griffitts architecture portfolio
DESCRIPTION
ÂTRANSCRIPT
-
BILLY GRIFFITTSARCHITECTURE PORTFOLIO
-
SELECTED WORKS
CARONDELET PARK POOL (FL 2010)
DESIGN BUILD STUDIO (SP 2012)
ASSISTED LIVING: ASSISTANCE FOR LIVING (SP 2013)
DELMAR CITY CENTER (SP 2011)
CUMULO[hedron] (FL 2013)
SPIRE STOUT: NETWORKS IN CHICAGO (FL 2012)
BARNES RESIDENCE CASE STUDY (FL 2010)
FURNITURE & FREEHAND (2011-2014)
-
480
480
480
480
480
Investigative Analysis of Transportation Methodologies
Circulation throughout the Carondelet Park is the basis for the programmatic layout of the aquatic center. The different spaces follow a distinct hierarchy leading from the public areas in the foyer to the increasingly privacy of the locker rooms and back to the public pool deck. Glu-lam beams span the width of the facility, the gentle arc of the roof simultaneously mimicking and blanketing the undulating landscape. Inside, the wood of the roof provides a sense of warmth and openness, offsetting the coolness of the concrete walls. The pool deck opens onto the lake to the East, providing stunning views of the park and boat house beyond while allowing natural light to flood the interior. Skylights in the ceiling provide additional sunlight and break up the intense rhythm of the ceiling beams.
CARONDELET PARK POOLFLOWING LANDSCAPE | COMPETITIVE ATMOSPHERE
-
480
480
480
480
480
Northeast Corner of Building
Structural Study Model
3/32 = 1-0 Final Pool Model
Interior Model View
-
One-point Section Perspective
Two-point Section Perspective
-
50m COMPETITION POOL
OUTDOOR SUN DECK
DIVING WELL
MENS LOCKER WOMENS LOCKER
LIFEGUARD OFFICE
STORAGE WHIRLPOOL
PUMP ROOM/MAINTENANCE
50m COMPETITION POOL50m COMPETITION POOL50m COMPETITION POOL
OUTDOOR OUTDOOR OUTDOOR OUTDOOR OUTDOOR OUTDOOR OUTDOOR OUTDOOR OUTDOOR OUTDOOR OUTDOOR SUN DECKSUN DECKSUN DECKSUN DECKSUN DECKSUN DECKSUN DECKSUN DECKSUN DECKSUN DECKSUN DECK
DIVING WELL
CANOPIED ENTRANCE LIGHT WELLSLIGHT WELLSLIGHT WELLSLIGHT WELLSLIGHT WELLSLIGHT WELLS
INFODESK
SPECTATOR SEATING
RECREATIONAL GYM
RESTROOMS
E-W Building Section
Ground Floor Plan
Second Floor Plan
-
NN-S Building Section
Site Plan
-
Collaborators: WUSTL City Studio Spring 2012, Prof. Forrest Fulton, TA Michael Naucas
Located in the heart of a low-income neighborhood in downtown St Louis, the Patrick Henry Downtown Academy offers a K-6th education free of tuition that focuses on sustainable responsibility and leadership. The rear of the school was a field of cracked asphalt and weeds that did not give the children a place to play and learn outdoors. Over the course of two years, as a part of the City Studio initiative by the Sam Fox School of Design & Visual Arts at Washington University in St Louis, two studios proposed and constructed a learning garden, shade structure, playing field and outdoor classroom space to replace the asphalt parking lot. In addition to creating a space for the children to utilize during school hours, it was envisioned that the outdoor play spaces would be open to the surrounding community, giving kids in the area a safe and clean environment in which to congregate outside of school hours.
DESIGN BUILD STUDIOELEVATING COMMUNITY
-
KEY
50200
1
2
3
4
1. outdoor classroom
2. learning garden
3. active play space
4. future playing field
Completed Playing Field - May 2012
Existing Site Condition - January 2012
-
Edging Construction Details
Final Site Plan
-
Edging Details Site Construction
Carved Tree InstallationGranite Planting Edging
-
Shade Pavilion Installation
Schematic Plan 1
Schematic Plan 2
Schematic Plan 3
-
Shade Pavilion Installation
Custom Reclaimed Wood Furniture
-
3/32 = 1-0 Site Model
Collaborators: Efrie Friedlander, Pandush Gaqi
Seeking to avoid the institutional hierarchy and sense of dismal seclusion stereotypical of nursing homes, the project team focused on multi-generational interactions within a larger community. By interspersing service programs throughout six unit types scaled for specific inhabitant needs, normative relationships of assistance are broken down and rebuilt. The locations of the services are based on proximity to three clusters of populations being served: the elderly, families with young children, and young professionals. Courtyard typologies and material juxtapositions form the elemental foundation upon which the relationships are highlighted and nurtured.
ASSISTED LIVING:ASSISTANCE FOR LIVING
-
1/4 = 1-0 Unit Section Model
1/8 = 1-0 Courtyard Section Model
-
Assistance = 24,915 sq. ft.Total Building = 38,565 sq. ft.
Site = 35,000 sq. ft. or 0.8 acres
RESIDENTIAL NARRATIVE
HOME UNIT TYPE DESTINATION
accessible unit
family unit
assistant unit
caretaker unit
micro assistant unit
stowaway unit
rehabilitation center
pool
rehab center & elderly unit
central courtyard
classroom & daycare
restaurant
restaurant & bar
tutoring classroom
pool
rehabilitation center
daycare
hair salon
GINAGina is the first-time restaurant owner and executive chef of the bistro on the corner of Sunset and Selma. After graduating from the Ecole Culinaire in Paris, she rose through the staff ranks to sous-chef under Gordon Ramsay. She spends the majority of her time managing her restaurant and experimenting with new recipes for the menu, and lives in the studio apartment directly above with Rufus, her 2-year old German Shepherd.
XAVIER & ANNAXavier has a bad knee after he tore his ACL in a skiing accident in Vail. He visits the gym and works with his physical therapist daily to rehabilitate and return to his job in the Lakers front office. His wife, Anna, is finishing her residency in the Cardiology Department of the Hollywood Community Hospital.
JETHRO & ELLY MAYJethro & Elly May moved to West Hollywood with their parents & grandmother after oil was discovered on their land in Missouri. Unaccustomed to the luxurious amenities available along Sunset Blvd, They spend their time outside of school at the pool and making friends with the neighbors.
RON & BETTYRon is a retired Naval Intelligence officer living a quiet life with his wife of 60 years. Betty is wheelchair bound after she broke her hip in an accident at home. They enjoy sitting together on the benches in the courtyard and playing chess with each other, which keeps them happy. Three times a week a caretaker visits to help Ron & Betty with the chores.
14 grandchildren. Sometimes he brings a new toy for Rufus to snack on when he passes through the courtyard.
