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7. Hoplarchus psittacus
Figure 07. Hoplarchus psittachus
Description
Distribution in South America,
Amazon River basin, in the Negro,
Preto da Eva, rubu and !amari
rivers in "razi#$ a#so in tributaries o%
the upper &rinoco River basin. A#so
%ound in s'amps and #a(es. )he %ood
is *ua#it+ %#a(es or cich#id pe##ets
shou#d be given to Parrot cich#id
a#ong 'ith meat+ %oods #i(e chopped
earth'orms, b#ood 'orms and
shrimp pe##ets. &rigin in South
America$ Parrot cich#ids are %ound in
the b#ac( 'ater areas o% "razi#,
o#ombia, and -enezue#a.
Pen+ebaran di daerah Ameri(a
Se#atan, #embah sungai Amazon,
Negro, Preto Eva, rubu dan sungai
!amari di "razi#$ serta ana( sungai
&rinoco. ere(a /uga bisa
ditemu(an di ra'a dan danau.
a(anann+a ada#ah %#a(es
ber(ua#itas atau pe##et i(an +ang
harus diberi(an dan diimbangi
dengan ma(anan berdaging seperti
potongan cacing tanah, cacing darah,
dan pe##et udang. Parrot chichlid
berasa# dari Ameri(a Se#atan, mere(a
ditemu(an di area black water "razi#,
o#umbia, dan -enezue#a.
#assi%ication
Domain Eu(ar+a
1ingdom Anima#ia
Ph+#um hordata
Subph+#um -ertebrata
Superc#ass Pisces
#ass &steichth+es
Subc#ass Actinopter+gii
&rder Perci%ormes
Fami#+ ich#idae
2enus 3op#archus
Species Hoplarchus
psittachus
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Se4ing is parrot cich#ids can be
di%%icu#t to se4, but it is be#ieved that
the ma#es are #arger 'ith a %u##er
bod+ shape. "reeding #i(e most
cich#ids, these %ish are bi5parenta#
spa'ners. )he ma#e 'i## c#ean a
spa'ning site on a %#at roc( or the
substrate and 'hen the %ema#e is
read+, she 'i## #a+ her eggs there
read+ to be %erti#ised b+ the ma#e.
)he batches o% eggs 'i## be re#ative#+
sma## 6005800 eggs9, compared to
other cich#ids and both parents 'i##
#oo( a%ter the eggs and %r+. )his
species can be ver+ di%%icu#t to get to
spa'n.
:i%espan is the e4pected #i%e
span %or 3op#archus psittacus is 0
+ears. )he parrot cich#id has been out
o% %ashion in the a*uarium trade but
is s#o'#+ starting to ma(e a
comebac(. )he+ shou#d not be
con%used 'ith the co#oured parrot
%ish that are so popu#ar no'ada+s.
3op#archus psittacus re*uire so%t,
acidic 'ater 'ith regu#ar 'ater
changes.
!enis (e#aminn+a susah
ditentu(an, tapi di+a(ini bah'a
pe/antan beru(uran #ebih besar
dengan bentu( tubuh +ang gempa#.
ara (a'inn+a seperti cich#id pada
umumn+a, i(an ini ada#ah pembia(
bi5parenta#. ;(an /antan a(an
membersih(an tempat untu( berte#ur
di bebatuan +ang datar atau substrat
dan (eti(a betina sudah siap, dia
a(an menetas(an te#urn+a disana
untu( dibuahi o#eh pe/antan.
1umpu#an te#ur re#ative (eci# 6005
800 te#ur9 dibanding(an dengan
anggota cich#id #ain dan (edua indu(
i(an a(an mera'at te#ur dan ana(
mere(a. Spesies ini bisa /adi sangat
su#it untu( ber(embangbia(.
asa hidup +ang bisa
diharap(an dari i(an ini ada#ah 0
tahun. Parrot cichlid sudah
(etingga#an zaman da#am
perdagangan i(an a*uarium tapi #ama
se(a#i untu( bisa ter/ua#. ere(a
mestin+a tida( per#u bimbang dengan
parrot ber'arna +ang sudah popu#ar
ini. Hoplarchus psittachus
memer#u(an air dengan (easaman
+ang rendah diganti secara teratur.
