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Management Research: Applying the Principles © 2015 Susan Rose, Nigel Spinks & Ana Isabel Canhoto 1

Guide to academic referencing

Contents

1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 1

2 The Harvard system ............................................................................................................ 2

3 The Vancouver system ....................................................................................................... 7

1 Introduction

A referencing system provides:

Rules for how to cite the work of others in your own text

Rules for how to format a reference list showing full details of all the sources cited in

your text

There are many different referencing systems but in this technical supplement we will

provide an overview of two that illustrate alternative approaches to referencing. The first is

the Harvard system which is an example of what is known as an author-date referencing

system because sources are cited using the author(s) surname and the date of publication of

the work. The reference list is then organised alphabetically by surname. The second is the

Vancouver system, which is a numerical system in which work is cited using a number which

is in turn linked to the reference list.

You should be aware that there are many differences even within these two styles. Many

academic institutions and publishers have their own variations on the basic systems. We will

point some of these out in what follows but it is important that you familiarise yourself with

the specific requirements of your own institution or any publisher that you are working with.

Neville (2010) provides a detailed guide to most aspects of referencing using different

formats. Many universities offer guidance on their preferred referencing style, as do most

publishers.


2 The Harvard system

The Harvard system is widely used in social sciences and a version of it is used in this book.

2.1 Citing the work of others in your text

There are two ways of citing the work of others in your text:

1. Greater clarity about your aims and objectives will improve your research project (Jankowicz 2005).

2. Jankowicz (2005) argues that greater clarity about your aims and objectives will improve your research

project.

In the first example, the work (Jankowicz 2005) is simply cited as the source of and authority

for the claim, in the second example the author is being given voice as the active proposer of

the argument. The latter gives the author more prominence. Either method can be used in a

given text.

When quoting directly from another work, you should include the page number from which

the quote is taken, for example:

‘Academic study involves not just presenting and describing ideas, but also being aware of where they came

from, who developed them, why and when’ (Neville 2011, p. 8).

Or:

Neville (2011, p. 2) points out that ‘many students find referencing a pain, a mechanistic chore and a complete

bore.’

If no year is given in the source use (n.d.) or (no date). For a web page if no date is given on

the page, use the year you accessed the site.

When a source has two or three authors, the surnames are given in full, e.g. Smith and Jones

(2000). When there are four or more, the first author is given in full and the others are

replaced by ‘et al.’ (meaning ‘and others’), e.g. Patel et al. (2010).

If citing more than one source in the same place, the sources should be cited in chronological

order, with the earliest publication coming first, e.g.: (Mintzberg 1983; Hahn and Taylor

2001; Christensen 2005).


If citing multiple works by the same author arrange them in chronological order, with the

earliest publication coming first, e.g. Mintzberg (1983, 1985). If citing two or more sources

published by the same author in the same year, a lower case letter (a, b,…n) is added after the

year to distinguish the separate works. This is then repeated in the reference list. For

example: de Vaus (2002a, 2002b).

2.2 Formatting the Reference List

The reference list is a list of all the works that you have referenced in your writing. It is

usually placed at the end of the main text, before any appendices. Under the Harvard system,

all of the references appear in a single list, organised alphabetically by first author’s surname,

for example:

JANKOWICZ, A. D. (2005) Business Research Projects. 4th edn. London: Thomson Learning.

LACLAU, E. and MOUFFE, C. (2001) Hegemony and Socialist Strategy. 2nd edn. London: Verso.

MORRELL, K. (2008). The narrative of ‘evidence based’ management: a polemic. Journal of Management

Studies. Vol. 45 No. 3, pp. 613–35.

The referencing system lays down conventions regarding how different types of work (i.e.

book, academic journal article, website, etc.) should appear in the reference list.

Reference to online material is made by giving the full URL (Uniform Resource Locator)

which is the web address at which the material is located or, if it is available, the DOI (Digital

Object Identifier) which is a unique digital identifier for an electronic document such as a

book or journal. The date on which the material is accessed is also given in the reference, as

shown in the examples below.

Table 1 gives examples of widely-used source types using the Harvard system.


Table 1: Example referencing using the Harvard system

Source type Basic format Example

Book

(single

author)

Author(s) [SURNAME, initials] (Year of

publication). Title. Edition number [if

not the first]. Place of publication:

publisher.

