handbook of osha construction safety and health

Handbook of OSHA Construction Safety and Health

Second Edition

© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

Charles D. ReeseJames Vernon Eidson

Handbook of OSHA Construction Safety and Health

Second Edition


Published in 2006 byCRC PressTaylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742

© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLCCRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group

No claim to original U.S. Government worksPrinted in the United States of America on acid-free paper10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Reese, Charles D.Handbook of OSHA construction safety and health / [Charles D. Reese, James V. Eidson].-- 2nd ed.

p. cm.Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 0-8493-6546-51. Building--United States--Safety measures. 2. Construction industry--Safety regulations--United States.

I. Eidson, James V II. Title

TH443.R434 2005363.11'96900973--dc22 2005054898

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Dedication

This book is dedicated to my deceased parents, Charles R. Reese and Irene M. Reese, in memoryof their support through my good and bad times, and to those construction workers who had to givetheir lives, health, and well-being to generate the need for this book. Last, but by no means least,to that special person, my loving wife, E. Carol Reese, who has shared my journey through life.


Preface

The construction industry has always been viewed as unique. Although it shares many aspects withother industries, it certainly has its share of unique hazards. The intent of this book is to provide atool that can be used to address the occupational safety and health issues faced by those workingin the construction industry; this includes contractors, workers, safety and health professionals,project managers, suppliers, and manufactures of equipment and materials.

A vast range of issues are addressed in this book, and some of those issues are as follows:people issues, program development, safety and health program implementation, intervention andprevention of construction incidents, regulatory interpretations, understanding, and compliance,Occupational Safety and Health Administration’s (OSHA’s) expectations, health and safety hazardsfaced by those working in the construction industry, and sources of information.

From the start of this book it has been my vision to provide a comprehensive approach toconstruction safety and health. This is manifested by addressing issues which are seldom discussedin the construction arena; some of these issues are such topics as perceptions and motivation. Alsoincluded in this book are those issues gleaned from the safety and health disciplines, such as theanalyzing of incidents and accident prevention techniques that may be viewed as “stuff” that doesnot apply to construction. A great effort was also undertaken to discuss construction safety andhealth hazards and the regulations promulgated by the OSHA in order to alleviate these hazards.This comprehensive application of safety and health to the many facets of the construction industryis fostered by a strong belief by the authors that construction safety and health on the jobsite arecritical factors in good business practices, productivity, and cost containment.

As a guide and source reference for safety and health in the construction industry, this bookbecomes the foundation upon which to build stronger safety and health initiatives within theconstruction industry, while intervening and preventing jobsite deaths, injuries, and illnesses.

Charles D. Reese, Ph.D.


AcknowledgmentsI thank my dedicated wife, Carol, for her patience and perseverance in proofreading and editingmy work each step of the way; she makes a great teammate. Also, I want to thank Kay Warren ofBarDan Associates for her efforts in formatting and developing the camera-ready copy; her workhas been invaluable.

It certainly took a load off of me to have my coauthor, James V. Eidson, a safety andhealth consultant and previous OSHA senior industrial hygienist write the chapters relevant tooccupational health and personal protective equipment.

A special thanks to my longtime friend and colleague, John Forte, who has for many yearsalways been ready to fulfill my requests for help.

It is a pleasure to have Dr. Rodney Allen, who is dedicated to occupational safety and health,support this effort by providing a chapter on workers’ compensation which was beyond myexpertise.

The previous works of many agencies, organizations, industries, and individuals have resultedin the information, illustrations, and materials which make this book possible. Contributions bycourtesy or permission have come from:

Building and Construction Trades DepartmentBureau of Labor StatisticsThe Crosby Group, Inc.Department of CommerceDepartment of EnergyInternational Union of Operating Engineers, Local No. 487Laborers–AGC Education and Training FundNational Institute for Occupational Safety and HealthNational Mine Health and Safety AcademyOccupational Safety and Health AdministrationO&G Industries, Inc.Professional Safety and Health ConsultantsScaffold Industry Association, Inc.Suffolk Construction CompanyWalsh Construction Management Company

Certain individual professionals made unique contributions with their experience and knowl-edge. They were:

Donna CivitelloJohn ForteJames LappingBruce OttmanNicholas Warren


Authors

Charles D. Reese

For 25 years Dr. Charles D. Reese has been involved with occupational safety and health as aneducator, manager, and consultant. In Dr. Reese’s early days in occupational safety and health, heheld the position of industrial hygienist at the National Mine Health and Safety Academy. He laterassumed the responsibility of manager for the nation’s occupational trauma research initiative atthe National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health’s (NIOSH) Division of Safety Research.Dr. Reese has had an integral part in trying to assure that workplace safety and health is providedfor all those within the workplace. As the managing director for the Laborers’ Health and SafetyFund of North American, his responsibilities were aimed at protecting the 650,000 members ofthe laborers’ union in the United States and Canada.

He has developed many occupational safety and health training programs which run the gamutfrom radioactive waste remediation to confined space entry. Dr. Reese has written numerousarticles, pamphlets, and books related to safety and health issues.

At present Dr. Reese is a member of the graduate and undergraduate faculty at the Universityof Connecticut, where he teaches courses on OSHA regulations, safety and health management,accident prevention techniques, industrial hygiene, and ergonomics. As Professor of occupationalsafety and health, he coordinates the bulk of the safety and health efforts at the University. He isoften called upon to consult with industry on safety and health issues and also asked for expertconsultation in legal cases.

Also, Dr. Reese is the principal author of the Handbook of OSHA Construction Safety andHealth; Material Handling Systems: Designing for Safety and Health; Annotated Dictionary ofConstruction Safety and Health; Accident/Incident Prevention Techniques; Occupational Healthand Safety Management: A Practical Approach and Office Building Safety and Health.

James V. Eidson

Mr. Eidson is currently conducting industrial hygiene and safety investigations in construction andthe general industry. He also serves as the director of Professional Health and Safety Consultants.His primary responsibilities are conducting workplace health and safety walk-around inspections,exposure monitoring, and hazard training. Objectives also include developing technical, instruc-tional, and procedural material for training curricula and monitoring a variety of workplace healthand safety hazards.

He serves as a master trainer for programs including hazardous waste, hazard communication,lead abatement, radiation safety, blood-borne pathogens, and asbestos abatement. He is an adjunctprofessor for the University of Connecticut specializing in industrial hygiene and OSHA standardsclasses, and has Connecticut State licences as an asbestos inspector, management planner, projectdesigner, and project manager.


