guk;gy; - doa.gov.lk · 2 tl;l> gue;j tbtpy; fhzg;glk;. tpijapypue;j cuthfpa xu nghpa kuk;...
TRANSCRIPT
1
guk;gy;
tu;j;jf hPjpapy; jha;yhe;jpNyNa J}
hpad; gaph; nra;ag;gl;L Vw;Wkjp nra;
ag;gLfpwJ. jha;yhe;jpy; gy th;f;fq;fs;
fhzg;gLtJld; mtw;wpd; tbtk;> Ris
fspd; epwk;> fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l gpuNjrk;
vd;gtw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L mit
ngauplg;gl;Ls;sd. ,yq;ifapy; fz;b>
khj;jis> uj;dGhp> fhyp> khj;jiw Ngh
d;w gpuNjrq;fspy; J}hpad; mjpfsT gaph;
nra;ag;gLfpwJ. ,J <u tya gapuhf
,Ue;jhYk; gJis> nkhduhfiy> kiy
ehl;L ,iltyak; Mfpatw;wpYk; gapupl
KbAnkd Muha;r;rpfspd; %yk; njhptp
f;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. nghJthf ,J tPl;Lj;
Njhl;lq;fspy; fhzg;gLtJld; tpijfspd;
%yNk guk;gyile;Js;sJ. vdNt NtW
gl;l ,ay;Gfisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
ghFghL
,uhr;rpak;; - Plantae
cg ,uhr;rpak; - Tracheobionta (Vascular plants)
cau; gphpT - Spermatophyta (tpijj; jhtuq;fs;)
gphpT - Magnoliophyta (G+f;Fe; jhtuq;fs;)
tFg;G (Class) - Magnoliopsida (Dicotyledanae)
cg tFg;G (Sub class) - Dilleniidae
tu;zk; (Order) - Malvales
FLk;gk; (Family) - Bombacaceae
Nfhj;jpuk; (Tribe) - Durioneae
rhjp (Genus) - Durio Adanson
,dk; (Species) - Durio zibethinus Murr.
mad kz;ly goq;fspy; uh[h vdg;gLk;
J}hpad; re;ijapy; fhzg;gLk;;. goq;fspy;
mjpf NghrizAk; RitAk; nfhz;ljhFk;.
J}hpad; 16k; E}w;whz;by;; Njhd;wpajhff;
fUjg;gLfpwJ.,J njd;fpof;fhrpahtpy;
kNyrpahitg; G+h;tPfkhff; nfhz;bUe;
jhYk; ,e;NjhNdrpah> ,yq;if> njd;dp
e;jpah> kpad;khu;> tpal;ehk;> gpypg;gPd;];>
epA+fpdpah> [nkf;fh Nghd;w ehLfSf;Fk;
gutpaJ. 1850 Mk; Mz;L kNyrpahtpyp
Ue;J vkJ ehl;bw;F nfhz;L tug;gl;l
KjyhtJ J}hpad; jhtukhdJ Nguhjid
jhtutpaw; g+q;fhtpy; cs;sjhfj; njuptp
f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
G+h;tPfk;
J}hpad; Nghk;ghNfrpNa (Bombaca
ceae) FLk;gj;ijr; Nrh;e;j gapuhFk;. ,jd;
jhtutpaw; ngah; J}hpNah rpNgjpd]; (Duria
zibethinus) MFk;. ntt;NtW ehLfspy; gy;
NtWgl;l ngah;fspy; J}hpad; miof;fg;gL
fpd;wJ. Mdhy; rpNgl;Nlh vd;w ,yj;jPd;
ngah; mjpf kzj;ijf; Fwpg;gNjhL> kNy
nkhopapy; J}hp vd;gJ Ks;isf; Fwpf;Fk;.
,t;tpU nrhw;fSk; ,ize;Nj J}hpadpd;
jhtutpaw; ngah; cUthdJ. ,jd; %yk;
,k;kuj;jpd; gpujhd gz;G Fwpg;gplg;gLfp
d;wJ.
mwpKfk;
2
tpijapypUe;J cUthfpa xU nghpa kuk;
Jhupadpd;; Kjpu;e;j ,iy> gUkd;> tbtk;
vd;gd tu;f;fj;ij nghWj;J NtWgLk;;
jhtutpay; ,ay;Gfs;
80 - 150 tUlq;fs; tiu caph; thOk; ,U
tpj;jpiy jhtukhFk;. 25 - 50 kPw;wh; cauk;
tiu tsUk;. gpujhd jz;bd; gl;il
nrhu nrhug;ghd fgpy epwkhdJ. gpujhd
jz;bypUe;J cUthFk; fpisfs; vy;yh
jpirapYk; gue;J fhzg;gLk;. fpisfs;
gue;jpUf;Fk; jd;ikahdJ th;f;fk;> fpil
f;Fk; #hpa xspapd; msT> tpijf; fd;W
fsh xl;Lf; fd;Wfsh vd;gijg; nghW
j;J NtWgLk;. nghJthf tpijf; fd;;Wfs;
XusT caukhf tsu;e;j gpd;dNu fpisfs;
gphpAk;. Mdhy; xl;Lf; fd;Wfspy; jz;bd;
fPopUe;Nj fpisfs; cUthFk;.
,iyfspd; Nkw;Gwk; gsgsg;ghd gr;ir
epwkhdJ. fPo;Gwk; fgpy epwkhdJ.vsp
ikahd ,iyfisf; nfhz;lJ. ,iyf;
fhk;G 1 - 2.5 nr.kPl;lh;; ePskhfTk;> cU
z;il tbthfTk; fhzg;gLk;. ,iy
apd; ePsk;> ,iyapd; mb> Edpapd; tbtk;
vd;gd th;f;fj;ijg; nghWj;J NtWgLk;.
,iyfspd; ePs mfyk; KiwNa 10 - 20
nr.kPl;lh;> 2 – 8 nr.kPl;lh; MFk;. ,sk;
,iyfs; Kjypy; eL euk;gpy; RUz;bU
g;gJld;. ,iy Kjph;r;rpailAk; NghJ tphp
Ak;. jhtu tpjhdj;jpd; tbtk; th;f;fj;ij
nghWj;J NtWgLk;. nghJthf gpukpl;> ePs;
tl;l> gue;j tbtpy; fhzg;gLk;.
jz;bd; fPo;g; gFjpapy; Mzp
Nth; fhzg;gLk;. Mzp NthpypUe;J gf;f
Nth;fSk; gf;f Nth;fspypUe;J Jiz
Nth;fSk;; cUthFk;. ,t;Nth;fspd; %yNk
kukhdJ 50 kPw;wh; Mokhd gFjpapypUe;J
Nghrizfis cwpQ;Rk;.
3
©e;Jzh;
xl;Lf; fd;wpypUeJ Njhd;wpa xU Jhupahd; kuk;
g+f;fs;
J}hpadpy; gf;ff; fpisfspy; G+e;Jzh;fspy;
G+f;fs; cUthFk;. gpujhd jz;by; G+f;fs;
cUthfhJ. xU G+e;Jzupy; nghJthf 25
g+f;fs; tiu fhzg;gLk;. ,J 3 Kjy; 75
tiu NtWglyhk;. xU jlitapy; xU ku
j;jpy; 20>000 - 400000 g++f;fs; tiu cU
thFk;. Mz;> ngz; mq;fq;fs; xNu G+tpy;
fhzg;gLtjhy; ,J G+uzkhd <hpypq;fg;
G+thFk;.
G+f;fhk;gpd; ePsk; 1 - 7 nr.kPl;lh; MFk;.
,J th;f;fj;ijg; nghWj;J NtWgLk;. G+tU
k;Gfs; tl;lk; my;yJ Kf;Nfhz tbtkh
dit MFk;. Muk;gj;jpy; Gy;ypfspdhy;
KOg; G+Tk; %bapUf;Fk;. gpd; mJ gy
gFjpfshfg; (2 - 4) gphpAk;. nghJthf 5
my;;ypfs; fhzg;gLtJld;> ,J ntz;zpw
j;ij xj;j ntz;nza; epwkhFk;. th;f;fj;jp
w;F mika kQ;rs; fye;j nrk;kQ;rs;
epwk; tiu khWk;. ,it kj;jpa ghfj;jpy;
xd;whf ,ize;J gpd; xd;whf cjph;e;J
nry;Yk;. ,ize;j gpd;dh; cjpUk;.
G+f;fspd; mbg;gFjpapy; Njd;fyq;fs;
fhzg;gLk;. kfue;j $LfSld; njhlh;Gi
la kfue;j ,iofs; 4 - 6 $l;lq;fshff;
fhzg;gLk;. 35 - 80 kfue;j kzpfs; tiu
fhzg;gLk;. kfue;j ,iofs; xNu rPuhd
kl;lj;jpy; mike;jpUf;fhJ. #ofj;Jld;
njhlh;Ggl;bUf;Fk; jk;gj;jpd; Nkw; Gwk;
kQ;rs; my;yJ nrk;kQ;rs; epwkhd Fwp
fhzg;gLk;. ,it kfue;j kzpfSf;F Kd;
Kjph;r;rpailAk;.
G+f;fspd; gUkd;> mUk;Gfspd; tbtk;> kfu
e;jf; $Lfspd; vz;zpf;if> G+tpjo;fspd;
epwk;> Fwpapd; epwk; Nghd;w ,ay;Gfs;
th;f;fq;fspilNa NtWgl;L fhzg;gLtj
hy; th;f;fq;fis NtWgLj;jp mwpa ,t;tp
ay;Gfs; cjTk;.
4
kyu;e;j ©f;fs;
g+tpupAk; gbKiw
©tpd; ghfq;fs;
Gy;yp
my;yp
#yfk;jk;gk;
Fwp
fha;
goj;Njhypy; Kl;fs; fhzg;gLk;. ,k;
Kl;fs; kQ;rs; my;yJ nghd; epwkhff;
fhzg;gLk;. Kl;fspd; jbg;G> $h;ik vd;gd
th;f;fj;ijg; nghWj;J NtWgLk;. nghJthf
vy;yh fha;fspYk; Ie;J #o; miwfs;
fhzg;gLk;. ,it rijg;gpbg;ghd Ris
fshy; epuk;gpapUf;Fk;;. rpy Ntisfspy;
#o; miwfspd; vz;zpf;if NtWgL
tijf; fhzyhk;. rpy #o; miwfs; kfu
e;j Nrh;f;if ntw;wpaspf;fhikahy;; G+uz
kilahjpUf;Fk;. ,t;thwhd re;jh;g;gj;jp
y; Risfs; tpUj;jpailahky; ,Uf;Fk;;;.
,t;thwhd #o; miwfs; tsh;r;rp Fiw
thff; fhzg;gLtjhy; tpfhukhd fha;fs;
cUthFk;.
kfue;j Nrh;f;if mile;J 4 fpoikfspd;
gpd; rijg;gFjpapd; (Ris) tsh;r;rp Muk;g
khFk;;. tpijfs; rijg; gFjpahy; %bap
Ug;gJld; rijg;gFjp th;f;fj;ijg; nghW
j;J ntz;nza;> kQ;rs;> nrk;kQ;rs; epw
khff; fhzg;gLk;. fha;fs; KjpUk; NghJ
rijg;gFjp nkd;ikahf khWk;. rijg;
gFjpapd; nkd;ik> fbdj;jd;ikia
nghWj;J tuf;fh> $yhd; vd fha;fis
tifg;gLj;jyhk;. rhjhuzkhf J}hpad;
fha; xd;wpd;; epiw 500fpuhk; - 5 fp.fpuhk;
tiu NtWgLk;. tpijfs; mw;w rijg;gFjp
25 - 75 tPjk; tiu fhzg;gLk;. J}hpaD
f;F chpj;jhd kzk; mjpy; fhzg;gLk; ry;
igl;;> ,urhadg; nghUl;fshy; (Diethyldi
sulphide) Vw;gLk;.
J}hpad; tpijahdJ ,ja tbtj;ijf;
nfhz;lJ. th;f;fj;ijg; nghWj;J tbtk;>
gUkd; vd;gd NtWgLk;. ed;F Kw;wpa
tpijfs; kQ;rs; fye;j fgpy epwk;
my;yJ rptg;G fye;j fgpy epwkhff;
fhzg;gLk;.
5
J}hpad; goq;fspd; gy;ypdj;jd;ik
gad;ghL
re;ijapy; fhzg;gLk; tpiy $ba
gokhFk;. fhNghitjNuw;W> Gujk;>
nfhOg;G> fdpg;nghUs;> tpl;lkpd;
vd;gd epiwe;jJ. ,jd; Risfspyp
Ue;J nlhgp> I]; fphPk;> J}hpad; rpg;];>
njhjy;> Nff; Nghd;w jpd;g
z;lq;fisj; jahupj;Jf; nfhs;s KbAk;.