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8. Carassius auricatis
Figure 0<. Carassius auricatus
Description
)+pe :oca#it+ in rivers o%
hina and !apan. :atinized %orm o%
the French Varnacular carassin or
2erman karuse, %or the European
carp or crucian, Carassius carassius$
auratus go#d or go#den. Size in =0<
mm 680 in9. 2o#d%ish e4hibit a
variet+ o% co#ors and morpho#ogiesunder se#ective breeding programs.
3o'ever, 'hen re#eased %rom
captivit+ these high#+ co#ored
varieties revert 'ithin a %e'
generations to their natura# b#ac(#ish
green dorsum and upper sides
+e##o'ish or cream5co#ored #o'er5
3abitatn+a ada#ah sungai di
ina dan !epang. Di(ena# /uga
dengan nama Varnacular carassin di
Prancis, keruse di !erman, gurame
Eropa, Carassius carassius,
auratus,dan i(an mas. (uran tubuh
=0< mm 680 inci9. ;(an mas
menun/u((an variasi 'arna dan
mor%o#ogi dengan program (a'in
se#e(ti%. es(ipun begitu, (eti(a
diri#is, varietas dengan 'arna +ang
bervariasi ini (emba#i dengan
beberapa generasi (e 'arna as#in+a
+aitu bagian dorsa# dan sisi atas hi/au
(ehitaman, sisi ba'ah (e(uningan5
#assi%ication
Domain Eu(ar+a
1ingdom Anima#ia
Ph+#um hordata
Subph+#um -ertebrata
Superc#ass Pisces
#ass &steichth+es
Subc#ass Actinopter+gii
&rder +prini%ormes
Fami#+ +prinidae
2enus arassius
Species Carassius
auricatus
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sides 6Ross 8009. Robust minno'
'ith a short, deep, thic(ened bod+.
;ntroduced state'ide, o%ten as a
resu#t o% a*uarium re#eases$survive
on#+ in scattered #ocations and
usua##+ on#+ %or short periods o% time
63ubbset a# >>9. sua##+ %ound in
the *uiet 'aters o% streams and
ponds, especia##+ those supporting
abundant gro'ths o% submerged
vegetation. )he+ are some'hat
to#erant o% #o' o4+gen #eve#s. ?hen
'ater temperatures are above =.@
)he %ema#e ma+ be
accompanied b+ t'o or more ma#es,
and the eggs re#eased over
submerged a*uatic vegetation
Fecundit+ Fema#es ma+ scatter up to
B000 demersa#, adhesive eggs at one
time. ;ndividua# %ema#es ma+ spa'n
severa# times during the spa'ning
season.
Feed on a variet+ o% items,
%rom vegetation 6'hich ma+ be
incidenta#9 to #arva# and adu#t insects.
&mnivorous, 'ith adu#ts %eeding
more on ph+top#an(ton, and +oung
%eeding most#+ on zoop#an(ton and
insect #arvae.
atau (rem 6Ross, 8009. Robus i(an
+ang amat (eci# memi#(i tubuh
pende( dan teba#.
Di(ena# di se#uruh negara,
sering(a#i sebagai tu/uan ri#is
a*uarium$ bertahan di #o(asi +ang
terpencar5pencar dan biasan+a han+a
untu( /ang(a 'a(tu +ang re#ative
sing(at 63ubbset a# >>9. "iasan+a
ditemu(an di genangan air sungai
dan (o#am, (hususn+a ber#impah
pada vegetasi +ang ber%usi. ere(a
bisa bertahan dengan (adar o(sigen
+ang rendah dengan suhu air di atas
=.@ [email protected].
"etina bo#eh /adi disertai o#eh
dua atau #ebih pe/antan, dan te#urn+a
di(e#uar(an pada daerah vegetasi
a(uati( +ang ber%usi. 1esuburan
betina bisa memprodu(si #ebih dari
B000 te#ur adesi% se(a#i 'a(tu.