Table of ContentsChapter 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 1

Construction Industry ..................................................................................................................... 1Construction as a Business............................................................................................................. 4Contractor Liability ........................................................................................................................ 4Management/Professional Positions............................................................................................... 6Supervisors ..................................................................................................................................... 6The Competent Person(s) ............................................................................................................... 6Women in Construction ................................................................................................................. 7The Construction Trades ................................................................................................................ 7Unions of the Building and Construction Trades Department...................................................... 11Why the Hazards ............................................................................................................................ 12Cost of Accidents/Incidents ........................................................................................................... 13Why do Accidents Occur ............................................................................................................... 13Construction Deaths ....................................................................................................................... 14Construction Injuries ...................................................................................................................... 15Construction Illnesses..................................................................................................................... 16Construction Hazards ..................................................................................................................... 17Construction’s Relationship to OSHA........................................................................................... 19Intent of this Book ......................................................................................................................... 19References....................................................................................................................................... 20

Chapter 2 Perceptions in the Construction Industry ........................................................... 21

Survey ............................................................................................................................................. 22Agreement....................................................................................................................................... 24Disagreement .................................................................................................................................. 25Contractors and Mixed Views ....................................................................................................... 26Other Areas..................................................................................................................................... 26How to Use this Survey ................................................................................................................. 26

Example...................................................................................................................................... 26Using the Results............................................................................................................................ 27Summary......................................................................................................................................... 27

Chapter 3 The People Issue in Construction Safety and Health ........................................ 29

Setting the Stage............................................................................................................................. 29Defining Motivation................................................................................................................... 30Summary of the Principles of Motivation ................................................................................. 30

The Motivational Environment ...................................................................................................... 31Structuring the Motivational Environment ................................................................................ 31Reacting to the Motivational Environment ............................................................................... 33Motivational Environment — Examples ................................................................................... 34

Goal Setting .................................................................................................................................... 35Goals and You............................................................................................................................ 35Rationale behind Goals .............................................................................................................. 35Goals and Their Many Forms.................................................................................................... 36


xiv Table of Contents

Self-motivation ............................................................................................................................... 36You are the One ......................................................................................................................... 36People are Amazing ................................................................................................................... 37Losing the Self in Motivation.................................................................................................... 37

Dealing with People Along the Continuum................................................................................... 37The People Issue ........................................................................................................................ 37Changing Values ........................................................................................................................ 38Needs Move Mountains and People .......................................................................................... 39

Motivational Leadership................................................................................................................. 40Describing Leadership................................................................................................................ 40Role Models ............................................................................................................................... 41Leadership Characteristics ......................................................................................................... 41Applying Leadership .................................................................................................................. 41The Key Person.......................................................................................................................... 43

The Ever-Changing Motivational Plan .......................................................................................... 43The Plan...................................................................................................................................... 43Feedback/Reinforcement ............................................................................................................ 44Criticism ..................................................................................................................................... 44Modifying or Changing Behavior.............................................................................................. 45

Supervisory Motivational Initiatives.............................................................................................. 47Different Approaches ................................................................................................................. 47Joint Labor/Management Committees ....................................................................................... 47

Committee Makeup ................................................................................................................ 48Recordkeeping........................................................................................................................ 49Do’s and Don’ts of L/M Committees.................................................................................... 49Organizing a Joint Committee ............................................................................................... 50Expectations ........................................................................................................................... 50Outcomes................................................................................................................................ 51

Joint Labor/Management Occupational Safety and Health Committees .................................. 51Summary................................................................................................................................. 52

Peer Pressure .............................................................................................................................. 53Family Pressure .......................................................................................................................... 53The Worker Challenge ............................................................................................................... 54Rewards ...................................................................................................................................... 54

Motivational Techniques ................................................................................................................ 55Training ...................................................................................................................................... 55More about Rewards .................................................................................................................. 55Reinforcement ............................................................................................................................ 56Incentives as Rewards................................................................................................................ 56Incentive Programs..................................................................................................................... 56

Safety Incentive Program for XYZ Contractor ............................................................................. 57Special Emphasis........................................................................................................................ 58Contests ...................................................................................................................................... 58Gimmicks and Gadgets .............................................................................................................. 59Visuals ........................................................................................................................................ 59Conferences/Seminars ................................................................................................................ 60Nonfinancial Incentives.............................................................................................................. 60

Summary......................................................................................................................................... 60References....................................................................................................................................... 63


Table of Contents xv

Chapter 4 Construction Safety and Health Programs ......................................................... 65

Reasons for a Comprehensive Safety Program ............................................................................. 67Building a Safety and Health Program.......................................................................................... 67

Rules ........................................................................................................................................... 68Communications......................................................................................................................... 68Training ...................................................................................................................................... 70Accident Investigation................................................................................................................ 71Evaluation................................................................................................................................... 73

Explaining the Requirements and Elements of OSHA Guidelines for aSafety and Health Program ................................................................................................ 74

Management Commitment and Leadership............................................................................... 74Assignment of Responsibility .................................................................................................... 75Identification and Control of Hazards ....................................................................................... 75Training and Education.............................................................................................................. 76Recordkeeping and Hazard Analysis......................................................................................... 77First Aid and Medical Assistance.............................................................................................. 77Emergency and Firefighting Procedures.................................................................................... 78

Model Construction Safety and Health Program........................................................................... 78Management Safety and Health Policy Statements................................................................... 78Accountability and Responsibility ............................................................................................. 80Discipline Policy ........................................................................................................................ 80Supervisory Involvement ........................................................................................................... 81Employee Responsibility............................................................................................................ 82Jobsite Inspections...................................................................................................................... 82Accident Investigations .............................................................................................................. 83Recordkeeping............................................................................................................................ 83Training ...................................................................................................................................... 83First Aid and Medical Availability............................................................................................ 85Emergency Procedures and Response ....................................................................................... 87

Safety and Health Program Evaluation.......................................................................................... 87Evaluation of Your Responses....................................................................................................... 87Other Required Written Programs ................................................................................................. 90References....................................................................................................................................... 96

Chapter 5 Analyzing Construction Hazards and Accidents/Incidents............................... 97

Preconstruction Conference............................................................................................................ 97Worksite Hazard Analysis..............................................................................................................100Accident/Incident Analysis ............................................................................................................102

Accidents: Why They Happen...................................................................................................102Analyzing Accidents/Incidents ..................................................................................................104Direct Causes..............................................................................................................................104Indirect Causes ...........................................................................................................................104Basic Causes...............................................................................................................................105

Job Safety Analysis ........................................................................................................................108Management Controls ................................................................................................................110Establishing a Method for Selecting Jobs .................................................................................110Selection of Tasks for Analysis .................................................................................................110


xvi Table of Contents

Prioritization of Tasks................................................................................................................111Conducting a Job Safety Analysis .............................................................................................112Considering Human Problems in the JSA Process ...................................................................113Hazards Elimination or Control.................................................................................................114Methods of Performing a JSA ...................................................................................................115Review the Analysis and Potential Solutions............................................................................117Implementing the JSA in an Operational System .....................................................................117Monitoring a JSA Program........................................................................................................117

Hazard Analysis..............................................................................................................................118Analyzing Accident Data ...............................................................................................................118Summary.........................................................................................................................................120References.......................................................................................................................................120

Chapter 6 Construction Accident Prevention Techniques................................................... 121

