groundwater. section 10.1 1. about 97% of the hydrosphere is contained in the oceans
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Groundwater
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Section 10.1
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1. About 97% of the HYDROSPHERE is contained in the oceans.
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2. The POLAR ICE CAPS and glaciers hold about 90% of Earth’s freshwater.
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3. Only a very small amount of all the Earth’s liquid FRESHWATER is contained in rivers, streams, and lakes.
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4. Water evaporates from seawater and forms invisible WATER VAPOR and visible clouds.
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5. The winds and WEATHER SYSTEMS move the atmospheric water all over Earth.
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6. PRECIPITATION, mostly in the form of rain and snow, falls into the oceans and on the land.
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7. Precipitation that falls on land enters the ground through the process of INFILTRATION and becomes groundwater.
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8. Small openings in subsurface Earth materials are pores, and the percentage of pore space in a material is its POROSITY.
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10., 11., 12.
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10. ZONE OF AERATION
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11. WATER TABLE
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12. ZONE OF SATURATION
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13. Depth below Earth’s surface at which groundwater completely fills all the pores of a material
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13. F ZONE OF SATURATION
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14. Permeable layers through which groundwater flows
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14. AAQUIFER
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15. Upper boundary of the zone of saturation
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15. DWATER TABLE
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16. Ability of a material to let water pass through it
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16. CPERMEABILITY
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17. Water found in the zone of saturation
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17. BGROUNDWATER
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18. Zone below the surface, but above the zone of saturation, where materials are moist
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18. EZONE OF AERATION
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19. What is gravitational water?
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19. Gravitational water is water that trickles downward because of the force of gravity.
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20. What is capillary water?
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20. Capillary water is water that is drawn upward from the water table and held in the pore spaces because of surface tension.
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21. How does the depth of the water table differ in stream valleys, swampy areas, and hilltops?
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21. Stream Valleys - close to surface Swampy areas - at surfaceHilltops - tens to hundreds of meters below the surface
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Section 10.3
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1. Natural discharge sites for groundwater on Earth’s surface are SPRINGS.
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In contrast to air temperatures, groundwater is colder in the summer and warmer in the winter
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2. However, in some regions of the United States, HOT SPRINGS will give off very warm or hot water.
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3. Explosive hot springs that erupt on a regular basis are GEYSERS
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True or False
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4. Some lakes are fed by karst springs, which are like underground rivers emerging from the ground.
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4. True
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5. All springs have essentially the same temperature of water
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5. Falsestatements that say ALWAYS, ALL or NEVER are normally not True
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6. Geysers are hot springs that erupt at regular intervals.
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6. True
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7. To obtain water, a WELL must tap into an aquifer.
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8. The difference between the original water-table level and the water level in the pumped well is called the DRAWDOWN.
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9. In order for the water supply of the wells to be replenished, water from precipitation and runoff must RECHARGE the zone of saturation.
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10. An ARTESIAN WELL contains water that is under pressure, which may cause that well water to spurt into the air.
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True or False
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11. To produce water, a well must be drilled deep into aquicludes.
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11. FalseTo produce water, a well must be drilled into the aquifer (zone of saturation)
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12. It is very difficult to cause drawdown in and aquifer, no matter how many wells are tapped into the aquifer
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12. FalseMany wells will cause ground water levels to lower
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13. An important artesian aquifer in the United States is the Ogallala Aquifer
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13. True
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14. What are four common sources of groundwater pollution?
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14. sewage, industrial waste, landfills, agricultural chemicals
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15. What are two natural pollutants?
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15. Salt and Radioactive Radon Gas
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16. How can salt get into freshwater supplies?
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16. Overpumping of wells can cause underlying salt water to rise into the wells and contaminate the freshwater aquifer.
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17. Where does radon originate?
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17. Radon is generated by the radioactive decay of uranium in rocks and sediments, especially granite and shale.
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True or False
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18. Subsidence is caused by flooding caves
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18. False
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19. Most pollution plumes spread extremely slowly, and time is available for alternate water supplies to be found.
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19. True
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20. Most chemical contaminants can be removed easily from the groundwater and aquifers
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20. False
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21. If the recharge areas of confined aquifers are polluted, then the aquifer becomes polluted, too.
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21. True