FRANKIEFrankie is big into punk rock and hip-hop and sports liberty spikes and a nose piercing, but that doesnt obscure his heart of gold. He is a licensed physical therapist and works in the building fitness center. When he is not helping people rehabilitate, he also acts as a caretaker for the elderly and loves spending time with Betty as she tells him stories about her
MAYAMayas parents emigrated to California from China before she was born. She is paying her way through graduate school at UCLA by working as a tutor & daycare supervisor for the building resident. One of the perks of her job is the rent-free apartment she occupies as a staff member.
SELM
A BLVD
SUNSET BLVD
Residential Narrative Diagram
-
Assistance = 24,915 sq. ft.Total Building = 38,565 sq. ft.
Site = 35,000 sq. ft. or 0.8 acres
RESIDENTIAL NARRATIVE
HOME UNIT TYPE DESTINATION
accessible unit
family unit
assistant unit
caretaker unit
micro assistant unit
stowaway unit
rehabilitation center
pool
rehab center & elderly unit
central courtyard
classroom & daycare
restaurant
restaurant & bar
tutoring classroom
pool
rehabilitation center
daycare
hair salon
GINAGina is the first-time restaurant owner and executive chef of the bistro on the corner of Sunset and Selma. After graduating from the Ecole Culinaire in Paris, she rose through the staff ranks to sous-chef under Gordon Ramsay. She spends the majority of her time managing her restaurant and experimenting with new recipes for the menu, and lives in the studio apartment directly above with Rufus, her 2-year old German Shepherd.
XAVIER & ANNAXavier has a bad knee after he tore his ACL in a skiing accident in Vail. He visits the gym and works with his physical therapist daily to rehabilitate and return to his job in the Lakers front office. His wife, Anna, is finishing her residency in the Cardiology Department of the Hollywood Community Hospital.
JETHRO & ELLY MAYJethro & Elly May moved to West Hollywood with their parents & grandmother after oil was discovered on their land in Missouri. Unaccustomed to the luxurious amenities available along Sunset Blvd, They spend their time outside of school at the pool and making friends with the neighbors.
RON & BETTYRon is a retired Naval Intelligence officer living a quiet life with his wife of 60 years. Betty is wheelchair bound after she broke her hip in an accident at home. They enjoy sitting together on the benches in the courtyard and playing chess with each other, which keeps them happy. Three times a week a caretaker visits to help Ron & Betty with the chores.
14 grandchildren. Sometimes he brings a new toy for Rufus to snack on when he passes through the courtyard.
FRANKIEFrankie is big into punk rock and hip-hop and sports liberty spikes and a nose piercing, but that doesnt obscure his heart of gold. He is a licensed physical therapist and works in the building fitness center. When he is not helping people rehabilitate, he also acts as a caretaker for the elderly and loves spending time with Betty as she tells him stories about her
MAYAMayas parents emigrated to California from China before she was born. She is paying her way through graduate school at UCLA by working as a tutor & daycare supervisor for the building resident. One of the perks of her job is the rent-free apartment she occupies as a staff member.
SELM
A BLVD
SUNSET BLVD
-
UP
UP
BEUTY SALON RESTAURANT
DN
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
Micro-Assistant
Assistant
Family
Accessible
Stowaway
Caretaker
1
5
2
3
4
1 - HAIR SALON2 - POOL, CARETAKERS3 - TUTORING SERVICES, DAYCARE4 - FITNESS AND REHAB CENTER, CAR SERVICE5 - RESTAURANT/BAR/CAFE
Unit Location Breakdown Schematic Building Axon
Secondary Services Breakdown
-
UP
UP
COURTYARD WALL SECTIONSECTION A
SCALE: 1/2 = 1 - 0
KEY PLAN
A
B
1 - 50 Tube Solar Water Heater 2 - Weatherproof Membrane, 6 Rigid Insulation, 2% Slope To Gutter Drain, 3-ply Panel Wood Sheathing, Vapor Barrier, 2 x 8 Structural Grade Southern Pine 3 - Skylight With Aluminum Frame And Flashing Placed On Steel I-Beam 4 - Galvanized Steel Parapet Bracing Mounted To Typ. Wall 5 - Non-operable Double-glazed Window With Wooden Frame 6 - Typical Wall (5/16 Black Satin Finish Trespa VFT, 5/16 Gray Rock Finish Trespa VFT (120 x 60 and 100 x 73 panel sizes), Waterproof Membrane, Rigid Insulation, 2 x 6 Structural Grade Southern Pine Studs With Perpendicular Bracing @ 20 Intervals, Gypsum Board With Painted Plaster Finish) 7 - Fir Handrail, Stainless Steel Support Framing, Stainless Steel Cable, Attachment Bracket Connected To Joist 8 - Hung Ceiling (1 White Plastered Gypsum), 5 Recessed Can Lighting Typ. 9 - 1 Precast Concrete Counter Top Slab, 1 Santosh Stone Veneer, Wooden Blocking As Reqd For Millwork Cabinets And Drawers10 - 2 X 12 Reclaimed Wood Floor Boards on 1 X 4 Sleepers, 2 x 8 Structural Grade Southern Pine Joists11 - Precast Polished Concrete Bath And Sink With Stainless Steel Fixtures, 8 X 4 Slate Tile On Vertical Face12 - 8 X 4 Slate Tile, Sub-floor Radiant Heating With 3/4 Dia. Tubes, 2 x 8 Structural Grade Southern Pine Joists13 - Polished Concrete Stair With 1 X 72 Reclaimed Wood Tread Inset, Reinforcing Steel Angle14 - Haiku Bamboo Ceiling Fan Model S3150-a015 - Operable Double-glazed Window With Wood Frame Below Wooden Bench With Interior Skylight Inset Over Reinforcing Steel Beam16 - Stainless Steel Stove Hood Vent To Outside17 - Precast Polished Concrete Planter, 12 Planting Soil, Blocking As Reqd18 - Double-glazed Skylight With Aluminum Frame, Flashing, Blocking As Reqd19 - 1.5 Reclaimed Wood Slat Bench Mounted With Steel Brackets To Site Cast Concrete Structure Over Skylight With Drain Collection Seep Holes Into Concrete Planter20 - 2 X 2 Precast Concrete Tile With Stainless Steel Pedestal, Waterproof Membrane, Rigid Insulation, 8 Concrete Slab With 2-way Reinforcing Steel21 - Intensive Green Roof (Deer Grass, 1/4 Drainage Mat, Sealant Layer, 1/8 Plastic, 3 Rigid Thermal Insulation, 3-ply Panel Wood Sheathing, Vapor Barrier, 8 Cast In Place Concrete With 2-way Steel Reinforcement)22 - Hung Gyp. Ceiling, Painted White; T5 Fluorescent Pendant With Perf. Diffuser23 - 12 Cast In Place Reinforced Concrete With 15 Deep Planting Soil For Coast Live Oak24 - Water-fed Fan Coil Units For Active Heating/cooling System Fed By Solar Heated Hot Water25 - Cast In Place Concrete Retaining Wall26 - Polished Precast Concrete Parking Curb
1
2
34
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
19
18
20
22
23
24
25
26
1
5
2
3
4
1 - HAIR SALON2 - POOL, CARETAKERS3 - TUTORING SERVICES, DAYCARE4 - FITNESS AND REHAB CENTER, CAR SERVICE5 - RESTAURANT/BAR/CAFE
Building Wall Section
-
Interior View of Cross-section Model
Collaborator: Michael Halls
The pedestrian culture of the Delmar Loop is what provides for the vibrant atmosphere and ties together the unique mixture of residential, commercial, and entertainment spaces that make up the area. The Delmar City Center was designed with that in mind, with a ribbon-like facade drawing people in and creating an inviting spot to mingle, shop, grab or bite to eat or catch a movie. With a program for everyone, the City Center offers a cinema, restaurant, nightclub, retail spaces, and a second story office. The cinema is set back from the intersection where its metallic skin can attract without overbearing and its height sits as counterpoint to the library on the corner. All of the spaces open onto a central plaza that beckons pedestrians to come in and explore all the complex has to offer.