Safety and Health Management .....................................................................................................121Communications .............................................................................................................................122Toolbox Talks.................................................................................................................................122Training...........................................................................................................................................123Hazard Identification ......................................................................................................................123Safe Operating Procedures (SOPs) ................................................................................................125When an Engineer is Needed.........................................................................................................128

Focused Inspections ...................................................................................................................128Identify the Need for an Engineer .............................................................................................129Engineer Requirements ..............................................................................................................129Stated Engineering Requirements..............................................................................................129Implied Engineering Requirements ...........................................................................................131Consensus Standards ..................................................................................................................132Inconsistent Reference to Engineers..........................................................................................133

Special Programs ............................................................................................................................135Preventive Maintenance Programs.................................................................................................135Fleet Safety Program......................................................................................................................137Accident Investigation....................................................................................................................138

Purpose of Accident Investigations ...........................................................................................138Potential Risks............................................................................................................................139Investigations Benefit the Supervisor ........................................................................................141Reporting Accidents...................................................................................................................141Ten Reasons for Not Reporting Accidents................................................................................141Good Accident Investigations....................................................................................................143Determining Accident Types .....................................................................................................144Designing a Report/Investigation Form.....................................................................................144Organizing/Assigning Responsibilities ......................................................................................144Explaining Accident Investigations ...........................................................................................145Controlling and Follow-Up........................................................................................................145Sources of Information...............................................................................................................146The Interview Process................................................................................................................146Reenacting Accidents.................................................................................................................148The Accident Report ..................................................................................................................148


Table of Contents xvii

Job Safety Observations .................................................................................................................149Benefits of Job Safety Observations..........................................................................................150Planned Safety Observations .....................................................................................................151Frequency and Extent of Observations......................................................................................152The Incidental Safety Observation ............................................................................................153Indirect Types of Unsafe Procedures ........................................................................................154The Planned Safety Observation ...............................................................................................155Supervisory Preparation for Job Safety Observations...............................................................156Making the Observation.............................................................................................................158Recording the Observation.........................................................................................................159Post-observation Conference......................................................................................................159Follow-up Procedures ................................................................................................................160Dealing with Unsafe Performance.............................................................................................161

Safety and Health Audits ...............................................................................................................162References.......................................................................................................................................165

Chapter 7 Construction Safety: A through H....................................................................... 167

Abrasive Grinding (1926.303) .......................................................................................................167Aerial Lifts (1926.556)...................................................................................................................168Air Receivers (1926.306) ...............................................................................................................169Alarms (1926.159 and .602) ..........................................................................................................170Arc Welding and Cutting (1626.351) ............................................................................................171Barricades (1926.202) ....................................................................................................................173Barriers ...........................................................................................................................................173Batteries (1926.441) .......................................................................................................................174Change Rooms (1926.51)...............................................................................................................174Compressed Air, Use of (1926.302) ..............................................................................................174Compressed Air, Working Under .................................................................................................175Compressed Gas Cylinders (1926.350) .........................................................................................176Compressed Gas Welding ..............................................................................................................178Concrete Construction (1926.701) .................................................................................................179Concrete Cast-in-Place (1926.703) ................................................................................................181Confined Spaces (1910.146 and 1926.21) .....................................................................................183Construction Masonry (1926.706) .................................................................................................188Conveyors (1926.555) ....................................................................................................................188Cranes and Derricks (1926.550) ....................................................................................................189

Rated Loads................................................................................................................................189Hand Signals ..............................................................................................................................190Crane Inspections .......................................................................................................................190Wire Rope ..................................................................................................................................190Guarding .....................................................................................................................................194Fueling........................................................................................................................................195Electrical Concerns ....................................................................................................................195Modifications..............................................................................................................................196Crawler, Locomotive, and Truck Cranes ..................................................................................196Hammerhead Tower Cranes.......................................................................................................196Overhead and Gantry Cranes.....................................................................................................196


xviii Table of Contents

Derricks ......................................................................................................................................197Floating Cranes and Derricks ....................................................................................................197Crane- and Derrick-Suspended Personnel Platforms ................................................................197

Platform Operations ...............................................................................................................197Platform Specifications ..........................................................................................................198Rigging ...................................................................................................................................198Inspection and Proof Test ......................................................................................................199Work Practices .......................................................................................................................199Traveling.................................................................................................................................200Prelift Meeting........................................................................................................................200

Demolition (1926.850) ...................................................................................................................200Chutes (1926.852) ......................................................................................................................201Removal of Materials through Floor Openings (1926.853)......................................................201Removal of Walls, Masonry Sections, and Chimneys (1926.854)...........................................201Manual Removal of Floors (1926.855) .....................................................................................202Removal of Walls, Floors, and Material with Equipment (1926.856) .....................................202Storage (1926.857) .....................................................................................................................202Removal of Steel Construction (1926.858) ...............................................................................202Mechanical Demolition (1926.859) ...........................................................................................203Selective Demolition by Explosives (1926.860) .......................................................................203

Disposal Chutes (1926.252) ...........................................................................................................203Diving (1926.1071) ........................................................................................................................204Drinking Water...............................................................................................................................208Eating and Drinking Areas (1926.51)............................................................................................208Egress (1926.34).............................................................................................................................208Electrical (1926.400) ......................................................................................................................208

General Requirements (1926.403) .............................................................................................208Working Distances .................................................................................................................209Guarding Electrical Equipment..............................................................................................211Conductors Exceeding 600 Volts ..........................................................................................211Installations Accessible to Unqualified Persons....................................................................212Lighting Outlets......................................................................................................................213

Wiring Design and Protection (1926.404).................................................................................213Ground-Fault Circuit Interrupters ..........................................................................................213Assured Grounding Program .................................................................................................213Requirements for Outlets .......................................................................................................216Outdoor Conductors ...............................................................................................................216Disconnects.............................................................................................................................217Overcurrent Protection ...........................................................................................................217Fuses and Circuit Breakers ....................................................................................................218Grounding...............................................................................................................................218Separately Derived Systems...................................................................................................218Portable- and Vehicle-Mounted Generators ..........................................................................219Neutral Conductor Bonding ...................................................................................................219Ground Connections...............................................................................................................219Supports and Enclosures for Conductors ..............................................................................220Nonelectrical Equipment........................................................................................................221Effective Grounding...............................................................................................................221Bonded Conductors ................................................................................................................221


Table of Contents xix

Made Electrodes.....................................................................................................................221Grounded High Voltage .........................................................................................................221