J}hpad; tpij tprhykhdJ. ,jpy; mjp
fsthd fhNghitjNuw;Wk;> Nghrizg;
gjhh;j;jq;fSk; cs;sd. tpijfis
mtpj;J my;yJ tWj;J cz;z KbAk;.
j}hpad; tpijAld; $ba Ris
fspy; fhkj;ijj; J}z;Lk;
Fzk; ,Ug;gjhff; $wg;gLfpwJ.
,jd; ,iy Nth;fspy; ,Ue;J
jahhpf;fg;gl;l fyit fz;lkhiy> fha;
r;ry; vd;gtw;wpw;F epthuzpahfg; gad;gL
j;jg;gLk;.
J}hpad; kuj;jpd; jz;L 30 kPl;lh;
cauk; tiu tsh;tJld; vhpnghU
shfTk; gad;gLk;. nkd;ikahd> ngWkjp
Fiwe;j vhpnghUshf fhzg;gl;lh
Yk; $l gy;NtW nghUl;fisj; jahhp
f;fg; gad;gLk;. ,jid #oy;
NeaKs;s tptrha td
gapu;r; nra;iff;Fk; gad;gLj;j KbAk;.
Njitahd fhyepiyAk;> kz;Zk;
fly; kl;lj;jpypUe;J 600 - 900 kPl;lh; (2000 -
3000 mb) cauk; tiuahd gpuNjrq;fspy;
gaph; nra;a KbAk;. 3000 mb
cauj;jpw;F Nkyhd gpuNjrq;fspy;
gapu;r;nra;Ak; NghJ fha;fs; cUthFk;
jd;ik Fiwthf fhzg;gLk;. 75 - 80 tPjkhd
<ug;gjDk; 1600 - 3000 kpy;ypyPw;wh; tiuahd
tUlhe;j kiotPo;r;rpAk;> 24 - 30 nrd;upfpNul;
ntg;gepiyAk; ,jd; tsu;r;rpf;F
cfe;jJ.
ePu; ed;F tbe;J nry;Yk; rkjiu my;yJ XusT
rupthd epyq;fs;; Jhupad; nra;iff;F
rpwe;jJ. Jhupadpd;; Nghriz Ntu;fs;
Nky; kz;zpw;F mUfpNyNa fhzg;gLtjh
y; Nky; kz;zhdJ Nghriz kpf;fjhf
fhzg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
Nghrizg; ngWkhdk;
100 fpuhk; J}upad; gor;rijapy;
fhzg;gLk; Nghrizg; ngWkhdk;
rf;jp (fpNyhfNyhhp) 52.0
ePh; (fpuhk;) 66.8
Gujk; (fpuhk;) 2.5
nfhOg;G 1.6
fhNghitjNuw;W (fpuhk;) 23.8
ehh;g;nghUs; (fpuhk;) 1.4
fy;rpak; (kpy;yp fpuhk;) 20
nghRguR (kpy;yp fpuhk;) 63
nghl;lhrpak; (kpy;yp fpuhk;) 601
,Uk;G (kpy;yp fpuhk;) 0.9
Nrhbak; (fpuhk;) 1.6
jakpd; (kpy;yp fpuhk;) 0.27
iuNghgpNytpd; (kpy;yp fpuhk;) 0.29
tpl;lkpd; rp (kpy;yp fpuhk;) 57
gpl;lh fNuhl;bd; (kpy;yp fpuhk;) 10
6
5 - 6.5 tiuahd gP.vr;irAk; 1.5
kPw;wu; Mokhd> rpwe;j ePu; tbg;Gs;s
,Uthl;b kz;Zk; Jhupad; nra;iff;F kpfTk;
rpwe;jJ. kz;zpd; gP.vr; mjpfupf;Fk; NghJ
Nghriz (,Uk;G> ehfk;) Fiw
ghLfisAk; mtjhdpf;fyhk;. ctu; kz;
gapu;r;nra;if crpjkw;wJ. Nrjdg;
nghUl;fs; mlq;fpa kzy; fy
e;j ,Uthl;b tz;ly; kz; Jhupad;
nra;iff;F kpfTk; tpUk;gj;jf;fJ.
fspj;jd;ik $ba> kzy; jd;ikahd
kz;zpy; Jhupadpd; tsu;r;rp tPjk; kpfTk;
Fiwthf fhzg;gLtJld; tpisr;rYk;
FiwthfNtf; fhzg;gLk;. ntw;wpfukhd
gapu;r;nra;iff;F rpwe;j kz;
fhw;Whl;lKk;> rpwe;j ePu; tbg;Gk;
mtrpakhFk;. kz;zpy; <uypg;G mjpf
khFk; NghJ fd;Wfspd; tsu;r;rp Ntfk;
FiwtJld; Neha;fSk; njhw;Wk;.
rpghupR nra;ag;gl;l tu;f;fq;fs;
tptrha jpizf;fsj;jhy; rpghupR
nra;ag;gl;l mk;gnjd;d> fRd;> n`huz
Nfhy;l;> n`huz [k;Ngh vd 4
tu;f;fq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
mk;gnjd;d
eLj;ju msthd tpisitj; jUk;. xU
goj;jpd; ruhrup epiw 1.6 fpNyhthFk;.
ePs;tl;l tbthd fha;fs;. Risfspd;
rijg;gFjp ntz;nza; epwkhdJ. Risfs;
,Wf;fkhdit.
fRd;
eLj;ju msthd tpisitj; jUk;. xU
goj;jpd; ruhrup epiw 1.6 fpNyh MFk;.
ePs;tl;l tbthd fha;fs;. Risfspd;
rijg;gFjp kQ;rs; fye;j nrk;kQ;rs;
epwkhdJNjhL> rijg;gpbg;ghdJ.
n`huz Nfhy;l;
7
Vida tu;f;fq;fis tpl ,jd; go
q;fs; ngupait. gonkhd;wpd; ruh
rup epiw 2.5 fpNyh MFk;. ePs;tl;l tbthd
fha;fs;. goq;fs; ,sk;
ntz;nza; epwk; my;yJ ,sk; gr;ir epw
khf fhzg;gLk;. Risfspd; rijg;gFjp
kQ;rs; epwkhdNjhL> jbg;ghdJ. Risfs;
XusT fbdkhdit MFk;.
gr;ir fye;j fgpy epwkhdJ. Risfs;
rijg;gpbg;ghdit. jbg;ghd Risfs;.
gjuhd tpijfs; mjpfk;. rijg;gFjp kj;jp
asT fbdkhdJ
fd;ndhWit ];tPl;
,t;tu;f;fj;jpd; goq;fs; ngupadthFk;.
gonkhd;wpd; ruhrup epiw 2.8 fpNyh
fpuhk; MFk;. XusT tl;l tbthdNjhL>
,jd; tpspk;Gfs; goj;jpypUe;J JUj;jpf;
nfhz;bUg;gJ Nghd;W Njhd;Wk;.
n`hud [k;Ngh
8
gjpa Kiw ,dg;ngUf;fk;
gy;NtW xl;L Kiwfs; gad;gLfpd;wd.
fpisnahl;L> mUk;nghl;L> fhw;Wg;gjp
vd;gdtw;iw Nkw;nfhs;syhk;. ,jpy; fpis
nahl;Nl kpfTk; ntw;wpaspf;Fk;. fpisnah
l;by; Mg;nghl;L kpfTk; cfe;jjhFk;.
Mg;nghl;L
xl;Lf;fl;ilia jahu; nra;jy;
(tpijfisj; njupT nra;jy;> jahh; gLj;jy;>
xl;Ljy;)
MNuhf;fpakhd kuj;jpypUe;J ngwg;gl;l
ed;F Kw;wp gOj;j goq;fspy; tpijfis
Ntwhf;fp rijg;gFjpia ed;F fOtp mfw;w
Ntz;Lk;. epuk;ghj> Nrjg;gLj;jg;gl;l tpij
fis jtpu;j;J> rpwe;j tPupakhd tpij
fis khj;jpuk; epoypy; cyh;j;j Ntz;Lk;.
,t; tpijfspd; tho;jfT tpiutpy;
,of;fg;glyhk;. vdNt cyu;e;j tpij
fis cldbahfNt kzy; ehw;WNkilap
y; my;yJ nghypj;jPd; igfspy; elTk;.
tpij Kisg;gjw;F 5 - 15 ehl;fs; vLf;Fk;.
tpij Kisj;j gpd; Nky; kz;> kzy;>
$l;nlU vd;gtw;iw 1: 1: 1 vd;w tpfpjj;jpy;
fye;J 15 - 20 nrd;wp kPw;wu; tpl;l
khd 20 - 30 nr.kPw;wu; caukhd 300
Nf[; jbg;ghd nghypj;jPd; igfspy; epug;gp
mtw;wpy; eLifr; nra;aTk; (Ntu; mOfiy
jLg;gjw;F cf;fhj Nrjdg; grisfis
,l Ntz;lhk;) tpij el Kd;
gq;fR ehrpdpapy; gupfupj;jy;
mtrpakhFk;.
,t; tu;f;f gonkhd;wpd; ruhrup epiw
2 - 4.5 fpNyh fpuhk; MFk;. Risfs;
kQ;rs; fye;j nrk;kQ;rs; epwkhdit.
,dpg;G Rit mjpfkhFk;. rijg;gFjp
jbg;ghdJ. ,J 1.5 - 1.9 nr.kPl;lu;
MFk;. ,yFthf fha;fisg; gpse;J
Risfis Ntwhf;fyhk;. rijg;gFjpapd;
jbg;G mjpfkhdjhy; Risfspd; tbtk;
khwhJ mjid gpupj;njLf;fyhk;. xl;Lf;
fd;nwhd;iw eLif nra;J 6 - 7 tU
lq;fspy; Kjw;wlitahf tpisr;riyg;
ngwyhk;.
ehw;Wf;fis cw;gj;jp nra;jy;
Jhupaid tpijfs; my;yJ gjpa Kiw
%yk; ,dg;ngUf;fk; nra;ayhk;. 4 - 5
tUl FWfpa fhyg; gFjpapy; tpisitg;
ngwf; $ba jd;ik> xl;L Kisfs; ngw
g;gl;l jha;j; jhtuj;jpd; ,ay;ig xj;j go
q;fisg; ngwf; $bajhapUj;jy;> jz;bd;
mbapypUe;J fpisfs; Njhd;Wk; jd;ik>
rpW kuq;fspNyNa fha; fisg; ngwf; $bajhf
,Uj;jy; Mfpa fhuzq;fspdhy; tu;j;jf
uPjpapy; gapu;r;nra;tjw;F gjpa Kiw
,dg;ngUf;fj;jpy; ngwg;gl;l xl;Lf;
fd;WfNs rpwe;jit MFk;. tpijf; fd;W
fspy; fha;g;gjw;F mjpf fhyk; (10 - 12
tUlq;fs;) vLg;gNjhL> ,tw;wpd; tsh;r;rp
rPuhff; fhzg;glhikahYk;> jha;j; jhtu
j;jpypUe;J NtWgl;l ,ay;Gfisf; nfhz;l
goq;fs; cUthFtjhy; tu;j;jf uPjpapy;
gapupl tpijf; fd;Wfs; cfe;jjy;y
9
xl;L Kisia jahu; nra;tjw;F
fpisia njupjy;
Nkyjpf ,iyfis mfw;wp xl;Lf;
fl;iliaj; jahu; nra;jy;
xl;Lf; fl;iliaj; jahu;
nra;jy;
rpghupR nra;ag;gl;l tu;f;fj;jpypU
e;J xl;Lf; fpisiag; ngw Ntz;Lk;.
glj;jpy; fhl;lg;gl;lJ Nghd;W xl;Lfpis
rpy ,iyfSld; fhzg;gl Ntz;Lk;. Gjpa
gf;ff; fpisfspy;; ,Ue;J ,iyfs; cU
thFtjw;F Kd; my;yJ mUk;G ntbf;f Kd;
xl;Lf;fpisiag; ngwTk;. ntl;ba xl;Lf;
fpisapd; Edpapy; fhzg;gLk; 2 - 3 ,iyfspd;
xU gFjpia glj;jpy; fhl;lg;gl;lthW
ntl;b mfw;wTk;. fPNo cs;s ,iy
fspy; fhk;ig khj;jpuk; kPjkhf tpl;L
,iyia KOikahf mfw;wTk;. gpd;
xl;Lf;fpisapd; mbg;gFjpia Mg;G
tbtpy; ntl;lTk;. xl;Ltjw;F Maj;jkhFk;
NtisapNyNa ,jid Nkw;nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;.
xl;Ljy;
tpijf;fd;W (xl;Lf;fl;il) 15
nr.kPw;wu; cauk; tsu;e;j gpd; (2 - 5
thu tajhFk; NghJ) xl;l Ntz;Lk;.