MINTZBERG, H. (1973). The nature of managerial

work. New York: Harper and Row.

Book

(two or

three

authors)

Use standard book format but

separate authors with a comma and

use ‘&’ to link the final author.

COGHLAN, D. & BRANNICK, T. (2010). Doing action

research in your own organization. 3rd edn. London:

Sage.

Book

(four or

more

authors)

For four or more authors, list first

author and replace others with et al.

(‘and others’). This is optional;

alternatively you can include all

names.

DANERMARK, B., et al. (2002). Explaining society.

Critical realism in the Social Sciences. London:

Routledge.

Book

(multiple

titles by the

same author

in the same

year)

If citing two or more sources

published by the same author in the

same year, a lower case letter (a, b,…

n) is added after the year to

distinguish the separate works.

DE VAUS, D. (2002a). Analyzing Social Science Data.

London: Sage.

DE VAUS, D. (2002b). Surveys in Social Research. 5th

edn. Abingdon: Routledge.

Book

(edited)

Author(s) [SURNAME, initials] (ed. or

eds.) (Year of publication). Title.

Edition number [if not the first]. Place

of publication: publisher.

FLEETWOOD, S. & ACKROYD, S. (eds.) (2004). Critical

realist applications in organisation and management

studies. London: Routledge.



Book

(online)


publication). Title. Edition number [if

not the first]. [Online] Place of

publication: publisher. Available from

URL [Accessed date of access].

MARSHALL, A. (1920). Principles of economics. 8th

edn. [Online] London: Macmillan and Co. Available

from http://www.econlib.org/library/Marshall/

marP.html [Accessed 15 Sep. 2013].

Chapter in

an edited

book


publication). Title. In Author(s)

[SURNAME, initials] (ed. or eds.) Title.


of publication: publisher, pp. [page

numbers].

KANDOLA, B. (2012). Focus groups. In SYMON, G. &

CASSELL, C. (eds.) Qualitative organizational research.

London: Sage, pp. 258–74.

Conference

paper

(published in

conference

proceedings)

Author(s) [SURNAME, initials) (Year of

publication). Title of paper. In

Author(s) [SURNAME, initials] (ed. or

eds.) or Originator Title of conference

proceedings. Place of publication:

publisher, pp. [page numbers].

EZINGEARD, J.-N., BIRCHALL, D. & SPINKS, N. (2002).

Understanding the Business and Technology

Landscape of the UK Engineering Industry: A Study of

the Intellectual Capital Base. In IEEE 2002 IEEE

International Engineering Management Conference.

Cambridge: IEEE, pp. 391–6.

Conference

paper

(not

published in

conference

proceedings)

Author(s) [SURNAME, initials) (Year of

publication). Title of paper. Paper

presented at Full title of conference.

Location of conference, date of

conference.

SPINKS, N. (2007). Process Governance: Moving OM

Beyond Planning and Control. Paper presented at

18th Annual Conference of the Production and

Operations Management Society. Dallas, 4–7 May

2007.

Journal

article


publication). Title of article. Name of

journal. Vol. [volume number], No.

[issue number], pp. [page numbers].

GREEN, L. V. & SAVIN, S. (2008). Reducing delays for

medical appointments: a queuing approach.

Operations Research. Vol. 56, No. 6, pp. 1526–38.



Journal

article

(online

journal)


publication). Title of article. Name of

journal [Online]. Vol. [volume

number], No. [issue number], pp.

[page numbers]. Available from URL or

DOI [Accessed date of access].

KELLE, U. (1997). Theory Building in Qualitative

Research and Computer Programs for the

Management of Textual Data. Sociological Research

Online [Online]. Vol. 2, No. 2. Available from

http://www.socresonline.org.uk/2/2/1.html

[Accessed 29 Apr. 2004].

Report

(named

authors)


publication). Title. Place of

publication: publisher.

BOSWORTH, D. (1999). Empirical Evidence of

Management Skills in the UK. Nottingham:

Department for Education and Employment.

Report

(authors not

named)

Originator (Year of publication). Title.

Place of publication: publisher.

ENGINEERING EMPLOYERS’ FEDERATION (2001).