Wiring Methods, Components, and Equipment for General Use (1926.405) ..........................222General Requirements ............................................................................................................222Temporary Wiring..................................................................................................................222General Requirements for Temporary Wiring ......................................................................222Receptacles Must be of the Grounding Type........................................................................222Temporary Lights...................................................................................................................223Boxes ......................................................................................................................................223Flexible Cords and Cables .....................................................................................................223Guarding .................................................................................................................................224Cabinets, Boxes, and Fittings ................................................................................................225Knife Switches .......................................................................................................................225Switchboards and Panelboards...............................................................................................225Wet or Damp Locations.........................................................................................................225Conductors..............................................................................................................................225Fixtures ...................................................................................................................................226Receptacles .............................................................................................................................226Appliances ..............................................................................................................................226Motors.....................................................................................................................................227Transformers...........................................................................................................................228Fire Protection ........................................................................................................................228Transformer Guidelines..........................................................................................................228Capacitors ...............................................................................................................................228

Specific Purpose Equipment and Installation (1926.406) .........................................................228Elevators, Escalators, and Moving Walks .............................................................................229Electric Welder Disconnects..................................................................................................229X-ray Equipment ....................................................................................................................229

Hazardous (Classified) Locations (1926.407) ...........................................................................230Special Systems (1926.408).......................................................................................................231

Installations Emerging from the Ground...............................................................................231Interrupting and Isolating Devices.........................................................................................232Mobile and Portable Equipment ............................................................................................232Guarding Live Parts ...............................................................................................................232Tunnel Installations ................................................................................................................232Classification: Class 1, Class 2, or Class 3 Remote Control, Signaling, or

Power-Limited Circuits ..............................................................................................233Communications Systems ......................................................................................................233

Electrical Work Practices (1926.416)........................................................................................234Lockout/Tagging of Circuits (1926.417) ...................................................................................234Safety-Related Maintenance and Environmental Considerations .............................................235

Maintenance of Equipment (1926.431) .................................................................................235Environmental Deterioration of Equipment (1926.432) .......................................................235

Employee Emergency Action Plans (1926.35)..............................................................................236Excavations/Trenches (1926.650) ..................................................................................................236

Specific Excavation Requirements (1926.651) .........................................................................237Utilities ...................................................................................................................................237Egress Ramps and Runways ..................................................................................................237Equipment and Loads.............................................................................................................238


xx Table of Contents

Hazardous Atmospheres.........................................................................................................239Water Accumulation ..............................................................................................................239Below Level Excavations.......................................................................................................240Loose Materials ......................................................................................................................240Inspections..............................................................................................................................240Walkways and Barriers ..........................................................................................................241

Requirements for Protective Systems (1926.652) .....................................................................241Slopes .....................................................................................................................................241Support, Shield, and Other Protective Systems.....................................................................242Shield Systems .......................................................................................................................244

Explosives and Blasting (1926.900) ..............................................................................................244Blaster Qualifications (1926.901) ..............................................................................................245General Provisions .....................................................................................................................245Transporting Explosives (1926.902)..........................................................................................246Use of Explosives (1926.904 and 905) .....................................................................................247Electrical Blasting (1926.906) ...................................................................................................248Safety Fuse (1926.907) ..............................................................................................................249Using Detonating Cord (1926.908) ...........................................................................................250Firing a Blast (1926.909) ...........................................................................................................250Handling Misfires (1926.911)....................................................................................................251General Guidelines.....................................................................................................................251

Eye and Face Protection (1926.102)..............................................................................................251Fall Protection (1926.500–503) .....................................................................................................252

Scope, Application, and Definitions Applicable to This Subpart (1926.500)..........................252Duty to Have Fall Protection (1926.501) ..................................................................................253Fall Protection Systems Criteria and Practices (1926.502).......................................................255

Guardrail Systems ..................................................................................................................255Safety Nets .............................................................................................................................257Personal Fall Arresting System .............................................................................................258Warning Lines ........................................................................................................................261Safety Monitoring System .....................................................................................................263Covers.....................................................................................................................................263Overhead Protection...............................................................................................................263Fall Protection Plan................................................................................................................265

Training Requirements (1926.503) ............................................................................................266Fire Protection and Prevention (1926.150)....................................................................................266

Fire Prevention — Storage (CFR 1926.151).............................................................................269Flammable and Combustible Liquids (1926.152) .....................................................................270

Flagperson (1926.201)....................................................................................................................273Floor and Wall Openings (1926.501) ............................................................................................273Food Handling (1926.51) ...............................................................................................................273Foot Protection (1926.96) ..............................................................................................................273Hand Protection ..............................................................................................................................274Hand and Power Tools/Guarding (1926.300)................................................................................274Hand Tools (1926.301) ..................................................................................................................275Hazard Communications (1926.59) ...............................................................................................276

Written Hazard Communication Program .............................................................................277Information Provided by the Employer .................................................................................277Training Provided by the Employer ......................................................................................277


Table of Contents xxi

Multiple Employer Sites ........................................................................................................278Owner’s/Contractor’s Responsibilities ..................................................................................278

Hazardous Waste Operations (1926.65) ........................................................................................278Written Safety and Health Program ......................................................................................279Site Safety and Health Plan ...................................................................................................280Site Evaluation .......................................................................................................................280Site Control ............................................................................................................................282Training ..................................................................................................................................282Medical Surveillance..............................................................................................................284Hazard Controls......................................................................................................................285Personal Protective Equipment ..............................................................................................286Monitoring..............................................................................................................................286Handling and Transporting Hazardous Materials..................................................................287Lab Packs ...............................................................................................................................288Drum or Container Staging....................................................................................................288Decontamination.....................................................................................................................288Emergency Response Plan .....................................................................................................289Sanitation................................................................................................................................290New Technologies..................................................................................................................290RCRA .....................................................................................................................................290Emergency Response .............................................................................................................291Emergency Response Training ..............................................................................................294

Head Protection (1926.100) ...........................................................................................................294Hearing Protection — Occupational Noise Exposure (1926.52) ..................................................295Heating Devices (Temporary) (1926.154) .....................................................................................296Heavy Equipment, Preventing Slips and Falls ..............................................................................296Helicopters (1926.551) ...................................................................................................................297Hoist, Base-Mounted Drum (1926.553) ........................................................................................299Hoists, Material (1926.552) ...........................................................................................................299Hoist, Overhead (1926.554) ...........................................................................................................301Hoist, Personnel ............................................................................................................................301Housekeeping (1926.25).................................................................................................................303

Chapter 8 Construction Safety: I through W ....................................................................... 305

Illumination (1926.56)....................................................................................................................305Jacks (1926.305).............................................................................................................................305Ladders (1926.1053).......................................................................................................................306

Fixed Ladders.............................................................................................................................307Rules for All Ladders.................................................................................................................309

Lift-Slab Construction (1926.705) .................................................................................................313Liquid-Fuel Tools (1926.302) ........................................................................................................314Liquid Petroleum Gas (1926.153)..................................................................................................314Lockout/Tagout (1910.147)............................................................................................................315

Energy Control Program ............................................................................................................316Lockout/Tagout Devices ............................................................................................................317Periodic Inspections ...................................................................................................................317Training and Communications...................................................................................................318Energy Isolation .........................................................................................................................319


xxii Table of Contents

Established Procedure ................................................................................................................319Lockout or Tagout Device Application .....................................................................................319Stored Energy.............................................................................................................................319Release from Lockout or Tagout ...............................................................................................320Testing or Positioning ................................................................................................................320Outside Personnel (Subcontractors, etc.)...................................................................................320Group Lockout or Tagout ..........................................................................................................321Shift or Personnel Changes........................................................................................................321