,r; re;ju;g;gj;jpy; tpijf; fd;wpy;
,U ,iyfs; Kisj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
jahu; nra;j xl;Lf; fl;ilapy;
tpj;jpiyfs; jz;Lld; ,ize;J
s;s ,lj;jpypUe;J 2 - 5 nr.kPw;wu; cau
j;jpy; fd;iw fpilahf (FWf;fhf) xl;Lf;
fj;jpapdhy; ntl;lTk;. ,jid
mLj;J ehw;wpd; ntl;;L Kfj;jpd;
eLg;gFjpapy; 2 - 3 nr.kPw;wu; fPo; gf;f
khf epiyf;Fj;jhf gpsf;fTk;. gpd; Mg;G
tbtpy; ntl;ba xl;Lf;fl;ilia glj;jpy;
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sthW gpstpDs; nrUfTk;.
,t;thW nrUFk; NghJ xl;Lf; fpis
ahdJ xl;Lf;fl;ilia tpl jbg;G Fiw
thf fhzg;gbd; xl;Lf;fpisahdJ xl;L
fl;ilapy; xU gf;fj;jpw;F tUkhW xl;bf;
xl;Lf;fl;ilapy; gpse;j gpstpDs;
xl;Lf;fpisia cl;GFj;jy;
nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
,jd; gpd; xl;L ehlhtpd; %yk; Rw;wpf;
fl;l Ntz;Lk;. xl;Ltjw;F nghypnrf;
ehlhf;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
10
ehlhtpdhy; Rw;wpf; fl;Ljy;
xl;L ehlhtpdhy; Rw;wpf; fl;Ljy;
epoypy; cs;s ehw;Wf;fis gbg;gbahf
#upa xspiag; ngw;Wf; nfhLg;gjd; %yk;
td;ikg;gLj;jy;.
xl;Lf; fd;iw xsp CLGftpLk; nghypj;jPd;
xd;wpdhy; %Ljy;
xl;ba gpd; ehw;Wf;fSf;F mUfpy; jbfis
el;L Mjhuk; toq;f Ntz;Lk;. gpd; xsp
Gftplf; $ba nghypj;jPd; ciwfsp-
dhy; ehw;Wf;fis %b (Single propagator) epoyhd ,lj;jpy; itf;fTk;.
21 - 30 ehl;fSf;Fg; gpd;
nghypj;jPd; igfis mfw;wp tiy
,y;yj;jpDs; itf;fTk;. fd;iw
jpwe;J G+thspapdhy; eP&w;w Ntz;Lk;.
,q;F 90 tPjkhd Mg;nghl;L ntw;wpa
spf;Fk;. xl;L ntw;wpaspj;j fd;Wfis
td;ikg;gLj;j xU khjj;jpd; gpd;
10 ehl;fSf;F ,ilf;fpilNa
ntapy; glr; nra;aTk;. ,t;thwhd xl;Lf;
fd;nwhd;iw xl;b 4 - 6 khj tajhFk;
NghJ Njhl;lj;jpy; elyhk;.
Kjpu;e;j xl;Lf;fd;iwg; ngwy;
xl;ba fd;iw ePz;l fhyj;jpw;F (8 - 10
khjq;fs;) nghypj;jPd; igapy; itj;jpUe;j
gpd; Njhl;lj;jpy; eLtJ ey;yJ. fd;W ngup
jhd gpd; eLtjhapd; ngupa nghypj;jPd; ig
fspy; eLif Clfj;ij epug;gp mjw;Fs;
ehw;iw khw;wp eLif nra;tjd; %yk;
11
ntw;w;paspj;j xl;Lf;fd;W
ehw;Wfs; eyptilahJ ghJfhf;f
KbAk;. Njhl;lj;jpy; eLif nra;j gpd;
ehw;Wf;fs; ,wf;Fk; tPjj;ijAk;; Fiwj;Jf;
nfhs;s KbAk;.
kPz;Lk; xl;Ljy;
ntw;wpaspf;fhj xl;L fd;Wfspy; xl;L
fl;ilapy; jbg;gile;j gFjpia ntl;b
mfw;wp Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l Kiwapy; kPz;Lk;
Mg;nghl;il Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
epyj;ij njupT nra;jYk;
gz;gLj;jYk;
Jhupaidg; gapupLtjw;F ed;F
#upa xsp fpilf;Fk;> rpwe;j
ePu; tbg;Gs;s 5 - 6 mbf;F
fPo; ePh; kl;lk;; fhzg;gLk;>
Mokhd kz;Zs;s epyj;ij njupT
nra;tJ ey;yJ. Fwpg;ghf eLif nra;Ak;
gpuNjrj;jp;d; fhyepiyiaf; fUj;jpw; nfhs;s
Ntz;;Lk;. kz;zpYs;s <ug;gjdp
w;F J}upad; mjpf J}z;lw;Ngw;iwf; nfhz;L
s;sikahy; ePu; tbe;J nry;y nghU
j;jkhd eltbf;iffis gpd;gw;WtJ
mtrpakhFk;. XusT rupthd
epyq;fspy; eLk; NghJ kz;zup
g;igj; jLg;gjw;fhf rkTauf; Nfh
l;bw;F mikthf ely; Ntz;Lk;.
,y;yhtpby; jiuia rupthf kl;lg;gL
j;jp elyhk;. gapu;r;nra;ifapd; Muk;g
fhyj;jpy; kz;zupg;ig jLf;f
%L gapu;r;nra;ifia Nkw;nfh
s;tJ ey;yJ. rupthd epyq;fspy;
kz;zupg;igj; jLf;fTk; Ntu;j; njhFjpf;F
mtrpakhd ePiu toq;fTk; D tbtpy;
epyj;ij rupthf mikj;jy; mtrpakhFk;.
Nghjpasthd kio ,y;yhj
,lq;;fspy; ePu;g;ghrdk; nra;tJ mtrp
akhFk;. ehw;W el rpy khjq;fSf;F
Kd; fy;> Ntu; vd;gtw;iw mfw;wp
kz; fl;bfis cilj;J> kz;iz
Jhu;itahf;fp Njitf;Nfw;g epy-
j;ij Maj;jk; nra;a Ntz;Lk;. Kd;
ida gapupy; cs;s Ntu;;;fisAk;> fw;fis
Ak; mfw;wy; kpfTk; mtrpakhFk;. mz;ik
fhyj;jpy; ,wg;gu; gapu; nra;a
g;glhj epyj;ij njupT nra;tJ rpw
e;jjhFk;. Jhupad; gapu;r;nra;iff;F
gutyhd #upa xsp kpfTk; mtrpakhFk;.
NghJkhd msT #upa xsp
fpilf;Fk; tz;zk; fpof;F Nkw;fhf
ehw;Wf;fis eLif nra;jy;
Ntz;Lk;. rJu Kiwapy;
ehw;Wf;fis eLtJ tpUk;gj;jf;fJ.
12
,ilntsp
10 - 12 kPw;wu; ,ilntspapy; ehw;Wf;fis
eLif nra;Ak; NghJ xU n`f;laupy;
Rkhu; 70 - 100 fd;Wfis elyhk;.
ehw;W eLif
Jhupad; jd; kfue;jr; Nru;f;if
milAk; jd;ik kpfTk; FiwthFk;.
vdNt tu;j;jf uPjpapy; gapupLk; NghJ
rpghupR nra;ag;gl;l gy tu;f;fq;fis
xd;whff; fye;J nra;ifgz;zy;
ed;W. ,f; fd;Wfis eLif nra;Ak;
NghJ tu;f;fq;fis khwp> khwp fye;J
ely; Ntz;Lk;.
01 kPw;wu; ePs> mfy> Mokhd eLiff; Fop
fisj; jahu; nra;a Ntz;Lk;. ehw;Wf;fis
eLtjw;F 4 fpoikfspw;F Kd;du; gUt
kio nga;aj; njhlq;Fk; NghJ Fopfis
Maj;jk; nra;a Ntz;Lk;. tskw;w kz;zpy;
ngupa Fopfisj; Njhz;LtJ rpwe;jJ.
kz;izg; gupNrhjpj;J mjd; gPvr; ngWkh
dj;jpw;fika xU Fopf;F 500 fpuhk; nlhy
ikl; ,l Ntz;Lk;. eLif FopfSf;F Nrjd
grisiaAk;> Nky; kz;iz
Ak;> 1 : 1 vd;Dk; tpfpjj;jpy;
fye;J Fopfis epug;g Ntz;Lk;. epu
g;Gk; NghJ Fopfspd;; eLg;gFjpapy;
kz; Ftpe;jhy; Nghy; epug;g Ntz;Lk;.
gpd; $dp xd;wpdhy; milahskpl;L
2 - 3 fpoikfSf;F tpl Ntz;Lk;. ehw;W
el 2 - 3 ehl;fSf;F Kd; rpghupR
nra;ag;gl;l msT mbf;fl;L grisfis
Ak; kz;Zld; fye;J tplTk;;.
mjpf kio nga;Ak; NghJ fd;W
fis elf; $lhJ. td;ikg;gLj;
jpa ehw;Wf;fisNa el Ntz;Lk;. Ntu;j;
njhFjp ghjpf;fg;glhj tifapy; ehw;W
NkilapypUe;J eLk; ,lq;fSf;F vLj;Jr;
nry;y Ntz;Lk;. fd;W elg;gl;Ls;s nghyp
j;jPd; igapd; ,U GwKk; fPo; Nehf;fp ntl;b
nghypj;jPid mfw;wpa gpd; mf; fd;iw>
Vw;fdNt Maj;jk; nra;j eLiff; Fopapd;
eLtpy; itj;J Ntupw;F ghjpg;G Vw;glhj
tifapy; rpwpJ rpwpjhf kz;iz
,l;L ehw;iw el Ntz;Lk;. nghypj;jPdpy;
cs;s ehw;Wf;fis eLk; NghJ Ntu;fs;
ghjpf;fg;gLkhapd; fd;W ];jhgpf;fg;gLtJ
ntw;wpaspf;fhJ. Nth;j;njhFjpahdJ
kz;Zld; ed;whf Nru;tjw;fhf Rw;wp cs;s
kz;iz ifapdhy; mkpo;j;jp tpl Ntz;Lk;.
ehw;W el;l gpd; ehw;wpd; mbg;gFjpapy;
ePu; Njq;fp epw;fhj tz;zk; tbfhd;fis
mikj;jy; rpwe;jJ.
eLif nra;j fd;W epiyf;Fj;jhf Neuhf
tsu;tjw;Fk; guhkupj;jypd; NghJ Vw;gLk;
ghjpg;ig jLf;fTk; 1.5 kPw;wu; caukhd
Mjhuk; xd;iw el;L> mjDld; ehw;iw
,Wf;fkhfr; Nru;j;Jf; fl;b tplTk;. ehw;W
tsUk; NghJ ,f; fl;il cau;j;jpf; fl;lTk;.
ehw;iw el;lJk; ePu;g;ghrdk; nra;aTk;.
ntg;gkhd fhyepiy epyTk;
NghJ ehw;W el;l Kjy; khjj;jpy;
ed;whf ePu;g;ghrdk; nra;tJ
mtrpakhFk;.
Jhupad; Ntu;fs; ignlhg;njuh vd;Dk;
gq;fRtpdhy; kpf ,yFthfg; ghjp
f;fg;gLk;. vdNt Nkyjpf ePu; Njq;fp
epw;gij jtpu;g;gJ mtrpakhFk;. cf;fhj
Nrjd grisfis ,ly;> fisfisf;
fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; NghJ Vw;gLk; fha
q;fs; vd;gdtw;wpd; Clhf mba
Ofy; Neha; Vw;gl tha;g;Gz;L.
