groundwater in mekong delta - iges...groundwater in mekong delta bui tran vuong, ph.d. pham van...

GROUNDWATERIN MEKONG DELTAIN MEKONG DELTA

Bui Tran Vuong, Ph.D.hPham Van Cuong, Eng.

DIVISION OF WATER RESOURCES PLANNINGAND INVESTIGATION FOR THE SOUTH OF VIETNAM

ContentsContents

d i1. Introduction

2. Physical backgroundy g

3. Legal and institutional framework

4 Problem descriptions4. Problem descriptions

5. Research questions and objectives

6. Data availability

7 Training needs and capacity development7. Training needs and capacity development

8. Expectations from the project

1 Introduction1. Introduction• Map of the study area

1 Introduction1. Introduction

Social and economics•Area: 3.957 M ha, •Population: 16.7 M, •13 provinces. •50% of food prod, 70% f f it d•70% of fruit prod.

•80% fish production> 80 % t i•> 80 % export rice

1 Introduction1. Introduction(Ground)Water resources development and management

State Responsibilities for Water Resources Management.

• The Government carrying out unified state management on water resources

• The Ministry of Natural Resources and the Environment y(MONRE) implementing state management on water resources

• Ministries, ministerial level agencies implementing state management on water resources according to assignments given by the Government

• People’s Committees (provincial level) being responsible for state management on water resources within their localities

(Ground)Water resources development and management

1. IntroductionProblems and challenges• Water availability/sustainable levels of extraction at a aquifery q

scale. There is now an urgent need to define the sustainablelimits of groundwater extraction at local (aquifer) levels, andto manage total extractions within those limitsto manage total extractions within those limits.

• Integrating groundwater considerations into broad socio‐economic development planning. Groundwater resource

il bili d l bili ll i i b iavailability and vulnerability to pollution is not beingconsidered in the socio‐economic development planningresulting in potential investment in unsustainableg pdevelopment.

• Groundwater quality protection issues includet i ti f d t b l d ti iti bcontamination of groundwater by land use activities, bore

construction and abandonment, salinity intrusion andarsenic liberation.

1. IntroductionP bl d h llProblems and challenges• Groundwater planning. A suitable model for integrated

groundwater management planning that addresses thegroundwater management planning that addresses theissues discussed above on a system (aquifer or group ofaquifers) basis, including extraction limits, water sharing,

t l l t t f i t iwater level management, management of impacts on riversand other dependent ecosystems, and water qualityprotection, has not yet been developed.p , y p

• Monitoring of groundwater: The current poor level ofgroundwater survey is proving a major impediment todecision making and is seriously impeding the application ofdecision making and is seriously impeding the application ofIWRM approaches to groundwater management.Groundwater status and water extractions and data

l d h fmanagement issues include characterisation of resources,monitoring groundwater status and behaviour, monitoring ofextractions and data sharing.e t act o s a d data s a g

1. IntroductionProblems and challenges• Awareness. At both the central government and provincial

levels there is generally very poor appreciation oflevels, there is generally very poor appreciation ofgroundwater management issues, in particular the need toconsider groundwater in socio‐economic development. Ath i l l h i l f hthe community level, there is even less awareness of theneed to conserve groundwater resources and of the impactspeople’s activities have on groundwater.p p g

• Strengthening legal/administrative frameworks. The legaland administrative frameworks are currently poorlyd l d d t ll ll d t ddeveloped and are not generally well understood.

• State water management capacity. State groundwatermanagement capacity is currently very limited. Themanagement capacity is currently very limited. Thegroundwater bureau within DWRM is far too small innumber and capacity to undertake the significant tasksassigned to itassigned to it.

1 Introduction1. Introduction

• Previous and on‐going projects and researches

2 Physical background2. Physical background

G h lGeomorphology•Average elevation of 0.7 to 1 2 m except for some high1.2 m, except for some high hills in the northern delta province of An Giang•Along the Cambodian border, elevation is from the 2.0 to 4 0 m high then lower to the4.0 m high, then lower to the central plains in the 1.0 to 1.5 m high, and only 0 0.3 to 0, 7

i th tid l t lm in the tidal, coastal area.