Marine Equipment (1926.605) .......................................................................................................321Material Handling and Storage (1926.250) ...................................................................................322Material Handling Equipment (1926.602) .....................................................................................323Medical Services and First Aid (CFR 1926.23 and .50)...............................................................326Motor Vehicles and Mechanized Equipment (1926.601)..............................................................327Nonpotable Water (1926.51)..........................................................................................................328Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (1926.95)...........................................................................328Pile Driving (1926.603) .................................................................................................................328Pneumatic Tools (1926.302) ..........................................................................................................330Potable Water (1926.51) ................................................................................................................331Powder-Actuated Guns (1926.302)................................................................................................331Power Tools (1926.300).................................................................................................................333Power Tools, Electrical (1926.302) ...............................................................................................333Power Tools, Fuel Driven (1926.302) ...........................................................................................334Power Tools, Hydraulic (1926.302)...............................................................................................334Power Transmission and Distribution (1926.950).........................................................................335

Tools and Protective Equipment (1926.951).............................................................................335Mechanical Equipment (1926.952)............................................................................................336Material Handling (1926.953)....................................................................................................336Grounding for Protection of Employees (1926.954).................................................................336Overhead Lines (1926.955)........................................................................................................337

Metal Tower Construction .....................................................................................................337Stringing and Removing De-energized Conductors..............................................................338Stringing Adjacent to Energized Lines..................................................................................338Live-Line Bare-Hand Work ...................................................................................................339

Underground Lines (1926.956)..................................................................................................339Construction in Energized Substations (1926.957) ...................................................................340External Load Helicopters (1926.958).......................................................................................340Lineman’s Body Belts, Safety Straps, and Lanyards (1926.959).............................................340

Precast Concrete (1926.704) ..........................................................................................................340Process Chemical Safety Management (1926.64) .........................................................................341

Requirements..............................................................................................................................342Process Hazard Analysis............................................................................................................343Employer Responsibility ............................................................................................................344Contractor Responsibility...........................................................................................................345The Process ................................................................................................................................345New Operations..........................................................................................................................346Hot Work....................................................................................................................................346Management Change..................................................................................................................346Emergency Action Plan .............................................................................................................347Compliance Certification ...........................................................................................................347

Radiation, Ionizing (1926.53) ........................................................................................................347


Table of Contents xxiii

Radiation, Nonionizing (Lasers) (1926.54) ...................................................................................347Rigging (1926.251).........................................................................................................................348

Rigging Equipment for Material Handling (1926.251).............................................................348Welded Alloy Steel Chains (1926.251).....................................................................................349Wire Ropes (1926.251) ..............................................................................................................350Synthetic Rope (1926.251) ........................................................................................................352Web Slings (1926.251) ..............................................................................................................353Shackles and Hooks (1926.251) ................................................................................................354

Rollover Protective Structures (1926.1000) ..................................................................................355Safety Harness ................................................................................................................................356Safety Nets (1926.105 and 502) ....................................................................................................356Scaffolds (1926.450) ......................................................................................................................357

General Requirements (1926.451) .............................................................................................358Platforms.................................................................................................................................358Scaffold Components .............................................................................................................359Supporting Scaffolds ..............................................................................................................360Suspension Scaffolds..............................................................................................................361Accessing Scaffolds ...............................................................................................................363Stairrails..................................................................................................................................364Stairways and Ramps .............................................................................................................364Integrated Scaffold Access.....................................................................................................364Access During Erecting or Dismantling................................................................................365Other Scaffold Rules..............................................................................................................365Fall Protection ........................................................................................................................366Falling Object Protection .......................................................................................................368

Additional Requirements Applicable to Specific Types of Scaffolds (1926.452) ...................369Pole Scaffolds.........................................................................................................................369Tubular and Coupler Scaffolds ..............................................................................................370Fabricated Frame Scaffolds ...................................................................................................371Plasterers’, Decorators’, and Large Area Scaffolds ..............................................................371Bricklayers’ Square Scaffolds................................................................................................371Horse Scaffolds ......................................................................................................................371Form Scaffolds and Carpenters’ Bracket Scaffolds ..............................................................372Roof Bracket Scaffolds ..........................................................................................................372Outrigger Scaffolds ................................................................................................................372Pump Jack Scaffolds ..............................................................................................................373Ladder Jack Scaffolds ............................................................................................................373Window Jack Scaffolds..........................................................................................................374Crawling Boards (Chicken Ladders) .....................................................................................374Step, Platform, and Trestle Ladder Scaffolds .......................................................................374Single-Point Adjustable Suspension Scaffolds......................................................................374Boatswains’ Chair ..................................................................................................................374Two-Point Adjustable Suspension Scaffolds (Swing Stages)...............................................375Multipoint Adjustable Suspension Scaffolds, Stonesetters’ Multipoint

Adjustable Suspension Scaffolds, and Masons’ Multipoint AdjustableSuspension Scaffolds..................................................................................................375

Catenary Scaffolds .................................................................................................................375Float (Ship) Scaffolds ............................................................................................................375Interior Hung Scaffolds..........................................................................................................376Needle Beam Scaffolds..........................................................................................................376


xxiv Table of Contents

Multi-Level Suspended Scaffolds..........................................................................................376Mobile Scaffolds ....................................................................................................................376Repair Bracket Scaffolds .......................................................................................................377Stilts ........................................................................................................................................378

Training Requirements (1926.454) ............................................................................................378Signs, Signals, and Barricades .......................................................................................................379

Accident Prevention Signs/Tags ................................................................................................379Site Clearance (1926.604) ..............................................................................................................380Slips, Trips, and Falls.....................................................................................................................381Stairways (1926.1052)....................................................................................................................383Steel Erection (1926.750)...............................................................................................................385

Site Layout, Site-Specific Plan and Construction Sequence (1926.752)..................................387Approval to Begin Steel Erection..........................................................................................387Commencement of Steel Erection .........................................................................................387Site Layout .............................................................................................................................387Pre-planning of Overhead Hoisting Operations ....................................................................387Site-specific Erection Plan .....................................................................................................387

Hoisting and Rigging (1926.753) ..............................................................................................388Pre-shift Visual Inspection of Cranes....................................................................................388Working under Loads.............................................................................................................388Multiple Lift Rigging Procedure ...........................................................................................389

Structural Steel Assembly (1926.754) .......................................................................................389Walking/Working Surfaces ....................................................................................................389Plumbing-up ...........................................................................................................................390Hoisting, Landing and Placing of Metal Decking Bundles ..................................................390Covering Roof and Floor Openings ......................................................................................390Installation of Metal Decking ................................................................................................391Derrick Floors ........................................................................................................................391

