Fabrication
• CMP-TIMA, France• TSMC, Taiwan• NEC, Japan• Mosis, USA• Mimos,Malaysia ?• Etc
Cost
• Austria Micro Systems– 0.6 CMOS CUP 390 Euro/mm2
– 0.35 CMOS C35B4C3 650 Euro/mm2
• STMicroelectronics– 0.18 CMOS HCMOS8D 990 Euro/mm2
– 0.12 CMOS HCMOS9GP 2500 Euro/mm2
– 90 nm CMOS CMOS090 5000 Euro/mm2
Process Visual
Disain skema
Hasil Simulasi
Process Visual
Disain skema
Hasil Simulasi
Disain Layout
Layout Siap Untuk Difabrikasi
CONTOH KASUS
MENDESAIN ADC 8 BITS
DENGAN ASIC
How to design …Case : Pipeline ADC design
• First Step :– Architecture Circuit Design
Stage 1 Stage 2
Diagram Block of One bit per stage
How to design …Case : Pipeline ADC design
• First Step :– Architecture Circuit Design
Implemented bySwitched Capacitor
Each stage operates in two phase : Sampling phase Multiplying Phase
How to design …Case : Pipeline ADC design
Sampling Phase Multiplying Phase
1. Vin is stored in capcitors
2. Comparator produces a digital output D
D = 1 if Vin > (Vrefp – Vrefn) / 2
D = 0 if Vin < (Vrefp – Vrefn) / 2
1. If D = 1
Capacitor C1 connect to Vrefp
Vout = 2 * Vin – Vrefp
2. If D = 0
Capacitor C1 connect to Vrefn
Vout = 2 * Vin - Vrefn
How to design …Case : Pipeline ADC design
ComparatorConsists of three blocks :•Preamplifier•Decission circuit•Output buffer
•First Step :•Architecture Circuit Design
How to design …Case : Pipeline ADC design
Operational Amplifier Vdd = 5 V and Vss = - 5V
•First Step :•Architecture Circuit Design
How to design …Case : Pipeline ADC design
• Second Step :– Done Simulation
• Result of simulation of Operational Amplifier
How to design …Case : Pipeline ADC design
• Second Step :– Done Simulation
• Result of simulation of one bit per stage pipeline
How to design …Case : Pipeline ADC design
• More Step :– Made Layouts
• One stage A/D converter layout
CapacitorsComparator
OP-AMP
How to design …Case : Pipeline ADC design
• More Step :– Layouts Design
• 8 bits A/D converter layout
How to design …Case : Pipeline ADC design
• More Step :– Layouts Design
• 8 bits ADC layout of CHIP photograph