osha 2202 - construction industry digest

OSHA 2202

2002 (Revised)

ConstructionIndustry Digest

Construction Industry Digest

This informational booklet is intended to provide ageneric, non-exhaustive overview of particularstandards-related topics. This publication does notitself alter or determine compliance responsibilities,which are set forth in OSHA standards themselvesand the Occupational Safety and Health Act. More-over, because interpretations and enforcement policymay change over time, for additional guidance onOSHA compliance requirements, the reader shouldconsult current administrative interpretations anddecisions by the Occupational Safety and HealthReview Commission and the courts.

Employers and employees in the 25 states andterritories that operate their own OSHA-approvedworkplace safety and health plans should check withtheir state agency. Their state may be enforcingstandards and other procedures that, while “at least aseffective as” federal standards, are not always identi-cal to the federal requirements. See “States withApproved Plans” at the end of this booklet.

Material contained in this publication is in thepublic domain and may be reproduced, fully orpartially, without permission of the Federal Govern-ment. Source credit is requested but not required.

This information will be made available to sensoryimpaired individuals upon request. Voice phone:(202) 693-1999. Teletypewriter (TTY): (877) 889-5627.

To the Reader

If you have recommendations about the usefulnessof this digest as a reference tool or about otherinformational topics that would be helpful to you inoperating your business or performing your job,please complete the enclosed reader response card.

U.S. Department of LaborElaine L. Chao, Secretary

Occupational Safety and Health AdministrationJohn L. Henshaw, Assistant Secretary

OSHA 22022002 (Revised)

ConstructionIndustry Digest

Contents

Contents iii

Foreword ........................................................... 1

General ............................................................. 3

Emphasis Programs ........................................... 4

Other Initiatives ................................................ 5

Safety and Health Management Systems ........ 6

Frequently Used Standards in Construction ... 13

Access to Medical and Exposure Records ....... 13Aerial Lifts ....................................................... 13Air Tools .......................................................... 14Asbestos ........................................................... 15Belt Sanding Machines .................................... 16Chains (See Wire Ropes, Chains, and Hooks)Chemicals (See Gases, Vapors, Fumes, Dusts, and Mists; Asbestos; Lead; Silica; and Hazard Communication)Compressed Air, Use of ................................... 16Compressed Gas Cylinders .............................. 17Concrete and Masonry Construction ............... 17Confined Spaces .............................................. 20Cranes and Derricks......................................... 20Disposal Chutes ............................................... 22Diving .............................................................. 22Drinking Water. ................................................ 23Electrical Installations ..................................... 23Electrical Work Practices ................................. 25Excavating and Trenching ............................... 26Exits ................................................................. 28Explosives and Blasting ................................... 28Eye and Face Protection .................................. 29Fall Protection.................................................. 31Fire Protection ................................................. 33Flaggers ........................................................... 34


iv

Flammable and Combustible Liquids .............. 34Focused Inspection (See Foreword)Forklifts (See Powered Industrial Trucks)Gases, Vapors, Fumes, Dusts, and Mist ........... 35General Duty Clause ........................................ 36Grinding ........................................................... 36Hand Tools ....................................................... 37Hazard Communication ................................... 37Hazardous Waste Operations ........................... 39Head Protection ............................................... 39Hearing Protection ........................................... 40Heating Devices, Temporary. ........................... 41Highway Work Zones (See Flaggers and Signs, Signals, and Barricades)Hoists, Material and Personnel ........................ 42Hooks (See Wire Ropes, Chains, and Hooks)Housekeeping .................................................. 42Illumination ..................................................... 43Jointers. ............................................................ 44Ladders. ........................................................... 44Lasers ............................................................... 46Lead ................................................................. 47Lift Slab ........................................................... 48Liquified Petroleum Gas .................................. 49Medical Services and First Aid ........................ 49Motor Vehicles and Mechanized Equipment. .................................................... 50Noise (See Hearing Protection)Personal Protective Equipment ........................ 51Powder-Actuated Tools. ................................... 51Power Transmission and Distribution .............. 51Powered Industrial Trucks ............................... 52Power Transmission, Mechanical .................... 53Process Safety Management of Highly Hazardous Chemicals .................................... 53Program Safety and Health Requirements....... 54Radiation, Ionizing .......................................... 55Railings ............................................................ 55

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Contents

Recordkeeping: Recording and Reporting Requirements ................................................ 56Reinforcing Steel ............................................. 57Respiratory Protection ..................................... 57Rollover Protective Structures (ROPS)............ 58Safety Nets ....................................................... 58Saws ................................................................. 59 Band ............................................................... 59 Portable Circular ............................................ 59 Radial ............................................................. 59 Swing or Sliding Cut-Off .............................. 60 Table .............................................................. 61Scaffolds .......................................................... 61 General Requirements. .................................. 61 Bricklaying .................................................... 63 Erectors and Dismantlers ............................... 63 Fall Arrest Systems ........................................ 63 Guardrails ...................................................... 64 Mobile ............................................................ 65 Planking ......................................................... 66 Supported Scaffolds ....................................... 66 Suspension (Swing) Scaffolds ....................... 67Signs, Signals, and Barricades (See Flaggers)Silica ................................................................ 68Stairs ................................................................ 69Steel Erection ................................................... 71Storage ............................................................. 73Tire Cage ......................................................... 73Toeboards ......................................................... 73Toilets .............................................................. 74Underground Construction .............................. 74 Wall Openings ............................................... 75 Washing Facilities .......................................... 76Welding, Cutting and Heating ......................... 76Wire Ropes, Chains, and Ropes ...................... 78Woodworking Machinery ................................ 78


vi

OSHA Programs, Services, and Products ......... 80

OSHA Related Publications .............................. 86

OSHA Regional Offices ..................................... 88

OSHA Area Offices ............................................ 90

OSHA Consultation Projects ............................. 93

OSHA 2202

The Construction Industry safety and healthstandards contained in this booklet are to aidemployers, supervisors, and safety and healthpersonnel in their efforts toward achieving com-pliance with OSHA standards in theworkplace.

Although the digest does not contain all OSHAConstruction Industry safety and health stan-dards, those presented are (1) standards mostfrequently overlooked by the employer, and(2) standards covering particularly hazardoussituations. The standards are presented alphabeti-cally followed by the reference to the appropriateregulation. With few exceptions, standards in thisdigest are from Title 29 of the Code ofFederal Regulations (CFR), Part 1926.

In addition, this booklet contains (1) a briefdiscussion of the essential elements of a generallyapplicable safety and health program, (2) areminder to the employer of the advisability ofregular employee training for job safety andhealth, and (3) a description of OSHA’s voluntaryprograms such as Onsite Consultation Programand Voluntary Protection Programs (VPP)available to the employer.

Remember...this booklet is only a digest ofbasic applicable standards and should not beconsidered as a complete substitute for anyprovisions of the Occupational Safety and HealthAct of 1970, or for any standards issued under theAct. The requirements discussed in this publica-tion are summarized and abbreviated. The actualsource standards are referenced at the end of eachtopic discussed; consult the CFR for a morecomplete explanation of the specific standardslisted.

Foreword 1


Copies of OSHA standards and additionalcopies of this digest can be ordered from the U.S.Government Printing Office by using the tearoutform at the end of this booklet. Information onOSHA programs and activities also is availablefrom OSHA’s website—www.osha.gov.

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OSHA 2202

OSHA advises and encourages employers andcontractors to institute and maintain in theirestablishments a program that provides adequatesystematic policies, procedures, and practices toprotect their employees from, and allow them torecognize, job-related safety and health hazards.

An effective program includes provisions forthe systematic identification, evaluation, andprevention or control of general workplacehazards, specific job hazards, and potentialhazards that may arise from foreseeableconditions.

Contractors and employers who do construc-tion work also must comply with standards in 29CFR 1926. Subpart C, General Safety andHealth Provisions, as well as other specificsections of these standards include the responsi-bilities for each contractor/employer to initiateand maintain safety and health programs, providefor a competent person to conduct frequent andregular inspections, and instruct each employeeto recognize and avoid unsafe conditions andknow what regulations are applicable to the workenvironment.

General 3


OSHA uses Special Emphasis Programs(SEPs), Local Emphasis Programs (LEPs), andNational Emphasis Programs (NEPs) to findways to help control accidents, injuries, andillnesses in occupations where employee expo-sure to unusally physical or health risks exist.

Employers may use these programs to assessthe actual extent of suspected or potential haz-ards, determine the feasibility of new or experi-mental compliance procedures, or evaluate otherlegitimate reasons.

In addition, the programs are limited in scopeand time, are usually established before a pro-gram is implemented, and include employerawareness training.

One OSHA SEP was developed to preventworkers’ overexposure to crystalline silica in theconstruction industry. OSHA implemented thisprogram to teach the public about silicosis andincrease the number of inspections to ensure thatemployers use appropriate engineering controls,personal protective equipment, respirators, andwork practices to protect employees exposed tocrystalline silica-containing dust.

OSHA also developed a National EmphasisProgram to examine injuries and deaths associ-ated with trenching and excavation. This programrequires compliance officers to be on the lookoutfor excavations and make inspections if theyidentify hazards.

Emphasis Programs4

OSHA 2202

Other hazards in the construction industrywhere a standard may not exist include exposureto asphalt fumes during paving operations. Tohelp prevent exposure, manufactures, throughpartnership with OSHA, have agreed to installengineering controls on their paving machinesvoluntarily.

Another initiative involves OSHA’s construc-tion Focused Inspection Initiative. This initiativerecognizes contractors who have established andfully implemented a corporate safety and healthprogram and site-specific plans. Contractors whoqualify for a focused inspection receive an abbre-viated inspection focusing on safety and healthprogram implementation and the four leadinghazards—falls, struck by, caught in or between,and electrical—that cause 90 percent of deathsand injuries in construction. If you have questionsabout OSHA’s Focused Inspection Program orother construction issues, contact your nearestOSHA area or regional office listed at the end ofthis booklet, or visit OSHA’s website atwww.osha.gov.

Other Initiatives 5


What is an occupational safety andhealth management system?

An effective safety and health managementsystem includes the following four main ele-ments: management commitment and employeeinvolvement, worksite analysis, hazard preventionand control, and safety and health training. Acommitment to workplace safety and health addsvalue to your business, your job, and your life.

OSHA’s recommended guidelines for theeffective management and protection of workersafety and health are summarized in the followingparagraphs.

1. Management Commitmentand Employee Involvement

The elements of management commitment andemployee involvement are complementary andform the core of any occupational safety andhealth program. Management’s commitmentprovides the motivating force and the resourcesfor organizing and controlling activities within anorganization. In an effective program, manage-ment regards worker safety and health as afundamental value of the organization and appliesits commitment to safety and health protectionwith as much vigor as to other organizationalgoals.

Employee involvement provides the means bywhich workers develop and express their owncommitment to safety and health protection forthemselves and for their fellow workers.

1 The complete original text of the nonmandatory guidelines isfound in the Federal Register 54(18):3094-3916, January 26,1989.

Safety and Health Management Systems6

OSHA 2202

In implementing a safety and health manage-ment system, there are various ways to providecommitment and support by management andemployees. Some recommended actions aredescribed briefly as follows:

• State clearly a worksite policy on safe andhealthful work and working conditions, sothat everyone with responsibility at the site(and those at other locations with responsi-bility for the site) fully understand thepriority and importance of safety and healthprotection in the organization.

• Establish and communicate a clear goal forthe safety and health program and defineobjectives for meeting that goal so allmembers of the organization understand theresults desired and measures planned forachieving them.

• Provide visible top management involve-ment in implementing the program so allemployees understand that management’scommitment is serious.

• Arrange for and encourage employee in-volvement in the structure and operation ofthe program and in decisions that affect theirsafety and health so they will commit theirinsight and energy to achieving the safetyand health program’s goal andobjectives.

• Assign and communicate responsibility forall aspects of the program so that managers,supervisors, and employees in all parts ofthe organization know what performance isexpected of them.

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• Provide adequate authority and resources toresponsible parties so assigned responsibili-ties can be met.

• Hold managers, supervisors, and employeesaccountable for meeting their responsibili-ties so essential tasks will be performed.

• Review program operations at least annuallyto evaluate their success in meeting the goalsand objectives to identify deficiencies andrevise the program and/or objectives if theydo not meet the goal of effective safety andhealth protection.

2. Worksite AnalysisA practical analysis of the work environment

involves a variety of worksite examinations toidentify existing hazards and conditions andoperations in which changes might occur tocreate new hazards. Lack of awareness of ahazard stemming from failure to examine theworksite is a sign that safety and health policiesand/or practices are ineffective. Effective man-agement actively analyzes the work and worksiteto anticipate and prevent harmful occurrences.OSHA recommends the following measures toidentify all existing and potential hazards:

• Conduct a comprehensive baseline worksitesurvey for safety and health and periodiccomprehensive update surveys and involveemployees in this effort.

• Analyze planned and new facilities,processes, materials, and equipment.

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OSHA 2202

• Perform routine job hazard analyses.

• Assess risk factors of ergonomicsapplications to workers’ tasks.

• Conduct regular site safety and healthinspections to identify new or previouslymissed hazards and failures in hazardcontrols.

• Provide a reliable system for employees tonotify management personnel about condi-tions that appear hazardous and to receivetimely and appropriate responses andencourage employees to use the systemwithout fear of reprisal. This system usesemployee insight and experience in safetyand health protection and allows employersto address employee concerns.

• Investigate accidents and “near miss”incidents to identify their causes and meansof prevention.

• Analyze injury and illness trends over timeto identify and prevent patterns withcommon causes.

• Visit the OSHA website at www.osha.govfor information about standards and safetyand health issues.

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3. Hazard Prevention and ControlWorkplace hazards often can be eliminated by

redesigning the jobsite or job. Where it is notfeasible to eliminate such hazards, employersmust control them to prevent unsafe and un-healthful exposure. Employers must eliminate orcontrol the hazard in a timely manner once itbecomes apparent. Specifically, as part of theprogram, employers should establish proceduresto correct or control present or potential hazardsin a timely manner. These procedures shouldinclude measures such as the following:

• Use engineering techniques where feasibleand appropriate.

• Establish, at the earliest time, safe workpractices and procedures that all affectedparties can understand and follow. Under-standing and compliance are a result oftraining, positive reinforcement, correctionof unsafe performance, and if necessary,enforcement through a clearlycommunicated disciplinary system.