Column Anchorage (1926.755)..................................................................................................391General Requirements for Erection Stability ........................................................................391Repair, Replacement or Field Modification of Anchor Rods

(Anchor Bolts)............................................................................................................392Beams and Columns (1926.756)................................................................................................392

General ...................................................................................................................................392Diagonal Bracing....................................................................................................................392Double Connections at Columns and/or at Beam Webs over a Column .............................392Column Splices ......................................................................................................................392Perimeter Columns.................................................................................................................392

Open Web Steel Joists (1926.757) ............................................................................................393General ...................................................................................................................................393Field-Bolted Joists..................................................................................................................393Attachment of Steel Joists and Steel Joist Girders ...............................................................394Erection of Steel Joists...........................................................................................................394Erection Bridging ...................................................................................................................395Landing and Placing Loads ...................................................................................................396

System-Engineering Metal Buildings (1926.758) .....................................................................396Falling Object Protection (1926.759) ........................................................................................397

Securing Loose Items Aloft ...................................................................................................397Protection from Falling Objects other than Materials Being Hoisted ..................................397


Table of Contents xxv

Fall Protection (1926.760) .........................................................................................................397General Requirements ............................................................................................................397Connectors..............................................................................................................................397Controlled Decking Zone (CDZ)...........................................................................................397Criteria for Fall Protection Equipment ..................................................................................398Custody of Fall Protection .....................................................................................................398

Training (1926.761) ...................................................................................................................398Training Personnel .................................................................................................................398Fall Hazard Training ..............................................................................................................398Special Training Programs.....................................................................................................399

Temporary Sleeping Quarters (1926.51) .......................................................................................399Tire Cages (1926.600)....................................................................................................................399Toeboards .......................................................................................................................................399Toilets (1926.51) ............................................................................................................................399Transportation.................................................................................................................................400Tunnels/Shaft (Underground Construction) (1926.800)................................................................401

Underground Construction (1926.800) ......................................................................................401Egress and Access..................................................................................................................402Check-In/Check-Out...............................................................................................................402Communications.....................................................................................................................402Emergencies ...........................................................................................................................402Gassy Operations....................................................................................................................403Air Quality..............................................................................................................................404Hydrogen Sulfide ...................................................................................................................404Flammable Gases ...................................................................................................................405Ventilation ..............................................................................................................................405Illumination ............................................................................................................................406Fire Prevention .......................................................................................................................406Unstable Formations ..............................................................................................................407Explosives and Blasting .........................................................................................................408Drilling ...................................................................................................................................410General Guidelines.................................................................................................................410Power Haulage .......................................................................................................................410Electrical Safety .....................................................................................................................411Cranes .....................................................................................................................................411

Caissons (1926.801) ...................................................................................................................414Cofferdams (1926.802) ..............................................................................................................414Compressed Air (1926.803).......................................................................................................414

Medical Requirements............................................................................................................414Medical Lock..........................................................................................................................415Identifying Workers ...............................................................................................................415Communications.....................................................................................................................416Signs and Records..................................................................................................................416Compression ...........................................................................................................................416Decompression .......................................................................................................................417Manlocks ................................................................................................................................417Special Decompression Chamber ..........................................................................................418Compressor Plant and Air Supply .........................................................................................418Compressed Air Ventilation and Air Quality........................................................................419


xxvi Table of Contents

Sanitation................................................................................................................................420Fire Prevention .......................................................................................................................420Bulkheads and Safety Screens ...............................................................................................421

Vermin Control (1926.51)..............................................................................................................421Washing Facilities (1926.51) .........................................................................................................421Welding (1926.350)........................................................................................................................422

Fire Prevention (1926.352) ........................................................................................................422Ventilation and Protection in Welding, Cutting, and Heating (1926.353) ...............................424Welding, Cutting, and Heating of Preservative Coatings (1926.354) ......................................425

Woodworking Tools (1926.304) ....................................................................................................426Working over Water (1926.106)....................................................................................................427

Chapter 9 Industrial Hygiene Activities in Construction .................................................... 429

Background.....................................................................................................................................429Construction Industrial Hygiene ....................................................................................................431Physical Hazards ............................................................................................................................431

Ergonomic Hazards ....................................................................................................................432Noise...........................................................................................................................................433

The Ear ...................................................................................................................................434Biological Effects of Noise Exposure ...................................................................................436

Heat Stress..................................................................................................................................436Cold Stress..................................................................................................................................441Radiation.....................................................................................................................................442

Health Hazards ...............................................................................................................................444Acute Health Effects ..................................................................................................................445Chronic Health Effects...............................................................................................................447Chronic Disease..........................................................................................................................448Birth Defects/Infertility ..............................................................................................................448Biological Hazards .....................................................................................................................449

Routes of Entry and Modes of Action...........................................................................................450The Cell ......................................................................................................................................450Eyes ............................................................................................................................................450

Eye Hazards............................................................................................................................450Lungs and Inhalation..................................................................................................................451

Respiration..............................................................................................................................453Natural Defenses ....................................................................................................................454

Skin Absorption..........................................................................................................................455Ingestion .....................................................................................................................................456Personal Exposure Guides .........................................................................................................457

Chemical Exposure Guidelines ......................................................................................................458Time-Weighted Average (TWA) ...............................................................................................459Short-Term Exposure Limits (STELs) ......................................................................................460Ceiling Limit ..............................................................................................................................460Skin Absorption Notation ..........................................................................................................460

Types of Airborne Contaminants...................................................................................................461Dusts ...........................................................................................................................................461Fumes .........................................................................................................................................462Gases...........................................................................................................................................463


Table of Contents xxvii

Mists ...........................................................................................................................................464Vapors.........................................................................................................................................464

Typical Hazardous Chemicals in Construction .............................................................................465Solvents ......................................................................................................................................465Cleaners ......................................................................................................................................466Acids and Bases .........................................................................................................................466Adhesives and Sealants..............................................................................................................468Fuels ...........................................................................................................................................468Wood ..........................................................................................................................................470

Exposure Monitoring......................................................................................................................471Biological Monitoring ....................................................................................................................475

Medical Questionnaire ...............................................................................................................475Pulmonary Function Tests .........................................................................................................476Electrocardiogram ......................................................................................................................476Chest X-rays...............................................................................................................................477

Known Cancer-Causing Chemicals and Hazardous Construction Materials................................478Construction Training Requirements .............................................................................................478

Chapter 10 Personal Protective Equipment .......................................................................... 489

Introduction.....................................................................................................................................489Protective Equipment for Noise.................................................................................................489Eye Protection ............................................................................................................................490Head Protection ..........................................................................................................................491Foot Protection ...........................................................................................................................491Hand Protection..........................................................................................................................492

Chemical-Protective Equipment Standards....................................................................................492Chemical-Protective Clothing ........................................................................................................497Protective-Clothing Applications ...................................................................................................498The Clothing Ensemble..................................................................................................................499Level of Protection .........................................................................................................................500