2. Physical backgroundGeology

Bedrocks in the MD vary in yage from the D‐C‐1 to Eocen‐Oligocen, E2‐3 period

Cover sediments vary in age N to Qperiod

N‐Q sediments are grouped into formations h i diff l i lhaving different geological ages.

Each formation, sediments are further classified into sub‐formations having gdifferent types of sediment origins

2. Physical backgroundGeology

(a)‐ alluvial; (am) – alluvial‐marine; (ab) – alluvial‐swamp; (m)‐marine; (mb) –marine‐swamp; (b) – swamp; (mv) – marine – eoluvial; (bm) – swamp‐marine;

2. Physical background

Geology


P i i iPrecipitation• The average rainfall of

i t l 1800approximately 1800 mm,

• uneven distribution both in space and timespace and time.

• The western region has the most rainfall with annualmost rainfall with annual average from 2000‐2400 mm, while the east has from 1600‐1800 mm rainfall on average.


TTemperature

•The annual average i i

28 500

29.00

Annual Average Temperature

temperature varies in range of 26.5‐28oC. The lowest monthly temperature is 27 500

28.00

28.500

Bac Lieu

Ben Tre

Ca Mau

monthly temperature is 25.5oC in January with and the warmest is 28.5oC in

26.500

27.00

27.500

Temp., oC

Tra Vinh

Can Tho

Dong Thap

An Giang

April.

•Increase trend from 2008.25.500

26.00

26.500Long An

Tien Giang

Kien Giang

Soc Trang

25.00

25.500

1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010

Year

g

Vinh Long


Monthly evaporationMonthly evaporation

•The evaporation regime changes over time and

160.00

Monthly Average Evaporation (1988‐2010)

changes over time and space.

•Evaporation is highest in 120.00

140.00

po., m

m

Bac Lieu

Ben Tre

Ca Mau

the months III, IV andV. The highest amounts for these months varies around 100‐

100.00

hly Average

Evap Tra Vinh

Can Tho

Dong Thap

An Giangmonths varies around 100140 mm.

•As soon as the rain starts in 60.00

80.00

Month Long An

Tien Giang

Kien Giang

Soc Trang

months VIII to IX, lower evaporation is reached, from 40‐80 mm.

40.00

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Month

g

Vinh Long

40 80 mm.

Hydrogeology2. Physical background

Hydrogeology

Hydrogeological map


Hydrogeology

There are eight distinct aquifersin the MD:in the MD: 1. Holocene aquifer (qh); 2. Upper Pleistocene aquifer (qp3); 3

3. Upper‐middle Pleistocene aquifer (qp2‐3);

4 Lower Pleistocene aquifer (qp );4. Lower Pleistocene aquifer (qp1); 5. Middle Pliocene aquifer (n2

2); 6. Lower Pliocene aquifer (n2

1); 7. Upper Miocene aquifer (n1

3) 8. Upper‐Middle Miocene aquifer

(n12‐3)

Hydrogeological map

(n1 ).

Hydrogeology

Hydrogeological cross‐section

Hydrogeology


Hydrogeology


Upper Pleistocene qp3

Upper‐middle Pleistocene qp2‐3

Lower Pleistocene qp1

Middle Pliocene n22

Lower Pliocene n21

Upper Miocene n13

2. Physical background2. Physical backgroundHydrology•The Mekong Delta river system g yincludes relatively dense network of natural rivers and canals.•Long natural rivers are Tien and gHau, flow to the sea in estuaries via nine river mouths, transfer large amounts of water to the total annual flow of 325 41 billion m3 in Tan Chauflow of 325.41 billion m3 in Tan Chau and 82.43 billion m3 in Chau Doc stations.•Both the Tien river Hau river is•Both the Tien river, Hau river is wide and deep, the average width of about 1000‐1500 m, with an average depth of 10‐20 m.depth of 10 20 m.