;ndividu betina bisa berte#ur
beberapa (a#i se#ama musim berte#ur.
a(anann+a bervariasi, dari
vegetasi 6+ang mung(in mengandung
resi(o9 sampai #arva dan serangga
de'asa. &mni%or +ang de'asa
dominan mema(an %itop#an(ton,
+ang muda (eban+a(an mema(an
zoop#an(ton dan #arva serangga.
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ommercia# or environmenta#
importance because the go#d%ish is
easi#+ maintained under arti%icia#
conditions 6and is a Chard+C species9,
it has been used e4tensive#+ in
ph+sio#ogica# research and to4icit+
testing9. )he go#d%ish has a#so been
used in genetic studies concerned
'ith comparative variation in 'i#d
versus domesticated stoc(s.
)he go#d%ish is an e4otic
species and has been imp#icated in
the demise o% the Pahrump (i##i%ish
6 Empetrichthys latos9 in southern
Nevada. As 'ith a## e4otic species,
indiscriminate re#ease o% go#d%ish
shou#d be avoided.
"ersi%at (omersia# atau penting
bagi #ing(ungan (arena i(an mas
dapat dengan mudah bertahan da#am
#ing(ungan buatan 6dan merupa(an
spesies +ang tahan9, mere(a
diguna(an secara e(stensi% da#am
riset %sio#ogi dan u/i to(si(. ;(an mas
/uga diguna(an da#am studi geneti(a
+ang men+ang(ut perbandingan
variasi antara (e#ompo( #iar dan
(e#ompo( +ang sudah
terdomesti(asi.
;(an mas ada#ah spesies
e(soti( dan sudah terpaut da#am
(ematian a(ibat spesies i(an
pemangsa Pahrump 6 Empetrichthys
latos9 di bagian se#atan Nevada.
Sama ha#n+a dengan semua spesies
e(soti( #ain, sembarangan memi#ih
i(an mas ini harus dihindar(an.
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10. Polypterus senegalus
Figure 0. Polypterus senegalus
Description
)he Senega# "ichir, Polypterus
senegalus, a#so (no'n as the 2ra+
"ichir and uvierCs "ichir, is
sometimes ca##ed the dinosaur ee#
at man+ #oca# pet chains 5 a
misnomer, as the creature is not an
ee#. ;t is a %ish, a protot+pica# species
o% the Po#+pterus genus, meaning
most o% its %eatures are he#d across
the genus.
Senegal Bichir , Polypterus
senegalus, +ang /uga di(ena# dengan
Gray Bichir dan Cuviers Bichir
ter(adang disebut /uga sebagai be#ut
dinosaurus di serentetan tempat
he'an pe#iharaan G ada#ah sebuah
isti#ah +ang tida( coco(, (arena
he'an ini bu(an#ah see(or be#ut. Dia
ada#ah i(an, spesies as#i dari genus
Po#+pterus, +ang berarti bah'a
(eban+a(an dari cirin+a terdapat /uga
pada genusn+a.
#assi%ication
Domain Eu(ar+a
1ingdom Anima#ia
Ph+#um hordata
Subph+#um -ertebrata
Superc#ass Pisces
#ass &steichth+es
Subc#ass Actinopter+gii
&rder Po#+pteri%ormes
Fami#+ Po#+pteridae
2enus Po#+pterus
Species Polypterus
senegalus
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)he bod+ is #ong and about as
deep as it is 'ide. A serrated dorsa#
%in runs a#ong most o% the bod+ unti#
it meets the cauda# %in. )he pectora#
%ins attach /ust behind and be#o' the
gi## openings and are the primar+
means o% #ocomotion, providing a
s#o', grace%u# appearance. P!
senegalus is sma##er than its brethren,
reaching about H=.= cm 6B9.
)he head is sma## and #izard5
#i(e 'ith a gaping mouth and sma##
e+es on either side. Since its e+esight
is poor the bichir primari#+ hunts b+
sme##. E4terna# nostri#s protrude
%rom the nose o% the %ish to enab#e
this. )he %ish has a pair o% primitive
#ungs instead o% a s'im b#adder ,
a##o'ing it to periodica##+ gu#p air
%rom the sur%ace o% the 'ater. ;n the
a*uarium bichirs can be observed
dashing to the sur%ace %or this
purpose.