,jdhy; jhtuj;ij Rw;wp cgfu
zq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp fisfisf; fl;L-
13
g;gLj;Jtijj; jtpu;f;f Ntz;Lk;. eh
w;iw eLk; NghJ rPuw;wthW kio nga;
Akhapd; ehw;iwr; Rw;wp itf;Nfhy; my;
yJ Nrjdg; grisahy; gj;jpuf; fyit
,l Ntz;Lk;. ehw;iw el;lTld; epoy; to
q;FtJ mtrpakhFk;. Kjy; Mz;by;
70 tPjk; epoy; toq;f Ntz;Lk;. ,jd;
%yk; ehw;wpd; tsu;r;rp Ntfj;ij mjpfup
j;Jf; nfhs;s KbAk;. epoy;
toq;Ftjw;F re;ijapy; tpw;fg;gLk; epoy;
tiyfis gad;gLj;j KbAk;.
elg;gl;l ehw;W kj;jpapy; ,Uf;fj;jf;fthW
4 mb cauj;jpy; mikg;gjd; %yk; epoiy
toq;f KbAk;. ehw;W tsh;r;rp milAk;
NghJ mtjhdpj;J xl;Lf;fl;ilapy;
Njhd;Wk; mUk;Gfis mfw;w
Ntz;Lk;. ehw;W ed;F
Njhl;lj;jpy; ];jhgpf;Fk; tiu Mjhuj;ijAk;
epoiyAk; Ngz Ntz;Lk;;.
grisaply;
Jhupahdpy; cau; jukhd> mjpfsthd
tpisitg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s Nrjd gris
fSld; rpghupR nra;ag;gl;l ,urhad gris
fisAk; ,LtJ mtrpakhFk;. ehw;W el
2 fpoikf;F Kd; Nrjd grisia Nky;
kz;Zld; fye;J eLif Fopfspy; epug;gpf;
nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. kz;zpd; gp.vr; 4.5
tpl Fiwthf fhzg;gLkhapd; ehw;W
el 2 fpoikf;F Kd; 500 fpuhk; nlhy
ikl;il eLif Fopfspw;F ,l
Ntz;Lk;. mjd; gpd; Njitahd vy;yh
re;ju;g;gj;jpYk; ed;F cf;fpa $l;nlUit
kuj;ij Rw;wpapl;L Ks;spdhy; fpswp tpl
Ntz;Lk;. ehw;W el 2 ehisf;F Kd;
rpghupR nra;ag;gl;l mbf;fl;Lg;grisia
eLiff; Fopapy; ,l;L kz;Zld; ed;F
fye;J tply; Ntz;Lk;. Nkw;fl;Lg; gris
,Lk; NghJ ehw;wpd; mbapy; ,Ue;J 40 -
45 nr.kPw;wu; njhiytpw;F mg;ghy; kuj;jpd;
tpjhdj;jpDs; grisfis ,l;L kz;Zld;
ed;whff; fye;J tpl Ntz;Lk;.
kuk; fha;f;f Muk;gpj;j gpd; grisia
tUlj;jpw;F 2 jlitfs; ,l Ntz;Lk;.
Kjy; gFjpia G+ cUthFtjw;F Kd;dUk;>
,uz;lhk; gFjpia goq;fis mWtil
nra;j gpd;du; kuj;ijf; ft;th
j;J ntl;ba gpd; ,l Ntz;Lk;. tUl
j;jpw;F 10 fpNyhfpuhk; Nrjdg; grisfis
,LtJ ey;yJ. kz;zpd; gP.vr; Fiwthff;
fhzg;gbd; xU kuj;;jpw;F 500 fpuhk; nlhy
ikl; tPjk; ,lyhk;. Nrjdg; gris> nlhy
ikl; Mfpatw;wpd; msit kuj;jpd; msT
ngupjhtjw;F Vw;g mjpfupj;Jf; nfhs;s
KbAk;.
grisapLk; NghJ gris
fisg; gpupj;J gy jlit
fspy; ,LtJ tpidj;jpwdhdjhf mi
kAk;.
kuj;ijg; gapw;Wtpj;jy;>
fj;jupj;jy;> guhkupj;jy;
kuj;ij rupahd cauj;jpYk;> rpwg;ghf
tbtikj;Jf; nfhs;sTk;> Neha;> gPil
jhf;fq;fs; ,y;yhj> mjpf tpisr;riyg;
ngwTk;> mWtilf;Fg; gpd;du; Vw;gLk; ,og;G
f;fis Fiwj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;Fk;> Ryg
14
grisaply;
rpghupR nra;ag;gl;l grisfspd; msTfs;
jhtuj;jpd; taJ,lNtz;ba
re;ju;gk;
grisapd; msT xU jhtuj;jpw;F fpuhk;
a+upah TSP/ ROP MOP fPriul;
el Kd; mbf;fl;Lg; gris 40 60 / 100 30 -
KjyhtJ tUlk;xt;nthU 4 khjq;;fspw;Fk;
xU jlit40 60 / 100 30 20
,uz;lhtJ tUlk;xt;nthU 4 khjq;;fspw;Fk;
xU jlit80 120 / 200 60 -
%d;whtJ tUlk;xt;nthU 4 khjq;;fspw;Fk;
xU jlit160 180 / 300 120 40
ehd;fhtJ tUlk;xt;nthU 4 khjq;;fspw;Fk;
xU jlit240 240 / 400 180 -
5tJ tUlj;jpypUe;J
fha;f;fj; njhlq;Fk;
tiu
xt;nthU 4 khjq;;fspw;Fk;
xU jlit320 300 / 500 240 80
fha;f;Fk; kuq;fSf;F
KjyhtJ> ,uz;lhtJ
tUlk;
mWtilapd; gpd;
©j;j gpd;
750250
485 / 800485 / 800
500500
100-
,uz;lhtJ tUlk;
njhlf;fk; Ie;jhtJ
tUlk; tiu
mWtilapd; gpd;
©j;j gpd;
900300
610 / 1000610 / 1000
650650
150-
MwhtJ tUlj;jpy;
,Ue;J gj;jhtJ
tUlk; tiu
mWtilapd; gpd;
©j;j gpd;
1050350
730 / 1200730 / 1200
800800
200-
gjpNdhuhtJ tUlj;jpy;
,Ue;J mjd; gpd;
mWtilapd; gpd;
©j;j gpd;
1200400
850 / 1400850 / 1400
950950
250-
TSP - Kr; Rg;gu; nghRNgw;W MOP - kpa+upNaw;Wg; nghl;lhR ROP - ghiwg; nghRNgw;W
15
jiuf;F mz;ikapy; cs;s thJfis
fj;jupj;jy;
khf mWtil nra;aTk; kuj;ij ft;th
j;J ntl;LtJ mtrpakhFk;. tPl;Lj; Njh
l;ljpw;fh my;yJ tu;j;jf gaph;r;nra;if
f;fh vd;gijg; nghWj;J ,uz;L Kiwfspy;
fj;jupf;fyhk;. jw;NghJ Njitiag; nghW
j;J Kw;wj;jpy; el;L guhkupf;ff; $ba
tifapy; rpwpa kukhf tbtikj;Jf;
nfhs;s KbAk;.
tPl;Lj;Njhl;lj;jpy;
tPl;Lj;Njhl;lj;jpy; Jhupad; kunkhd;iw
rpwpajhf tbtikf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,q;F Edp
aUk;ig efq;fshy; fps;sp mfw;wf; $ba
gUtj;jpy; mfw;w Ntz;Lk;. ,jdhy;; gf;f mU
k;Gfs; cUthFk;. njhlf;fj;jpy; cUthFk;
%d;W fpisfis kl;Lk; Mjhuk; xd;iw
el;L epiyf;Fj;jhf tsh;tjw;F ,lkspf;f
Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;;fpilNa cUthFk; Edp mU
k;Gfis njhlu;r;rpahf mfw;wp tpl Ntz;Lk;.
,jdhy; fpilahd tsu;r;rpia
NgZtNjhL> Njitahd cauj;jpYk; ku
j;ijg; guhkupf;f KbAk;. th;j;jf
gaph;r;nra;ifAld; xg;gpLk; NghJ
,jpy; Fiwthd tpisitNa ngwf;
$bajhapUf;Fk;. rpwpa tPl;Lj;Njh
l;lq;fspy; J}upahd; kuq;fis ,k;Kiw
apy; tbtikj;Jf; nfhs;s KbAk;.
tu;j;jf gapu;r;nra;ifapy;
ehw;iw Njhl;lj;jpy; el;L kuj;jpd; cauk;
1.5 kPw;wu; tiu tsUk; NghJ fj;jup
f;fj; njhlq;f Ntz;Lk;. Muk;gj;jpy;
fd;wpd; xl;Lf;fl;ilapy; cUthFk; mU
k;Gfis mfw;w Ntz;Lk;. ,it xl;Lf;
fpisapy; Njhd;Wk; mUk;Gfis tpl
tpiuthf tsu;tjhy; ,J njhlu;ghf
njhlu;;r;rpahf ftdQ; nrYj;JtJ mtrp
ak; MFk;. ,y;yhtpby; xl;Lf;fpisapy;
cUthFk; mUk;Gfs; ,we;J Nghfyhk;.
Muk;gj;jpy; jdpj; jz;lhf kuj;ijg;
guhkupg;gJ mtrpakhFk;. epyj;jpw;F kpf
mUfpy; Njhd;Wk; fpisfis kl;Lk;
mfw;wTk;. gf;ftUk;Gfis mfw;Wtij
,aYkhd tiu Fiwj;Jf; nfhs;sTk;.
kuj;jpDs; #upa ntspr;rk; ed;F tpOtj-
w;F trjpahf kpfTk; mUfUNf (30 nr.kP
I tplf; Fiwthd ,ilntspapy;) cs;s
fpisfs;> Nkyjpfkhd fpisfs;> gytPd
khd fpisfs;> ePu; thJf;fs;> Neha;> gPil
fspdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;lf; fpisfs; Mfpa
tw;iwAk; mfw;wp tplTk;.
tu;j;jf uPjpapy; gapu;r; nra;if
Nkw;;nfhs;Sk; NghJ kuj;jpd; cau
j;ij 8 - 10 kPw;wupy; NgZtjw;F Edp mU-
k;ig mfw;w Ntz;Lk;. ,jd; %yk; gf;f
mUk;Gfspd; tsu;r;rp Jhz;lg;gLk;.
16
Njitaw;w thJfis fj;jupj;j gpd; fz;lrhd;
Nghd;w gq;fR ehrpdpiag; g+Rjy;
Njitaw;w> ,we;j thJfis mfw;Wjy;
thJfis fj;jupj;j gpd; ntl;L
Kfj;jpw;F fz;lrhd; Nghd;w gq;fR ehrpdp
iaf; nfhz;l fytidf;fpdhy; G+r
Ntz;Lk;.
fha;f;Fk; kuq;fspy; rpwe;j gaidg; ngW
tjw;F kuj;jpd; cs;Ns #upa ntspr;rk; rpw
g;ghf tpo Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;F tUle; NjhWk;
fj;jupj;jiy Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
nghJthf Jhupad; kuj;ij tUlj;jpw;F
,U Kiw fj;jupf;f Ntz;Lk;.
KjyhtJ jlitahf goq;fis
mWtil nra;j gpd; nrg;nlk;gu;
xf;Nlhgu; khjq;fspy; fj;jupf;f Ntz;Lk;.
,jd; NghJ Neha;> gPilfspdhy; ghjp
f;fg;gl;l eypTw;w> ,we;j fpisfs;> ePu;
thJf;fs; vd;gdtw;iw mfw;w Ntz;Lk;.
kuj;jpd; cs;Ns gpujhd fpis
fspy; Njhd;Wk; rpwpa fpisfis
mfw;WtJ kpfTk; mtrpakhFk;.
,jd; %yk; G+f;fspd; msT
jPu;khdpf;fg;gLk;. mUk;Gfis mfw;Wk;
NghJ mUk;Gfs; jz;Lld; njhlu;GgLk;
,lj;jpy; cs;s rpwpa Kbr;Rf;fs;
fod;W tuhj tifapy; mfw;w Ntz;Lk;.
nrfl;baiu / fj;jupf;Nfhiyg; gad;gLj;jp
rpwpa fpisfis mfw;wyhk;.
Edpiaf; fj;jupj;jy;
Jhupad; kukhdJ njhlu;r;rpahf
caukhf tsu;tjw;F ,irthf;fk;
mile;Js;sikahy;> 8 - 10 kPw;wu; cau
j;jpy; kuj;ij njhlu;r;rpahfg; NgZtJ
mtrpakhFk;.
17
Kiwahf fj;jupf;fg;gl;l xU J}upad; kuk;
kuj;jpd; cs;Ns #upa ntspr;rk; ed;whf
tpOtjw;fhf mUfUfpy; mike;Js;s
fpisfis mfw;wTk;. (,U
fpisfSf;fpilapy; 40 - 50 nr.kPw;wu;
,ilntspapy; fpisfis mfw;wTk;) ngupa
thJfis rupthf ntl;l Ntz;Lk;. ntl;ba
Tld; ntl;L Kfj;jpw;F fz;lrhd;
Nghd;wtw;iw G+r Ntz;Lk;. fj;jupj;j gpd;
rpghupR nra;jthW grisfis ,l;L> ku
j;ij tsu tpl Ntz;Lk;.
KjyhtJ jlit fj;jupj;J 1 - 2 khjq;fspd;
gpd;du; mjhtJ etk;gu;> brk;gu; khjq;fspy;
,uz;lhtJ jlit fj;jupf;f Ntz;Lk;.