DELMAR CITY CENTERMAXIMUM DENSITY | MAXIMUM ATTRACTION
-
Posterior View of Cross-section Model
-
Basement Floor Plan Ground Floor Plan
N-S Building Section
-
Second Floor Plan
E-W Building Section
-
Building Study Model 1
North Building Elevation
West Building Section-Elevation
Building Study Model 2
-
Building Study Model 3
-
(clockwise from top left)3D knits delivered by TeknitRender of final aggregationCurvature and mesh analysis - Springform softwareConstruction process of individual GFRP cell
Collaborators: Peter Shaw, Annie-Locke Scherer
This studio explored the relationship between spatial definition and material composition through the manipulation of GFRP rods and 3D knit textiles designed in collaboration with members of Teknit. In order to emphasize the interaction between bending-active compression rods and tensile fabric, the project team designed a modular system consisting of individual cells enclosed within the knit and aggregated multilaterally. By adhering to a set of rules that define the associations between modules, the team is able to create sequences of larger aggregations. These sequences allow for manipulations of full-scale characteristics such as density, opacity, and spatial enclosure. A secondary trajectory of the studio was bridging the structural and analytical gaps between physical scale models and digital simulations, which entailed the use of a Processing-based software able to model mesh surfaces based on spring behavior (software property of Prof. Sean Ahlquist).
CUMULO[hedron]:3D KNIT TEXTILES
-
A1
A1
A2
A2
A3
A3
B1
B1
B2
B2
B3
B3
A2.B1.1 A2.B1.2 A2.B1.3 A2.B1.4 A2.B1.5
A2.B1.7 A2.B1.8 A2.B1.9 A2.B1.10
A2.B1.13 A2.B1.14 A2.B1.15
A3.B1.1 A3.B1.2 A3.B1.3 A3.B1.4 A3.B1.5 A3.B1.6
A3.B1.7 A3.B1.8 A3.B1.9 A3.B1.10 A3.B1.11 A3.B1.12
A3.B1.13 A3.B1.14 A3.B1.15
B1.B1.1 B1.B1.2 B1.B1.3 B1.B1.4 B1.B1.5 B1.B1.6
B1.B2.6
B1.B1.7 B1.B1.8 B1.B1.9 B1.B1.10 B1.B1.11
A3.B1.16 A3.B1.17 A3.B1.18
A3.B2.6
A3.B1.19
A1.A3.1 A1.A3.2 A1.A3.3 A1.A3.4 A1.A3.5 A1.A3.6
A1.A3.7 A1.A3.8 A1.A3.9
A1.A3.13 A1.A3.14
A1.A3.10
A1.A3.15
A1.A3.11
A1.B1.1 A1.B1.2 A1.B1.3 A1.B1.4 A1.B1.5
A1.B1.8 A1.B1.9 A1.B1.10 A1.B1.7 A1.B1.11
A2.B2.1 A2.B2.2 A2.B2.3 A2.B2.4
A2.B2.8 A2.B2.9
A2.B2.5
A2.B2.10 A2.B2.7
A3.B2.1
A3.B2.11
A3.B2.2 A3.B2.3 A3.B2.4 A3.B2.5
A3.B2.7 A3.B2.8 A3.B2.9 A3.B2.10 A3.B2.12
A3.B3.6
A3.B2.13 A3.B2.14 A3.B2.15
A2.B3.1 A2.B3.2 A2.B3.3 A2.B3.4 A2.B3.5
A2.B3.7 A2.B3.8 A2.B3.9 A2.B3.10 A2.B3.12
A2.B3.13 A2.B3.14 A2.B3.15
A2.B3.11
A2.B3.17 A2.B3.18
A2.B3.19 A2.B3.20 A2.B3.21 A3.B3.21 A3.B3.22
A2.B3.16
A3.B3.1 A3.B3.2 A3.B3.3 A3.B3.4 A3.B3.5
A3.B3.7 A3.B3.8 A3.B3.9 A3.B3.10 A3.B3.11 A3.B3.12
A3.B3.13 A3.B3.14 A3.B3.15 A3.B3.16A1.B3.16 A3.B3.17 A3.B3.18
A3.B3.19 A3.B3.20
A1.A3.16 A1.A3.17 A1.A3.18
A1.B1.6
A1.B2.6
A1.A3.12
A1.A3.19 A1.A3.20 A1.A3.21
B1.B2.1
B1.B2.11
B1.B2.2 B1.B2.3 B1.B2.4 B1.B2.5
B1.B2.7 B1.B2.8 B1.B2.9 B1.B2.10 B1.B2.12
B1.B3.6
B1.B2.13 B1.B2.14 B1.B2.15
B1.B3.1 B1.B3.2 B1.B3.3 B1.B3.4 B1.B3.5
B1.B3.7 B1.B3.8 B1.B3.9 B1.B3.10 B1.B3.11 B1.B3.12
B1.B3.13 B1.B3.14 B1.B3.15
B1.B3.19 B1.B3.20
B1.B3.16 B1.B3.17 B1.B3.18
B2.B2.1
B2.B2.11
B2.B2.2 B2.B2.3 B2.B2.4 B2.B2.5 B2.B2.6
B2.B3.6
B2.B2.7 B2.B2.8 B2.B2.9 B2.B2.10