• Provide personal protective equipment whenengineering controls are infeasible.

• Use administrative controls such asreducing the duration of exposure.

• Maintain the facility and equipment toprevent equipment breakdowns.

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OSHA 2202

• Plan and prepare for emergencies, andconduct training and emergency drills, asneeded, to ensure that proper responses toemergencies will be “second nature” foreveryone involved.

• Establish a medical program that includesfirst aid onsite as well as nearby physicianand emergency medical care to reduce therisk of any injury or illness that occurs.

4. Safety and Health TrainingTraining is an essential component of an

effective safety and health program. Traininghelps identify the safety and health responsibili-ties of both management and employees at thesite. Training often is most effective whenincorporated into other education or performancerequirements and job practices. The type oftraining depends on the size and complexity ofthe worksite as well as the characteristics of thehazards and potential hazards at the site.

Employee Training. Design employee trainingprograms to ensure all employees understand andare aware of the hazards to which they may beexposed and the proper methods for avoidingthem.

Supervisory Training. Train supervisors tounderstand the key role they play in jobsite safetyand to enable them to carry out their safety andhealth responsibilities effectively.

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Training programs for supervisors shouldinclude the following topics:

• Analyze the work under their supervi-sion to anticipate and identify potentialhazards.

• Maintain physical protection in theirwork areas.

• Reinforce employee training on thenature of potential hazards in their workand on needed protective measuresthrough continual performance feedbackand, if necessary, through enforcementof safe work practices.

• Understand their safety and healthresponsibilities.

(NOTE: See also standard requirements,1926.21, for safety training and education.)

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OSHA 2202

Access to Medical and Exposure RecordsEach employer shall permit employees, their

designated representatives, and OSHA directaccess to employer-maintained exposure andmedical records. The standard limits access onlyto those employees who are, have been (includingformer employees), or will be exposed to toxicsubstances or harmful physical agents.1926.33(a) and .33(b)(3) made applicable toconstruction by 1910.1020

Each employer must preserve and maintainaccurate medical and exposure records for eachemployee. Exposure records and data analysesbased on them are to be kept for 30 years. Medi-cal records are to be kept for at least the durationof employment plus 30 years. Background datafor exposure records such as laboratory reportsand work sheets need to be kept for only 1 year.

Records of employees who have worked forless than 1 year need not be retained after em-ployment, but the employer must provide theserecords to the employee upon termination ofemployment. First-aid records of one-timetreatment need not be retained for any specifiedperiod. 1926.33(d)(1). Text can be found in1910.1020(d).

Aerial LiftsAerial lifts, powered or manual, include, but are

not limited to, the following types of vehicle-mounted aerial devices used to elevate personnel tojobsites above ground: extensible boom platforms,articulating boom platforms, and vertical towers.1926.453(a)(2)

Frequently Used Standards in Construction 13


When operating aerial lifts, employers mustensure employees are

• Trained,

• Authorized,

• Setting brakes and using outriggers,

• Not exceeding boom and basket load limits,

• Using personal fall protection whenrequired, and

• Not using devices such as ladders, stilts, orstep stools to raise the employee above thebasket.

In addition, manufacturers or the equivalentmust certify, in writing, all modifications to aeriallifts. 1926.453(b) and 1926.454

Air ToolsPneumatic power tools shall be secured to the

hose in a positive manner to prevent accidentaldisconnection. 1926.302(b)(1)

Safety clips or retainers shall be securelyinstalled and maintained on pneumatic impacttools to prevent attachments from beingaccidentally expelled. 1926.302(b)(2)

The manufacturer’s safe operating pressure forall fittings shall not be exceeded. 1926.302(b)(5)

All hoses exceeding 1/2-inch (1.3-centimeters)inside diameter shall have a safety device at thesource of supply or branch line to reduce pressurein case of hose failure. 1926.302(b)(7)

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OSHA 2202

AsbestosEach employer who has a workplace or work

operation where exposure monitoring is requiredmust perform monitoring to determine accuratelythe airborne concentrations of asbestos to whichemployees may be exposed. 1926.1101(f)(1)(i)

Employers also must ensure that no employee isexposed to an airborne concentration ofasbestos in excess of 0.1 f/cc as an 8-hour time-weighted average (TWA). 1926.1101(c)(1)

In addition, employers must ensure that noemployee is exposed to an airborne concentration ofasbestos in excess of 1 f/cc as averaged over asampling period of 30 minutes. 1926.1101(c)(2)

Respirators must be used during (1) all Class Iasbestos jobs; (2) all Class II work where an asbes-tos-containing material is not removed substantiallyintact; (3) all Class II and III work not using wetmethods, except on sloped roofs; (4) all Class II andIII work without a negative exposure assessment;(5) all Class III jobs where thermal system insula-tion or surfacing asbestos-containing or presumedasbestos-containing material is cut, abraded, orbroken; (6) all Class IV work within a regulatedarea where respirators are required; (7) all workwhere employees are exposed above the PEL orSTEL; and (8) in emergencies. 1926.1101(h)(1)(i)through (viii)

The employer must provide and require the useof protective clothing—such as coveralls or similarwhole-body clothing, head coverings, gloves, andfoot coverings—for

• Any employee exposed to airborne asbestosexceeding the PEL or STEL,

• Work without a negative exposureassessment, or

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• Any employee performing Class I workinvolving the removal of over 25 linear or 10square feet (10 square meters) of thermalsystem insulation or surfacing asbestos-containing or presumed asbestos-containingmaterials. 1926.1101(i)(1)

The employer must provide a medical surveil-lance program for all employees who—for acombined total of 30 or more days per year—engage in Class I, II, or III work or are exposed ator above the PEL or STEL; or who wear nega-tive-pressure respirators. 1926.1101(m)(1)(i)

Belt Sanding MachinesBelt sanding machines shall be provided with

guards at each nip point where the sanding beltruns onto a pulley. 1926.304(f), incorporatedfrom ANSI 01.1-1961, Section 4.9.4

The unused run of the sanding belt shall beguarded against accidental contact. 1926.304(f),incorporated from ANSI 01.1-1961, Section4.9.4

Chains (See Wire Ropes, Chains, and Hooks)

Compressed Air, Use ofCompressed air used for cleaning purposes

shall be reduced to less than 30 pounds persquare inch (psi) (207 KPa) and then only witheffective chip guarding and personal protectiveequipment. 1926.302(b)(4)

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OSHA 2202

This requirement does not apply to concreteform, mill scale, and similar cleaning operations.1926.302(b)(4)

Compressed Gas CylindersValve protection caps shall be in place and

secured when compressed gas cylinders aretransported, moved, or stored. 1926.350(a)(1)

Cylinder valves shall be closed when work isfinished and when cylinders are empty or aremoved. 1926.350(a)(8)

Compressed gas cylinders shall be secured inan upright position at all times, except if neces-sary for short periods of time when cylinders areactually being hoisted or carried. 1926.350(a)(9)

Cylinders shall be kept far enough away fromthe actual welding or cutting operations so thatsparks, hot slag, or flame will not reach them.When this is impractical, fire-resistant shieldsshall be provided. Cylinders shall be placedwhere they cannot become part of an electricalcircuit. 1926.350(b)(1) through (2)

Oxygen and fuel gas pressure regulators shallbe in proper working order while in use.1926.350(h)

Concrete and Masonry ConstructionNo construction loads shall be placed on a

concrete structure or portion of a concrete struc-ture unless the employer determines, based oninformation received from a person who isqualified in structural design, that the structure or

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portion of the structure is capable of supportingthe loads. 1926.701(a)

No employee shall be permitted to work underconcrete buckets while buckets are being elevatedor lowered into position. 1926.701(e)(1)

To the extent practical, elevated concretebuckets shall be routed so that no employee or thefewest number of employees is exposed to thehazards associated with falling concrete buckets.1926.701(e)(2)

Formwork shall be designed, fabricated,erected, supported, braced, and maintained sothat it is capable of supporting—without fail-ure—all vertical and lateral loads that mayreasonably be anticipated to be applied to theformwork. 1926.703(a)(1)

Forms and shores (except those used for slabson grade and slip forms) shall not be removeduntil the employer determines that the concretehas gained sufficient strength to support itsweight and superimposed loads. Such determina-tion shall be based on compliance with one of thefollowing:

• The plans and specifications stipulateconditions for removal of forms and shores,and such conditions have been followed, or

• The concrete has been properly tested withan appropriate American Society for TestingMaterials (ASTM) standard test methoddesigned to indicate the concrete compres-sive strength, and the test results indicatethat the concrete has gained sufficientstrength to support its weight and superim-posed loads. (ASTM, 100 Barr HarborDrive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428;

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OSHA 2202

(610) 832-9585). 1926.703(e)(1)(i) through(ii)

A limited access zone shall be establishedwhenever a masonry wall is being constructed.The limited access zone shall conform to thefollowing:

• The limited access zone shall be establishedprior to the start of construction of the wall.

• The limited access zone shall be equal to theheight of the wall to be constructed plus4 feet (1.2 meters), and shall run the entirelength of the wall.

• The limited access zone shall be establishedon the side of the wall that will beunscaffold.

• The limited access zone shall be restricted toentry by employees actively engaged inconstructing the wall. No other employeesshall be permitted to enter the zone.

• The limited access zone shall remain inplace until the wall is adequately supportedto prevent overturning and to prevent col-lapse; where the height of a wall is morethan 8 feet (2.4 meters), the limited accesszone shall remain in place until the require-ments of paragraph (b) of this section havebeen met. 1926.706(a)(1) through (5)

All masonry walls more than 8 feet (2.4384meters) in height shall be adequately braced toprevent overturning and to prevent collapseunless the wall is adequately supported so that itwill not overturn or collapse. The bracing shallremain in place until permanent supportingelements of the structure are in place.1926.706(b)

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Confined SpacesAll employees required to enter into confined

or enclosed spaces must be instructed as to thenature of the hazards involved, the necessaryprecautions to be taken, and in the use of requiredprotective and emergency equipment. Theemployer shall comply with any specific regula-tions that apply to work in dangerous or poten-tially dangerous areas. Confined or enclosedspaces include, but are not limited to, storagetanks, process vessels, bins, boilers, ventilation orexhaust ducts, sewers, underground utility vaults,tunnels, pipelines, and open top spaces more than4 feet deep (1.2 meters) such as pits, tubs, vaults,and vessels. 1926.21(b)(6)(i) through (ii)

Cranes and DerricksThe employer shall comply with the

manufacturer’s specifications and limitations.1926.550(a)(1)

Rated load capacities, recommended operatingspeeds, and special hazard warnings or instruc-tions shall be conspicuously posted on all equip-ment. Instructions or warnings shall be visiblefrom the operator’s station. 1926.550(a)(2)

Equipment shall be inspected by a competentperson before each use and during use, and alldeficiencies corrected before further use.1926.550(a)(5)

Accessible areas within the swing radius of therear of the rotating superstructure shall be prop-erly barricaded to prevent employees from beingstruck or crushed by the crane. 1926.550(a)(9)

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OSHA 2202

Except where electrical distribution and trans-mission lines have been deenergized and visiblygrounded at point of work, or where insulatingbarriers not a part of or an attachment to theequipment or machinery have been erected toprevent physical contact with the lines, no part ofa crane or its load shall be operated within 10 feet(3 meters) of a line rated 50 kilovolts (kV) orbelow; 10 feet (3 meters) plus 0.4 inches (10.2centimeters) for each kV over 50 kV for linesrated over 50 kV, or twice the length of the lineinsulator, but never less than 10 feet (3 meters).1926.550(a)(15)(i) through (iii)

An annual inspection of the hoisting machineryshall be made by a competent person. Recordsshall be kept of the dates and results of eachinspection. 1926.550(a)(6)

All crawler, truck, or locomotive cranes in useshall meet the requirements as prescribed in theANSI B30.5-1968, Safety Code for Crawler,Locomotive and Truck Cranes. (212) 642-4900.1926.550(b)(2)

The use of a crane or derrick to hoist employ-ees on a personnel platform is prohibited, exceptwhen the erection, use, and dismantling of con-ventional means of reaching the worksite—suchas a personnel hoist, ladder, stairway, aerial lift,elevating work platform or scaffold—would bemore hazardous or is not possible because ofstructural design or worksite conditions. Where adecision is reached that this is the case, then 29CFR 1926.550(g) shall be reviewed and compliedwith. 1926.550(g)(2)

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Disposal ChutesWhenever materials are dropped more than 20

feet (6 meters) to any exterior point of a building,an enclosed chute shall be used. 1926.252(a)

When debris is dropped through holes in thefloor without the use of chutes, the area where thematerial is dropped shall be enclosed with barri-cades not less than 42 inches high (106.7 centime-ters) and not less than 6 feet (1.8 meters) back fromthe projected edges of the opening above. Warningsigns of the hazard of falling material shall beposted at each level. 1926.252(b)

DivingThe employer shall develop and maintain a safe

practice manual, and make it available at the divelocation for each dive team member. 1910.420(a)made applicable to construction by 1926.1080

The employer shall keep a record of each dive.The record shall contain the diver’s name, his or hersupervisor’s name, date, time, location, type of dive(scuba, mixed gas, surface supply), underwater andsurface conditions, and maximum depth and bottomtime. 1910.423(d) made applicable to construc-tion by 1926.1084

Each dive team member shall have the experi-ence or training necessary to perform assigned taskssafely. 1910.423(d) made applicable toconstruction by 1926.1076

Each dive team member shall be briefed on thetasks, safety procedures, unusual hazards or envi-ronmental conditions, and modifications made tothe operating procedures. 1910.421(f) madeapplicable to construction by 1926.1081

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OSHA 2202

The dive shall be terminated when a diverrequests it, the diver fails to respond correctly,communication is lost, or when the diver begins touse the reserve breathing gas. 1910.422(i)(1)through (4) made applicable to construction by1926.1082.

Drinking WaterAn adequate supply of potable water shall be

provided in all places of employment.1926.51(a)(1)

Portable drinking water containers shall becapable of being tightly closed and equipped witha tap. 1926.51(a)(2)

Using a common drinking cup is prohibited.1926.51(a)(4)

Where single service cups (to be used butonce) are supplied, both a sanitary container forunused cups and a receptacle for used cups shallbe provided. 1926.51(a)(5)

Electrical InstallationsEmployers must provide either ground-fault

circuit interrupters (GFCIs) or an assured equip-ment grounding conductor program to protectemployees from ground-fault hazards at construc-tion sites. The two options are detailed below.