Unlocking our potential: the case for supporting skills

development. London: Engineering Employers’

Federation.

Report

(online)

Author(s) [SURNAME, initials] or

Originator (Year of publication). Title.

[Online]. Available from URL or DOI

[Accessed date of access].

ROLLS-ROYCE (2013). Rolls-Royce Holdings plc annual

report 2012. [Online]. Available from

http://www.rolls-royce.com/Images/

rolls_royce_annual_report_2012_tcm92-44211.pdf

[Accessed 16 Sep. 2013].

Website Originator (Year). Title of site or page.

[Online]. Available from URL or DOI


TRANSPORT FOR LONDON (2012). Company

information. [Online]. Available from

http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/about-tfl/4510.aspx

[Accessed 16 Sep. 2013].

2.3 Common variations on the Harvard system

There are many variations on the Harvard style. Common ones include:

Author surnames in the reference list are not capitalised.

Item titles in the reference lists are underlined rather than shown in italics.


Abbreviations Vol. and No. in journal references omitted (see example in Vancouver

system).

Different conventions regarding punctuation of author initials, use of commas, etc.

‘Available at:’ (with or without colon) replaces ‘available from’ for online sources.

References to page numbers in citations replace ‘p’ with a colon. For example:

(Neville 2011, p. 8) is replaced by (Neville 2011: 8).

Make sure you check your institution’s requirements and, above all, be consistent.

3 The Vancouver system

The Vancouver system is an example of a recurrent numbering style of referencing.

3.1 Citing the work of others in your text

Each source is cited by using a number in superscript or brackets the first time it appears and

these numbers are then used in the reference list. The same number is used each time the

source is cited in the text. For example:

Greater clarity about your aims and objectives will improve your research project (1).

If you are using the author’s surname in the main text, insert the reference number after the

name, for example:

Jankowicz (1) argues that greater clarity about your aims and objectives will improve your research project.

Using superscript rather than brackets this would be written as ‘Jankowitz1 argues…’ If the

source has more than one author use the first author’s surname followed by et al. (meaning

‘and others’), for example ‘Danermark et al. (2) argue…’

When quoting directly from a source, you should include the page number from which the

quote is taken, for example:

‘Academic study involves not just presenting and describing ideas, but also being aware of where they came

from, who developed them, why and when’ (3, p 8).

Or:

Neville (3, p 2) points out that ‘many students find reference a pain, a mechanistic chore and a complete bore.’


If using superscript the referencing in the above examples would be Neville3 (p. 2)

.

If referencing more than one source in the same place, the sources should be cited in

numerical order, e.g.: (1,3,12) or 1,3,12

.

3.2 Formatting the Reference List

As with the Harvard system, the reference list is a list of all the works that you have

referenced in your writing. It is usually placed at the end of the main text, before any

appendices.

Under the Vancouver system, all of the references appear in a single numbered list in the

order in which they are cited in the main body, for example:

1. Jankowicz A. Business research projects. 4th edn. London: Thomson; 2005.

2. Danermark B, Ekström M, Jakobsen L, Karlsson JC. Explaining society: critical realism in

the social sciences. London: Routledge; 2002.

3. Neville C. The complete guide to referencing and avoiding plagiarism. 2nd edn. Maidenhead:

Open University Press; 2010.

The referencing system lays down conventions regarding how different types of work (i.e.

book, academic journal article, website, etc.) should appear in the reference list. Reference to

online material is made by giving the full URL (Uniform Resource Locator) which is the web

address at which the material is located or, if it is available, the DOI (Digital Object

Identifier) which is a unique digital identifier for an electronic document such as a book or

journal. The date on which the material is accessed is also included in the reference, as shown

in the examples below.

Table 2 gives examples of widely-used source types using the Vancouver system.


Table 2: Example referencing using the Vancouver system


Book

(single

author)

Author(s) [Surname initials]. Title.


of publication: publisher; year of

publication.

Mintzberg H. The nature of managerial work. New

York: Harper and Row; 1973.

Book

(multiple

authors)

Separate multiple authors with a

comma.

For more than six authors, list the first

six, separated by commas, and replace

the names of others with et al. (‘and

others’).

Coghlan D, Brannick T. Doing action research in your

own organization. 3rd edition. London: Sage; 2010.