B2.B3.1 B2.B3.2 B2.B3.3 B2.B3.4 B2.B3.5
B2.B3.7 B2.B3.8 B2.B3.9 B2.B3.10 B2.B3.11 B2.B3.12
B2.B3.13 B2.B3.14 B2.B3.15
B3.B3.1 B3.B3.2 B3.B3.3 B3.B3.4 B3.B3.5 B3.B3.5
B3.B3.7 B3.B3.8 B3.B3.9 B3.B3.10 B3.B3.11
A1.B3.1 A1.B3.2 A1.B3.3 A1.B3.4 A1.B3.5
A1.B3.7 A1.B3.8 A1.B3.9
A1.B3.17
A1.B3.12
A1.B3.13 A1.B3.14
A1.B3.10
A1.B3.15
A1.B3.11
A1.B2.1 A1.B2.2 A1.B2.3 A1.B2.4 A1.B2.5
A1.B2.7 A1.B2.8 A1.B2.9 A1.B2.10 A1.B2.12
A1.B2.13 A1.B2.14 A1.B2.15 A1.B2.17 A1.B2.18
A1.B3.6
A1.B2.19 A1.B2.20
A1.B2.11
A1.B2.16
A1.A2.2 A1.A2.1 A1.A2.3 A1.A2.4 A1.A2.5
A1.A2.7
A1.A2.6 A2.A2.5 A2.A2.6
A2.A3.6
A2.B1.6
A2.B1.12
A2.B2.6
A2.B3.6
A2.B1.11
A1.A2.8 A1.A2.12
A1.A2.13
A1.A2.9 A1.A2.10 A1.A2.11
A1.A1.2 A1.A1.3 A1.A1.4 A1.A1.5
A1.A1.7 A1.A1.8 A1.A1.9 A1.A1.10
A1.A1.1 A1.A1.6
A2.A2.1 A2.A2.2 A2.A2.3 A2.A2.4
A2.A2.7 A2.A2.8 A2.A2.9 A2.A2.10
A2.A3.1 A2.A3.2 A2.A3.3 A2.A3.4 A2.A3.5
A2.A3.7 A2.A3.8 A2.A3.9 A2.A3.10 A2.A3.11 A2.A3.12
A3.A3.1 A3.A3.2 A3.A3.3 A3.A3.4 A3.A3.5 A3.A3.6
A3.A3.7 A3.A3.8 A3.A3.9 A3.A3.10
A1
A2
A3
B1
B2
B3KEY
DIFFUSE
REGULAR
IRREGULAR
_density_8.1%
_density_7.5%
_density_7.3%
_density_7.5%
_density_7.3%
_density_9.8%
_density_8.4%
_density_8.0%
_density_6.9%
_density_6.9%
_density_7.0%
_density_5.5%_density_5.3%
_density_6.5%
Reg_0000_density_5.8%
_density_4.3%
_density_5.5%
_density_6.3%
Aggregation Matrix - Radial Forms
Association Matrix
-
A1
A1
A2
A2
A3
A3
B1
B1
B2
B2
B3
B3
A2.B1.1 A2.B1.2 A2.B1.3 A2.B1.4 A2.B1.5
A2.B1.7 A2.B1.8 A2.B1.9 A2.B1.10
A2.B1.13 A2.B1.14 A2.B1.15
A3.B1.1 A3.B1.2 A3.B1.3 A3.B1.4 A3.B1.5 A3.B1.6
A3.B1.7 A3.B1.8 A3.B1.9 A3.B1.10 A3.B1.11 A3.B1.12
A3.B1.13 A3.B1.14 A3.B1.15
B1.B1.1 B1.B1.2 B1.B1.3 B1.B1.4 B1.B1.5 B1.B1.6
B1.B2.6
B1.B1.7 B1.B1.8 B1.B1.9 B1.B1.10 B1.B1.11
A3.B1.16 A3.B1.17 A3.B1.18
A3.B2.6
A3.B1.19
A1.A3.1 A1.A3.2 A1.A3.3 A1.A3.4 A1.A3.5 A1.A3.6
A1.A3.7 A1.A3.8 A1.A3.9
A1.A3.13 A1.A3.14
A1.A3.10
A1.A3.15
A1.A3.11
A1.B1.1 A1.B1.2 A1.B1.3 A1.B1.4 A1.B1.5
A1.B1.8 A1.B1.9 A1.B1.10 A1.B1.7 A1.B1.11
A2.B2.1 A2.B2.2 A2.B2.3 A2.B2.4
A2.B2.8 A2.B2.9
A2.B2.5
A2.B2.10 A2.B2.7
A3.B2.1
A3.B2.11
A3.B2.2 A3.B2.3 A3.B2.4 A3.B2.5
A3.B2.7 A3.B2.8 A3.B2.9 A3.B2.10 A3.B2.12
A3.B3.6
A3.B2.13 A3.B2.14 A3.B2.15
A2.B3.1 A2.B3.2 A2.B3.3 A2.B3.4 A2.B3.5
A2.B3.7 A2.B3.8 A2.B3.9 A2.B3.10 A2.B3.12
A2.B3.13 A2.B3.14 A2.B3.15
A2.B3.11
A2.B3.17 A2.B3.18
A2.B3.19 A2.B3.20 A2.B3.21 A3.B3.21 A3.B3.22
A2.B3.16
A3.B3.1 A3.B3.2 A3.B3.3 A3.B3.4 A3.B3.5
A3.B3.7 A3.B3.8 A3.B3.9 A3.B3.10 A3.B3.11 A3.B3.12
A3.B3.13 A3.B3.14 A3.B3.15 A3.B3.16A1.B3.16 A3.B3.17 A3.B3.18
A3.B3.19 A3.B3.20
A1.A3.16 A1.A3.17 A1.A3.18
A1.B1.6
A1.B2.6
A1.A3.12
A1.A3.19 A1.A3.20 A1.A3.21
B1.B2.1
B1.B2.11
B1.B2.2 B1.B2.3 B1.B2.4 B1.B2.5
B1.B2.7 B1.B2.8 B1.B2.9 B1.B2.10 B1.B2.12
B1.B3.6
B1.B2.13 B1.B2.14 B1.B2.15
B1.B3.1 B1.B3.2 B1.B3.3 B1.B3.4 B1.B3.5
B1.B3.7 B1.B3.8 B1.B3.9 B1.B3.10 B1.B3.11 B1.B3.12
B1.B3.13 B1.B3.14 B1.B3.15
B1.B3.19 B1.B3.20
B1.B3.16 B1.B3.17 B1.B3.18
B2.B2.1
B2.B2.11
B2.B2.2 B2.B2.3 B2.B2.4 B2.B2.5 B2.B2.6
B2.B3.6
B2.B2.7 B2.B2.8 B2.B2.9 B2.B2.10
B2.B3.1 B2.B3.2 B2.B3.3 B2.B3.4 B2.B3.5
B2.B3.7 B2.B3.8 B2.B3.9 B2.B3.10 B2.B3.11 B2.B3.12
B2.B3.13 B2.B3.14 B2.B3.15
B3.B3.1 B3.B3.2 B3.B3.3 B3.B3.4 B3.B3.5 B3.B3.5