(1) All 120-volt, single-phase, 15- and 20-ampere receptacles that are not part of thepermanent wiring must be protected by GFCIs.Receptacles on smaller generators are exemptunder certain conditions.

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(2) An assured equipment grounding conductorprogram covering extension cords,receptacles, and cord- and plug-connectedequipment must be implemented. Theprogram must include the following:

• A written description of the program.

• At least one competent person to implementthe program.

• Daily visual inspections of extension cordsand cord- and plug-connected equipment fordefects. Equipment found damaged ordefective shall not be used until repaired.

• Continuity tests of the equipment groundingconductors or receptacles, extension cords,and cord- and plug-connected equipment.These tests must generally be made every3 months.

• Paragraphs (f)(1) through (f)(11) of thisstandard contain grounding requirements forsystems, circuits, and equipment.1926.404(b)(1)(i) through (iii)(e)

Light bulbs for general illumination must beprotected from breakage, and metal shell socketsmust be grounded. 1926.405(a)(2)(ii)(e)

Temporary lights must not be suspended by theircords, unless they are so designed.1926.405(a)(2)(ii)(f)

Portable lighting used in wet or conducivelocations, such as tanks or boilers, must be operatedat no more than 12 volts or must be protected byGFCIs. 1926.405(a)(2)(ii)(g)

Extension cords must be of the three-wire type.Extension cords and flexible cords used with

24

OSHA 2202

temporary and portable lights must be designed forhard or extra hard usage (for example, types S, ST,and SO). 1926.405(a)(2)(ii)(j)

Worn or frayed electric cords or cables shall notbe used. 1926.416(e)(1)

Extension cords shall not be fastened withstaples, hung from nails, or suspended by wire.1926.416(e)(2)

Work spaces, walkways, and similar locationsshall be kept clear of cords. 1926.416(b)(2)

Listed, labeled, or certified equipment shall beinstalled and used in accordance with instructionsincluded in the listing, labeling, or certification.1926.403(b)(2)

Electrical Work PracticesEmployers must not allow employees to work

near live parts of electrical circuits, unless theemployees are protected by one of thefollowing means:

• Deenergizing and grounding the parts.

• Guarding the part by insulation.

• Any other effective means. 1926.416(a)(1)In work areas where the exact location of under-

ground electrical power lines is unknown, employ-ees using jack hammers, bars, or other hand toolsthat may contact the lines must be protected byinsulating gloves, aprons, or other protective cloth-ing that will provide equivalent electrical protection.1926.416(a)(2) and .95(a)

Barriers or other means of guarding must beused to ensure that workspace for electrical

25


equipment will not be used as a passagewayduring periods when energized parts ofequipment are exposed. 1926.416(b)(1)

Flexible cords must be connected to devicesand fittings so that strain relief is provided whichwill prevent pull from being directly transmittedto joints or terminal screws. 1926.405(g)(2)(iv)

Equipment or circuits that are deenergizedmust be rendered inoperative and must have tagsattached at all points where the equipment orcircuits could be energized. 1926.417(b)

Excavating and TrenchingThe estimated location of utility installations—

such as sewer, telephone, fuel, electric, waterlines, or any other underground installations thatreasonably may be expected to be encounteredduring excavation work—shall be determinedprior to opening an excavation. 1926.651(b)(1)

Utility companies or owners shall be contactedwithin established or customary local responsetimes, advised of the proposed work, and asked toestablish the location of the utility undergroundinstallations prior to the start of actual excavation.When utility companies or owners cannot re-spond to a request to locate underground utilityinstallations within 24 hours (unless a longerperiod is required by state or local law), or cannotestablish the exact location of these installations,the employer may proceed, provided the em-ployer does so with caution, and provideddetection equipment or other acceptable means tolocate utility installations are used.1926.651(b)(2)

26

OSHA 2202

When excavation operations approach theestimated location of underground installations,the exact location of the installations shall bedetermined by safe and acceptable means. Whilethe excavation is open, underground installationsshall be protected, supported, or removed, asnecessary, to safeguard employees.1926.651(b)(3) through (4)

Each employee in an excavation shall beprotected from cave-ins by an adequateprotective system except when:

• Excavations are made entirely in stable rock,or excavations are less than 5 feet (1.5meters) in depth and examination of theground by a competent person provides noindication of a potential cave-in.1926.652(a)(1)(i) through (ii)

• Protective systems shall have the capacity toresist, without failure, all loads that areintended or could reasonably be expected tobe applied or transmitted to the system.1926.652(a)(2)

Employees shall be protected from excavatedor other materials or equipment that could pose ahazard by falling or rolling into excavations.Protection shall be provided by placing andkeeping such materials or equipment at least2 feet (0.6 meters) from the edge of excavations,or by the use of retaining devices that are suffi-cient to prevent materials or equipment fromfalling or rolling into excavations, or by acombination of both if necessary. 1926.651(j)(2)

Daily inspections of excavations, the adjacentareas, and protective systems shall be made by acompetent person for evidence of a situation that

27


could result in possible cave-ins, indications offailure of protective systems, hazardous atmo-spheres, or other hazardous conditions. Aninspection shall be conducted by the competentperson prior to the start of work and as neededthroughout the shift. Inspections shall also bemade after every rainstorm or other hazardincreasing occurrence. These inspections areonly required when employee exposure can be reasonably anticipated. 1926.651(k)(1)

Where a competent person finds evidence of asituation that could result in a possible cave-in,indications of failure of protective systems,hazardous atmospheres, or other hazardousconditions, exposed employees shall be removedfrom the hazardous area until the necessaryprecautions have been taken to ensure theirsafety. 1926.651(k)(2)

A stairway, ladder, ramp, or other safe meansof egress shall be located in trench excavationsthat are 4 feet (1.2 meters) or more in depth soas to require no more than 25 feet (7.6 meters)of lateral travel for employees. 1926.651(c)(2)

ExitsExits must be free of all obstructions so they

can be used immediately in case of fire oremergency. 1926.34(c)

Explosives and BlastingOnly authorized and qualified persons shall be

permitted to handle and use explosives.1926.900(a)

28

OSHA 2202

Explosives and related materials shall be storedin approved facilities required under the appli-cable provisions of the Bureau of Alcohol,Tobacco and Firearms regulations contained in27 CFR Part 55, Commerce in Explosives. (SeeSubpart K.) 1926.904(a)

Smoking and open flames shall not be permit-ted within 50 feet (15.2 meters) of explosives anddetonator storage magazines. 1926.904(c)

Procedures that permit safe and efficientloading shall be established before loading isstarted. 1926.905(a)

Eye and Face ProtectionEye and face protection shall be provided when

machines or operations present potential eye orface injury. 1926.102(a)(1)

Eye and face protective equipment shall meetthe requirements of ANSI Z87.1-1968, Practicefor Occupational and Educational Eye and FaceProtection. 1926.102(a)(2)

Employees involved in welding operationsshall be furnished with filter lenses or plates of atleast the proper shade number as indicated inTable E-2. 1926.102(b)(1)

29


Table E-2Eye and Face ProtectionFilter Lens Shade Numbers for ProtectionAgainst Radiant Energy1926.102(b)(1)

Welding operation Shade Number

Shielded metal-arc welding 1/16-, 3/32-, 1/8-, 5/32-inch diameter electrodes 10 Gas-shielded arc welding (nonferrous) 1/16-, 3/32-, 1/8-, 5/32-inch diameter electrodes 11 Gas-shielded arc welding (ferrous) 1/16-, 3/32-, 1/8-, 5/32-inch diameter electrodes 12 Shielded metal-arc welding 3/16-, 7/32-, 1/4-inch diameter electrodes 12 5/16-, 3/8-inch diameter electrodes 14 Atomic hydrogen welding 10-14 Carbon-arc welding 14 Soldering 2 Torch brazing 3 or 4 Light cutting, up to 1 inch 3 or 4 Medium cutting, 1 inch to 6 inches 4 or 5 Heavy cutting, over 6 inches 5 or 6 Gas welding (light), up to 1/8-inch 4 or 5 Gas welding (medium), 1/8- to 1/2-inch 5 or 6 Gas welding (heavy), over 1/2-inch 6 or 8

30

OSHA 2202

Employees exposed to laser beams shall befurnished suitable laser safety goggles that willprotect for the specific wave length of the laserand the optical density adequate for the energyinvolved. 1926.102(b)(2)

Fall ProtectionEmployers are required to assess the workplace

to determine if the walking/working surface onwhich employees are to work have the strengthand structural integrity to safely support workers.Employees are not permitted to work on thosesurfaces until it has been determined that thesurfaces have the requisite strength and structuralintegrity to support the workers. 1926.501(a)(2)

Where employees are exposed to falling 6 feet(1.8 meters) or more from an unprotected side oredge, the employer must select either a guardrailsystem, safety net system, or personal fall arrestsystem to protect the worker. 1926.501(b)(1)

A personal fall arrest system consists of ananchorage, connectors, body harness and mayinclude a lanyard, deceleration device, lifeline, ora suitable combination of these. Effective January1, 1998, body belts used for fall arrests areprohibited. 1926.500(b) and 1926.502(d)

Each employee in a hoist area shall be pro-tected from falling 6 feet (1.8 meters) or more byguardrail systems or personal fall arrest systems.If guardrail systems (or chain gate or guardrail)or portions thereof must be removed to facilitatehoisting operations, as during the landing ofmaterials, and a worker must lean through theaccess opening or out over the edge of the access

31


opening to receive or guide equipment andmaterials, that employee must be protected by apersonal fall arrest system.1926.501(b)(3)

Personal fall arrest systems, covers, or guardrailsystems must be erected around holes (includingskylights) that are more than 6 feet (1.8 meters)above lower levels. 1926.501(b)(4)

Each employee at the edge of an excavation6 feet deep (1.8 meters) or more shall be protectedfrom falling by guardrail systems, fences, barri-cades, or covers. Where walkways are provided topermit employees to cross over excavations,guardrails are required on the walkway if it is 6 feet(1.8 meters) or more above the excavation.1926.501(b)(7)

Each employee using ramps, runways, and otherwalkways shall be protected from falling6 feet (1.2 meters) or more by guardrail systems.1926.501(b)(6)

Each employee performing overhand bricklay-ing and related work 6 feet (1.8 meters) or moreabove lower levels shall be protected by guardrailsystems, safety net systems, or personal fall arrestsystems, or shall work in a controlled access zone.All employees reaching more than 10 inches (25.4centimeters) below the level of a walking/workingsurface on which they are working shall be pro-tected by a guardrail system, safety net system, orpersonal fall arrest. 1926.501(b)(9)

Each employee engaged in roofing activities onlow-slope roofs with unprotected sides and edges6 feet (1.8 meters) or more above lower levels shallbe protected from falling by guardrail, safety net,or personal fall arrest systems or a combination of a

32

OSHA 2202

• Warning line system and guardrail system,

• Warning line system and safety net system,

• Warning line system and personal fall arrestsystem, or

• Warning line system and safety monitoringsystem. 1926.501(b)(10)

On low-slope roofs 50 feet (15.2 meters) orless in width, the use of a safety monitoringsystem without a warning line system ispermitted. 1926.501(b)(10)

Each employee on a steep roof with unpro-tected sides and edges 6 feet (1.8 meters) or moreabove lower levels shall be protected by guardrailsystems with toeboards, safety net systems, orpersonal fall arrest systems. 1926.501(b)(11)

Fire ProtectionA firefighting program is to be followed

throughout all phases of the construction anddemolition work involved. It shall provide foreffective firefighting equipment to be availablewithout delay, and designed to effectively meetall fire hazards as they occur. 1926.150(a)(1)

Firefighting equipment shall be conspicuouslylocated and readily accessible at all times, beperiodically inspected, and be maintained inoperating conditions. 1926.150(a)(2) to (4)

A fire extinguisher, rated not less than 2A(acceptable substitutes are a 1/2-inch diametergarden-type hose not to exceed 100 feet capableof discharging a minimum of 5 gallons perminute or a 55-gallon drum of water with two firepails), shall be provided for each 3,000 square

33


feet (270 square meters) of the protected buildingarea, or major fraction thereof. Travel distancefrom any point of the protected area to the nearestfire extinguisher shall not exceed 100 feet (30.5meters). 1926.150(c)(1)(i) to (iii)

The employer shall establish an alarm systemat the worksite so that employees and the localfire department can be alerted for an emergency.1926.150(e)(1)

FlaggersFlaggers, signaling by flaggers, and the gar-

ments worn shall follow the OSHA rules thatincorporated by reference the Department ofTransportation’s Manual on Uniform TrafficControl Devices, Part 6.

Flammable and Combustible LiquidsOnly approved containers and portable tanks

shall be used for storing and handling flammableand combustible liquids. 1926.152(a)(1)

No more than 25 gallons (94.7 liters) of flam-mable or combustible liquids shall be stored in aroom outside of an approved storage cabinet. Nomore than three storage cabinets may be locatedin a single storage area. 1926.152(b)(1) through (3)

Inside storage rooms for flammable and com-bustible liquids shall be of fire-resistant construc-tion, have self-closing fire doors at all openings,4-inch (10 centimeter) sills or depressed floors, aventilation system that provides at least six airchanges within the room per hour, and electrical

34

OSHA 2202

wiring and equipment approved for Class 1,Division 1 locations. 1926.152(b)(4)

Storage in containers outside buildings shallnot exceed 1,100 gallons (4,169 liters) in any onepile or area. The storage area shall be graded todivert possible spills away from buildings orother exposures, or shall be surrounded by a curbor dike. Storage areas shall be located at least20 feet (6 meters) from any building and shall befree from weeds, debris, and other combustiblematerials not necessary to thestorage. 1926.152(c)(1),(3),(4) through (5)

Flammable liquids shall be kept in closedcontainers when not actually in use.1926.152(f)(1)

Conspicuous and legible signs prohibitingsmoking shall be posted in service and refuelingareas. 1926.152(g)(9)

Gases, Vapors, Fumes, Dusts, and MistsExposure to toxic gases, vapors, fumes, dusts,

and mists at a concentration above those specifiedin the Threshold Limit Values of Airborne Con-taminants for 1970 of the American Conferenceof Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH),shall be avoided. (ACGIH, 1330 KemperMeadow Drive, Cincinnati, OH45240-1634; (513) 742-2020.) 1926.55(a)

Administrative or engineering controls must beimplemented whenever feasible to comply withThreshold Limit Values. 1926.55(b)

When engineering and administrative controlsare not feasible to achieve full compliance,

35


protective equipment or other protective measuresshall be used to keep the exposure of employeesto air contaminants within the limits prescribed.Any equipment and technical measures used forthis purpose must first be approved for eachparticular use by a competent industrial hygienistor other technically qualified person. Wheneverrespirators are used, their use shall comply with1926.103. 1910.134 made applicable toconstruction by 1926.55(b)

General Duty ClauseHazardous conditions or practices not covered

in an OSHA standard may be covered underSection 5(a)(1) of the Occupational Safety andHealth Act of 1970, which states: “Each employershall furnish to each of his employees employ-ment and a place of employment which are freefrom recognized hazards that are causing or arelikely to cause death or serious physical harm tohis employees.”