2. Physical background2. Physical background

Hydrology•The Vam Co river consists of two branches Vam Co Dong and Vam Co Tay, is derived from Cambodia, flows east through the Mekong Deltaeast through the Mekong Delta•The Cai Lon‐Cai Be are the tidal rivers, derived from the center of the Ca Mau and flows to the sea through gthe Cai Lon river mouth. The estuary is very wide but not deep heart. •The system of canals has been classified into 3 levels, namely of major, primary and secondary canal systems. The system of canals is quite dense having a density of 80‐10dense, having a density of 80 10 m/ha and a total length of 30.000‐40000 km.

3. Legal and institutional framework

Legal Framework

•Constitution 1992 (Amended in 2001)Constitution 1992 (Amended in 2001)

•Water resources law ‐ No.13/2012/QH13

•Government Decree No 179/199/NĐ CP delivered•Government Decree No. 179/199/NĐ‐CP delivered 30/12/1999 on the implementation of water resources law (being amended)law (being amended).

•Secondary regulations on implementation of water resourcesresources.

•Other related Laws ( Land, Fishery, Forest, Dykes, Environment )Environment …)

•Policies and strategies for water sector•State management of Vietnam’s water sector•State management of Vietnam s water sector

Position and Key Dimensions of Water Sector Legislation in Vietnam

Basic Regulation

Constitution 1992

Legislation on Water

Law on Water Resources 2012;

Decree No1992

(Amended in 2001)

Sector in Vietnam

Decree No. 179/1999/ND‐

CP

Basic strategy andprotection, exploitation

prevention, resistance and overcome of

international managemeninspection

andOwnership

Basic investigation

strategy and planning

exploitation and

utilization

any adverse consequences caused by by

water

financeinternational relations

management

and distiputessettlement

MINISTEROrganizational set‐up for water resources

DEPUTY MINISTERS

State management Departments State non-business Units Businesses

management

Land Administration

Environment Administration

Dept of Geology and Minerals of

VN

Dept of Water Resources

International Cooperation Dept

Planning Dept

Science and

National Hydrometeorology Centre

Centre of Water Resources Investigation and Planning

National Remote Sensing Centre

VietNam Natural Resources and Enviroment Corporation

Viet Nam Publishing House of Natural Resources EnvironmentAdministration

Sea and Island Administration

Management

Information Technology Dept

Dept of Hydrometeorology

Technology Dept

Legal Dept

Finance Dept

Em lation and

Centre

Centre for Nursing and Rehabilitation

Natural Resources and Environmet Newspaper

Natural Resources and

Natural Resources, Environment and Cartography

Hydrometeorogical and Enviroment Equipment Joint Stock

CompanyHydrometeorology

and Climate Change

Dept of Survey and Mapping of VN

Emulation and Commedation Dept

Organization and Personnel Dept

Inspectorate

Environmet Magazine

VietNam Enviroment Protection Fund

Institute for Natural Resources and Enviroment

Strategies and Policies

Office

Office of Party Committee of the Ministry

specto ate

Ministry’s representative

Agency in HCMCity

Strategies and Policies

VietNam Institute of Geosciences and Mineral

Resources

Institute of Meteorology, Hydrology and Enviroment

Office of Trade Union of the Ministry

Office Steering Committee 33

S di Offi Vi

y gy

VietNam Institute of Geodesy and Cartography

HaNoi University for Natural Resources and Enviroment

MONREStanding Office Vietnam

National Mekong Committee

Rating Council Office of Mineral Reserves

University of Natural Resources and Enviroment of

HCM city

Central College of Natural Resources and Enviroment

Department of Water Resources Management

DIRECTORY BOAD(DWRM)