,t;Ntis kuj;jpd;; mUfpy; tsUk; fpis
fis mfw;Wjy; Ntz;Lk;.
kuj;jpd; cs;Ns thJfis mfw;;Wk; NghJ
kuj;jpd; taJ> gUkd; vd;gd mjpfupf;Fk;
NghJ mjid kuj;jpd; tpjhdk; tiu mjp
fupf;f nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. kuj;ij rupahd
cauj;jpw;; NgZtjw;F Edpf; fj;jupj;jiy
njhlu;r;rpahf Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
kfue;jr; Nru;f;if
Jhupadpy;; mjpfsthd G+f;fs; cUthfpdhYk;
Fiwe;jsthd fha;fNs Njhd;;Wk;;. ,jw;F
rupahd Kiwapy; kfue;j Nrh;f;if ,lk;
ngwhikNa fhuzkhFk;. G+f;fs; kuj;jpd;
gf;ff; fpisfspd; G+e;Jzu;fspy; Njh
d;Wk;. nghJthf 25 - 75 G+f;fs; tiu
cUthfyhk;. G+tUk;Gfs; Njhd;wp G+f;fs;
kyh;tjw;F 45 - 50 ehl;fs; tiu nry;Yk;.
,q;F jd; kfue;jr; Nrh;f;if kpff; Fiw
thfNt eilngWk;. jd; kfue;jr; Nru;
f;if 0 - 10 tPjNk eilngWtJld; ,J
th;f;fj;ijg; nghWj;J NtWgLk;. vdNt
,q;F fha;fs; cUthFtjw;F mad; kfu
e;fr; Nrh;f;if eilngw Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;F
NtW th;f;fq;fspd; kfue;j kzpfs;
Fwpia mila Ntz;Lk;. ,q;F Fwpapd;
Vw;Fk; jd;ikahdJ kfue;j kzp cjph;tj
w;F gy kzp Neuj;jpw;F Kd;dNu ,lk;
ngWk;. Fwpapd; Vw;Fk; jd;;ikahdJ khiy
2 kzp njhlf;fk; 4 kzp tiuahd fhyg;
gFjpapNyNa Muk;gkhFk;. ,J ,uT 10 kzp
tiu ePbj;jhYk; ,uT 7 - 9 kzp tiuahd
fhyg;gFjpNa rpwe;jJ MFk;. khiy 3 - 4
kzpastpyhd fhyg;gFjpapNyNa J}upahd;
G+ KOikahf tpupAk;. rpy th;f;fq;fspd;
FwpahdJ G+ mUk;ghf cs;s NghNj
ntspapy; njupAk; tifapy; JUj;jpf; nfhz;bU
f;Fk;. ,r;nraw;ghL G+f;fs; mad; kfue;j
Nrh;f;iff;F ,irthf;fk; mile;jpUg;gijf;
fhl;Lfpd;wJ. J}upahdpy; mjpf G+f;fs; cU
thFtJ mad; kfue;jr; Nrh;f;iff;fhd Xh;
,irthf;fkhFk;.
18
NtW tu;f;fg; ©f;fspy; kfue;jj;ijj; jlty;
kfue;jq;fisr; Nrfupj;jy;
khiy 6 kzpf;Fg; gpd;dNu kfu
e;jf; $Lfs; ntbj;J kfue;j
kzpfs; ntspNawj; njhlq;Fk;. ,J
fhyepiyiag; nghWj;J NtW
gLk;. vdNt ,aw;ifahd kfue;jr;
Nru;f;ifahdJ mjhtJ ,uT 6.30
kzpastpy; NtW th;f;fq;fspd; kfu
e;j kzpfspd; %yk; ,lk; ngwyhk;. ,aw;i
fahd mad; kfue;j Nrh;f;if ntsths;fsp
dhYk;> ,utpy;; elkhLk; NtW gpuhzpfsp
dhYk; ,lk; ngWk;. kfue;jf; $L ntbj;j
gpd; ,uT 7 kzpastpy; iffshy; kfue;jr;
Nrh;f;ifia Nkw;; nfhs;tjd; %yk; mjp
fsthd tpisr;riyg; ngw KbAk;.
rupahd Kiwapy; kfue;j Nrh;f;if
milAk; NghJ tpfhukhd fha;fs; Fiw
thfNt cUthFk;.
nraw;ifahd kfue;jr; Nru;f;if
nraw;ifahf kfue;jr; Nru;f;ifia
Nkw;nfhs;s Njhl;lj;jpy; Fiwe;jJ 2
tu;f;fq;fshtJ fhzg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
xU tu;f;fj;jpd; kfue;j kzpfis
kw;iwa tu;f;;fj;jpd; Fwpapy;
G+Rtjd; %yk; mad; kfue;jr; Nru;f;ifia
Nkw;nfhs;s KbAk;. FwpahdJ 5 gFjp
fshf gpupe;J fhzg;gLk;. ,t; Ie;J
gFjpapYk; rPuhf kfue;j kzpfis
G+Rtjd; %yk; epuk;gpa fha;fis
ngw;Wf; nfhs;s KbAk;. kfue;j kzp
fis G+Rtjw;F KO G+itNah my;yJ
kfue;j kzpfisr; Nrfupj;J mjpYs;s
kfue;jq;fisNah gad;gLj;j KbAk;.
kfue;j Nru;f;if ntw;wpaspj;jhYk; ntw;wp
aspf;fhtpl;lhYk;; G+tpd; R+yfk;> Fwp jtpu;
e;j Vida gFjpfs; xU ehisf;Fs;
cjph;e;J tpLk;. kfue;j kzpfis G+rpa
gpd; kfue;j Nrh;f;if ntw;wpaspj;ij G+tpd;
#yfk; gr;ir epwkhf khwp jbj;jpUg;gjpy;
,Ue;J mwpe;J nfhs;s KbAk;.
fha; cUthfp mWtil nra;tjw;F
Vw;w gUtj;ij mila 75 - 120 eh
l;fs; vLf;Fk;. tu;f;fj;ijg; nghWj;J
,f;fhy ,ilntsp NtWglyhk;.
19
#yfKk;> FwpAk; khj;jpuk; kPjkhAs;s ©f;fs;
nraw;ifahf G+ cUthFtijj;
Jhz;ly;
Fwpj;j tajpy; G+f;fs; cUth
fhj kuq;fspYk;> Fiwe;jsT
G+f;fs; cUthFk; kuq;fspYk;> gUt
kw;w fhyq;fspy; goq;fisg; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;sTk; ,urhadq;fis gad; gLj;J
tjd; %yk; G+f;fs; cUthFtijj;
J}z;l KbAk;. ,jw;F ngf;NyhgpA
w;wNrhy; vd;Dk; ,urhadg; nghU
isg; gad;gLj;j KbAk;. ,jw;F ku
khdJ NghjpasT ngupajhf tsu;
r;rp mile;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. kuj;jpd;
fpisfs; gue;jpUf;Fk; tpjhdj;jpd;
tpl;lj;jpw;F mika mjd; xU
kPw;wUf;F nraw;ghl;L %yfj;jpy;
1 - 1.5 fpuhk; Jhis ePupy; fiu
j;J ngwg;gl;l fiuriy kuj;jpd;
mbapypUe;J 1 - 1.5 kPw;wh; njhiytpy; tuk;G
Nghd;W mikj;J tuk;gpDs; kuj;jpd;
mbg;gFjp ed;F eidAk; tz;zk;
Cw;wTk;. ,g;gupfuzj;ij Nkw;nfh
z;L 45 - 90 ehl;fspy; G+f;fs; cU
thFk;. ,f;fiuriyg; gpuNahfpj;J 3 khj
fhyk; tiu njhlu;r;rpahf epyj;jpd; <uyp
g;igg; Ngz Ntz;Lk;. fLk; kio fhyq;fspy;
gpuNahfpg;gijj; jtph;f;f Ntz;Lk;;;.
,t; ,urhad fyitapd; nrwptpw;Nfw;g
tu;f;fq;fspd; Jhz;ly; NtWgLk;. rpy
kuq;fspy; ,iyfspd; fZtpilj;
Jhuk; Fiwe;J ,iyfs; xd;Wld;
xd;W ,ize;jhw; Nghy fhzg;gLk;.
vdNt kuj;jpw;F gpuNahfpf;Fk;
ngf;NyhgpAw;wNrhypd; msit tpjhdk; gu
e;jpUf;Fk; tpl;lj;jpd; mstpw;Nfw;g rupahd
nrwptpy; fzpj;J gad;gLj;JtJ mtrpa
khFk;.
Neha;fisf; fl;Lg;gLj;jy;
ignlhg;njuh gq;fRtpdhy; Vw;gLk; Neha;
ignlhg;njuh ghkpNthuh vDk;
gq;frpdhy; Vw;gLk;. ,e;Neha; Jhupad;
jhtuj;jpy; ghupa Nrjj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk;.
jhtuj;jpd; gy;NtW tsu;r;rpg;
gUtq;fspy; gy;NtW gFjp
fspy; ,J jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jyhk;.
,g;gq;fRtpdhy; ngr; nfq;fu; (Patch
canker) vDk; jz;by; Vw;gLk; njh
w;W> Nth; mOfy;> ,iy ntspwy;> rpwpa
fd;Wfspy; gpd;Ndhf;fpg;gly; Nghd;w Neh
a;fs; Vw;glyhk;. fha;fisAk; ,g;gq;fR
jhf;fyhk;. tpijf;fd;Wfis ,g;gq;fR
jhf;Fk; NghJ 50 tPjkhd fd;Wfs;
moptjw;F ,lKz;L. NkYk; ,g;gq;fRtp
20
fha; mOfy; Neha; mwpFwpfs;
ngr; nfq;fu;
,e; Nehapd; Muk;gj;jpy; jz;by;
gy ,lq;fspy; ePh;j;jd;ikahd
Gs;spfs; Njhd;Wk;. gpd; ,it
vupe;jJ Nghd;W khWtNjhL> ,jpyp
Ue;J rptg;G fgpy epwkhd xl;Le;
jd;ikahd jputk; ntsptUk;. jz;by;
Mq;fhq;Nf gl;il cupjy;> ,iyfs; cy
u;e;J fpisfs; gpd;Ndhf;fpg;gly; Ngh
d;w mwpFwpfSk; Njhd;Wk;. ,jd; jhf;fk;
kpfj; jPtpukhff; fhzg;gLk; NghJ ,iyfs;
cjph;e;J kuk; ,wf;Fk;. ,e;Neha; fhzg;gLk;
Vida ehLfspy; ,e;Nehiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;j
gpujhd jz;L> fpisfs; Mfpatw;
wpw;F nul;iyk; (Red lime), nkl;lny
f;rpy; (Metalaxy) Nghd;wd G+rg;gLfp
d;wd. nkl;lnyf;rpy;iy G+Rtij tpl
ngh];NghNdl;il jz;bDs; cl; nrY
j;JtJ (kunkhd;wpw;F 16 fpuhk; nra
w;ghl;L %yfk; - 16g AI / tree) kpfTk;
tpidj;jpwdhd xU fl;Lg;ghl;L Kiw
ahFk;.
ignlhg;njuh fha; mOfy;
Muk;gj;jpy; fha;fspd; Nky;;
rpwpa ePu;j; jd;ikahd jho;e;j Gs;spfs;
Gs;spfs; Njhd;Wk;. ,g;Gs;spahdJ fha;fs;
gOf;Fk; NghJ fgpy epwkhf khwp>
ngupajhFk;. ,J mWtil
f;Fg; gpe;jpa xU Nehahf
fUjg;gl;l NghjpYk; $l ,sk;
fha;fspYk; Njhd;wyhk;. ,J Njhyp
ypUe;J rijg; gFjpf;Fk; tpijf;Fk;
guTk;. kpf tpiutpy;; KOf; fhANk mO
fptpLk;. ,e; Neha; kiof; fhyj;jpy; tpiu
thf guTk;.
dhy; ,it ,iyfspy; ntspwiy Vw;gL
j;jpdhYk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fsT ghjpg;ig
Vw;gLj;jhJ.
fha;fs; mOFtij jtpu;g;gjw;F
gapuhf;ftpay; Kiwfs;> ,urhad Kiw
fis filg;gpbf;f Ntz;Lk;.