GrindingAll abrasive wheel bench and stand grinders

shall be provided with safety guards that coverthe spindle ends, nut and flange projections, andare strong enough to withstand the effects of abursting wheel. 1926.303(b)(1) and (c)(1)

An adjustable work rest of rigid constructionshall be used on floor and bench-mounted grind-ers, with the work rest kept adjusted to a clear-ance not to exceed 1/8-inch (0.3 centimeter)between the work rest and the surface of thewheel. 1926.303(c)(2)

36

OSHA 2202

All abrasive wheels shall be closely inspectedand ring-tested before mounting to ensure thatthey are free from cracks or other defects.1926.303(c)(7)

Portable abrasive wheel tools shall be providedwith safety guards, except when the wheels are2 inches (5 centimeters) or less, or the wheel isentirely inside the work. 1926.303(c)(3) and (4)

Hand ToolsEmployers shall not issue or permit the use of

unsafe hand tools, including tools that may befurnished by employees or employers. All handtools must be properly maintained. 1926.300(a)and 1926.301(a)

Wrenches shall not be used when jaws are sprungto the point that slippage occurs. Impact tools shallbe kept free of mushroomed heads. The woodenhandles of tools shall be kept free of splinters orcracks and shall be kept tight in the tool.1926.301(b) through (d)

Electric power operated tools shall either beapproved double-insulated, or be properly groundedin accordance with subpart K of the standard.1926.302(a)(1)

Hazard CommunicationEmployers shall develop, implement, and main-

tain at the workplace a written hazard communica-tion program for their workplaces. Employers mustinform their employees of the availability of theprogram, including the required list(s) of hazardouschemicals, and material safety data sheets required.

37


1910.1200(e)(1) and (e)(4) made applicable toconstruction by 1926.59

The employer shall ensure that each container ofhazardous chemicals in the workplace is labeled,tagged, or marked with the identity of the hazardouschemical(s) contained therein; and must showhazard warnings appropriate for employee protec-tion. 1910.1200(e)(2) and (f)(1) made applicableto construction by 1926.59

Chemical manufacturers and importers shallobtain or develop a material safety data sheet foreach hazardous chemical they produce or import.Employers shall have a material safety data sheetfor each hazardous chemical they use. 1910.1200(g)(1) and (f)(1) made applicable to constructionby 1926.59

Employers shall provide employees with infor-mation and training on hazardous chemicals in theirwork area at the time of their initial assignment, andwhenever a new hazard is introduced into their workarea. Employers shall also provide employees withinformation on any operations in their work areawhere hazardous chemicals are present, and thelocation and availability of the written hazardcommunication program, including the requiredlist(s) of hazardous chemicals, and material safetydata sheets required by the standard. 1910.1200(h)(1) and (2)(i) through (iii) made applicable toconstruction by 1926.59

Employers who produce, use, or store hazardouschemicals at multiemployer workplaces shalladditionally ensure that their hazard communicationprogram includes the methods the employer will useto provide other employer(s) with a copy of thematerial safety data sheet for hazardous chemicals

38

OSHA 2202

other employer(s) employees may be exposed towhile working; the methods the employer will useto inform other employer(s) of any precautionarymeasures for the protection of employees; and themethods the employer will use to inform the otheremployer(s) of the labeling system used in theworkplace. 1910.1200 (e)(2) made applicable toconstruction by 1926.59

Hazardous Waste OperationsEmployers must develop a written safety and

health program for employees involved in hazard-ous waste operations. At a minimum, the programshall include a comprehensive workplan, standardoperating procedures, a site specific safety andhealth plan (which need not repeat the standardoperating procedures), the training program, and themedical surveillance program. 1926.65(b)(1)

A site control program also shall be developedand shall include, at a minimum, a map, workzones, buddy systems, site communications—including alerting means for emergencies—standardoperating procedures or safe work practices, andidentification of the nearest medical assistance.1926.65(d)(3)

Training must be provided for all site employees,their supervisors, and management who are exposedto health or safety hazards. 1926.65(e)

Head ProtectionHead protective equipment (helmets) shall be

worn in areas where there is a possible danger of

39


head injuries from impact, flying or falling objects,or electrical shock and burns. 1926.100(a)

Helmets for protection against impact and pen-etration of falling and flying objects shall meet therequirements of ANSI Z89.1-1969. 1926.100(b)

Helmets for protection against electrical shockand burns shall meet the requirements of ANSIZ89.2-1971. 1926.100(c)

Hearing ProtectionFeasible engineering or administrative controls

shall be utilized to protect employees against soundlevels in excess of those shown in Table D-2.1926.52(b)

When engineering or administrative controlsfail to reduce sound levels within the limits ofTable D-2, ear protective devices shall beprovided and used. 1926.52(b) and .101(a)

In all cases where the sound levels exceed thevalues shown in Table D-2, a continuing, effec-tive hearing conservation program shall beadministered. 1926.52(d)(1)

A hearing conservation program in construc-tion should include the following elements:

• Monitoring employee noise exposures,

• Using engineering, work practice andadministrative controls, and personalprotective equipment,

• Fitting each overexposed employee withappropriate hearing protectors,

• Training employees in the effects of noiseand protection measures,

40

OSHA 2202

• Explaining procedures for preventing furtherhearing loss, and

• Recordkeeping.

1926.21(b)(2), 1926.52, and 1926.101Table D-2 — Permissible Noise Exposures

Sound Level/

dBA slowDuration per day, hours: response

8 90

6 92

4 95

3 97

2 100

1-1/2 102

1 105

1/2 110

1/4 or less 115

1926.52(d)(1)

Exposure to impulsive or impact noise shouldnot exceed 140 dB peak sound pressure level.1926.52(e)

Plain cotton is not an acceptable protectivedevice. 1926.101(c)

Heating Devices, TemporaryWhen heating devices are used, fresh air shall

be supplied in sufficient quantities to maintain thehealth and safety of workers. 1926.154(a)(1)

Solid fuel salamanders are prohibited inbuildings and on scaffolds. 1926.154(d)

41


Hoists, Material, and PersonnelThe employer shall comply with the

manufacturer’s specifications and limitations.1926.552(a)(1)

Rated load capacities, recommended operatingspeeds, and special hazard warnings or instruc-tions shall be posted on cars and platforms.1926.552(a)(2)

Hoistway entrances of material hoists shall beprotected by substantial full width gates or barsthat are painted with diagonal contrasting colorssuch as black and yellow stripes. 1926.552(b)(2)

Hoistway doors or gates of personnel hoistshall be not less than 6 feet 6 inches (198.1meters) high and shall be protected with me-chanical locks that cannot be operated from thelanding side and that are accessible only topersons on the car. 1926.552(c)(4)

Overhead protective coverings shall be pro-vided on the top of the hoist cage or platform.1926.552(b)(3) and (c)(7)

All material hoists shall conform to therequirements of ANSI A10.5-1969, SafetyRequirements for Material Hoists. 1926.552(b)(8)

Hooks (See Wire Ropes, Chains, and Hooks)

HousekeepingForm and scrap lumber with protruding nails

and all other debris shall be kept clear from allwork areas. 1926.25(a)

42

OSHA 2202

Combustible scrap and debris shall be removedat regular intervals. 1926.25(b)

Containers shall be provided for collectionand separation of all refuse. Covers shall beprovided on containers used for flammable orharmful substances. 1926.25(c)

Wastes shall be disposed of at frequent intervals. 1926.25(c)

IlluminationConstruction areas, ramps, runways, corridors,

offices, shops, and storage areas shall be lightedto not less than the minimum illumination inten-sities listed in Table D-3 while any work is inprogress.

Table D-3 — Minimum Illumination Intensities in Footcandles

Footcandles: Area of Operation

5..........General construction area lighting

3..........General construction areas, concrete placement, excavation, waste areas, accessways, active storage areas,

loading platforms, refueling, and field maintenance areas

5..........Indoor warehouses, corridors, hallways, and exitways

5..........Tunnels, shafts, and general underground work areas(Exception: minimum of 10 footcandles is required attunnel and shaft heading during drilling, mucking, andscaling. Bureau of Mines approved cap lights shall beacceptable for use in the tunnel heading)

10.........General construction plant and shops (e.g., batch plants,screening plants, mechanical and electrical equipmentrooms, carpenters shops, rigging lofts and active storerooms, barracks or living quarters, locker or dressingrooms, mess halls, indoor toilets, and workrooms)

30.........First-aid stations, infirmaries, and offices

1926.56(a)

43


JointersA jointer guard shall automatically adjust itself to

cover the unused portion of the head and the sectionof the head on the working side and the back side ofthe fence or cage. The jointer guard shall remain incontact with the material at all times. 1926.304(f)incorporated by reference to ANSI 01.1–1961,section 4.3.2

LaddersPortable and fixed ladders with structural

defects—such as broken or missing rungs, cleats orsteps, broken or split rails, or corroded compo-nents—shall be withdrawn from service by immedi-ately tagging “DO NOT USE” or marking in amanner that identifies them as defective, or shall beblocked, such as with a plywood attachment thatspans several rungs. Repairs must restore ladder toits original design criteria. 1926.1053(b)(16), (17)(i)through (iii) and (18)

Portable non-self-supporting ladders shall beplaced on a substantial base, have clear access at topand bottom, and be placed at an angle so the hori-zontal distance from the top support to the foot ofthe ladder is approximately one-quarter the workinglength of the ladder. Portable ladders used for accessto an upper landing surface must extend a minimumof 3 feet (0.9 meters) above the landing surface, orwhere not practical, be provided with grab rails andbe secured against movement while in use.1926.1053(b)(1) and (b)(5)(i)

Ladders must have nonconductive siderails ifthey are used where the worker or the ladder couldcontact energized electrical conductors or equip-ment. 1926.1053(b)(12)

44

OSHA 2202

45

Job-made ladders shall be constructed for theirintended use. Cleats shall be uniformly spaced notless than 10 inches (25.4 centimeters) apart, normore than 14 inches (35.5 centimeters) apart.1926.1053(a)(3)(i)

A ladder (or stairway) must be provided at allwork points of access where there is a break inelevation of 19 inches (48.2 centimeters) or moreexcept if a suitable ramp, runway, embankment, orpersonnel hoist is provided to give safe access to allelevations. 1926.1051(a)

Wood job-made ladders with spliced side railsmust be used at an angle where the horizontaldistance is one-eighth the working length of theladder.

• Fixed ladders must be used at a pitch nogreater than 90 degrees from the horizontal,measured from the back side of the ladder.

• Ladders must be used only on stable and levelsurfaces unless secured to prevent accidentalmovement.

• Ladders must not be used on slippery surfacesunless secured or provided with slip-resistantfeet to prevent accidental movement. Slip-resistant feet must not be used as a substitutefor the care in placing, lashing, or holding aladder upon a slippery surface.1926.1053(b)(5)(ii) through (b)(7)

Employers must provide a training program foreach employee using ladders and stairways. Theprogram must enable each employee to recognizehazards related to ladders and stairways and to useproper procedures to minimize these hazards.For example, employers must ensure that each


employee is trained by a competent person in thefollowing areas, as applicable:

• The nature of fall hazards in the work area;• The correct procedures for erecting, main-

taining, and disassembling the fall protectionsystems to be used;

• The proper construction, use, placement, andcare in handling of all stairways and ladders;and

• The maximum intended load-carryingcapacities of ladders used.

In addition, retraining must be provided foreach employee, as necessary, so that the employeemaintains the understanding and knowledgeacquired through compliance with the standard.1926.1060(a) and (b)

LasersOnly qualified and trained employees shall be

assigned to install, adjust, and operate laser equip-ment. 1926.54(a)

Employees shall wear proper (antilaser) eyeprotection when working in areas where there is apotential exposure to direct or reflected laser lightgreater than 0.005 watts (5 milliwatts). 1926.54(c)

Beam shutters or caps shall be utilized, or thelaser turned off, when laser transmission is notactually required. When the laser is left unat-tended for a substantial period of time—such asduring lunch hour, overnight, or at change ofshifts—the laser shall be turned off. 1926.54(e)

Employees shall not be exposed to light intensi-ties in excess of the following: directstaring—1 microwatt per square centimeter,

46

OSHA 2202

incidental observing—1 milliwatt per squarecentimeter diffused reflected light—2-1/2 wattsper square centimeter. 1926.54(j)(1) through (3)

Employees shall not be exposed to microwavepower densities in excess of 10 milliwatts persquare centimeter. 1926.54(1)

LeadEach employer who has a workplace or

operation covered by this standard shall initiallydetermine if any employee may be exposed tolead at or above the action level of 30 micro-grams per cubic meter (30 µg/m3) of air calcu-lated as an 8-hour time-weighted average.1926.62(d)(1)

The employer shall assure that no employee isexposed to lead at concentrations greater than50 micrograms per cubic meter (50 µg/m3) of airaveraged over an 8-hour period (the permissibleexposure limit PEL). 1926.62(c)(1)

Whenever there has been a change of equip-ment, process, control, personnel, or a new taskhas been initiated that may result in exposureabove the PEL, the employer shall conductadditional monitoring. 1926.62(d)(7)

Training shall be provided in accordance withthe Hazard Communication Standard and addi-tional training shall be provided for employeesexposed at or above the action level. 1926.62(1)

Prior to the start of the job, each employershall establish and implement a writtencompliance program. 1926.62(e)(2)

Where airborne concentrations of lead equal orexceed the action level at any time, an initial

47


medical examination consisting of blood sam-pling and analysis shall be made available foreach employee prior to initial assignment to thearea. 1926.62 Appendix B, viii, paragraph (j)