DEPAT. OF PLANNING -ADMINISTRATION

DEPARTMENTSDEPARTMENTS CENTERSCENTERS

CENTRE FOR WATER RESOURCES TECHNOLOGY

DEPAT. OF SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY AND

INTERNATIONAL RELATION

RESOURCES TECHNOLOGY

CENTRE FOR WATER RESOURCES

APPRAISEMENT ANDDEPAT. OF LEGAL AND

POLICY ON WATER RESOURCES

DEPAT. OF WATER RESOURCES SURVEY AND

APPRAISEMENT AND CONSULTANCY

CENTRE FOR WATER RESOURCES INFORMATION

AND ECONOMYRESOURCES SURVEY AND INVESTIGATION

B DEPAT. OF WATER RESOURCES PLANNING AND

DEVELOPMENT

N CONO

DEVELOPMENT

OFFICE

CENTRE FOR WATER RESOURCES PLANNING AND INVESTIGATION (CWRPI)

MINISTRY OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIROMENT

CENTRE FOR WATER RESOURCES PLANNING AND INVESTIGATION

OFFCIE BUREAU FOR PLANNING ANDOFFCIE BUREAU FOR PLANNING AND FINANCING

BUREAU FOR WATER RESOURCES PLANNING

SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY AND INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION

BUREAU FOR SURFACE WATER INVESTIGATION AND

INVENTORY

RESOURCES PLANNINGCOOPERATION

BUREAU FOR GROUNDWATER INVESTIGATION AND

INVENTORY

CENTRE FOR WATER

CENTRE FOR WATER

DIVISION FOR WATER

DIVISION FOR WATER

DIVISION FOR WATER

CENTRE FOR WATER

CENTRE FOR WATER

RESOURCES DATA BASE AND INFORMATION

RESOURCES PLANNING AND INVESTIGATION

CONSULTACY AND SERVICES

RESOURCES PLANNING AND INVESTIGATION FOR THE NORTH

OF VIETNAM

RESOURCES PLANNING AND INVESTIGATION

FOR THE CENTRAL

REGION OF VIETNAM

RESOURCES PLANNING AND INVESTIGATION FOR THE SOUTH

OF VIETNAM

RESOURCES QUALITY

RESOURCES MONITORING

AND FORECAST

DIVISION OF WATER RESOURCES PLANNING AND INVESTIGATION FOR THE SOUTH OF VIETNAM (DWRPIS)INVESTIGATION FOR THE SOUTH OF VIETNAM (DWRPIS)

DIRECTORIAL BOARD

DIRECTOR GENERAL

SUPPORTED SECTIONS PRODUCTION SECTIONS

DIRECTOR GENERAL

FIRST DIRECTOR GENERAL

Administrative Section Subdivision 801

Subdivision 802FIRST DIRECTOR GENERAL

SECOND DIRECTOR

Personnel SectionSubdivision 803

Subdivision 804

GENERAL

THIRD DIRECTOR GENERAL

Technical Section

Planning Section

Subdivision 805

Subdivision 806

Centre for Information andTHIRD DIRECTOR GENERAL Planning Section

Finance and Statistic

Centre for Information and Applied Informatics

Centre for Analysis and Test

Section Centre for Geological Production

4. Problem descriptionsGroundwater depletion

Abs.Elev. of GW level in aquifer qh

4

5

Q003010

Q022010

Q031010

3

m

Q031010

Q07701A

Q07701H

Q104010

Q17701T The average rate

1

2

v. of GW level, m Q17701T

Q199010

Q203010

Q20302T

The average rate of GW reduction is 0.064m/year (1995‐2010)

1

0Abs.Elev

Q204010

Q206010

Q209010

Q211010

(1995 2010)

‐2

‐1Q214010

Q217010

Q219010

Q326010

‐3

Jan‐94 Oct‐96 Jul‐99 Apr‐02 Jan‐05 Oct‐07 Jul‐10

Time

Q326010

Q40101T

Q59801t


Abs.Elev. of GW level in aquifer qp3

4.000

6.000

2.000Q02202T The average rate

.000

v. of GW level, m Q02702t

Q031020Q17701Z

The average rate of GW reduction is 0.15m/year (1995‐2010)

‐4.000

‐2.000

Abs.Elev Q20302z

Q20402TQ209020

(1995 2010)