Nghnkhg;rp]; ,iyg;Gs;sp Neha; / fha;
mOfy; Neha;
Nghnkhg;rp]; JhupNahdp]; (Phomop
sis durionis) vd;Dk; gq;frpdhy; ,e;
Neha; Vw;gLk;. ,e;Nehahy; tpij ehw;W
f;fs; tpiutpy; ghjpf;fg;gLk;. eh
w;wpd; KO ,iyAk; cjph;e;J nry;y
,lKz;L. ,iy cjpu;e;j jhtuj;jpy; ,yFtpy;
Jizj; njhw;Wf;fs; Vw;gl tha;g;Gz;L.
ngupa kuq;fspy; ,e;Neha; mjpfsthd ghjp
g;ig Vw;gLj;jhJ. ,q;F ,iyfspd; Nky;
vupe;j fgpy epwkhd rpwpa Gs;spfs;
cUthfp mtw;iwr; #o kQ;rs; epwk;
fhzg;gLk;. ,it gbg;gbahf ngup
ajhfp ePs;tl;l> tl;l tbthd (tpl;lk;
1 kp.kPw;wu;) Gs;spfshf khWk; ,iyapd;
Nkw;Guk; ,g;Gs;spfs; gue;J fhzg;gl;l
21
,iyapd; kPJ ePs; tl;ltbthd Gs;spfs;
Njhd;wy;
NghjpYk; $l ,iyfspd; fPo; gf;fk;
,jid mupjhfNt fhz KbAk;. fhyQ;
nry;y ,g;Gs;spfspd; kj;jpa ghfk;
fWg;G epwkhf khWk;. ,e; Neha; njh
lu;ghf Nkyjpf Muha;r;rpfs; Nkw;nfh
s;sg;gltpy;iy. ,ijf; fl;Lg;gLj;j gpN
dhkpy;> fhngd;nlrpk; Nghd;w njh
Fjpg; gq;fR ehrpdpfspy; xd;iwiaAk;
nkq;Nfhnrg;> FNshNuhjNyhdpy; Ngh
d;w ghJfhg;G gq;fR ehrpdpiaAk;
tprpw KbAk;.
gpA+rhupak; fha; mOfy;
gpA+rhupak; nrhydp (Fusarium solani) vDk;
gq;frpdhy; ,e; Neha; Vw;gLfpd;wJ. fha;
fspd; Nky; fgpy epwkhd nkd;ikahd> ePup
y; mkpo;e;jJ Nghd;w ,ay;Gila Gs;spfs;
cs; mkpo;j;jf;$ba jd;ikahf Njhd;Wk;.
,tw;wpd; Nky; nts;is epwkhd gq;fR ,io
fisf; fhzKbAk;. ,J Xh; ghuJ}ukhd
Neha; my;y.
gpd;f; Neha;
,e;Neha; vupj;jpuPrpak; nry;nkhdpnfhyu;
(Erythricium salmonicolor) vd;Dk; gq;fRtp
dhy; Vw;gLfpd;wJ. ,J Jhupad; gapu;r;
nra;ifapy; mjpfsthd ghjpg;ig Vw;gL
j;Jk; xU NehahFk;. jhtuj;jpd; td; ghfq;fs;
rpwpa fpisfs; cyh;e;J NkypUe;J fPo;
Nehf;fp ,wf;Fk;. ,e;Neha; mjpf kio
nga;Ak; Nkfq;fs; epiwe;j fhyepiy
fhzg;gLk; NghJ tpiuthfg; guTk;. ,g;
gq;fR ,iofs; ,sk; rptg;ghd nts;is
epwkhdit. ,J fpisfis %b tsUk;.
,jdhy; fpisfs; ,wg;gJld; fhyQ; nry;
Yk; NghJ gq;fR ,iofs; ,sk; rptg;G
epwkhd Kbr;Rfshff; fhzg;gLk;.
fl;Lg;ghL
kuq;fspw;fUNf fhzg;gLk; mehtrpa
khd fpisfis ntl;Ltjd; %yk; ku
q;fspw;Fr; rpwe;j fhw;Nwhl;lk; fpil
f;f topNaw;gLj;jTk;. ,we;j gFjpfis mfw;wp
vupg;gJ mtrpakhFk;. NkYk; nrg;G
mlq;fpa gq;fR ehrpdpnahd;iw tprpWtjd;
%yk; Nehiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;j KbAk;.
iunrhf;Nlhdpah ,iy ntspwy;
,e; Neha; iunrhf;Nlhdpah nrhy
id (Rhizovtonia solani) vd;Dk;
gq;frpdhy; Vw;gLk;. Jhupahid
gutyhfg; ghjpf;Fk;> mjpf Mgj;ij
Vw;gLj;Jk; xU NehahFk;. tpijf; fd;W
fspYk;> kuq;fspYk; cs;s ,iy
fis ,J ghjpf;Fk;. ,iyfspy; ePu;j;j
d;ikahd mkpo;e;jJ Nghd;w Gs;spfs;
Njhd;WtJld; mit xd;W Nru;e;J
ngupjhfp Fwpg;gpl;l tbtkw;w <ukhd Gs;sp
fshf khWk;. gpd; cyu;e;J fgpy epw
khFk;. Nehahw; ghjpf;fg;gl;l ,iyfs;
RUq;fp cyu;e;jJ Nghd;W Njhd;Wk;. Neha;
kpfj; jPtpukhff; fhzg;gLk; NghJ ,iyfs;
cjpu;e;J jz;L kl;Lk; kPjkhff; fhzg;gLk;.
22
,iyfspd; kPJ Gs;spfs; fhzg;gly;
ntz; %l;Lg; ©r;rpapdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l
xU J}upad; fha;
gdpg;©r;rpfspdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;lnjhU gok;
fl;Lg;ghL
,e;Nehiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;j ngNdhkpy;
fhngd;lrpk;> jNahgNdl; Nghd;w
gq;fR ehrpdpapy; Vjhtnjhd;iw Neha;
FzkilAk; tiu rpghupR nra;ag;gl;lthW
tprpwTk;.
G+r;rpg; gPilfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;jy;
ntz;%l;Lg;G+r;rp
ntz;%l;Lg;G+r;rpfs; ,sk; ,iy> G+> ,sk;
fha;fs; vd;gtw;wpy; rhw;iw cwp;Q;rpf;
Fbf;Fk;. jhf;fg;gl;l gFjp RUq;fp tpfhu
filg;gpbg;gjd; %yk; ,jd; jhf;fj;ij
fl;Lg;gLj;j KbAk;.
go <f;fs;
ngupa Jhupad; kuq;fis tpl rpwpa J}
upahd; kuq;fspy; cUthFk; fha;fs;
go <apd; jhf;fj;jpdhy; mjpfstpw; ghjp
f;fg;gLk;. ,jw;fhd fhuzk; go <f;fs;
cauk; Fiwe;j ,lq;fspNyNa mjpfk;
fhzg;gLk;. fha; KjpUk; NghJ epiwAlyp
<f;fs; fha;fis Jisj;J Kl;il ,Ltj
dhy; jhf;fk; Vw;gLk;
fl;Lg;gLj;jy;
fha;fspw;F ciwapLtjhy;; ,jd; jhf;fj;ij
ntw;wpfukhff; fl;Lg;gLj;j KbAk;. fha;fs;
Kjpu;tilaj; njhlq;Fk; NghJ nghypnrf;
igfis ghtpj;J fha;fspw;F ciwapL
tjd; %yk; fl;Lg;gLj;j KbAk;.
gdpg;G+r;rp
fha;fspd; Njhypy; Ruz;baJ
Nghy fhzg;gLk;. ,jd; %yk;
fha;fspd; cl;gFjpf;F ghjpg;G
Vw;glhtpbDk; fhapd; ntspj;Njhw;wk;;
ghjpf;fg;gLk;.
kiltJld; ,jpy; fWg;G epwkhd gq;fR
tsu;;;r;rpailAk;.
,tw;wpd; jhf;fj;jhy; tpisr;rypy; mjp
fsthd ghjpg;G Vw;glhj NghjpYk; $l go
q;fspd; juq; Fd;Wk;. gapu; Rfhjhuj;ij
23
nrjpw; ©r;rpahy; ghjpf;fg;l;l fpis
nrjpw; ©r;rpahy; ghjpf;fg;l;l Xh; ,iy
nrjpw; ©r;rpahy; ghjpf;fg;l;l xU jhtuk;
Jhupad; tpij Jisg;ghd;
,yq;ifapy; ,jd; jhf;fk; mwpag;gltpy;
iy Mdhy; kNyrpah Nghd;w ehLfspy;
,g; G+r;rp mWtilf;F gpd;du; ghjpg;ig
Vw;gLj;Jk; gPilahf fUjg;gLfpwJ.
,jd; jhf;fj;jhy; tpisr;rypy; miu
thrp ,of;fg;glyhk; vd mwpf;iffs;
Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. epiwAlyp fha;fspd;
Nky; Kl;il ,Lk;. Kl;il nghup
j;J ntsptUk; Flk;gp fha;j; Njhiy
Jisj;J cs;Nehf;fp gazpj;J tpijia
milAk;.xspg;nghwpia gad;gLj;jp epiwA
lypiag; fl;Lg;gLj;jyhk;.
Jhupad; rpypl;
,g; G+r;rpahdJ Jhupadpy; ngUkstpw; Nrjk;
tpistpf;Fk; xU gPilahff; fUjg;gLfp
d;wJ. epiwAlypfs;> mzq;Ffs; vd;gd
,iyfspy; rhw;iw cwpQ;rpf; Fbg;gj
dhy;; ,iyfs; tpfhukile;J Njhw;wk
spf;Fk;. ,tw;wpdhy; ntspaplg;gLk; xU
tifahd Rug;gpd; fhuzkhf ,iy
fspy; fWg;G epwkhd gq;fR tsu;r;rp
milAk;. ngUkstpy; ,jd; jhf;fk;
Vw;gLk; NghJ ,iyfs; ,we;J
cjpUk;. ,jdhy; Fiwe;j vz;zp
f;ifahd cUthFk;. nghJtdnjhU G+r;rp
ehrpdpia tprpWtjd; %yk; ,ijf; fl;L
g;gLj;jyhk;.
nrjpy; G+r;rpfs;
jz;L> ,iyfs;> G+f;fspy; rhw;iw
cwpQ;rpf; Fbg;gjd; %yk; jhf;fj;ij
Vw;gLj;Jk;. ,g;G+r;rpapdhy; ntspapl
g;gLk; xU Rug;gpd; %yk; ghjpf;fg;gl;l
,lq;fspy; fWg;G epwkhd gq;fR tsu;r;rp
milAk;. ,jd; jhf;fk; mjpfkhFk; NghJ
jhtuk; ,wf;fTk; Neuplyhk;.
fhyepiy khw;wj;jpw;Nfw;g ,g;
G+r;rpfspd; jhf;fk; $bf; FiwAk;.
,kpNlhFNshgpupl; Nghd;w G+r;rp ehrpdpfis
tprpWtjd; %yk; ,jidf; fl;Lg;gLj;jyhk;.
24
gl;ilfspy; JisapLk; tz;L
gl;il Jisg; GOtpd; jhf;fk;
gl;il Jisg;ghd;fspd; jhf;fk;
gl;il Jisg;ghd;
Batocera rufomaculata vDk; G+r;rpapd;
Flk;gpfshy; ,j;jhf;fk; Vw;gLk;.
kuj;jpd; mbapy; fhzg;gLk; Jisfs;
%yNkh my;yJ kuj;ijr; Rw;wp tpOe;Js;s
<ukhd kuj;Jhs; %yNkh ,jd; jhf;fj;ij
mwpe;J nfhs;s KbAk;. Flk;gp kuj;jpd;
gl;iliaj; Jisj;J nry;tjdhy; ,jd;
jhf;fj;jpd; gpd; kuj;jpd; tsu;r;rp ghjp-
f;fg;gLk;. ,jd; jhf;fk; mjpfupf;Fk; NghJ
kuk; ,wf;fTk; Neuplyhk;.
,jd; jhf;fk; njhlu;gpy; Vw;fdNt mDgtk;
,Ug;gpd; kuj;jpd; mbapy; fhzg;gLk;
Jisfs; %yk; mwpe;J nfhs;s KbAk;.
,f; Flk;gpfs; czit cl;nfhz;L ntsp
Naw;Wk; fopTfis kuj;jpYs;s Jisapd;
cs;NsAk;> kuj;jpd; mbg;gFjpapYk; fhz
KbAk;.
,jd; jhf;fj;ijf; fl;Lg;gLj;j mjpf
rpuj;ijAld; njhlu;r;rpahf mtjhdp
g;gJ kpfTk; Kf;fpakhFk;. jz;bd; Jis
fspy; fhzg;gLk; GOf;fis mfw;W
jy;> cldbahf MNyhridfisg;
ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy; vd;gdTk; Kf;fpakh
ditahFk;. ,jidf; fl;Lg;gLj;j
FNshNuhigupngh];> ,kplf;FNshgpl;
Nghd;w iguJnuhapl; G+r;rpehrpdpfis
Flk;gpfs; fhzg;gLk; JisapDs;
Cw;wp tpl Ntz;Lk;. gl;ilia ed;whf
Rj;jg;gj;jpa gpd; fpUkpehrpdpia
Cw;WtJ rpwe;jJ. ehrpdpia
Cw;wpa gpd; cyu;tij jLg;gjw;F
gl;ilia %b tpl Ntz;Lk;. fz;lrhd;
Nghd;w gq;fR ehrpdpfis jz;bw;F G+R
tJk; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
epiwAlypfs; gl;ilapd; Nky; Kl;ilfis
,Lk;. gl;ilapYs;s Jisfis ,jw;Fg;
gad;gLj;Jk;. mbg;gFjpiaAk; jz;ilAk;
Rj;jkhf itj;jpUg;gJk; Kf;fpakhFk;.