B3.B3.7 B3.B3.8 B3.B3.9 B3.B3.10 B3.B3.11
A1.B3.1 A1.B3.2 A1.B3.3 A1.B3.4 A1.B3.5
A1.B3.7 A1.B3.8 A1.B3.9
A1.B3.17
A1.B3.12
A1.B3.13 A1.B3.14
A1.B3.10
A1.B3.15
A1.B3.11
A1.B2.1 A1.B2.2 A1.B2.3 A1.B2.4 A1.B2.5
A1.B2.7 A1.B2.8 A1.B2.9 A1.B2.10 A1.B2.12
A1.B2.13 A1.B2.14 A1.B2.15 A1.B2.17 A1.B2.18
A1.B3.6
A1.B2.19 A1.B2.20
A1.B2.11
A1.B2.16
A1.A2.2 A1.A2.1 A1.A2.3 A1.A2.4 A1.A2.5
A1.A2.7
A1.A2.6 A2.A2.5 A2.A2.6
A2.A3.6
A2.B1.6
A2.B1.12
A2.B2.6
A2.B3.6
A2.B1.11
A1.A2.8 A1.A2.12
A1.A2.13
A1.A2.9 A1.A2.10 A1.A2.11
A1.A1.2 A1.A1.3 A1.A1.4 A1.A1.5
A1.A1.7 A1.A1.8 A1.A1.9 A1.A1.10
A1.A1.1 A1.A1.6
A2.A2.1 A2.A2.2 A2.A2.3 A2.A2.4
A2.A2.7 A2.A2.8 A2.A2.9 A2.A2.10
A2.A3.1 A2.A3.2 A2.A3.3 A2.A3.4 A2.A3.5
A2.A3.7 A2.A3.8 A2.A3.9 A2.A3.10 A2.A3.11 A2.A3.12
A3.A3.1 A3.A3.2 A3.A3.3 A3.A3.4 A3.A3.5 A3.A3.6
A3.A3.7 A3.A3.8 A3.A3.9 A3.A3.10
A1
A2
A3
B1
B2
B3KEY
DIFFUSE
REGULAR
DENSE
IRREGULAR
_density_18.2%
_density_8.0%
_density_7.8%
_density_12.7%
_density_15.4%
_density_10.7%
_density_14.0%
_density_8.0%
_density_10.8%
_density_15.0%
_density_11.6%
_density_13.0%_density_11.3%
_density_14.4%
Reg_0000_density_10.5%
_density_10.4%
_density_9.1%
_density_9.2%
_density_5.8%
_density_4.2%
_density_5.8%
_density_14.2%
_density_6.5%
_density_13.1%
_density_10.5%
DENSE
_density_6.3%
_density_3.7%
_density_5.2%
_density_6.2%
_density_5.2%
_density_4.7%
_density_10.2%
Button Holes
.75.25
.25tuck stitch reinforcement at all button holes
Reinforcement
reinforcement with tuck stitches
Texture
3:1 (solid:transparent)Ladder Stitch Stripes
Measurements
6.5
6.5
6.5 6.5
5.5
.754
3
2.5
5.7510
5.755.75
Aggregaton Matrix - Linear Forms
3D Knitting Specfications
-
A3.B1.1B1.B2.4A1.B2.1B2.B3.8A2.B3.1A2.A3.5A1.A2.5A1.A3.9A1.B1.4A2.B2.1A2.B2.2A3.A3.3A1.A1.3A2.A2.5B1.B1.3B2.B2.4B3.B3.5
A1.A3.2A1.A3.13A3.B3.3A1.B3.2A1.B3.7B1.B3.3A1.B2.1B2.B2.1B2.B3.8A3.B2.4B1.B2.7A2.B1.7A2.A2.1A2.B1.11A2.A3.2A1.A3.7A1.B3.5
INTERLOCKING
A1.A1.2
A1.A1.3
A1.A1.4 A1.A1.5
A1.A1.1
A1.A2.2
A1.A2.1 A1.A2.3
A1.A2.4
A1.A2.5 A1.A2.5
A1.A2.7
A1.A2.6 A1.A3.1
A1.A3.2
A1.A3.3
A1.A3.4 A1.A3.5
A1.A3.6
A1.A3.7
A1.A3.8 A1.A3.9
A1.A3.10
A1.A3.11
A1.B1.1
A1.B1.2
A1.B1.3
A1.B1.4
A1.B1.5
A1.B2.6
A1.B2.1
A1.B2.2
A1.B2.3
A1.B2.4
A1.B2.5
A1.B2.7
A1.B2.8
A1.B2.9
A1.B2.10 A1.B3.1
A1.B3.2
A1.B3.3
A1.B3.4
A1.B3.5
A1.B3.7 A1.B3.8 A1.B3.6
A2.A2.5
A2.A2.1
A2.A2.2 A2.A2.3 A2.A2.4
A2.A3.6
A2.A3.1
A2.A3.2
A2.A3.3 A2.A3.4
A2.A3.5
A2.B1.1
A2.B1.2 A2.B1.3
A2.B1.4
A2.B1.5
A2.B1.7 A2.B1.8 A2.B1.6
A2.B2.1A2.B2.2 A2.B2.3
A2.B2.4 A2.B2.4
A2.B2.5 A2.B3.1
A2.B3.2 A2.B3.2
A2.B3.3 A2.B3.4 A2.B3.5
A2.B3.7 A2.B3.8
A2.B3.9 A2.B3.6 A2.B3.6
A3.A3.1 A3.A3.2 A3.A3.2 A3.A3.3
A3.A3.4
A3.A3.5 A3.A3.5
A3.B1.1
A3.B1.2 A3.B1.3
A3.B1.4
A3.B1.5
A3.B1.6 A3.B1.7 A3.B1.7
A3.B1.8
A3.B1.9
A3.B1.10 A3.B1.10
A3.B2.6
A3.B2.1
A3.B2.2
A3.B2.3
A3.B2.4
A3.B2.5 A3.B2.7 A3.B2.7
A3.B2.8
A3.B3.6
A3.B3.1A3.B3.1
A3.B3.2
A3.B3.3
A3.B3.4
A3.B3.5
A3.B3.7
A3.B3.8
A3.B3.9
A3.B3.10 A3.B3.10
A3.B3.11
A3.B3.12
B1.B1.1B1.B1.2
B1.B1.3
B1.B1.4
B1.B1.5
B1.B1.6
B1.B2.6 B1.B2.1 B1.B2.1
B1.B2.2 B1.B2.2 B1.B2.2
B1.B2.3
B1.B2.4
B1.B2.5
B1.B2.7
B1.B2.8 B1.B2.8
B1.B3.6
B1.B3.1
B1.B3.2
B1.B3.3 B1.B3.4
B1.B3.5
B1.B3.7 B1.B3.7
B1.B3.8
B1.B3.9
B1.B3.10
B1.B3.11
B2.B2.1
B2.B2.2
B2.B2.3