Lift SlabLift-slab operations shall be designed and

planned by a registered professional engineerwho has experience in lift-slab construction.Such plans and designs shall be implemented bythe employer and shall include detailed instruc-tions and sketches indicating the prescribedmethod of erection. 1926.705(a)

Jacking equipment shall be cable of supportingat least two and one-half times the load beinglifted during jacking operations. Also, do notoverload the jacking equipment. 1926.705(d)

During erection, no employee, except thoseessential to the jacking operation, shall be permit-ted in the building or structure while jackingoperations are taking place unless the building orstructure has been reinforced sufficiently toensure its integrity. 1926.705(k)(1)

Equipment shall be designed and installed toprevent slippage; otherwise, the employer shallinstitute other measures, such as locking orblocking devices, which will provide positiveconnection between the lifting rods and attach-ments and will prevent components fromdisengaging during lifting operations.1926.705(p)

48

OSHA 2202

Liquefied Petroleum GasEach system shall have containers, valves,

connectors, manifold valve assemblies, andregulators of an approved type. 1926.153(a)(1)

Every container and vaporizer shall be pro-vided with one or more approved safety reliefvalves or devices. 1926.153(d)(1)

Containers shall be placed upright on firmfoundations or otherwise firmly secured.1926.153(g) and (h)(11)

Portable heaters shall be equipped with anapproved automatic device to shut off the flow ofgas in the event of flame failure. 1926.153(h)(8)

All cylinders shall be equipped with an excessflow valve to minimize the flow of gas in theevent the fuel line becomes ruptured.1926.153(i)(2)

Storage of liquefied petroleum gas withinbuildings is prohibited. 1926.153(i)

Storage locations shall have at least one ap-proved portable fire extinguisher rated not lessthan 20-B:C. 1926.153(l)

Medical Services and First AidThe employer shall ensure the availability of

medical personnel for advice and consultation onmatters of occupational health. 1926.50(a)

When a medical facility is not reasonablyaccessible for the treatment of injured employees,a person qualified to render first aid shall beavailable at the worksite. 1926.50(c)

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First-aid supplies when required should bereadily available. 1926.50(d)(1)

In areas where 911 is not available, the tele-phone numbers of the physicians, hospitals, orambulances shall be conspicuously posted.1926.50(f)

Motor Vehicles and Mechanized EquipmentAll vehicles in use shall be checked at the

beginning of each shift to ensure that all parts,equipment, and accessories that affect safeoperation are in proper operating condition andfree from defects. All defects shall be correctedbefore the vehicle is placed in service.1926.601(b)(14)

No employer shall use any motor vehicle,earthmoving, or compacting equipment having anobstructed view to the rear unless:

• The vehicle has a reverse signal alarmdistinguishable from the surrounding noiselevel, or

• The vehicle is backed up only when anobserver signals that it is safe to do so.1926.601(b)(4)(i) through (ii) and602(a)(9)(i) through (ii)

Heavy machinery, equipment, or parts thereofthat are suspended or held aloft shall be substan-tially blocked to prevent falling or shifting beforeemployees are permitted to work under orbetween them. 1926.600(a)(3)(i)

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OSHA 2202

Noise (See Hearing Protection)

Personal Protective EquipmentThe employer is responsible for requiring the

wearing of appropriate personal protective equip-ment in all operations where there is an exposureto hazardous conditions or where the need isindicated for using such equipment to reduce thehazard to the employees. 1926.28(a) and1926.95(a) through (c)

Employees working over or near water, wherethe danger of drowning exists, shall be providedwith U.S. Coast Guard-approved life jackets orbuoyant work vests. 1926.106(a)

Powder-Actuated ToolsOnly trained employees shall be allowed to

operate powder-actuated tools. 1926.302(e)(1)All powder-actuated tools shall be tested daily

before use and all defects discovered before orduring use shall be corrected. 1926.302(e)(2)through (3)

Tools shall not be loaded until immediatelybefore use. Loaded tools shall not be leftunattended. 1926.302(e)(5) through (6)

Power Transmission and DistributionExisting conditions shall be determined before

starting work, by an inspection or a test. Suchconditions shall include, but not be limited to,energized lines and equipment, condition of

51


poles, and the location of circuits and equipmentincluding power and communications, cabletelevision, and fire-alarm circuits.1926.950(b)(1)

Electric equipment and lines shall be consid-ered energized until determined otherwise bytesting or until grounding. 1926.950(b)(2) and.954(a)

Operating voltage of equipment and lines shallbe determined before working on or nearenergized parts. 1926.950(b)(3)

Rubber protective equipment shall complywith the provisions of the ANSI J6 series, andshall be visually inspected before use.1926.951(a)(1)(i) through (ii)

Protective equipment of material other thanrubber shall provide equal or better electrical andmechanical protection. 1926.951(a)(iv)

Powered Industrial Trucks (Forklifts)Each powered industrial truck operator must be

competent to operate a powered industrial trucksafely, as demonstrated by the successfulcompletion of the training and evaluation.1910.178(l)(1)(i) and (l)(2)(iii) and (l)(6) madeapplicable to construction by 1926.602(d)

Training shall consist of a combination offormal instruction (e.g., lecture, discussion,interactive computer learning, video tape, writtenmaterial), practical training (demonstrationsperformed by the trainer and practical exercisesperformed by the trainee), and evaluation of theoperator’s performance in the workplace.

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OSHA 2202

1910.178(l)(2)(ii) made applicable toconstruction by 1926.602(d)

Power Transmission, MechanicalBelts, gears, shafts, pulleys, sprockets,

spindles, drums, flywheels, chains, or otherreciprocating, rotating, or moving parts of equip-ment shall be guarded if such parts are exposed tocontact by employees or otherwise constitute ahazard. 1926.307(a) through (f), (h) through (i),and (k)

Guarding shall meet the requirement of ANSIB15.1-1953 (R 1958), Safety Code forMechanical Power Transmission Apparatus.1926.300(b)(2)

Process Safety Managementof Highly Hazardous Chemicals

Employers shall develop a written plan ofaction regarding employee participation andconsult with employees and their representativeson the conduct and development of processhazards analyses and on the development of theother elements of process safety management.1926.64(c)(1) through (2)

The employer, when selecting a contractor,shall obtain and evaluate information regardingthe contract employer’s safety performance andprograms. 1926.64(h)(2)(i)

The contract employer shall assure that eachcontract employee is trained in the work practicesnecessary to safely perform his/her job.1926.64(h)(3)(i)

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The employer shall perform a pre-startupsafety review for new facilities and for modifiedfacilities when the modification is significantenough to require a change in the process safetyinformation. 1926.64(i)(1)

The employer shall establish and implementwritten procedures to maintain the on goingintegrity of process equipment. 1926.64(j)(2)

Program Safety and Health RequirementsThe employer shall initiate and maintain such

programs as may be necessary to provide forfrequent and regular inspections of the job site,materials, and equipment by designatedcompetent persons. 1926.20(b)(1) through (2)

The employer should avail himself of thesafety and health training programs the Secretaryprovides. 1926.21(b)(1)

The employer shall instruct each employee inthe recognition and avoidance of unsafe condi-tions and in the regulations applicable to his workenvironment to control or eliminate any hazardsor other exposure to illness or injury.1926.21(b)(2)

The use of any machinery, tool, material, orequipment that is not in compliance with anyapplicable requirement of Part 1926 is prohibited.1926.20(b)(3)

The employer shall permit only those employ-ees qualified by training or experience to operateequipment and machinery. 1926.20(b)(4)

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OSHA 2202

Radiation, IonizingPertinent provisions of the Nuclear Regulatory

Commission (NRC) (10 CFR Part 20) relating toprotection against occupational radiation expo-sure shall apply. 1926.53(a)

Any activity that involves the use of radioac-tive materials or X-rays, whether or not underlicense from the Atomic Energy Commission,shall be performed by competent persons spe-cially trained in the proper and safe operation ofsuch equipment. 1926.53(b)

RailingsTop edge height of top rails or equivalent

guardrail system members shall have a verticalheight of approximately 42 inches (106.6 centi-meters), plus or minus 3 inches (7.6 centimeters)above the walking/working level. 1926.502(b)(1)

Guardrail systems shall be surfaced so as toprevent injury to an employee, with a strength towithstand at least 200 pounds (90 kilograms), theminimum requirement applied in any outward ordownward direction, at any point along the topedge. 1926.502(b)(3) and (6)

A stair railing shall be of construction similarto a standard railing with a vertical height of 36inches (91.4 centimeters) from the upper surfaceof top rail to the surface of tread in line with faceof riser at forward edge of tread.1926.1052(c)(3)(i)

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Recordkeeping: Recording and ReportingRequirements

Within 8 hours after the death or report of theinpatient hospitalization of three or more employ-ees, as the result of a work-related incident, youmust report this to the closest OSHA office, orcall (800) 321-6742. 1904.39(a) and (b)(7)

If your company had 10 or more employeesduring the last calendar year, you must keep theOSHA injury and illness records using the OSHAForms 300, 300-A, and 301 or the equivalentform. 1904.1(a)(2) and 1904.29(a) and (b)(4)

If your company had 10 or fewer employeesduring the last calendar year, you do not need tokeep OSHA injury and illness records unlessOSHA or the Bureau of Labor Statistics informsyou in writing that you must keep these records.1904.1(a)(1)

Each recordable injury or illness must beentered on the OSHA Forms 300 and 301 within7 days of receiving the information.1904.29(b)(3)

OSHA injury and illness records must be keptfor all projects. If the project is 1 year or longer aseparate OSHA 300 log must be kept. If theprojects are less than 1 year, these projects maybe placed on one OSHA 300 log that covers allshort-term projects. These records may be kept ata central location as long as the information istransferred within 7 days. 1904.30(a), (b)(1) and(2)

The OSHA 300 log must be verified, certifiedby a company executive, and posted at the end ofeach calendar year. The log must be posted no

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OSHA 2202

later than February 1 of the following year andremain posted until April 30. 1904.32 (a) and (b)

The OSHA 300 and 301 logs must be kept for5 years following the year to which they relate.1904.33(a) and 1904.44

Reinforced SteelAll protruding reinforced steel onto and into

which employees could fall shall be guarded toeliminate the hazard of impalement. 1926.701(b)

Respiratory ProtectionIn emergencies, or when feasible engineering

or administrative controls are not effective incontrolling toxic substances, appropriate respira-tory protective equipment shall be provided bythe employer and shall be used. 1910.134 madeapplicable to construction by 1926.103(a)(1)

Respiratory protective devices shall beapproved by the National Institute for Occupa-tional Safety and Health or acceptable to theU.S. Department of Labor for the specificcontaminant to which the employee is exposed.1910.134(d)(ii) made applicable to construc-tion by 1926.103

Respiratory protective devices shall be appro-priate for the hazardous material involved and theextent and nature of the work requirements andconditions. 1910.134(d)(i) made applicable toconstruction by 1926.103

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Employees required to use respiratory protec-tive devices shall be thoroughly trained in theiruse. 1910.134(k) made applicable toconstruction by 1926.103

Respiratory protective equipment shall beinspected regularly and maintained in goodcondition. 1910.134(h) made applicable toconstruction by 1926.103

Rollover Protective Structures (ROPS)Rollover protective structures (ROPS) apply to

the following types of materials handling equip-ment: all rubber-tired, self-propelled scrapers,rubber-tired frontend loaders, rubber-tired dozers,wheel-type agricultural and industrial tractors,crawler tractors, crawler-type loaders, and motorgraders, with or without attachments, that areused in construction work. This requirement doesnot apply to sideboom pipelaying tractors.1926.1000(a)(1)

Safety NetsSafety nets must be installed as close as practi-

cable under the walking/working surface onwhich employees are working, but in no casemore than 30 feet (91.4 meters) below such level.When nets are used on bridges, the potential fallarea from the walking/working surface to the netshall be unobstructed. 1926.502(c)(1)

Safety nets and their installations must becapable of absorbing an impact force equal to thatproduced by the drop test. 1926.502(c)(4)

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OSHA 2202

Saws

Band SawsAll portions of band saw blades shall be

enclosed or guarded, except for the workingportion of the blade between the bottom of theguide rolls and the table. 1926.304(f) incorpo-rated by reference from ANSI 01.1-1961,Safety Code for Woodworking Machinery

Band saw wheels shall be fully encased.1926.304(f) incorporated by reference fromANSI 01.1-1961, Safety Code for WoodworkingMachinery

Portable Circular SawsPortable, power-driven circular saws shall be

equipped with guards above and below the baseplate or shoe. The lower guard shall cover thesaw to the depth of the teeth, except for theminimum arc required to allow proper retractionand contact with the work, and shall automati-cally return to the covering position when theblade is removed from the work. 1926.304(d)

Circular saws shall have a constant pressureswitch that will shut off the power when thepressure is released. 1926.300(d)(3)

Radial SawsRadial saws shall have an upper guard that

completely encloses the upper half of the sawblade. The sides of the lower exposed portion ofthe blade shall be guarded by a device that willautomatically adjust to the thickness of andremain in contact with the material being cut.1926.304(g)(1)

59


Radial saws used for ripping shall havenonkickback fingers or dogs. 1926.304(f) incor-porated by reference from ANSI 01.1-1961,Safety Code for Woodworking Machinery

Radial saws shall be installed so that thecutting head will return to the starting positionwhen released by the operator. 1926.304(f)incorporated by reference from ANSI 01.1-1961, Safety Code for Woodworking Machinery

Swing or Sliding Cut-Off SawsAll swing or sliding cut-off saws shall be

provided with a hood that will completely en-close the upper half of the saw. 1926.304(f)incorporated by reference from ANSI 01.1-1961, Safety Code for Woodworking Machinery

Limit stops shall be provided to prevent swingor sliding type cut-off saws from extendingbeyond the front or back edges of the table.1926.304(f) incorporated by reference fromANSI 01.1-1961, Safety Code for WoodworkingMachinery

Each swing or sliding cut-off saw shall beprovided with an effective device to return thesaw automatically to the back of the table whenreleased at any point of its travel. 1926.304(f)incorporated by reference from ANSI 01.1-1961, Safety Code for Woodworking Machinery

Inverted sawing of sliding cut-off saws shall beprovided with a hood that will cover the part ofthe saw that protrudes above the top of the tableor material being cut. 1926.304(f) incorporatedby reference from ANSI 01.1-1961, Safety Codefor Woodworking Machinery

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OSHA 2202

Table SawsCircular table saws shall have a hood over the

portion of the saw above the table, so mountedthat the hood will automatically adjust itself tothe thickness of and remain in contact with thematerial being cut. 1926.304(h)(1)