25
jz;L Jis tz;bd; jhf;fk;
jz;L tz;bd; ngupjhf;fg;gl;l cUtk;
© Jisf;Fk; tz;bd; jhf;fk;
jz;L Jisf;Fk; tz;L
,J 5 - 6 kp.kPw;wh; ePskhd rpwpa tz;bd-
khFk;.
jz;by; Mq;fhq;Nf Jisfis
,Lk;. ,jidf; fl;Lg;gLj;jhtpby; Jisfs;
fhzg;gLk; KO fpisAk; ,wf;Fk;.
,jd; jhf;fj;ij Jisfspy; ,Ue;J ntsp-
te;j kuj;J}spypUe;J mwpa KbAk;. ,J rpwpa
mUk;GfisAk; ngupa jhtuq;fisAk;
jhf;Fk;. jhf;fj;ij fl;Lg;gLj;j
ehshe;jk; Muha;e;J rpghupR
nra;ag;gl;l G+r;rpehrpdpia tprpWtjd;
%yk; ,g; gPilia fl;Lg;gLj;jyhk;.
G+ Jisf;Fk; GO
,g;GO J}upahdpd;; G+tUk;Gfspy;
,iyfisAk; kfue;jq;fisAk; Jisj;J
cz;Zk;.
nghJthf ,uT Neuq;fspNyNa ,jd;
jhf;fk; fhzg;gLk;. rpghupR nra;ag;gl;l
G+r;rp ehrpdpia tprpWtjd; %yk; ,jidf;
fl;Lg;gLj;jyhk;.
clw;nwhopypay; Neha;fs;
fha;fs; mrhjhuzkhf gOj;jy;
,J Xu; mrhjhuz epiyahFk;. ,jdhy;
rpy Risfspd; rijg; gFjp nkd;ikahf
,y;yhky; ,Wf;fkhf mjhtJ fbdkhf
khWk;. ,tw;wpy; Rit> kzk; vd;gd
,y;yhjpUf;Fk;. Mdhy; ,Nj go
j;jpYs;s Vida Risfs; ed;whf
gOj;J kzkhfTk; RitahfTk;
fhzg;gLk;. nghJthf rpy Risfspy; khj;jp
uNk ,e;epiy Vw;gLk;. Mdhy; rpy Ntisfspy;
KO fhANk ,t;thW ghjpf;fg;glyhk;.
26
nghUj;jkw;w ePu; tbg;gpdhy; Vw;gl;l jhf;fk;
goq;fspd; ntspj;Njhw;wj;jpy; ,ij
mtjhdpf;f KbahJ. goj;ij ntl;ba
gpd;dNu ,jid mwpa KbAk;. mjpf vz;zp
f;ifahd Risfs; cs;s ngupa goq;fspy;
,e;epiy Vw;gLtjw;fhd rhj;jpak; mjpfk;.
Nghriz> ePu;> R+ow; fhuzpfs; Nghd;w
midj;Jk; ,e;epiyf;F fhuzkhFk;.
Nrjd grisaply;. nlhyikl; ,ly; vd;g
tw;wpd; %yk; mrhjhuzkhd Kiw
apy; fha;fs; gOj;jiyf; fl;Lg;gLj;j
KbAk;. tpij fd;Wfs; %yk;
cUthFk; kuq;fspy; rpy Ntis
fspy; ,e;epiy kuj;jpw;Nf cupj;jhd
,ay;ghff; fhzg;gLk;.
eLg;gFjp ePu;j;; jd;ikahf khWjy;
,J fhapd; eLg;gFjpapYk;> Ris
fspd; rijg;gFjpapYk; Vw;gLk; mjp
fsthd ePu;j; jd;ikahdjhFk;. ,e;Nehapd;
jhf;fk; Fiwthf cs;s NghJ Risfs;
rijg; gFjpAld; njhlu;GgLk; ,lj;jpy;
kl;Lk; ,e; epiyiaf; fhz KbAk;.
jhf;fk; mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLk; NghJ KO
rijg;gFjpANk ePu;j;jd;ikahdjhf khWk;.
mWtil nra;tjw;F Kd;du; kio nga;
jy;> kz;zpy; <uj;jd;ik mjpfkhff;
fhzg;gly;> nghl;lhrpak; Nghrizf; Fiw
ghL vd;gdNt ,jw;fhd fhuzp-
fshFk;. Gjpjhf fha;f;Fk; ku
q;fspy; ,e;epiy cUthFjw;fhd
rhj;jpaf;$W mjpfkhFk;. fha; Kjpu;tj-
w;F xU khjj;jpw;F Kd; kz;zpw;F ngh-
l;lhrpak; cuk; ,Ljy;> mjpf kioapd; gpd;
ePh; tbe;J nry;y topNaw;gLj;jy;> kio
nga;J ,uz;L ehl;fSf;Fg; gpd; mWtil
nra;jy; vd;gd ,jidj; jLf;f cjTk;.
Risfspd; Edp vupjy;
,q;F Risfspd; mbg;gFjp fgpy epwkhd
vupe;j jd;ikahf khWk;. ,e;epiyf;F rijg;
gFjpapd; tsh;r;rpapd; NghJ rupahd mstpy;
Nghriz> ePh; vd;gd fpilf;fhikNa fhuz
khFk;. nghJthf fha;f;Fk; kuq;fspYk;
rupahd fhyj;jpw;F Kd; KjpUk;
ngupa fha;fspYk; MNuhf;fpakw;w ku
q;fspYk; ,e;epiyiaf; fhzyhk;.
jfhj fhyepiyapdhy; Vw;gLk; jhf;fk;
nghJthf ,e;epiy Kiwahf ePu; tbe;J
nry;yhik> ePu;g;gw;whf;FiwT> ePu; mjp
fstpy; Njq;fp epw;wy;> $ba ntg;gepiy
Nghd;w fhuzpfshy; Vw;glyhk;.
27
tu;f;fk; ehl;fs;
Fiwe;j taJ 75 - 95
eLj;ju taJ 95 - 120
ePz;l tsJ 120 - 140
fha;fis Ijhf;fy;
xl;L kuq;fspy; mjpfsthd fha;fs; cU
thFk; NghJ (xl;L kuj;jpy; 150 - 200
fha;fs; NghJkhdit) tpfhukhd fha;
fs; R+idf; fha;fs;> kpfr;rpwpa fha;fs;>
xU nfhj;jpy; mjpfkhd (2 - 3 ,w;F
Nkw;gl;l) fha;fs; fhzg;gLk; NghJ Njit
aw;w fha;fis gpLq;f Ntz;Lk;. ,aw;
ifahf fha;fs; cjph;e;j gpd;dNu fha;
fis mfw;w Ntz;Lk;. ,jdhy; nghU
shjhu uPjpahd tUkhdj;ij njhlh;e;Jk;
ngw;Wf; nfhs;s KbAk;.
tpisr;rYk;> mWtil nra;jYk;
<utyaj;jpy; ngg;utup khjj;jpy;
Vw;gLk; FWfpa twl;rpahd fhyj;jpd;
gpd;dh; G+f;fs; cUthFk;. mjhtJ
ngg;utup khu;r; khjq;fspy; MFk;. rpy
Ntisfspy; Mf];l; khj cyu; fhy
epiyAld; nrg;nlk;gu; - xf;Nlh
gu; khjq;fspYk; XusT G+f;fs; cU
thfyhk;. ,q;F gpujhd tpisr;ry;
[_d; - Mf];l; khjq;fspNy fpilf;Fk;.
Mdhy; kiyehl;L ,il tyaq;fspYk;
Fwpg;gpl;l gpuNjrq;fspy; gpujhd tpisit
etk;gu; - ngg;utup khjq;fspy; ngwyhk;.
Jhupahdpy; tpisr;ryhdJ tu;f;fk;>
taJ Mfpatw;iwg; nghWj;J NtWgLk;.
xl;Lf; fd;Wfs; eLif nra;J
5 - 6 tUlq;fspy; tpisitg; ngw
Muk;gpf;fyhk;. kuj;jpd; taJ mjpfupf;Fk;
NghJ tpisr;rYk; mjpfupf;Fk;. xl;L ku
q;fspy; 9 - 10 tUlq;fs; MFk; NghJ
100 - 200 goq;fisg;; ngwyhk;. 30
- 40 tUl tajhFk; NghJ 300 - 500
fha;fisg; ngwyhk;. 5 tUlq;fshFk;
NghJ Kjw; jlitahf tpisr;riyg;
ngwyhk;. mjd; gpd; xt;nthU tUlj;jpYk;
tpisr;rypy; mjpfupg;igf; fhzyhk;. nra
w;ifahd Kiwapy; kfue;jr; Nrh;f;ifia
Nkw;nfhs;Stjd; %yk; tpisit mjpfup
j;Jf; nfhs;s KbAk;.
th;f;fj;ijg; nghWj;J G+f;fs; Njhd;WtJ
Kjy; fha;fs; Kjph;tjw;F vLf;Fk; fhyk;.
gpuNjrj;jpd; ntg;gepiy kz;zpd; tsk;>
gapuhf;ftpay; eltbf;if vd;gtw;iwg;
nghWj;J KjpUk; fhyk; NtWgLk;. fha;
Kjph;jiy jPh;khdpg;gjw;F goj;jpd; epwk;>
goj;ijj; jl;Lk; NghJ vOk; xyp>
Kl;fspd; jd;ik Nghd;w ,ay;GfisAk;;
ftdj;jpw; nfhs;s KbAk;.
fha;fspd;; Kl;;fs;; fLk; gr;ir epwj;jpypUe;J
,sk; gr;ir epwkhf my;yJ kQ;rs; fye;j
epwkhf khWtjpy; ,Ue;J Kjpu;e;j
fha;fis ,dq; fhz KbAk; vdpDk;
vy;yh re;ju;g;gq;fspYk; ,t;thW ,dq;
fhz;gJ fbdkhFk;.
tpuy;fspdhy; jl;Lk; NghJ my;yJ
fj;jpahNyh my;yJ jbapdhNyh
Kl;fspw;fpilNa tULk; NghJ vOk; rj;j
j;jpdhy; Kjpu;r;rpaile;j goq;fis ,dq;
fhz KbAk;. fha;fspy; ,t;thwhd rj;jk;
Vw;glhJ.
fha;fspd; Kl;fspd; jd;ikiaf;
nfhz;L fha;fs; Kw;wpaij jPu;khdpf;f
28
KbAk;. Kl;fspd; Edp fgpy epwkhf khWk;.
Kl;fis iffshy; mkpo;j;Jk; NghJ
XusT tisAk; jd;ikahff; fhzg;gLk;.