B2.B2.4
B2.B2.6
B2.B3.6
B2.B3.1
B2.B3.2 B2.B3.2 B2.B3.2
B2.B3.3
B2.B3.4
B2.B3.5 B2.B3.5
B2.B3.7 B2.B3.7 B2.B3.8
B3.B3.1B3.B3.1B3.B3.1
B3.B3.2
B3.B3.3
B3.B3.4
B3.B3.5 B3.B3.5
B3.B3.5
B2.B2.5
A2.B3.10 A2.B3.10 A2.B3.10
A2.B3.11
Genealogies of Aggregations: (from left to right) DENSE_REGULAR, DENSE_IRREGULAR, DIFFUSE_REGULAR, DIFFUSE_IRREGULAR
Render of Final Aggregation
-
A1.B3.13
A1.B1.7
A1.B3.15
B2.B3.13
A1.B3.16
DIFFUSE_IRREGULAR
A1.A3.1
A1.A3.7
A1.A3.11
A3.B1.18
A1.A3.2
A1.A1.9
A1.B2.2
B2.B2.8
A1.B3.4
A1.A3.11A3.B1.18
A1.A3.7
A1.B1.11
B1.B3.4
B1.B2.11
A1.B1.11
A1.B2.7
A2.A3.2A3.B2.11B1.B2.9A3.B3.19A2.B3.13A2.B3.17A2.B2.9A1.B2.9A1.A3.13A1.B1.8A1.A3.4A1.A3.18A3.B1.19A1.B2.18A2.B2.7A2.A2.5A1.B2.20
A1.B2.2A3.B2.15A3.B3.12A2.B3.12A3.A3.8A1.B2.16B2.B2.8A1.B2.2A3.B2.15A3.B3.12A2.B3.12A3.A3.8A1.B2.16B2.B2.8A1.B2.2A3.B2.15A3.B3.12A2.B3.12A3.A3.8
SLIPPAGE
A1.A1.7
A1.A1.8 A1.A1.9
A1.A1.10
A1.A1.6A1.A2.8
A1.A2.12 A1.A2.12 A1.A2.13 A1.A2.9
A1.A2.10 A1.A2.11
A1.A3.13
A1.A3.14
A1.A3.15
A1.A3.16
A1.A3.17
A1.A3.18
A1.A3.12 A1.A3.19
A1.A3.20
A1.A3.21
A1.B1.8
A1.B1.9
A1.B1.10
A1.B1.7
A1.B1.11 A1.B1.11
A1.B1.6
A1.B2.12
A1.B2.13
A1.B2.14
A1.B2.15
A1.B2.17
A1.B2.18
A1.B2.19 A1.B2.20
A1.B2.11
A1.B2.16
A1.B3.16
A1.B3.9
A1.B3.17 A1.B3.12
A1.B3.13
A1.B3.14
A1.B3.10
A1.B3.15 A1.B3.11
A2.A2.6
A2.A2.7
A2.A2.8
A2.A2.9
A2.A2.10
A2.A3.7
A2.A3.8 A2.A3.9
A2.A3.10
A2.A3.11
A2.A3.12
A2.B1.9 A2.B1.10 A2.B1.13
A2.B1.14 A2.B1.14 A2.B1.14 A2.B1.15 A2.B1.12
A2.B1.11
A2.B2.8
A2.B2.10
A2.B2.7
A2.B3.15
A2.B3.21 A3.A3.6
A3.A3.7 A3.A3.7
A3.A3.8 A3.A3.8
A3.A3.9
A3.A3.10
A3.B1.11
A3.B1.12
A3.B1.13 A3.B1.13
A3.B1.14 A3.B1.15 A3.B1.16 A3.B1.17
A3.B1.18
A3.B1.19
A3.B2.11
A3.B2.9
A3.B2.10
A3.B2.12
A3.B2.13 A3.B2.13 A3.B2.14
A3.B2.15 A3.B3.21
A3.B3.22
A3.B3.12
A3.B3.13
A3.B3.16
A3.B3.17 A3.B3.18
A3.B3.19
A3.B3.20
B1.B1.7
B1.B1.8
B1.B1.9 B1.B1.10
B1.B1.11
B1.B2.11
B1.B2.9 B1.B2.10
B1.B2.12
B1.B2.13
B1.B2.14 B1.B2.14 B1.B2.15
B1.B3.11
B1.B3.12
B1.B3.13 B1.B3.13 B1.B3.13
B1.B3.15
B1.B3.19
B1.B3.20
B1.B3.16B1.B3.16
B1.B3.18
B2.B2.11
B2.B2.7
B2.B2.8 B2.B2.9
B2.B2.10
B2.B3.9
B2.B3.10 B2.B3.10 B2.B3.10
B2.B3.11
B2.B3.12
B2.B3.13 B2.B3.14
B2.B3.15
B3.B3.7
B3.B3.8 B3.B3.9
B3.B3.10 B3.B3.10
B3.B3.11
B1.B3.14
B1.B3.17 B1.B3.17
A2.B2.6
A2.B2.9 A2.B3.13 A2.B3.14
A2.B3.12
A2.B3.16
A2.B3.17
A2.B3.19
A2.B3.18
A2.B3.20 A2.B3.20 A2.B3.20 A2.B3.20 A2.B3.20 A2.B3.20
A3.B3.14
A3.B3.15
Genealogies of Aggregations: (from left to right) DENSE_REGULAR, DENSE_IRREGULAR, DIFFUSE_REGULAR, DIFFUSE_IRREGULAR
Exploded Axon (detailing associations between individual modules)
-
city
foundation
slab on grade
footings
caissons
caissons >11 stories footings
-
the hist
ory of f
oundati
on
engineer
ing in ch
icago...
more s
tructure
on fewe
r footin
gs
faktura
- the visu
al demo
nstratio
n
of prope
rties inh
erent to
materia
ls
of prope
rties inh
erent to
materia
ls
...full-
scale ex
perimen
ts in the
field of
foundat
ion engin
eering.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
The history of foundation engineering in chicago
more structure on fewer footings
faktura - the visual demonstration of properties inherent to materials
...full-scale experiments in the field of foundation engineering.