)ubuhn+a pan/ang dan
disesuai(an dengan #ebarn+a. Sirip
punggung +ang terpisah5pisah
terdapat di sepan/ang tubuhn+a
sampai (e sirip e(or. Sirip pectora#
me#e(at tepat di be#a(ang ba'ah
bu(aan insang dan ber%ungsi sebagai
a#at pergera(an utama, mendu(ung
gera(ann+a +ang #ambat dan anggun.
P! senegalus beru(uran #ebih (eci#
dari (e#ompo(n+a +ang #ain, +aitu
se(itar H=,= cm 6B9.
1epa#an+a (eci# seperti (epa#a
(ada# dengan mu#ut +ang #ebar dan
mata +ang (eci# di tiap sisin+a.
1arena (emampuan peng#ihatann+a
sangat terbatas, bichir umumn+a
mencari mangsan+a dengan
mengguna(an penciumann+a. Nostri#
#uar +ang menon/o# dari hidungn+a
mendu(ung ha# tersebut. ;(an ini
memi#i(i sepasang paru5paru
primitive sebagai pengganti
ge#embung renang, 3a# itu
membantun+a untu( menghirup
udara secara periodic dari permu(aan
air. 3a# ini bisa dibu(ti(an dengan
me#ihat bichir +ang me#ompat (e
permu(aan da#am a(uarium.
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Provided the s(in remains moist, the
creature can remain out o% the 'ater
%or near inde%inite periods o% time.
)his bichirCs s(in serves as a
particu#ar#+ e%%ective armor.
)here are be#ieved to be three
subspecies o% Po#+pterus senega#us,
these are Po#+pterus senega#us
senega#us, Po#+pterus senega#us
meridiona#is and a %urther unnamed
species. ni%orm bro'nish5gre+ to
o#ive co#our on dorsa# sur%ace,
ventra# sur%ace 'hitish. No banding
on adu#ts, ver+ +oung /uveni#es sho'
three horizonta# bands. pper /a'
s#ight#+ #onger than #o'er /a'. <5
dorsa# %in#ets.
"ichirs are predator+ %ish and
in captivit+ 'i## ta(e an+ #ive or dead
anima# that can be s'a##o'ed or
bro(en apart and then s'a##o'ed.
)he on#+ thing preventing a bichir
%rom empt+ing an a*uarium o%
sma##er %ish is its speed$ the pectora#
%ins on#+ a##o'5
1arena (u#itn+a +ang #embab, i(an
ini bisa bertahan di #uar #ing(ungan
+ang berair untu( beberapa 'a(tu
+ang tida( dapat ditentu(an.
1u#itn+a /uga bergungsi sebagai
pe#indung +ang e%e(ti%.
Ada tiga subspecies dari
Polypterus senegalus, +aitu
Polypterus senegalus senegalus,
Polypterus senegalus meridionalis,
dan satu subspecies +ang be#um
memi#i(i nama. Permu(aan dorsa#
ber'arna abu5abu (eco(#atan sampai
'arna +ang meng(i#ap, pada
permu(aan ventra#n+a ber'arna aga(
putih. )ida( terdapat ber(as pada
i(an de'asa, sementara pada i(an
+ang masih muda terdapat tiga
ber(as horizonta#. Rahang atas
pan/ang dan ramping daripada
rahang ba'ahn+a, ada <5 %in#et
pada sirip punggungn+a.
"ichir ada#ah i(an predator
dan da#am ta'anann+a a(an
mema(an he'an hidup ataupun mati
+ang a(an dite#ann+a #angsung atau
diremu((an dahu#u baru (emudian
dite#an. Satu5satun+a pengha#angn+a
da#am membasmi i(an5i(an (eci# di
a(uarium ada#ah (ecepatann+a$ sirip
pe(tora#n+a han+a memung(inn+a5
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%or s#o' cruising, and 'hi#e it can
achieve amazing bursts o% speed, it
canCt catch %ish o% average speed.
2iven enough time, an+ %ish
that can %it in the bichirCs mouth 'i##
be eaten$ this %ish shou#d not be (ept
'ith an+ other %ish sma##er than three
inches.