Book

(edited)

Author(s) [Surname initials] (ed. or

eds.). Title. Edition number [if not the

first]. Place of publication: publisher;

year of publication.

Fleetwood S, Ackroyd S (eds.). Critical realist

applications in organisation and management

studies. London: Routledge; 2004.

Book

(online)


Edition number [if not the first].

[Online] Place of publication:

publisher; year of publication.

Available from URL [Accessed date of

access].

Marshall A. Principles of economics. 8th Edition.

[Online] London: Macmillan and Co; 1920. Available

from http://www.econlib.org/library/Marshall/

marP.html (Accessed 15 Sep. 2013).



Chapter in

an edited

book

Author(s) [Surname initials]. Title. In:

Author(s) [Surname initials] (ed. or

eds.) Title. Edition number [if not the

first]. Place of publication: publisher;

year of publication, p [page numbers].

Kandola B. Focus groups. In: Symon G, Cassell C (eds.)

Qualitative organizational research. London: Sage;

2012, p 258–74.

Conference

paper

(published in

conference

proceedings)

Author(s) [Surname initials]. Title of

paper. In: Author(s) [Surname initials]

(ed. or eds.) or Originator Title of

conference proceedings. Place of

publication: publisher; year of

publication, p [page numbers].

Ezingeard J-N, Birchall D, Spinks N. Understanding the

Business and Technology Landscape of the UK

Engineering Industry: A Study of the Intellectual

Capital Base. In: IEEE 2002 IEEE International

Engineering Management Conference. Cambridge:

IEEE; 2002, p 391–6.

Conference

paper

(not

published in

conference

proceedings)


paper. Paper presented at Full title of

conference; Date of conference [year,

month, day]; Location of conference.

Spinks N. Process Governance: Moving OM Beyond

Planning and Control. Paper presented at 18th

Annual Conference of the Production and Operations

Management Society; 2007 May 4–7; Dallas.

Journal

article


article. Name of journal. Year of

publication; volume number (issue

number): page numbers.

Green L V, Savin S. Reducing delays for medical

appointments: a queuing approach. Operations

Research. 2008; 56(6): 1526–38.



Journal

article

(online

journal)


article. Name of journal [Online] Year

of publication; volume number (issue

number): page numbers. Available

from URL or DOI [Accessed date of

access).

Kelle U. Theory Building in Qualitative Research and

Computer Programs for the Management of Textual

Data. Sociological Research Online [Online] 1997;

2(2). Available from http://www.socresonline.org.uk/

2/2/1.html [Accessed 29 Apr. 2004].

Report

(named

authors)


Place of publication: publisher; year of

publication.

Bosworth D. Empirical Evidence of Management Skills

in the UK. Nottingham: Department for Education

and Employment; 1999.

Report

(authors not

named)

Originator. Title. Place of publication:

publisher; year of publication.

Engineering Employers’ Federation. Unlocking our

potential: the case for supporting skills development.

London: Engineering Employers’ Federation; 2001.

Report

(online)

Author(s) [Surname initials] or

Originator. Title. [Online]. Year of

publication. Available from URL or DOI


Rolls-Royce. Rolls-Royce Holdings plc annual report

2012. [Online]. 2013. Available from

http://www.rolls-royce.com/Images/rolls_royce_

annual_report_2012_tcm92-44211.pdf [Accessed 16

Sep. 2013].

Website Originator. Title of site or page.

[Online]. Year. Available from URL or

DOI [Accessed date of access].

Transport for London. Company information.

[Online]. 2012. Available from http://www.tfl.gov.uk/

corporate/about-tfl/4510.aspx [Accessed 16 Sep.

2013].

3.3 Common variations on the Vancouver system

There are many variations on the Vancouver style. Common ones include:


Author surnames in the reference list are capitalised.

Use of Vol. [volume] and No. [issue number] when referencing journals (see example

in the Harvard system).

Different conventions regarding punctuation of author initials, use of commas, etc.

‘Available at:’ (with or without colon) replaces ‘available from’ for online sources.

As with any referencing system, make sure you check your institution’s requirements and,

above all, be consistent.

Reference

Neville, C. (2010). The complete guide to referencing and avoiding plagiarism. 2nd ed.

Maidenhead: Open University Press.

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