...one of the most extreme tall-building bases ever built
...transition from the traditional wall-bearing structure to the skeleton-frame building.
footing foundation
rail grillage foundation
driven pile foundation
poured concrete caisson foundation
poured bell caisson foundation
poured bell caissons supporting mat slab foundation
12
20
55
45
191
160
of prope
rties inh
erent to
materia
ls
of prope
rties inh
erent to
materia
ls
of prope
rties inh
erent to
materia
ls
of prope
rties inh
erent to
materia
ls
of prope
rties inh
erent to
materia
ls
of prope
rties inh
erent to
materia
ls
of prope
rties inh
erent to
materia
ls
of prope
rties inh
erent to
materia
ls
of prope
rties inh
erent to
materia
ls
of prope
rties inh
erent to
materia
ls
of prope
rties inh
erent to
materia
ls
of prope
rties inh
erent to
materia
ls
of prope
rties inh
erent to
materia
ls
faktura
- the visu
al demo
nstratio
n
faktura
- the visu
al demo
nstratio
n
faktura
- the visu
al demo
nstratio
n
faktura
- the visu
al demo
nstratio
n
faktura
- the visu
al demo
nstratio
n
faktura
- the visu
al demo
nstratio
n
faktura
- the visu
al demo
nstratio
n
faktura
- the visu
al demo
nstratio
n
faktura
- the visu
al demo
nstratio
n
faktura
- the visu
al demo
nstratio
n
of prope
rties inh
erent to
materia
ls
of prope
rties inh
erent to
materia
ls
of prope
rties inh
erent to
materia
ls
of prope
rties inh
erent to
materia
ls
of prope
rties inh
erent to
materia
ls
faktura
- the visu
al demo
nstratio
n
of prope
rties inh
erent to
materia
ls
...full-
scale ex
perimen
ts in the
of prope
rties inh
erent to
materia
ls
of prope
rties inh
erent to
materia
ls
of prope
rties inh
erent to
materia
ls
of prope
rties inh
erent to
materia
ls
of prope
rties inh
erent to
materia
ls
of prope
rties inh
erent to
materia
ls
of prope
rties inh
erent to
materia
ls
of prope
rties inh
erent to
materia
ls
of prope
rties inh
erent to
materia
ls
of prope
rties inh
erent to
materia
ls
of prope
rties inh
erent to
materia
ls
of prope
rties inh
erent to
materia
ls
of prope
rties inh
erent to
materia
ls
of prope
rties inh
erent to
materia
ls
of prope
rties inh
erent to
materia
ls
of prope
rties inh
erent to
materia
ls
faktura
- the visu
al demo
nstratio
n
of prope
rties inh
erent to
materia
ls
...full-
scale ex
perimen
ts in the
...full-
scale ex
perimen
ts in the
faktura
- the visu
al demo
nstratio
n
of prope
rties inh
erent to
materia
ls
miscellaneous fill, usually granular
water levelsandy gray inorganic silt
stiff blue and yellow clay crustvery soft blue clay
soft to medium blue clay
stiff to very stiff blue clay
hard to very hard unsaturated gray clay
sand, silt, boulders, water-bearing
niagaran limestone
more s
tructure
on fewe
r footin
gs
more s
tructure
on fewe
r footin
gs
faktura
- the visu
al demo
nstratio
n
of prope
rties inh
erent to
materia
ls
of prope
rties inh
erent to
materia
ls
of prope
rties inh
erent to
materia
ls
of prope
rties inh
erent to
materia
ls
of prope
rties inh
erent to
materia
ls
of prope
rties inh
erent to
materia
ls
of prope
rties inh
erent to
materia
ls
more s
tructure
on fewe
r footin
gs
faktura
- the visu
al demo
nstratio
n
of prope
rties inh
erent to
materia
ls
of prope
rties inh
erent to
materia
ls
faktura
- the visu
al demo
nstratio
n
of prope
rties inh
erent to
materia
ls
faktura
- the visu
al demo
nstratio
n
of prope
rties inh
erent to
materia
ls
of prope
rties inh
erent to
materia
ls
of prope
rties inh
erent to
materia
ls
of prope
rties inh
erent to
materia
ls
of prope
rties inh
erent to
materia
ls
engineer
ing in ch
icago...
more s
tructure
on fewe
r footin
gs
faktura
- the visu
al demo
nstratio
n
of prope
rties inh
erent to
materia
ls
of prope
rties inh
erent to
materia
ls
of prope
rties inh
erent to
materia
ls
more s
tructure
on fewe
r footin
gs
faktura
- the visu
al demo
nstratio
n
of prope
rties inh
erent to
materia
ls
of prope
rties inh
erent to
materia
ls
of prope
rties inh
erent to
materia
ls
engineer
ing in ch
icago...
more s
tructure
on fewe
r footin
gs
faktura
- the visu
al demo
nstratio
n
of prope
rties inh
erent to
materia
lsthe hist
ory of f
oundati
on
engineer
ing in ch
icago...
more s
tructure
on fewe
r footin
gs
faktura
- the visu
al demo
nstratio
n
of prope
rties inh
erent to
materia
ls
of prope
rties inh
erent to
materia
ls
of prope
rties inh
erent to
materia
ls
of prope
rties inh
erent to
materia
ls
of prope
rties inh
erent to
materia
ls
of prope
rties inh
erent to
materia
ls
of prope
rties inh
erent to
materia
ls
of prope
rties inh
erent to
materia
ls
of prope
rties inh
erent to
materia
ls
of prope
rties inh
erent to
materia
ls
of prope
rties inh
erent to
materia
ls
of prope
rties inh
erent to
materia
ls
faktura
- the visu
al demo
nstratio
n
faktura
- the visu
al demo
nstratio
n
faktura
- the visu
al demo
nstratio
n
faktura
- the visu
al demo
nstratio
n
faktura
- the visu
al demo
nstratio
n
faktura
- the visu
al demo
nstratio
n
faktura
- the visu
al demo
nstratio
n
faktura
- the visu
al demo
nstratio
n
faktura
- the visu
al demo
nstratio
n
faktura
- the visu
al demo
nstratio
n
faktura
- the visu
al demo
nstratio
n
faktura
- the visu
al demo
nstratio
n
faktura
- the visu
al demo
nstratio
n
faktura
- the visu
al demo
nstratio
n
faktura
- the visu
al demo
nstratio
n
faktura
- the visu
al demo
nstratio
n
faktura
- the visu
al demo
nstratio
n
faktura
- the visu
al demo
nstratio
n
faktura
- the visu
al demo
nstratio
n
faktura
- the visu
al demo
nstratio
n
faktura
- the visu
al demo
nstratio
n
faktura
- the visu
al demo
nstratio
n
faktura
- the visu
al demo
nstratio
n
faktura
- the visu
al demo
nstratio
n
faktura
- the visu
al demo
nstratio
n
faktura
- the visu
al demo
nstratio
n
faktura
- the visu
al demo
nstratio
n
faktura
- the visu
al demo
nstratio
n
faktura
- the visu
al demo
nstratio
n
faktura
- the visu
al demo
nstratio
n
faktura
- the visu
al demo
nstratio
n
faktura
- the visu
al demo
nstratio
n
faktura
- the visu
al demo
nstratio
n
faktura
- the visu
al demo
nstratio
n
faktura
- the visu
al demo
nstratio
n
faktura
- the visu
al demo
nstratio
n
faktura
- the visu
al demo
nstratio
n
faktura
- the visu
al demo
nstratio
n
faktura
- the visu
al demo
nstratio
n
faktura
- the visu
al demo
nstratio
n
faktura
- the visu
al demo
nstratio
n
faktura
- the visu
al demo
nstratio
n
faktura
- the visu
al demo
nstratio
n
faktura
- the visu
al demo
nstratio
n
faktura
- the visu
al demo
nstratio
n
faktura
- the visu
al demo
nstratio
n
faktura
- the visu
al demo
nstratio
n
faktura
- the visu
al demo
nstratio
n
faktura
- the visu
al demo
nstratio
n
faktura
- the visu
al demo
nstratio
n
faktura
- the visu
al demo
nstratio
n
faktura
- the visu
al demo
nstratio
n
faktura
- the visu
al demo
nstratio
n
faktura
- the visu
al demo
nstratio
n
engineer
ing in ch
icago...