"ichirs re*uire a #ot o% %#oor
space$ the height o% the tan( doesnCt
matter. Iou shou#d note that since
these specimens can gro' over 8
#ong, the+ shou#d be (ept in a =0J
ga##on tan(. )here shou#d be a gap o%
air in the tan( a##o'ing the bichir to
gu#p air, the tan( canCt be %u## o%
'ater. "ichirs are escape artists.
?ithout a secure #id on an a*uarium,
the %ish 'i## eventua##+ escape, and
go *uite a #ong distance be%ore
dr+ing out and d+ing.
"ichirs 'i## a#so ta(e dr+ %oods
such as shrimp pe##ets and
occasiona##+ cich#id pe##ets as 'e## as
%#a(es. )he+ 'i## readi#+ accept
%rozen b#ood'orms, b#ac('orms,
and other %rozen %oods. )he+ 'i##
a#so accept earth'orms. )a(e care to
'ash the 'orms a%ter co##ecting
them, and ma(e sure no pesticides
have been recent#+ spread.
ntu( bergera( #ambat, dan
saat dia bisa mencapai (ecepatan
penuh, dia tida( bisa menang(ap
mangsan+a dengan (ecepatan rata5
rata.
Sebagai tambahan, i(an apa
pun asa# sesuai dengan mu#ut bichir
a(an dima(an, tida( harus #ebih (eci#
dari tiga inci.
"ichir bisa di tempat(an di
berbagai /enis 'adah, bah(an da#am
tan(i pun tida( masa#ah. Iang harus
men/adi catatan ada#ah bah'a i(an
ini bisa tumbuh mencapai #ebih dari
8 inci, /adi mere(a harus dipe#ihara
da#am tan(i ga##on =0J. 3arus ada
ruang udara untu( memung(in(an
bichir menghirup udara, tan(i tida(
bo#eh penuh dengan air. "ichir
ada#ah artis +ang su(a (abur. )anpa
pen/agaan +ang (etat da#am
a(uarium, i(an ini a(an #ari, pergi
da#am 'a(tu +ang #ama sebe#um
a(hirn+a (ehausan dan mati.
"ichir /uga mema(an ma(anan
(ering seperti pe##et udang dan pe##et
cich#id #ain seperti %#a(es. ere(a
/uga mema(an bloodworm be(u,
blackworm, dan ma(anan be(u
#ainn+a. uci#ah cacing sete#ah5
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di(umpu#(an , dan pasti(an bah'a
tida( ada pestisida mencemarin+a.
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51 . Camel dramedarius
Figure =. Camel dramedarius
Description
ame# is one o% the most
'ide#+ (no'n Domesticated
amma#s and a "easts o% "urden
used most#+ in Dr+ and o#d Deserts.
)he+ be#ong to the 3oo%ed amma#s
group 'hich are (no'n as Even5
)oed ngu#ates in scienti%ic
#anguage. ?hen 'a#(ing, the came#
moves both %eet on one side o% its
bod+, then both %eet on the other.
)he average #i%e span o% came# is H0
to @0 +ears.
nta ada#ah sa#ah satu mama#ia
terdomesti(asi +ang pa#ing di(ena#
dan sebagai binatang pengang(ut
beban +ang pa#ing sering diguna(an
di daerah gurun +ang (ering dan
dingin. ere(a digo#ong(an (e
da#am (e#ompo( mama#ia ber(u(u
+ang da#am bahasa i#miahn+a di(ena#
dengan he'an ungu#atus. 1eti(a
ber/a#an, unta menggera((an (edua
tung(ain+a di satu sisi tubuhn+a,
(edua tung(ai +ang #ain di sisi
#ainn+a. asa hidup rata5ratan+a
ada#ah H0 sampai @0 tahun.
#assi%ication
Domain Eu(ar+a
1ingdom Anima#ia
Ph+#um hordata
Subph+#um -ertebrata
Superc#ass )etrapoda
#ass ama#ia
Subc#ass )heria
;n%rac#ass Eutheria
&rder Artiodact+#a
Fami#+ ame#idae
2enus ame#
Species Camel
dramedarius
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ame#s come in ever+ shade o%
"ro'n, %rom ream to a#most "#ac(.