‐6.000

Q219020Q40101ZQ40102T

‐8.000


Time

Q402020Q404020


Abs.Elev. of GW level in aquifer qp2‐35.000

Q02202Z

Q02702z

.000

m

Q104020

Q177020

Q188020

Q199020 The average rate

‐5.000

v. of GW level, m

Q203040

Q20402z

Q206020

Q209030

of GW reduction is 0.30m/year (1995‐2010)

‐10.000

Abs.Elev Q209030

Q211020

Q21402T

Q217020

‐15.000

Q326020

Q40102Z

Q403020

Q40403T

‐20.000


Time

Q597030

Q598020


Abs.Elev. of GW level in aquifer qp1

000

5.000

‐5.000

.000

m

Q02204T

Q027030 The average rate

‐10.000

v. of GW level, m Q031030

Q104030

Q188030

Q211030

of GW reduction is 0.285m/year (1995‐2010)

‐15.000

Abs.Elev

Q21402Z

Q219030

Q326030

Q401030

‐20.000

Q40903A

Q598030

‐25.000


Time


Abs.Elev. of GW level in aquifer n22

000

5.000

‐5.000

.000

m

Q02204Z

Q02704T The average rate

‐10.000

v. of GW level, m

Q17704T

Q19904T

Q204040

Q206030

of GW reduction is 0.434 m/year (1995‐2010)

‐15.000

Abs.Elev Q206030

Q21104t

Q214030

Q217030

Q32604T

‐20.000

Q32604T

Q40104T

Q40403Z

Q406040

‐25.000


Time

Q409040

Q59804T


5

Abs.Elev.of GW level in aquifer n21

0 Q022050

Q02704z The average rate

‐10

‐5

f GW level, m

Q031040

Q17704Z

Q19904Z

Q20904T


‐15

10

Abs.Elev. of

Q21104Z

Q214040

Q217040

Q219040

‐20

Q

Q32604Z

Q40104Z

Q40404T

Q40404Z‐25


Time

Q40404Z

Q405050

Q59704T

4. Problem descriptions4. Problem descriptions

Groundwater depletion

Abs.Elev.of GW level in aquifer n13

2.000

4.000

1

The average rate

‐2.000

.000

W level, m Q017050

Q021050

Q027050


‐6 000

‐4.000

Abs.Elev. of GW Q027050

Q20904Z

Q214050

Q219050

‐8.000

6.000Q402040

Q59704Z

‐10.000


Time

4. Problem descriptionsD i i f d ll iDescriptions of groundwater pollution

4. Problem descriptionsDescriptions of saltwater intrusion

qh aquifer qp3 aquifer

Area of fresh GW (M<1 g/l) = 4398.1km2, A f li GW (M>1 /l)

Area of fresh GW (M<1 g/l) = 10,494.4km2,

Area of saline GW (M>1 g/l) = 35,580.0km2.

, ,Area of saline GW (M>1 g/l) = 28,973.9Km2.


qp2‐3 aquifer qp1 aquifer

Area of fresh GW (M<1 g/l) = 14,941.0km2.1km2, A f li GW (M>1 /l)

Area of fresh GW (M<1 g/l) = 10,494.4km2,

Area of saline GW (M>1 g/l) = 24,338.1km2.

, ,Area of saline GW (M>1 g/l) = 28,973.9Km2.


n22 aquifer n2

1 aquifer

Area of fresh GW (M<1 g/l) = 14,013.8 km2, A f li GW (M>1 /l)

Area of fresh GW (M<1 g/l) = 16,268.9 km2,

Area of saline GW (M>1 g/l) = 22,253.4 km2.

, ,Area of saline GW (M>1 g/l) = 18,276.7 Km2.


n13 aquifer

Area of fresh GW (M<1 g/l) = 10.390,2 km2, A f li GW (M>1 /l)Area of saline GW (M>1 g/l) = 21,169.7 km2.