EPA Levels of Protection ......................................................................................................500Ensemble Selection Factors ...........................................................................................................503

Chemical Hazards ......................................................................................................................503Physical Environment ................................................................................................................503Duration of Exposure .................................................................................................................504Protective Clothing.....................................................................................................................504Classification of Protective Clothing.........................................................................................504Performance................................................................................................................................505Design.........................................................................................................................................506Service Life ................................................................................................................................508

Protective Clothing Selection Factors............................................................................................508Clothing Design..........................................................................................................................508Design Considerations................................................................................................................508Material Chemical Resistance....................................................................................................508Permeation..................................................................................................................................509Degradation ................................................................................................................................510Penetration..................................................................................................................................510Sources of Information...............................................................................................................510


xxviii Table of Contents

Physical Properties .....................................................................................................................511Ease of Decontamination ...........................................................................................................511Cost.............................................................................................................................................511

General Guidelines .........................................................................................................................511Decide if the Clothing Item is Intended to Provide Vapor, Liquid-Splash,

or Particulate Protection.................................................................................................511Determine if the Clothing Item Provides Full Body Protection ...............................................512Evaluate Manufacturer Chemical Resistance Data Provided with the Clothing ......................512Obtain and Examine the Manufacturer’s Instruction or Technical Manual .............................514Obtain and Inspect Sample Clothing Item Garments................................................................514Field Selection of Chemical-Protective Clothing......................................................................514

Management Program ....................................................................................................................515Written Management Program...................................................................................................515Program Review and Evaluation ...............................................................................................515Types of Standard Operating Procedures ..................................................................................515Selection of Protective Clothing Components ..........................................................................516

Clothing Donning, Doffing, and Use.............................................................................................516Donning the Ensemble ...............................................................................................................516Doffing an Ensemble .................................................................................................................517Sample Donning Procedures......................................................................................................517Sample Doffing Procedures .......................................................................................................518User Monitoring and Training ...................................................................................................519Work Mission Duration .............................................................................................................519

Decontamination Procedures..........................................................................................................519Definition and Types..................................................................................................................519Prevention of Contamination .....................................................................................................520Contamination Due to Permeation.............................................................................................520Decontamination Methods .........................................................................................................521Testing the Effectiveness of Decontamination..........................................................................521Decontamination Plan ................................................................................................................522Decontamination for Protective Clothing Reuse .......................................................................522Emergency Decontamination .....................................................................................................523

Inspection, Storage, and Maintenance ...........................................................................................523Inspection ...................................................................................................................................523Records .......................................................................................................................................524Storage........................................................................................................................................525Maintenance ...............................................................................................................................525

Training...........................................................................................................................................525Heat Stress Due to Clothing ..........................................................................................................526

Body Water Loss........................................................................................................................527Respiratory Protection ....................................................................................................................527

Respiratory Protection Physical Limitations .............................................................................527Air-Purifying Respirators...........................................................................................................528Limitations of Air-Purifying Respirators (APRs) .....................................................................529Respirator Fit..............................................................................................................................529

Qualitative Fit Testing ...........................................................................................................529Quantitative Fit Testing .........................................................................................................530

Routine Personal Fit Tests .........................................................................................................530Medical Fitness to Wear a Respirator .......................................................................................530


Table of Contents xxix

Facial Hair and Respiratory Protection .....................................................................................530Care and Cleaning of Respirators..............................................................................................531

Inspection ...............................................................................................................................531Cleaning and Disinfecting......................................................................................................531Repairs ....................................................................................................................................532Storage....................................................................................................................................532

Respirator Program ....................................................................................................................532NIOSH Recommendation ..........................................................................................................533

Chapter 11 Ergonomics in Construction ............................................................................... 535

Back Injury Prevention ..................................................................................................................535Back Injury — Background.......................................................................................................535Preventive Actions .....................................................................................................................539Good Health and a Healthy Back..............................................................................................541Anatomy of Back Structure .......................................................................................................542Back Injury Management...........................................................................................................543First Aid: Taking Care of Your Own Back...............................................................................544Warm-Up and Stretching Exercises...........................................................................................545Use of Back Belts ......................................................................................................................545Preventing Back Injuries............................................................................................................546Back Injury Prevention Program ...............................................................................................546Summary.....................................................................................................................................547

Cumulative Trauma Disorders in Construction.............................................................................548Preventing CTDs ........................................................................................................................552

Construction Tasks and Ergonomic Risks.....................................................................................552Tools and Their Design..................................................................................................................556

Hand Tool Design to Reduce CTDs..........................................................................................556Existing Equipment/Tools and Their Applications ...................................................................560

Conducting Ergonomics Assessments ...........................................................................................562Ergonomics Regulations.................................................................................................................563Ergonomics Programs ....................................................................................................................563Summary.........................................................................................................................................563References.......................................................................................................................................563

Chapter 12 Construction Safety and Health Manual........................................................... 565

Cover...............................................................................................................................................565Safety and Health Policy................................................................................................................567Table of Contents or Index ............................................................................................................567Responsibility and Accountability .................................................................................................567Company Policies and Procedures.................................................................................................568

Parking Facilities and Site Access.............................................................................................568Identification...............................................................................................................................568Driving Rules .............................................................................................................................568Security.......................................................................................................................................569Employment ...............................................................................................................................569Hours of Work ...........................................................................................................................569Checking in and out ...................................................................................................................569Payday ........................................................................................................................................569


xxx Table of Contents

A Full Day’s Work ....................................................................................................................569Issuing, Care, and Use of Materials and Equipment.................................................................570Visits to the Doctor ....................................................................................................................570Coffee, Smoking, and Vending Machines.................................................................................570Drinking Water...........................................................................................................................570Sanitary Facilities.......................................................................................................................570Remaining in the Work Area.....................................................................................................570Absence from Work ...................................................................................................................570

A Category-One Violation .....................................................................................................571A Category-Two Violation ....................................................................................................571

Some Cardinal Safety and Health Rules .......................................................................................571Special Emphasis Programs and Permit-Required Procedures/Initiatives ....................................572Special Section on First Aid ..........................................................................................................572Other Sections ................................................................................................................................573Rules and SOPs for Construction-Specific Tasks .........................................................................573Reference Materials, Diagrams, and Illustrations..........................................................................583Acknowledgment of Receipt of S&H Handbook/Manual.............................................................583

Chapter 13 OSHA Compliance ............................................................................................... 585

OSHA Standards ............................................................................................................................586Protections Under the OSHAct ......................................................................................................587National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) .................................................588Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission (OSHRC) ................................................590Employer Responsibilities Under the OSHAct .............................................................................591Workers’ Rights and Responsibilities Under the OSHAct ...........................................................591Discrimination Against Workers....................................................................................................592Right to Information.......................................................................................................................593Assuring a Safe and Healthy Workplace.......................................................................................593Workers’ Complaints......................................................................................................................594OSHA Inspections ..........................................................................................................................594Workers’ Complaints and Requests for Inspections .....................................................................596Citations, Penalties, and other Enforcement Measures .................................................................596State OSHA Plans ..........................................................................................................................598Worker Training .............................................................................................................................599Occupational Injuries and Illnesses ...............................................................................................599Medical and Exposure Records .....................................................................................................605Posting ............................................................................................................................................607What to do When OSHA Comes Knocking..................................................................................607