A came#Ks thic( coat re%#ects
sun#ight, and a#so insu#ates it %rom
the intense heat radiated %rom desert
sand. ame#s are 'e## (no'n %or
their humps. A came#s hump or
humps raise about H0 inches out o%
its bod+. ame#s have ver+ #arge
e+es, 'ith a so%t, Doe5#i(e
e4pression. )hese are protected b+ a
doub#e ro' o% #ung cur#+ e+e#ashes
that a#so (eep out sand and dust,
'hi#e thic( bush+ e+ebro's shie#d
the e+es %rom the desert sun. ame#Ks
ears are sma## but its hearing is a
cute.
)he came# has a #arge mouth,
'ith HB sharp teeth. )he+ enab#e the
anima# to eat rough thorn+ bushes
'ithout damaging the #ining o% its
mouth, and can be used as biting
'eapons against predators i% and
'hen needed. A came#Ks nasa#
passages are protected b+ #arge
muscu#ar nostri#s that can be opened
and c#osed at 'i##. ?hen a came#
t'itches its nose. ;t is coo#ing the
incoming air and condensing
moisture %rom its outgoing breath.
nta umumn+a ber'arna
co(#at, dari 'arna (rem sampai
hampir hitam. :apisan teba# (u#it
unta mere%#e(si(an caha+a matahari,
dan /uga menginsu#asin+a dari
radiasi panas +ang ber#ebihan dari
pasir gurun. nta ter(ena# dengan
punu(n+a. Punu( unta bisa mencapai
H0 inci. nta memi#i(i mata +ang
sangat besar, dengan e(spresi #embut
seperti (i/ang betina. ata ini
di#indungi o#eh dua baris bu#u mata
+ang #enti( untu( menepis pasir dan
debu, sedang a#is matan+a +ang teba#
untu( me#indungi mata dari matahari
gurun. )e#ingan+a (eci# tapi
pendengarann+a bagus.
nta memi#i(i mu#ut +ang
besar dengan HB gigi +ang ta/am.
2igi ini memung(in(ann+a untu(
mema(an sema5sema( berduri +ang
(asar tanpa membaha+a(an bagian
da#am mu#utn+a, dan /uga sebagai
sen/ata untu( menggigit predator
mana(a#a diper#u(an. 3idungn+a
di#indungi o#eh otot nostri# besar
+ang bisa dibu(a tutup. 1eti(a unta
mengedut(an hidungn+a, itu a(an
mendingin(an udara +ang masu( dan
me#embab(an na%asn+a +ang (e#uar.
8/13/2019 Guide Book Lani
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/guide-book-lani 13/13
)he+ have #ong, thin #egs
'hich have po'er%u# musc#es
a##o'ing it to carr+ heav+ #oads over
#ong distances. )hic( ca##us5#i(e bare
spots o% dr+ s(in appear on a came#Ks
chest and (nee /oints 'hen it reaches
%ive month o% age. )hese #eather+
patches he#p support itKs bod+ 'eight
'hen (nee#ing, resting, and rising.
)he came#Ks rope5#i(e tai# is over =0
cm. A## came#s have a comp#e4, H5
compartmented stomach. A#though
the+ are not considered ruminants,
the+ do regurgitate and reche'
ingested %orage.
ere(a memi#i(i tung(ai +ang
#an/ang dan ramping dengan otot
+ang (uat untu( memba'a beban
+ang berat da#am /ara( +ang /auh.
"inti( (u#it teba# gundu# seperti
be#u#ang pada dada dan #ututn+a
men+atu saat dia berumur #ima
bu#an. )amba#an (ering ini
membantu mendu(ung berat
tubuhn+a saat ber#utut, istirahat, dan
menan/a(. E(orn+a +ang seperti ta#i
bisa mencapai =0 cm. Semua unta
memi#i(i sebuah #ambung +ang
(omp#e(s dengan H (ompartemen.
es(ipun mere(a bu(an he'an
ruminansia, tapi mere(a /uga
memuntah(an dan mengun+ah
(emba#i ma(anann+a.