4 Problem descriptions4. Problem descriptions

• Descriptions of land subsidence

No informationNo information

5 Research questions and objectives5. Research questions and objectives• Research questions and objectives for groundwater depletion

– to define the sustainable limits of groundwater extraction at glocal (aquifer) levels

– to manage total extractions of groundwater within those limits

– to assess the impacts of climate changes and sea level rise on groundwater resurces

5 Research questions and objectives5. Research questions and objectives

R h ti d bj ti f• Research questions and objectives for groundwater pollution

to integrate groundwater considerations into broad– to integrate groundwater considerations into broadsocio‐economic development planning. Groundwaterresource availability and vulnerability to pollution isnot being considered in the socio‐economicdevelopment planning resulting in potentialinvestment in unsustainable developmentinvestment in unsustainable development.

– Groundwater quality protection issues includecontamination of groundwater by land use activities,bore construction and abandonment, salinityintrusion and arsenic liberation.


R h ti d bj ti f lt t i t i• Research questions and objectives for saltwater intrusion

– to monitor the development of fresh‐saline interfaces at local (aquifer) levelslocal (aquifer) levels

– to propose measures to prevent from salt water intrusion


R h i d bj i f l d• Research questions and objectives for land subsidence

– To design, build and operate a land subsidence monitoring network

6. Data availability• Data for mapping groundwater depletion

Classification and delineation of aquifers YesNumber and distribution of groundwater level observation wells in each aquifer YesTi i f d t l l d li YTime series of groundwater level declines YesContour map of natural groundwater levels before development YesContour map of groundwater levels under the development YesContour map of decrease of groundwater levels YesNatural groundwater recharge and induced recharge NoGroundwater abstractions (domestic, industrial and agricultural) x( , g )Groundwater discharges (to rivers, lakes, sea, and downstream) NoChanges of groundwater storage NoImpacts of groundwater depletion NoImpacts of groundwater depletion NoModeling of groundwater depletion No

6. Data availability• Data for mapping groundwater pollution

Classification and delineation of aquifers yesClassification and delineation of aquifers yes

Number and distribution of groundwater quality monitoring wells in each aquifer yes

Sampling for groundwater pollution study yes

Time series of pollutant concentration increase yesContour map of pollutant concentrations Yes

Sources of pollution (point and/or distributed) No

Vulnerability of groundwater to pollution NoGroundwater quality assessment yesGroundwater use YesGroundwater use YesImpacts of groundwater pollution NoModeling of groundwater pollution No

6. Data availability• Data for mapping saltwater intrusion

Classification and delineation of aquifers YesClassification and delineation of aquifers Yes

Number and distribution of groundwater level and quality monitoring wells in each aquifer Yes

Sampling for groundwater salinity study NoTime series of salinity increase YesC t f li it YContour map of salinity YesSources of saltwater No

Fresh/salt water interfaces (determined by geophysical surveys, water samples, and monitoring data) YesImpacts of saltwater intrusion NoModeling of saltwater intrusion YesModeling of saltwater intrusion Yes

6. Data availability

• Data for mapping land subsidence

Classification and delineation of aquifers and aquitards yes

Number and distribution of groundwater level and land subsidence monitoring wells in each aquifer

No

Spatial monitoring of land subsidence No

Time series of accumulated land subsidence No

Contour map of accumulated land subsidence NoNoCauses of land subsidence NoImpacts of land subsidence No

fMeasures for controlling land subsidence NoModeling of land subsidence No

7. Training needs and capacity development

• Number of experts and experiences

• Required training coursesRequired training courses

• Set‐up of groundwater monitoring networks

I t t f d t it i• Instruments for groundwater monitoring

• Software for groundwater modeling

• Construction of groundwater models

• Measures for mitigating groundwater problemsMeasures for mitigating groundwater problems

• Groundwater management and governance

8 Expectations from the project8. Expectations from the project

• How should project seminars and workshops be organized?

• What assistances are required from the project?

• What results are expected from the project?What results are expected from the project?

• What do you want to learn from other countries?

Wh t i d t t h ith th• What experiences do you want to share with other countries?

THANK YOU!THANK YOU!

DIVISION OF WATER RESOURCES PLANNINGDIVISION OF WATER RESOURCES PLANNINGAND INVESTIGATION FOR THE SOUTH OF VIETNAM

groundwater in mekong delta - iges...groundwater in mekong delta bui tran vuong, ph.d. pham van...

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