Circular table saws shall have a spreaderaligned with the blade, spaced no more than1/2-inch (1.27-centimeters) behind the largestblade mounted in the saw. This provision doesnot apply when grooving, dadoing, or rabbiting.1926.304(f) incorporated by reference fromANSI 01.1-1961, Safety Code for WoodworkingMachinery

Circular table saws used for ripping shall havenonkickback fingers or dogs. 1926.304(f) incor-porated by reference from ANSI 01.1-1961,Safety Code for Woodworking Machinery

Feeder attachments shall have the feed rolls orother moving parts covered or guarded so as toprotect the operator from hazardous points.1926.304(c)

Scaffolds, General RequirementsScaffolds are any temporary elevated platform

(supported or suspended) and its supportingstructure (including points of anchorage), usedfor supporting employees or materials or both.1926.450(b)

Each employee who performs work on ascaffold shall be trained by a person qualified torecognize the hazards associated with the type ofscaffold used and to understand the procedures tocontrol or minimize those hazards. The training

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shall include such topics as the nature of anyelectrical hazards, fall hazards, falling objecthazards, the maintenance and disassembly of thefall protection systems, the use of the scaffold,handling of materials, the capacity and themaximum intended load. 1926.454(a)

Fall protection (guardrail systems and personalfall arrest systems) must be provided for eachemployee on a scaffold more than 10 feet (3.1meters) above a lower level. 1926.451(g)(1)

Each scaffold and scaffold component shallsupport without failure its own weight and atleast 4 times the maximum intended load appliedor transmitted to it. Suspension ropes andconnecting hardware must support 6 times theintended load. Scaffolds and scaffold componentsshall not be loaded in excess of their maximumintended loads or rated capacities, whichever isless. 1926.451(a)(1), (a)(4), (f)(1)

The scaffold platform shall be planked ordecked as fully as possible. 1926.451(b)(1)

The platform shall not deflect more than 1/60of the span when loaded. 1926.451(f)(16)

The work area for each scaffold platform andwalkway shall be at least 18 inches (46 centime-ters) wide. When the work area must be less than18 inches (46 centimeters) wide, guardrails and/or personal fall arrest systems shall still be used.1926.451(b)(2)

Access must be provided when the scaffoldplatforms are more than 2 feet (0.6 m) above orbelow a point of access. Direct access is accept-able when the scaffold is not more than 14 inches(36 centimeters) horizontally and not more than

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OSHA 2202

24 inches (61 centimeters) vertically from theother surfaces. Crossbraces shall not be used as ameans of access. 1926.451(e)(1) and (e)(8)

A competent person shall inspect the scaffold,scaffold components, and ropes on suspendedscaffolds before each work shift and after anyoccurrence which could affect the structuralintegrity and authorize prompt corrective action.1926.450 (b), 451(f)(3), and (f)(10)

Scaffold, BricklayingEmployees doing overhand bricklaying from a

supported scaffold shall be protected by a guard-rail or personal fall arrest system on all sidesexcept the side where the work is being done.1926.451(g)(1)(vi)

Scaffold Erectors and DismantlersA competent person shall determine the feasi-

bility for safe access and fall protection foremployees erecting and dismantling supportedscaffolds. 1926.451(e) and (g)(2)

Scaffold, Fall Arrest SystemsPersonal fall arrest systems include harnesses,

components of the harness/belt such as Dee-ringsand snaphooks, lifelines, and anchorage points of5,000 pounds (22.2 kN.) 1926.451(g)(3) and1926.502(d)(15)

63


Vertical or horizontal lifelines may be used.1926.451(g)(3)(ii) through (iv)

Lifelines shall be independent of support linesand suspension ropes and not attached to thesame anchorage point as the support or suspen-sion ropes. 1926.451(g)(3)(iii) and (iv)

When working from an aerial lift, the fall arrestsystem lanyard shall be attached to the boom orbasket. 1926.453(b)(2)(v)

Scaffold, GuardrailsGuardrails shall be installed along all open

sides and ends and before the scaffold is releasedfor use by employees other than the erection anddismantling crews. Guardrails are not required onthe front edge of a platform if the front edge ofthe platform is less than 14 inches (36 centime-ters) from the face of the work. When plasteringand lathing is being done the distance is 18inches (46 centimeters) or less from the frontedge. When outrigger scaffolds are attached tosupported scaffolds the distance is 3 inches (8centimeters) or less from the front edge of theoutrigger. 1926.451(b)(3) and (g)(4)

The toprail for scaffolds must be 38 inches(0.97 meters) to 45 inches (1.2 meters) from theplatform. Midrails are to be installed approxi-mately halfway between the toprail and theplatform surface. Toeboards are to be used toprotect employees working below.1926.451(g)(4)(ii) and (iii), 1926.451(j)(1)

When screens and mesh are used for guard-rails, they shall extend from the top edge of the

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OSHA 2202

guardrail system to the scaffold platform, andalong the entire opening between the supports.1926.451(g)(4)(v)

Crossbracing is not acceptable as an entireguardrail system but is acceptable for a toprailwhen the crossing point of the two braces isbetween 38 inches (0.9 meters) and 48 inches(1.3 meters) above the work platform and formidrails when between 20 inches (0.5 meters)and 30 inches (0.8 meters) above the work plat-form. The end points of the crossbracing shall beno more then 48 inches (1.3 meters) apartvertically. 1926.451(g)(4)(xv)

Scaffolds, MobileSupport scaffold footings shall be level and

capable of supporting the loaded scaffold. Thelegs, poles, frames, and uprights shall bear onbase plates and mud sills. 1926.451(c)(2)

Supported scaffold platforms shall be fullyplanked or decked. 1926.451(b)

Each employee more than 10 feet above alower level shall be protected from falls or byguardrails or a fall arrest system, except those onsingle-point and two-point adjustable suspensionscaffolds. Each employee on a single-point andtwo-point adjustable suspended scaffold shall beprotected by both a personal fall arrest systemand a guardrail. 1926.451(g)(1)

65


Scaffold, PlankingScaffold planking shall be capable of support-

ing without failure its own weight and at least 4times the intended load. Solid sawn wood,fabricated planks, and fabricated platforms maybe used as scaffold planks, following the recom-mendations by the manufacturer or a lumbergrading association or inspection agency. Tablesshowing maximum permissible spans, rated loadcapacity, nominal thickness, etc., are in AppendixA of Subpart L (1)(b) and (c). 1926.451(a)(1)

Scaffolds, SupportedSupported scaffolds are platforms supported by

legs, outrigger beams, brackets, poles, uprights,posts, frames, or similar rigid support. Thestructural members, poles, legs, posts, frames,and uprights, shall be plumb and braced to pre-vent swaying and displacement. 1926.451(b) and (c)

Supported scaffolds poles, legs, posts, frames,and uprights shall bear on base plates and mudsills, or on another adequate firm foundation.1926.451(c)(2)(i) and (ii)

Either the manufacturer’s recommendation orthe following placements shall be used for guys,ties, and braces: install guys, ties, and braces atthe closest horizontal member to the 4:1 heightand repeat vertically with the top restraint nofurther than the 4:1 height from the top:Vertically

- every 20 feet (6.1 meters) or less for scaf-folds less than 3 feet (0.9 meters) wide;

- every 26 feet (7.9 meters) or less for scaf-folds more than 3 feet (0.9 meters) wide;

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OSHA 2202

Horizontally- at each end;

- at intervals not to exceed 30 feet (9.1meters) from one end. 1926.451(c)

Scaffolds, SuspensionEach employee more than 10 feet (3.1 meters)

above a lower level shall be protected fromfalling by guardrails and a personal fall arrestsystem when working from single or two-pointsuspended scaffolds and self-contained adjustablescaffolds that are supported by ropes.1926.451(g)(ii) and (iv)

Each employee 10 feet (3.1 meters) above alower level shall be protected from falling by apersonal fall arrest system when working from aboatswain’s chair, ladder jack, needle beam, float,or catenary scaffolds. 1926.451(g)(i)

Lifelines shall be independent of support linesand suspension ropes and not attached to thesame anchorage point as the support or suspen-sion ropes. 1926.451(g)(3)(iii) and (iv)

A competent person shall inspect the ropes fordefects prior to each workshift and after everyoccurrence which could affect a rope’s integrity,evaluate the direct connections that support theload, and determine if two-point and multi-pointscaffolds are secured from swaying.1926.451(d)(3)(i), (d)(10), (d)(18), (f)(3)

The use of repaired wire rope is prohibited.1926.451(d)(7)

Tiebacks shall be secured to a structurallysound anchorage on the building or structure.

67


Tiebacks shall not be secured to standpipes,vents, other piping systems, or electrical conduit.1926.451(d)(3)(ix) and (d)(5)

A single tieback shall be installed perpendicu-lar to the face of the building or structure. Twotie-backs installed at opposing angles are requiredwhen a perpendicular tie back cannot be installed.1926.451(d)(3)(x)

Only those items specifically designed ascounterweights shall be used. Sand, gravel,masonry units, rolls of roofing felt, and othersuch materials shall not be used as counter-weights. 1926.451(d)(3)(ii) and (iii)

Counterweights used for suspended scaffoldsshall be made of materials that can not be easilydislocated. 1926.451(d)(3)(ii)

Counterweights shall be secured by mechani-cal means to the outrigger beams.1926.451(d)(3)(iv)

Signs, Signals, and BarricadesConstruction areas shall be posted with legible

traffic signs at points of hazard. 1926.200 (g)(1)Barricades for protection of employees shall

conform to Part 6 of the Manual on UniformTraffic Control Devices. 1926.202

Silica Appropriate engineering controls, personal

protective equipment, respirators, and workpractices shall be used to protect employees from

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OSHA 2202

crystalline silica. 1926.55 and OSHA SpecialEmphasis Program for Silicosis 5/2/96

StairsA stairway or ladder must be provided at all

worker points of access where there is a break inelevation of 19 inches (48.3 centimeters) or moreand no ramp, runway, sloped embankment, orpersonnel hoist is provided. 1926.1051(a)

Except during construction of the actualstairway, skeleton metal frame structures andsteps must not be used (where treads and/orlandings are to be installed at a later date), unlessthe stairs are fitted with secured temporary treadsand landings. 1926.1052(b)(2)

When there is only one point of access be-tween levels, it must be kept clear to permit freepassage by workers. If free passage becomesrestricted, a second point of access must beprovided and used. 1926.1051(a)(3)

When there are more than two points of accessbetween levels, at least one point of access mustbe kept clear. 1926.1051(a)(4)

All stairway and ladder fall protection systemsmust be provided and installed as required by thestairway and ladder rules before employees beginwork that requires them to use stairways orladders and their respective fall protection sys-tems. 1926.1051(b)

Stairways that will not be a permanent part ofthe structure on which construction work isperformed must have landings at least 30 inchesdeep and 22 inches wide (76.2 x 55.9 centime-ters) at every 12 feet (3.6 meters) or less ofvertical rise. 1926.1052(a)(1)

69


Stairways must be installed at least 30 de-grees, and no more than 50 degrees, from thehorizontal. 1926.1052(a)(2)

Where doors or gates open directly onto astairway, a platform must be provided, and theswing of the door shall not reduce the effectivewidth of the platform to less than 20 inches(50.8 centimeters). 1926.1052(a)(4)

Except during construction of the actualstairway, stairways with metal pan landings andtreads must not be used where the treads and/orlandings have not been filled in with concrete orother material, unless the pans of the stairs and/or landings are temporarily filled in with woodor other material. All treads and landings mustbe replaced when worn below the top edge ofthe pan. 1926.1052(b)(1)

Stairways having four or more risers, or risingmore than 30 inches in height (76.2 centime-ters), whichever is less, must have at least onehandrail. A stairrail also must be installed alongeach unprotected side or edge. When the topedge of a stairrail system also serves as a hand-rail, the height of the top edge must not be morethan 37 inches (93.9 centimeters) nor less than36 inches (91.4 centimeters) from the uppersurface of the stairrail to the surface of the treadin line with face of riser at forward edge oftread. 1926.1052(c)(1)(i) through (ii)

Midrails, screens, mesh, intermediate verticalmembers, or equivalent intermediate structuralmembers must be provided between the top railand stairway steps of the stairrail system.1926.1052(c)(4)

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OSHA 2202

Midrails, when used, must be located midwaybetween the top of the stairrail system and thestairway steps. 1926.1052(c)(4)(i)

The height of handrails must not be more than37 inches (93.9 centimeters) nor less than 30inches (76.2 centimeters) from the upper surfaceof the handrail to the surface of the tread in linewith face of riser at forward edge of tread.1926.1052(c)(6)

The height of the top edge of a stairrail systemused as a handrail must not be more than 37inches (93.9 centimeters) nor less than 36 inches(91.4 centimeters) from the upper surface of thestairrail system to the surface of the tread in linewith face of riser at forward edge of tread.1926.1052(c)(7)

Temporary handrails must have a minimumclearance of 3 inches (7.6 centimeters) betweenthe handrail and walls, stairrail systems, andother objects. 1926.1052(c)(11)

Unprotected sides and edges of stairwaylandings must be provided with guardrailsystems. 1926.1052(c)(12)

Steel ErectionEach employee engaged in a steel erection

activity who is on a walking/working surfacewith an unprotected side or edge more than 15feet (4.6 meters) above a lower level shall beprotected from fall hazards by guardrail systems,safety net systems, personal fall arrest systems,positioning device systems or fall restraint sys-tems. 1926.760(a)(1)

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Connectors more than two stories or 30 feet(9.1 meters) above a lower level, whichever isless or at heights over 15 feet and up to 30 feetabove a lower level shall be protected with apersonal fall arrest system, positioning devicesystem or fall restraint, or be provided with othermeans of protection from fall hazards.1926.760(b)(1) and (3)

Training shall be provided for all employeesexposed to fall hazards. Special training shall beprovided to connectors, workers in controlleddecking zones, and those rigging for multiplelifts. 1926.761(c)

Steel erection begins when written notificationthat the concrete in the footings, piers, and wallsor the mortar in the masonry piers and walls hasattained the strength to support the loads imposedduring steel erection. 1926.752(b)

Columns shall be anchored by a minimum offour anchor rods (anchor bolts). 1926.755(a)(1)

Solid web structural members shall be securedwith at least two bolts per connection beforebeing released from the hoisting line.1926.756(a)(1)