Jhupad; gOf;fj; njhlq;Fk; NghJ
mjw;NfAupa kzk; tPRk;. Jhupahidr;
re;ijf;F nfhz;L nry;y my;yJ ePz;l
fhyj;jpw;Fr; Nrkpj;J it
g;gjhapd; fha;fs; gOf;f Kd; mWtil
nra;a Ntz;Lk;. jhdhf gOj;J
tpOk; goq;fNs rupahf kpfTk; Ritah
dit MFk;.
goq;fspd; jukhdJ fha;fs; Kjpu;r;rpilAk;
mstpy; jq;fpAs;sJ. J}upaid Kjpu;tjw;F
Kd; my;yJ fhyk; jho;j;jp mWtil nra;jy;
mjd;; Rit FiwAk;. vdNt rupahd msT
Kjpu;r;rpaile;j goq;fisNa mWtil
nra;jy; kpfTk; rpwe;jJ. ,jd; NghJ Efu;T>
gjg;gLj;jy;> cs;Sh;> ntspA+h; re;ijfs;>
fsQ;rpag;gLj;jy; Mfpa fhuzpfspYk;
ftdQ; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;.
kio mw;w ve;Neuj;jpYk; J}upaid mWtil
nra;ayhk;. Jhupad; G+f;fs; ntt;NtW fhy
q;fspy; kyu;tjhy; vy;yh fha;fSk; xNu
Neuj;jpy; KjpuhJ. vdNt fha;fspd; Kjpu;
r;rpia jdpj;jdpNa mtjhdpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
ehshe;jk; my;yJ ,U ehisf;F xU
jlit mWtil nra;ayhk;. vy;yhg; goq;
fisAk; xNu jlitapy; mWtil nra;af;
$lhJ.
uk;Gl;lhd;>kh Nghd;w goq;fisg; Nghy; my;
yhJ Jhupahdpy; fpisfspy; tpjhdj;jpd;
cs;NsNa fha;fs; cUthFk;. mWtil
nra;Ak; NghJ kuj;jpy; Vwp fj;jup my;yJ
fj;jpahy; gof;fhk;ig ntl;b nghypnrf;
igapDs; ,l;L mWtil nra;tjd; %yk;
mWtilapd; NghJ fha;f;F Vw;gLk; ghjp
g;Gfisj; jtpu;f;fyhk;. fhapd; fhk;ig fap
w;why; kuj;Jld; Nru;j;J fl;b itg;gjd; %yk;
,aw;ifahf fdpe;j goq;fis mWtil
nra;J nfhs;s KbAk;. Mdhy; jha;yh
e;J Nghd;w ehLfspy; fdpe;j goq;fis
Efu;tjpy; kf;fs; mjpf ehl;lk; nfhs;tjp
y;iy epyj;jpy; tpOk; Kd; fhk;gpd; mbg;g
Fjp fouhky; ,Uf;Fk; re;ju;g;gj;jpNy
Na mtu;fs; goq;fis mWtil nra;
aNt tpUg;gk; fhl;Ltu;. mWtil nra;;a
rpy jpdq;fSf;F Kd; gof; fhk;gpd; Njhyp
y; tisakhf fPWtjd; %yk; Kjpu;tij
tpiuTgLj;jyhk;.
mWtilf;F gpd;duhd
njhopy;El;gq;fs;;
Jhupad; mjpfk; gOjilAk; gokhFk;.
vdNt mWtil njhlf;fk; re;ij
g;gLj;Jk; tiu mWtilf;Fg; gpd;dhd njhop
El;gq;fisf; Nkw;nfhs;tJ mtrpak; MFk;.
Mrpa ehLfspy; Jhupad;
tu;j;jf uPjpapy; gapu; nra;ag;gl;lhYk;
mWtilf;F gpd;dhd njhopEl;gq;fs; ngUk
stpy; tpUj;jpailatpy;iy.
Jhupadpd; Risfis gpupj;njLj;J mjp
Fspu;epiyapd; fPo; Nrkpf;Fk; NghJ mjpf
fhyk; ghJfhf;f KbAk;. Fspu;rhjdg;
ngl;bapy; rhjhuz Fspupy;; xU fpoik
tiu Risfis Nrkpf;fyhk;.
29
Fspuhd epiyikapd; fPo; Nrkpj;J
itf;fg;gl;Ls;s J}upad; Ris
fha;fisj; njupT nra;jy;
mWtil nra;j gpd; fha;fis njupT
nra;a Ntz;Lk;. mWtil nra;j gpd; go
q;fspd; juj;jpy; gy;NtW NtWghLfisf;
fhz KbAk;. ,aw;ifahd tbtk;> gy;
NtWgl;l gUkd;> fhk;G Kwpe;j> fhk;G fo
d;W tUk; epiyapYs;s> fhk;G tise;j>
Neha; jhf;fj;jpw;Fs;shd> ntz; <> nrjpy;
G+r;rp vd;gtw;wpd; jhf;fj;jpw;Fs;shd goq;
fisf; fhzyhk;.
ehshe;jk; fha;fis njupT nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
fopf;Fk; fha;fis Fiwe;j tpiyf;F my;
yJ Jhupad; rhu; cw;gj;jpfis Nkw;nfh
s;tjw;F tpw;gid nra;ayhk;.
jug;gLj;jy;
Jhupad; gapu;r;nra;ifapy; jug;gLj;jy;
njhlu;ghd tpNrl Kiwfs; Mrpahtpy;
jw;NghJ ,y;iy. gapu;r;nra;ifahsu;fs;>
tpahghupfs;> Vw;Wkjpahsu;fs; Jhupad;
jug;gLj;jy; gw;wp mwpe;Js;sdu;. Jhupad;
gUkdpd;gb jug;gLj;jg;gLk;. ,jd; tpiy
xNu khjpupahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. jha;yh
e;J Nghd;w ehLfspy; gapu;r;nra;ifahs
u;fs; re;;ijj; Njitiag; nghWj;J Jhupa
id jug;gLj;Jtu;. fdlh> ,q;fpyhe;J Ngh
d;w ehLfspy; 2.5 - 3.5 fp.fpuhk; epiw
As;s goq;fisNa kf;fs; tpUk;G
tu;. vdNt ,t;thwhd goq;fs; rpy
tw;iw xd;whf;fp> 10 - 12 fpNyh fpuhk;
epiwAs;sjhf nghjp nra;J tpw;gid
nra;tu;. n`hq;n;fhq; Nghd;w ehL
fspy; 2 - 4 fp.fpuhk; epiwAs;s goq;fis
Na kf;fs; tpUk;Gtjhy; ,g; gUkDs;s
goq;fis xU %q;fpw; $ilapy; 35 - 50
fp.fpuhk; epiw goq;fis nghjp nra;tu;.
rpq;fg;G+h;> kNyrpah Nghd;w ehLfspy; 2 -
5 fpNyh fpuhk; nghjpfshf %q;fpy; my;
yJ kug;ngl;bfspy; nghjp nra;J tpw;gid
nra;tu;.
fsQ;rpag;gLj;jy;
85 % Kjph;e;j goq;fis mWtil nra;
J miw ntg;gepiy (25 - 30 ghif
nrd;up fpNul;) 3 - 6 ehl;fs; tiu Nrkp
j;J itf;fyhk;. Nrkpj;J itf;Fk; fhyk;
th;f;fq;fisg; nghWj;J NtWgLk;. ed;F
fdpe;j goq;fis 1 - 2 my;yJ mjpf
ehl;fSf;F Nrkpj;J itf;fyhk;. Mdhy;
rijg;gFjp kpfTk; nkd;ikahtJld; go
q;fspy; mjpf kzk; tPRk;. jha;yhe;jp y;; go
q;fspd; fhk;G gRikahf ,Ue;jh y; mJ
Efh; Nthupd; kdijf; ftUk; Xh; cgha
khff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jdhy; ,aw;i
fahf fhk;G goj;jpy; Gije;
jpUf;Fk; ,lj;jpw;Fr; rw;W Nky; fhk;gpd;
ePsk; ,Uf;fj;jf;fjhf mWtil nra;tu;.
ngUk;ghyhd tu;j;jfu;fSk;> tptrhapfSk;
goq;fspd; fhk;;G gRikahf fhzg;gL-
30
tij cWjp nra;tjw;fhf thio ,iy
my;yJ fljhrpapdhy; Rw;wp ghJfhg;gu;.
fhk;G ntspf;fhl;lg;gLkhapd; ePu; Mtpahfp
fhk;G thb tpLk;. gpypg;igd;];> kNyrpah>
,yq;if Nghd;w ehLfspy; kuj;jpw; gOj;j
tpOe;j fdpfspw;Nf mjpf fpuhf;fp epyTfp
d;wJ.
nghjp nra;jy;
cs;ehl;L> ntspehl;L re;ijfspw;F
mika gy;NtW tbtpyhd nghjp
nra;Ak; nghUl;fSk;> nfhs;fyd;fSk;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. Mrpa ehLfspy;
%q;fpw; $ilfs; mjpfstpw; gad;gLj;j
g;gLfpd;wd. %q;fpy;fis ,yFthfg; ngw
f;$bajhapUg;gNj ,jw;fhd fhuzkhFk;.
xU %q;fpw; $ilapy; Rkhu; 30 - 50 fpNyh
goq;fis nghjp nra;a KbAk;. Mdhy;
%q;fy; $ilfs; gykw;wNjhL> J}upad;
goq;fs; xd;nwhnlhd;W NkhJtjhy; mit
,yFtpw; ghjpf;fg;gLk;. ,jdhy; %q;fpy;
$ilfs; rpwe;jd my;y. vdpDk; rpy
Vw;Wkjpahsu;fs; rpq;fg;G+u;> n`hq;nfhq;
Nghd;w njhiytpYs;s ehLfspw;Ff; $l
%q;fpy; $ilfspNyNa J}upaid mDg;gp
itf;fpd;wdu;. njhiytpYs;s ehLfspw;F
Vw;Wkjp nra;tjw;F miy tuptbthd
ml;ilg; ngl;bfNs kpfTk; cfe;jdthFk;.
,JNt epak nghjp nra;Ak; nghjpfshFk;.
mj;Jld; cyfpy; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;lJk;
MFk;. ngl;bapd; gupkhzj;jpw;fika xt;
nthU ngl;bapYk; Rkhu; 4 - 6 goq;fisg;
nghjp nra;aTk;. jbj;j kl;ilapdhy; go
q;fis Ntwhf;Ftjd; %yk; goq;fs; xd;N
whnlhd;W NkhJtijj; jtpu;f;fyhk;.
nfhz;L nry;yy;
goq;fs; mjpfstpy; fdpjy;> mOFjy;>
epiw Fiwjy; Mfpatw;iwj; jtpu;j;Jf;
nfhs;sf; $bathW goq;fis mWtil
nra;jTld; re;ijf;Ff; nfhz;L nry;y
Ntz;Lk;.
re;ij
uk;Gl;lhd;> kh kq;F];jPd; Mfpadtw;iwg;
Nghd;W J}upahDk; gUtj;jpy; khj;jpuNk
fha;f;Fk;. 2 - 3 khjq;fspw;F tpisr;riyj;
jUtNjhL> tUlj;jpy; Vida fhyq;fspy;
kpff; Fiwe;jsthd tpisr;riyAk; jUk;.
J}upad; kpff; Fiwe;j tho;f;iff; fhy
j;ijf; nfhz;lnjhU gokhFk;. ,jdhy;
Fiwe;j ntg;gepiyapy; ePz;l ehl;fspw;Fr;
Nrkpj;J itf;f KbahJ. ,t;thwhd fhu
zq;fspdhy; J}upad; goq;fis re;ijapy;
rpy ehl;fspw;Nf fhzf; $bajhf cs;sJ.
ngUk;ghyhd ehLfspy; nghJg; Nghf;Ftu
j;J thfdq;fspy; J}upaidf; nfhz;L
nry;tJ jil nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. Vnddp
y; ,jpy; tPRk; kzj;ij rpyu; tpUk;Gtjpy;
iy. mt;thwhd ehLfspy; goq;fspypUe;J
Risfisg; gpupj;njLj;j gpd;du; mtw;iwf;
Fsp&l;b nfhz;L nry;Yfpd;wdu;.
kNyrpah> ,e;NjhNdrpah> gpypg;igd;];
Mfpa ehLfspy; re;ijapYs;s fpuhf;fpf;F
mika goq;fs; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLtjp
y;iy. Mdhy; jha;yhe;jpypUe;J J}upad;
Vw;Wkjp nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ.
tpw;gid> re;ij tpiy vd;gdtw;wpy; J}
upad; goq;fspd; juk; nry;thf;Fr; nrY
j;Jk;. clw;nwhopypay; fhuzq;fspdhy;
31
Efh;Nthu; ,yFtpy; thq;ff; $ba
re;ijapy; tpw;gid nra;ag;gLk; J}upad;
J}upad; nlhgp
cyu;j;jpa Risfs;
juk; Fd;Wk;. mjhtJ Kjpu;r;rpailahj
goq;fs;> rupahd gUtj;ij tpl mjpfstp
y; fdpe;j goq;fs; Nghd;w rpy mk;rq;fis
,jpw; Fwpg;gplyhk;. mjpf tpiyiaf;
nfhLj;J ,t;thW juq; Fd;wpa goq;fis
thq;Fk; NghJ tptrhapfs;> nkhj;j tpah-
ghupfs;> rpy;yiw tpahghupfs; MfpNahupw;fp
ilapyhd me;epNahd;dpa ek;gpf;iffs;
,y;yhkw; Ngha; tpLk;.
ed;whf Kjpu;r;rpaile;J gOj;j J}upad;
fdpfis ,dq; fhz;gjw;F gpd;tUk;
mk;rq;fs; Efu;Nthupw;F gaDs;sitahf
mikAk;.
Kjpu;r;rpaile;j fha;fis FYf;Fk; NghJ
cs;Ns Risfs; mirtijf; Nfl;fyhk;.
rPuw;w Kiwapy; epwk; khwpapUf;Fk; go
q;fisj; njupT nra;jy;
rpwe;j kzk; tPRk;.
J}upad; goj;jpd; tpisnghUl;fs;