Inspection Process ......................................................................................................................609Mitigating the Damage...............................................................................................................609Closing Conference ....................................................................................................................610After the Inspector Leaves.........................................................................................................610Make the Inspection a Positive Experience...............................................................................610

Focused Inspections in Construction .............................................................................................611Specific Guidelines ....................................................................................................................613

Multi-Employer Worksites.............................................................................................................615Summary.........................................................................................................................................616References.......................................................................................................................................616


Table of Contents xxxi

Chapter 14 Construction Standards....................................................................................... 619

Federal Laws ..................................................................................................................................619OSHAct...........................................................................................................................................619The Content of the OSHAct ..........................................................................................................619The Regulatory Process..................................................................................................................622The Federal Register ......................................................................................................................624The Code of Federal Regulations ..................................................................................................624Regulation Paragraph Numbering System.....................................................................................62629 CFR 1926 — Safety and Health Regulations for Construction ..............................................628

Subpart A — General ................................................................................................................628Subpart B — General Interpretations ........................................................................................628Subpart C — General Safety and Health Provisions ................................................................629Subpart D — Occupational Health and Environmental Controls.............................................630Subpart E — Personal Protective and Life Saving Equipment ................................................632Subpart F — Fire Protection and Prevention ............................................................................633Subpart G — Signs, Signals, and Barricades............................................................................634Subpart H — Materials Handling, Storage, Use, and Disposal................................................634Subpart I — Tools: Hand and Power ........................................................................................635Subpart J — Welding and Cutting ............................................................................................636Subpart K — Electrical..............................................................................................................637Subpart L — Scaffolding...........................................................................................................639Subpart M — Fall Protection ....................................................................................................640Subpart N — Cranes, Derricks, Hoists, Elevators, and Conveyors..........................................641Subpart O — Motor Vehicles, Mechanized Equipment, and Marine Operations....................642Subpart P — Excavations ..........................................................................................................643Subpart Q — Concrete and Masonry Construction ..................................................................644Subpart R — Steel Erection ......................................................................................................645Subpart S — Tunnels, Shafts, Caissons, Cofferdams, and Compressed Air ...........................646Subpart T — Demolition ...........................................................................................................647Subpart U — Blasting and Use of Explosives..........................................................................648Subpart V — Power Transmission and Distribution ................................................................649Subpart W — Rollover Protective Structures, Overhead Protection........................................650Subpart X — Stairways and Ladders ........................................................................................651Subpart Y — Commercial Diving Operations ..........................................................................652Subpart Z — Toxic and Hazardous Substances........................................................................653

More Detailed and Other Sources of Regulatory Information......................................................654

Chapter 15 Workers’ Compensation...................................................................................... 655

Employers’ Liability.......................................................................................................................655Workers’ Compensation as an Exclusive Remedy........................................................................656Covered Employment.....................................................................................................................657Covered Events...............................................................................................................................657Selecting the Physician ..................................................................................................................658Benefits ...........................................................................................................................................659Cash Benefits..................................................................................................................................659

Benefits for Total Disability ......................................................................................................660Benefits for Partial Disability ....................................................................................................661Survivor Benefits........................................................................................................................661


xxxii Table of Contents

Medical Benefits.............................................................................................................................662Rehabilitation..................................................................................................................................662

Background.................................................................................................................................662Medical Rehabilitation ...............................................................................................................662Vocational Rehabilitation...........................................................................................................663

Administration ................................................................................................................................663Risk Management...........................................................................................................................664

Insurance.....................................................................................................................................664Loss Control ...............................................................................................................................665

Summary.........................................................................................................................................666References.......................................................................................................................................666

Chapter 16 Resources and Information Access .................................................................... 667

The Computer.................................................................................................................................668Professional Organizations and Agencies......................................................................................668Federal Government Sources .........................................................................................................670Construction-Related Associations ................................................................................................671Electronic Sources (Internet)..........................................................................................................674

Government ................................................................................................................................675Other Sources .............................................................................................................................675Consultants .................................................................................................................................675Construction Organizations........................................................................................................676

Books ..............................................................................................................................................676Selecting Consultants .....................................................................................................................677

Chapter 17 Construction Terms and Slang........................................................................... 679

Construction Terms ........................................................................................................................679Construction Slang .........................................................................................................................714Reference ........................................................................................................................................719

Chapter 18 Summary ............................................................................................................... 721

Planning the Safety and Health Initiative......................................................................................722The People in Construction Safety and Health .............................................................................722

Construction Workers ................................................................................................................722Supervisors .................................................................................................................................723The Supervisor’s Ten Commandments of Safety .....................................................................724Safety and Health Professionals ................................................................................................725Contractors .................................................................................................................................725

People .....................................................................................................................................726Programs.................................................................................................................................726Hazards ...................................................................................................................................727OSHA/Regulations .................................................................................................................727

This Book is for You .....................................................................................................................728Incorporate Safety and Health .......................................................................................................728

Appendix A NAICS versus SIC .............................................................................................. 729


Table of Contents xxxiii

Appendix B Construction Training Requirements............................................................... 733

Appendix C Sample of Written Hazard Communication Program ................................... 755

Company Policy .............................................................................................................................755Company Commitment ..................................................................................................................755Employee Responsibility................................................................................................................756Program Manager/Coordinator.......................................................................................................756Chemical Inventory ........................................................................................................................756Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) Policy ..................................................................................756Container Labeling Policy..............................................................................................................757Employee Information....................................................................................................................757Hazardous Nonroutine Tasks .........................................................................................................758Emergency Procedures ...................................................................................................................758Multi-Employer Jobsites ................................................................................................................758

Appendix D 29 CFR 1926 Construction Standards — Jobsite Audit Instruments.......... 759

Safety-Related Work Practices ......................................................................................................767Safety-Related Maintenance and Environmental Considerations .................................................767Safety Requirements for Special Equipment .................................................................................767

Appendix E Electrical Hazardous Location Classification.................................................. 777

Appendix F Rigging — The Crosby User’s Lifting Guide .................................................. 783

Appendix G Jobsite Rules........................................................................................................ 795

Appendix H Ergonomics Program Survey Instruments ...................................................... 799

Appendix I OSHA Regional Offices and Offices of State-Approved Plans....................... 817

Appendix J 29 CFR 1926 Key Words .................................................................................... 823

Appendix K Definitions for Subparts of 29 CFR 1926 ........................................................ 831

Appendix L Crane Illustrations .............................................................................................. 873

Appendix M Scaffolds and Aerial Lift Illustration .............................................................. 881


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