Open web joists must be field bolted at eachend of the bottom chord before being releasedfrom the hoisting line. 1926.757(a)(1)(iii)

Decking shall be laid tightly and secured.1926.754(e)(5)

Controlled decking zones shall be clearlymarked and only those employees engaged inleading edge permitted to work in the area.1926.759(c)

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OSHA 2202

Cranes used in steel erection shall be inspectedprior to each shift by a competent person. Routesfor suspended load shall be planned to ensure noemployee is required to work directly under theload except for connecting or hooking or unhook-ing. Hooks with self-closing latches shall beused. All loads shall be rigged by a qualifiedrigger. Multiple lifts shall hoist a maximum offive members. 1926.753(b)(1), (d) and (e)

StorageAll materials stored in tiers shall be secured to

prevent sliding, falling, or collapsing.1926.250(a)(1)

Aisles and passageways shall be kept clear andin good repair. 1926.250(a)(3)

Storage of materials shall not obstruct exits.1926.151(d)(1)

Materials shall be stored with due regard totheir fire characteristics. 1926.151(d)(2)

Tire CagesA safety tire rack, cage, or equivalent protec-

tion shall be provided and used when inflating,mounting, or dismounting tires installed on splitrims, or rims equipped with locking rings orsimilar devices. 1926.600(a)(2)

ToeboardsToeboards, when used to protect workers from

falling objects, shall be erected along the edge ofthe overhead walking/working surface.1926.502(j)(1)

73


A standard toeboard shall be at least 3-1/2inches (9 centimeters) in height and may be ofany substantial material either solid or open, withopenings not to exceed 1 inch (2.54 centimeters)in greatest dimension. 1926.502(j)(3)

ToiletsToilets shall be provided according to the

following: 20 or fewer persons—one facility;20 or more persons—one toilet seat and oneurinal per 40 persons; 200 or more persons—onetoilet seat and one urinal per 50 workers.1926.51(c)(1)

This requirement does not apply to mobilecrews having transportation readily available tonearby toilet facilities. 1926.51(c)(4)

Underground ConstructionThe employer shall provide and maintain safe

means of access and egress to all work stations.1926.800(b)

The employer shall control access to all open-ings to prevent unauthorized entry underground.Unused chutes, manways, or other openings shallbe tightly covered, bulkheaded, or fenced off, andshall be posted with signs indicating “Keep Out”or similar language. Complete or unused sectionsof the underground facility shall be barricaded.1926.800(b)(3)

Unless underground facilities are sufficientlycompleted so that the permanent environmentalcontrols are effective and the remaining construc-tion activity will not cause any environmental

74

OSHA 2202

hazard or structural failure within the facilities,the employer shall maintain a check-in/check-outprocedure that will ensure that abovegrounddesignated personnel can determine an accuratecount of the number of persons underground inthe event of an emergency. 1926.800(c)

All employees shall be instructed to recognizeand avoid hazards associated with undergroundconstruction activities. 1926.800(d)

Hazardous classifications are for “potentiallygassy” and “gassy” operations. 1926.800(h)

The employer shall assign a competent personto perform all air monitoring to determine properventilation and quantitative measurements ofpotentially hazardous gases. 1926.800(j)(1)(i)(a)

Fresh air shall be supplied to all undergroundwork areas in sufficient quantities to preventdangerous or harmful accumulation of dust,fumes, mists, vapors, or gases. 1926.800(k)(1)(i)

Wall Openings, Underground ConstructionEach employee working on, at, above, or near

wall openings (including those with chutesattached) where the outside bottom edge of thewall opening is 6 feet (1.8 meters) or more abovelower levels and the inside bottom edge of thewall opening is less than 39 inches (1 meter)above the walking/working surface must beprotected from falling by the use of a guardrailsystem, a safety net system, or a personal fallarrest system. 1926.501(b)(14)

When an employee is exposed to fallingobjects, the employer must ensure that each

75


employee wear a hard hat and erect toeboards,screens, or guardrail systems; or erect a canopystructure and keep potential fall objects farenough from the edge of the higher level; orbarricade the area to which objects could fall.1926.501(c)

Washing Facilities, Underground ConstructionThe employers shall provide adequate washing

facilities for employees engaged in operationsinvolving harmful substances. 1926.51(f)

Washing facilities shall be near the worksiteand shall be so equipped as to enable employeesto remove all harmful substances. 1926.51(f)

Welding, Cutting, and HeatingEmployers shall instruct employees in the safe

use of welding equipment. 1926.350(d) and1926.351(d)

Proper precautions (isolating welding andcutting, removing fire hazards from the vicinity,providing a fire watch) for fire prevention shall betaken in areas where welding or other “hot work”is being done. No welding, cutting, or heatingshall be done where the application of flammablepaints, or the presence of other flammable com-pounds or heavy dust concentrations creates a firehazard. 1926.352(a) through (c) & (f)

Arc welding and cutting operations shall beshielded by noncombustible or flameproofscreens to protect employees and other persons inthe vicinity from direct arc rays. 1926.351(e)

76

OSHA 2202

When electrode holders are to be left unat-tended, the electrodes shall be removed and theholder shall be placed or protected so that theycannot make electrical contact with employees orconducting objects. 1926.351(d)(1)

All arc welding and cutting cables shall becompletely insulated and be capable of handlingthe maximum current requirements for the job.There shall be no repairs or splices within 10 feet(3 meters) of the electrode holder, except wheresplices are insulated equal to the insulation of thecable. Defective cable shall be repaired orreplaced. 1926.351(b)(1) through (2) and (4)

Fuel gas and oxygen hose shall be easilydistinguishable and shall not be interchangeable.Hoses shall be inspected at the beginning of eachshift and shall be repaired or replaced if defec-tive. 1926.350(f)(1) and (3)

General mechanical ventilation, local exhaustventilation, air line respirators, and other protec-tion shall be provided, as required, when welding,cutting or heating:

• Zinc, lead, cadmium, chromium, mercury, ormaterials bearing, based, or coated withberyllium in enclosed spaces;

• Stainless steel with inert-gas equipment;

• In confined spaces; and

• Where an unusual condition can cause anunsafe accumulation of contaminants.1926.353(b)(1), (c)(1)(i) through (iv),(c)(2)(i) through (iv), (d)(1)(iv), and (e)(1)

77


Proper eye protective equipment to preventexposure of personnel shall be provided.1926.353(e)(2)

Wire Ropes, Chains, and RopesWire ropes, chains, ropes, and other rigging

equipment shall be inspected prior to use and asnecessary during use to ensure their safety.Defective gear shall be removed from service.1926.251(a)(1)

Job or shop hooks and links or makeshiftfasteners formed from bolts, rods, or other suchattachments shall not be used. 1926.251(b)(3)

When U-bolts are used for eye splices, the U-bolt shall be applied so that the “U” section is incontact with the dead end of the rope.1926.251(c)(5)(i)

When U-bolt wire rope clips are used to formeyes, the following table shall be used to deter-mine the number and spacing of clips.1926.251(c)(5)

Woodworking MachineryAll fixed power-driven woodworking tools

shall be provided with a disconnect switch thatcan be either locked or tagged in the off position.1926.304(a)

All woodworking tools and machinery shallmeet applicable requirements of ANSI 01.1-1961,Safety Code for Woodworking Machinery.1926.304(f)

78

OSHA 2202

79

Number and Spacing of U-Bolt WireRope Clips

Improved plow Number of clips Minimum steel, rope Drop Other spacing diameter (inches) forged material (inches)

1/2 (1.27 cm) 3 4 3 (7.62cm)

5/8 (.625 cm) 3 4 3-3/4 (8.37 cm)

3/4 (.75 cm) 4 5 4-1/2 (11.43 cm)

7/8 (.875 cm) 4 5 5-1/4 (12.95 cm)

1 (2.54 cm) 5 6 6 (15.24 cm)

1-1/8 (2.665 cm) 6 6 6-3/4 (15.99cm)

1-1/4 (2.79 cm) 6 7 7-1/2 (19.05cm)

1-3/8 (2.915 cm) 7 7 8-1/4 (20.57cm)

1-1/2 (3.81 cm) 7 8 9 (22.86 cm)

1926.251(c)(5)


80 OSHA Programs, Services, and Products

OSHA can provide extensive help through avariety of programs, including assistance aboutsafety and health programs, state plans, work-place consultations, voluntary protection pro-grams, strategic partnerships, training and educa-tion, and more.

State ProgramsThe Occupational Safety and Health Act of

1970 (OSH Act) encourages states to develop andoperate their own job safety and health plans.OSHA approves and monitors these plans. Thereare currently 26 state plans: 23 cover bothprivate and public (state and local government)employment; 3 states, Connecticut, New Jersey,and New York, cover the public sector only.States and territories with their own OSHA-approved occupational safety and health plansmust adopt and enforce standards identical to, orat least as effective as, the federal standards andprovide extensive programs of voluntary compli-ance and technical assistance, including consulta-tion services.

Consultation ServicesConsultation assistance is available on request

to employers who want help in establishing andmaintaining a safe and healthful workplace.Funded largely by OSHA, the service is providedat no cost to the employer. Primarily developedfor smaller employers with more hazardousoperations, the consultation service is deliveredby state governments employing professionalsafety and health consultants. Comprehensiveassistance includes a hazard survey of the

OSHA 2202

81

worksite and appraisal of all aspects of theemployer’s existing safety and health manage-ment system. In addition, the service offersassistance to employers in developing and imple-menting an effective safety and health manage-ment system. No penalties are proposed orcitations issued for hazards identified by theconsultant. The employer’s only obligation is tocorrect all identified serious hazards within theagreed-upon correction time frame. OSHAprovides consultation assistance to the employerwith the assurance that his or her name and firmand any information about the workplace will notbe routinely reported to OSHA enforcement staff.

Under the consultation program, certain exem-plary employers may request participation inOSHA’s Safety and Health Achievement Recog-nition Program (SHARP). Eligibility for partici-pation in SHARP includes, but is not limited to,receiving a full-service, comprehensive consulta-tion visit, correcting all identified hazards, anddeveloping an effective safety and health programmanagement system.

Employers accepted into SHARP may receivean exemption from programmed inspections (notcomplaint or accident investigation inspections)for a period of 1 year initially, or 2 years uponrenewal. For more information concerning con-sultation assistance, see the list of consultationprojects listed at the end of this publication.

Voluntary Protection Programs (VPP)Voluntary Protection Programs and onsite

consultation services, when coupled with aneffective enforcement program, expand workerprotection to help meet the goals of the OSH Act.


82

The three levels of VPP—Star, Merit, and Dem-onstration—are designed to recognize outstand-ing achievements by companies that have devel-oped and implemented effective safety and healthmanagement systems. The VPPs motivate othersto achieve excellent safety and health results inthe same outstanding way as they establish acooperative relationship between employers,employees, and OSHA. For additional informa-tion on VPPs and how to apply, contact theOSHA regional offices listed at the end of thispublication.

Strategic Partnership ProgramOSHA’s Strategic Partnership Program, the

newest of OSHA’s cooperative programs, helpsencourage, assist, and recognize the efforts ofpartners to eliminate serious workplace hazardsand achieve a high level of worker safety andhealth. Whereas OSHA’s Consultation Programand VPP entail one-on-one relationships betweenOSHA and individual worksites, most strategicpartnerships seek to have a broader impact bybuilding cooperative relationships with groups ofemployers and employees. These partnerships arevoluntary, cooperative relationships betweenOSHA, employers, employee representatives, andothers such as trade unions, trade and profes-sional associations, universities, and other gov-ernment agencies.

For more information on this program, contactyour nearest OSHA office, or visit OSHA’swebsite at www.osha.gov.

OSHA 2202

83

Training and EducationOSHA’s area offices offer a variety of informa-

tion services, such as compliance assistance,technical advice, publications, audiovisual aids,and speakers for special engagements. OSHA’sTraining Institute in Des Plaines, IL, providesbasic and advanced courses in safety and healthfor federal and state compliance officers, stateconsultants, federal agency personnel, andprivate sector employers, employees, and theirrepresentatives.

The OSHA Training Institute also has estab-lished OSHA Training Institute Education Cen-ters to address the increased demand for itscourses from the private sector and from otherfederal agencies. These centers are nonprofitcolleges, universities, and other organizations thathave been selected after a competition for partici-pation in the program.

OSHA awards grants through its SusanHarwood Training Grant Program to nonprofitorganizations to provide safety and health train-ing and education to employers and workers inthe workplace. The grants focus on programsthat will educate workers and employers in smallbusiness (fewer than 250 employees), trainingworkers and employers about new OSHA stan-dards or about high-risk activities or hazards.Grants are awarded for 1 year and may be re-newed for an additional 12-month period depend-ing on whether the grantee has performed satis-factorily.

OSHA expects each organization awarded agrant to develop a training and/or educationprogram that addresses a safety and health topic


84

named by OSHA, recruit workers and employersfor the training, and conduct the training. Grant-ees are also expected to follow up with peoplewho have been trained to find out what changeswere made to reduce the hazards in their work-places as a result of the training.

Each year OSHA has a national competitionthat is announced in the Federal Register and onthe Internet at www.osha-slc.gov/Training/sharwood/sharwood.html. For more informationon grants, training, and education, contact theOSHA Training Institute, Office of Training andEducation, 1555 Times Drive, Des Plaines, IL60018; call (847) 297-4810, or see Outreach onOSHA’s website at www.osha.gov.

Electronic InformationOSHA has a variety of materials and tools

available on its website at www.osha.gov. Theseinclude eTools such as Expert Advisors andElectronic Compliance Assistance Tools (eCATs),Technical Links, regulations, directives, publica-tions, videos, and other information for employ-ers and employees. OSHA’s software programsand compliance assistance tools “walk” youthrough challenging safety and health issues andcommon problems to find the best solutions foryour workplace.

OSHA’s CD-ROM includes standards, inter-pretations, directives, and more and can bepurchased on CD-ROM from the U.S. Govern-ment Printing Office. To order, write to theSuperintendent of Documents, U.S. GovernmentPrinting Office, Washington, DC 20402, or

OSHA 2202

85

phone (202) 512-1800. Specify OSHA Regula-tions, Documents and Technical Information onCD-ROM (ORDT), GPO Order No. S/N 729-013-00000-5.

Emergencies, Complaints, andFurther Assistance

To report an emergency, file a complaint, or seekOSHA advice, assistance, or products, call (800)321-OSHA or contact your nearest OSHA regional,area, state plan, or consultation office listed at the endof this publication. The teletypewriter (TTY) numberis (877) 889-5627.

You can also file a complaint online and obtainmore information on OSHA federal and state pro-grams by visiting OSHA’s website at www.osha.gov.


OSHA PublicationsOSHA has an extensive publications program. For a

listing of free or sales items, visit OSHA’s website atwww.osha.gov or contact the OSHA PublicationsOffice , U.S. Department of Labor, OSHA/OSHAPublications, 200 Constitution Avenue, NW, N-3101,Washington, DC 20013-7535. Telephone (202)693-1888 or fax to (202) 693-2498.

All About OSHA–OSHA 2056Asbestos Standard for the ConstructionIndustry–OSHA 3096Chemical Hazard Communication–OSHA 3084Cadmium in Construction–OSHA 3139Cold Stress Card–OSHA 3156, 3158 (Spanish)Concrete and Masonry Construction–OSHA 3106Consultation Services for the Employer–OSHA 3047Employee Workplace Rights–OSHA 3021Employer Rights and Responsibilities Following anOSHA Inspection–OSHA 3000Excavation and Trenching–OSHA 22264,4' Methylendianilene (MDA) in the ConstructionIndustry–OSHA 3137Fall Protection in Construction–OSHA 3146Ground Fault Protection on Construction Sites–OSHA 3007Hand and Power Tools–OSHA 3080Hazardous Waste Operations and EmergencyResponse–OSHA 3114Heat Stress Card–OSHA 3154, 3155 (Spanish)Lead in Construction–OSHA 3142Occupational Exposure to Bloodborne

86 OSHA Related Publications

OSHA 2202

Pathogens–OSHA 3127Occupational Safety and Health Poster–OSHA 3165Sling Safety–OSHA 3072Sun Card–OSHA 3166, 3167 (Spanish)Stairways and Ladders–OSHA 3124Underground Construction (Tunneling)–OSHA 3115

The following publications are available from theU.S. Government Printing Office, Superintendent ofDocuments, Washington, DC 20402, (202) 512-1800,(202) 512-2250 (fax). Call or check the GPO websiteat www.gpo.gov for current price information. Thesedocuments also are available at no cost online atwww.osha.gov.Hazard Communication–A Compliance Guide–OSHA 3104. Order No. 029-016-00147-6Job Hazard Analysis–OSHA 3071. Order No.029-016-00142-5Job Safety & Health Quarterly. Order #JSHOSHA Handbook for Small Businesses–OSHA 2209.Order No. 029-106-0017-60Training Requirements in OSHA Standards andTraining Guidelines–OSHA 2254. Order No. 029-016-00160-3

87


88

Region I(CT,* MA, ME, NH, RI, VT*)JFK Federal Building, Room E340Boston, MA 02203(617) 565-9860

Region II(NJ,* NY,* PR,* VI*)201 Varick Street, Room 670New York, NY 10014(212) 337-2357

Region III(DE, DC, MD,* PA,* VA,* WV)The Curtis Center170 S. Independence Mall WestSuite 740 WestPhiladelphia, PA 19106-3309(215) 861-4900

Region IV(AL, FL, GA, KY,* MS, NC,* SC,* TN*)SNAF61 Forsyth Street SW, Room 6T50Atlanta, GA 30303(404) 562-2300

Region V(IL, IN,* MI,* MN,* OH, WI)230 South Dearborn Street, Room 3244Chicago, IL 60604(312) 353-2220

OSHA Regional Offices

OSHA 2202

89

Region VI(AR, LA, NM,* OK, TX)525 Griffin Street, Room 602Dallas, TX 75202(214) 767-4731 or 4736 x224

Region VII(IA,* KS, MO, NE)City Center Square1100 Main Street, Suite 800Kansas City, MO 64105(816) 426-5861

Region VIII(CO, MT, ND, SD, UT*, WY*)1999 Broadway, Suite 1690Denver, CO 80202-5716(303) 844-1600

Region IX(American Samoa, AZ,* CA,* HI, NV,*Northern Mariana Islands)71 Stevenson Street, Room 420San Francisco, CA 94105(415) 975-4310

Region X(AK,* ID, OR,* WA*)1111 Third Avenue, Suite 715Seattle, WA 98101-3212(206) 553-5930

*These states and territories operate their own OSHA-approved job safety and health programs (Connecticut,New Jersey, and New York plans cover public employeesonly). States with approved programs must have a standardthat is identical to, or at least as effective as, the federalstandard.


OSHA Area Offices90

Birmingham, AL ......................... (205) 731-1534Mobile, AL ................................. (251) 441-6131Anchorage, AK ........................... (907) 271-5152Little Rock, AR ................. (501) 324-6291(5818)Phoenix, AZ ................................ (602) 640-2348San Diego, CA ............................ (619) 557-5909Sacramento, CA .......................... (916) 566-7471Denver, CO ................................. (303) 844-5285Greenwood Village, CO.............. (303) 843-4500Bridgeport, CT ............................ (203) 579-5581Hartford, CT ............................... (860) 240-3152Wilmington, DE .......................... (302) 573-6518Fort Lauderdale, FL .................... (954) 424-0242Jacksonville, FL .......................... (904) 232-2895Tampa, FL ................................... (813) 626-1177Savannah, GA ............................. (912) 652-4393Smyrna, GA ................................ (770) 984-8700Tucker, GA .............. (770) 493-6644/6742/8419Des Moines, IA ........................... (515) 284-4794Boise, ID ..................................... (208) 321-2960Calumet City, IL ......................... (708) 891-3800Des Plaines, IL ............................ (847) 803-4800Fairview Heights, IL ................... (618) 632-8612North Aurora, IL ......................... (630) 896-8700Peoria, IL .................................... (309) 671-7033Indianapolis, IN .......................... (317) 226-7290Wichita, KS................................. (316) 269-6644Frankfort, KY ............................. (502) 227-7024Baton Rouge, LA ............. (225) 389-0474 (0431)Braintree, MA ............................. (617) 565-6924Methuen, MA ............................. (617) 565-8110Springfield, MA .......................... (413) 785-0123Linthicum, MD .................. (410) 865-2055/2056Bangor, ME................................. (207) 941-8177Portland, ME............................... (207) 780-3178August, ME................................. (207) 622-8417Lansing, MI ................................ (517) 327-0904Minneapolis, MN ....................... (612) 664- 5460Kansas City, MO......................... (816) 483-9531

OSHA 2202

91

St. Louis, MO ............................. (314) 425-4249Jackson, MS ................................ (601) 965-4606Billings, MT ............................... (406) 247-7494Raleigh, NC ................................ (919) 856-4770Omaha, NE ................................. (402) 221-3182Bismark, ND ............................... (701) 250-4521Concord, NH............................... (603) 225-1629Avenel, NJ................................... (732) 750-3270Hasbrouck Heights, NJ ............... (201) 288-1700Marlton, NJ ................................. (856) 757-5181Parsippany, NJ ............................ (973) 263-1003Carson City, NV ......................... (775) 885-6963Albany, NY ................................. (518) 464-4338Bayside, NY ............................... (718) 279-9060Bowmansville, NY ..................... (716) 684-3891New York, NY............................. (212) 337-2636North Syracuse, NY.................... (315) 451-0808Tarrytown, NY ............................ (914) 524-7510Westbury, NY ............................. (516) 334-3344Cincinnati, OH ............................ (513) 841-4132Cleveland, OH ............................ (216) 522-3818Columbus, OH ............................ (614) 469-5582Toledo, OH ................................. (419) 259-7542Oklahoma City, OK .................... (405) 278-9560Portland, OR ............................... (503) 326-2251Allentown, PA............................. (610) 776-0592Erie, PA ....................................... (814) 833-5758Harrisburg, PA ............................ (717) 782-3902Philadelphia, PA ......................... (215) 597-4955Pittsburgh, PA ............................. (412) 395-4903Wilkes-Barre, PA ........................ (570) 826-6538Guaynabo, PR ............................. (787) 277-1560Providence, RI ............................ (401) 528-4669Columbia, SC ............................. (803) 765-5904Nashville, TN.............................. (615) 781-5423Austin, TX .......................(512) 916-5783 (5788)Corpus Christi, TX ..................... (361) 888-3420Dallas, TX ........................(214) 320-2400 (2558)El Paso, TX ................................. (915) 534-6251


Fort Worth, TX......... (817) 428-2470 (485-7647)Houston, TX .................... (281) 591-2438 (2787)Houston, TX .......... (281) 286-0583/0584 (5922)Lubbock, TX .................... (806) 472-7681 (7685)Salt Lake City, UT ...................... (801) 530-6901Norfolk, VA ................................ (757) 441-3820Bellevue, WA .............................. (206) 553-7520Appleton, WI .............................. (920) 734-4521Eau Claire, WI ............................ (715) 832-9019Madison, WI ............................... (608) 264-5388Milwaukee, WI ........................... (414) 297-3315Charleston, WV .......................... (304) 347-5937

92

OSHA 2202

Anchorage, AK ........................... (907) 269-4957Tuscaloosa, AL ........................... (205) 348-3033Little Rock, AR ........................... (501) 682-4522Phoenix, AZ ................................ (602) 542-1695Sacramento, CA .......................... (916) 263-2856Fort Collins, CO ......................... (970) 491-6151Wethersfield, CT ......................... (860) 566-4550Washington, DC.......................... (202) 541-3727Wilmington, DE .......................... (302) 761-8219Tampa, FL ................................... (813) 974-9962Atlanta, GA................................. (404) 894-2643Tiyam, GU ............................9-1-(671) 475-1101Honolulu, HI ............................... (808) 586-9100Des Moines, IA ........................... (515) 281-7629Boise, ID ..................................... (208) 426-3283Chicago, IL ................................. (312) 814-2337Indianapolis, IN .......................... (317) 232-2688Topeka, KS ................................. (785) 296-2251Frankfort, KY ............................. (502) 564-6895Baton Rouge, LA ........................ (225) 342-9601West Newton, MA ...................... (617) 727-3982Laurel, MD ................................. (410) 880-4970Augusta, ME ............................... (207) 624-6400Lansing, MI ................................ (517) 322-1809Saint Paul, MN ........................... (651) 284-5060Jefferson City, MO...................... (573) 751-3403Pearl, MS .................................... (601) 939-2047Helena, MT ................................. (406) 444-6418Raleigh, NC ................................ (919) 807-2905Bismarck, ND ............................. (701) 328-5188Lincoln, NE ................................ (402) 471-4717Concord, NH............................... (603) 271-2024Trenton, NJ ................................. (609) 292-3923Santa Fe, NM .............................. (505) 827-4230Albany, NY ................................. (518) 457-2238Henderson, NV ........................... (702) 486-9140Columbus, OH ............................ (614) 644-2631Oklahoma City, OK .................... (405) 528-1500Salem, OR................................... (503) 378-3272

OSHA Consultation Projects 93


Indiana, PA ................................. (724) 357-2396Hato Rey, PR .............................. (787) 754-2171Providence, RI ............................ (401) 222-2438Columbia, SC ............................. (803) 734-9614Brookings, SD ............................ (605) 688-4101Nashville, TN.............................. (615) 741-7036Austin, TX .................................. (512) 804-4640Salt Lake City, UT ...................... (801) 530-6901Montpelier, VT ........................... (802) 828-2765Richmond, VA ............................ (804) 786-6359Christiansted St. Croix, VI .......... (809) 772-1315Olympia, WA .............................. (360) 902-5638Madison, WI ............................... (608) 266-9383Waukesha, WI ............................. (262) 523-3044Charleston, WV .......................... (304) 558-7890Cheyenne, WY ............................ (307) 777-7786

94


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r pr

ofes

sion

al.

Eva

luat

ion

mon

itorin

g of

sub

cont

ract

ors

to d

eter

min

e co

nfor

man

ce w

ith th

e P

roje

ct P

lan.

(The

Pro

ject

Pla

n m

ayin

clud

e, o

r be

util

ized

by

subc

ontr

acto

rs.)

YES/

NO

OSHA 2202

Sup

ervi

sor

and

empl

oyee

trai

ning

acc

ordi

ng to

the

Pro

ject

Pla

n in

clud

ing

reco

gniti

on, r

epor

ting,

and

avo

idan

ce o

fha

zard

s, a

nd a

pplic

able

sta

ndar

ds.

Pro

cedu

res

for

cont

rolli

ng h

azar

dous

ope

ratio

ns s

uch

as c

rane

s, s

caffo

ldin

g, tr

ench

es, c

onfin

ed s

pace

s, h

ot w

ork,

expl

osiv

es, h

azar

dous

mat

eria

ls, l

eadi

ng e

dges

, etc

.

Doc

umen

tatio

n of

trai

ning

, per

mits

, haz

ard

repo

rts,

insp

ectio

ns, u

ncor

rect

ed h

azar

ds, i

ncid

ents

, and

nea

r m

isse

s.

Em

ploy

ee in

volv

emen

t in

the

haza

rd a

naly

sis,

pre

vent

ion,

avo

idan

ce, c

orre

ctio

n, a

nd r

epor

ting.

Pro

ject

em

erge

ncy

resp

onse

pla

n.*

FO

R E

XA

MP

LES, S

EE O

WN

ER A

ND C

ON

TR

AC

TOR A

SS

OC

IAT

ION M

OD

EL

PR

OG

RA

MS, A

NS

I A10

.33,

A10

.38,

ET

C.

Th

e w

alka

rou

nd

an

d in

terv

iew

s co

nfi

rmed

th

at t

he

Pla

n h

as b

een

imp

lem

ente

d, i

ncl

ud

ing

:

The

four

lead

ing

haza

rds

are

addr

esse

d: fa

lls, s

truc

k by

, cau

ght i

n\be

twee

n, e

lect

rical

.

Haz

ards

are

iden

tifie

d an

d co

rrec

ted

with

pre

vent

ativ

e m

easu

res

inst

itute

d in

a ti

mel

y m

anne

r.

Em

ploy

ees

and

supe

rvis

ors

are

know

ledg

eabl

e of

the

proj

ect s

afet

y an

d he

alth

pla

n, a

void

ance

of h

azar

ds,

appl

icab

le s

tand

ards

, and

thei

r rig

hts

and

resp

onsi

bilit

ies.

TH

E P

RO

JEC

T Q

UA

LIF

IED

FO

R A

FO

CU

SE

D IN

SP

EC

TIO

N.