engineer
ing in ch
icago...
more s
tructure
on fewe
r footin
gs
faktura
- the visu
al demo
nstratio
n
of prope
rties inh
erent to
materia
ls
engineer
ing in ch
icago...
more s
tructure
on fewe
r footin
gs
more s
tructure
on fewe
r footin
gs
faktura
- the visu
al demo
nstratio
n
faktura
- the visu
al demo
nstratio
n
faktura
- the visu
al demo
nstratio
n
faktura
- the visu
al demo
nstratio
n
more s
tructure
on fewe
r footin
gs
more s
tructure
on fewe
r footin
gs
more s
tructure
on fewe
r footin
gs
engineer
ing in ch
icago...
faktura
- the visu
al demo
nstratio
n
faktura
- the visu
al demo
nstratio
n
more s
tructure
on fewe
r footin
gs
more s
tructure
on fewe
r footin
gs
engineer
ing in ch
icago...
more s
tructure
on fewe
r footin
gs
engineer
ing in ch
icago...
more s
tructure
on fewe
r footin
gs
faktura
- the visu
al demo
nstratio
n
faktura
- the visu
al demo
nstratio
n
faktura
- the visu
al demo
nstratio
n
faktura
- the visu
al demo
nstratio
n
more s
tructure
on fewe
r footin
gs
faktura
- the visu
al demo
nstratio
n
faktura
- the visu
al demo
nstratio
n
more s
tructure
on fewe
r footin
gs
faktura
- the visu
al demo
nstratio
n
more s
tructure
on fewe
r footin
gs
faktura
- the visu
al demo
nstratio
n
more s
tructure
on fewe
r footin
gs
more s
tructure
on fewe
r footin
gs
more s
tructure
on fewe
r footin
gs
more s
tructure
on fewe
r footin
gs
more s
tructure
on fewe
r footin
gs
more s
tructure
on fewe
r footin
gs
more s
tructure
on fewe
r footin
gs
faktura
- the visu
al demo
nstratio
n
faktura
- the visu
al demo
nstratio
n
faktura
- the visu
al demo
nstratio
n
faktura
- the visu
al demo
nstratio
n
faktura
- the visu
al demo
nstratio
n
faktura
- the visu
al demo
nstratio
n
faktura
- the visu
al demo
nstratio
n
faktura
- the visu
al demo
nstratio
n
home insurance building | 1884william le baron jenney
masonry footings composed of alternating layers of dimensional stone and rubble
grand central station| 1890solon s. bemanutilized floating foundation supporteb by driven piles 55 deep
rookery building | 1888daniel burnham & john root
first building to be surpported entirely on rail grillage foundation (developed 1878 by john root)
chicago stock exchange building| 1894louis sullivan & danmkar adler
first building to feature caissons as integral component of structural foundation
marina city| 1964bertrand goldberg
caisson foundation drilled 115 deep to support entire reinforced concrete superstructure
john hancock center| 1969som (bruce graham) & fazlur khancontains deepest drilled caisson in
chicago at 191 below grade
willis tower| 1973som (bruce graham) & fazlur khan
200 circular caissons drilled into bedrock and support massive reinforced concrete mat slab foundation
trump international hotel and tower| 2009som (adrian smith)230 total caissons; central caissons can withstand 40000 kips of pressure (strongest foundation elements in USA)
aqua tower| 2010studio gang architects305 total caissons drilled up to 112 below grade ranging from 4 to 10 in diameter
monadnock building | 1893daniel burnham & john root
floating foundation enabled construction of tallest load-bearing structure in the world
of prope
rties inh
erent to
materia
ls
...full-
scale ex
perimen
ts in the
field of
foundat
ion engin
eering.
...transi
tion fro
m the tr
aditiona
l wall-b
earing s
tructure
to the m
odern
skeleton
-frame b
uilding.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
of prope
rties inh
erent to
materia
ls
driven pile foundation
of prope
rties inh
erent to
materia
ls
poured concrete caisson foundation
...full-
scale ex
perimen
ts in the
poured concrete caisson foundation
...full-
scale ex
perimen
ts in the
field of
foundat
ion engin
eering.
poured bell caisson foundation
field of
foundat
ion engin
eering.
poured bell caissons supporting mat slab foundation
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
poured bell caissons supporting mat slab foundation
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
poured bell caissons supporting mat slab foundation
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
poured bell caissons supporting mat slab foundation
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
poured bell caissons supporting mat slab foundation
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
poured bell caissons supporting mat slab foundation
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
poured bell caissons supporting mat slab foundation
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
field of
foundat
ion engin
eering.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
field of
foundat
ion engin
eering.
field of
foundat
ion engin
eering.
field of
foundat
ion engin
eering.
field of
foundat
ion engin
eering.
field of
foundat
ion engin
eering.
field of
foundat
ion engin
eering.
field of
foundat
ion engin
eering.
field of
foundat
ion engin
eering.
field of
foundat
ion engin
eering.
field of
foundat
ion engin
eering.
field of
foundat
ion engin
eering.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
poured bell caissons supporting mat slab foundation
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
poured bell caissons supporting mat slab foundation
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
poured bell caissons supporting mat slab foundation
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
poured bell caissons supporting mat slab foundation
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
poured bell caissons supporting mat slab foundation
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
poured bell caissons supporting mat slab foundation
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
field of
foundat
ion engin
eering.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
field of
foundat
ion engin
eering.
field of
foundat
ion engin
eering.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
field of
foundat
ion engin
eering.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
field of
foundat
ion engin
eering.
field of
foundat
ion engin
eering.
field of
foundat
ion engin
eering.
field of
foundat
ion engin
eering.
field of
foundat
ion engin
eering.
field of
foundat
ion engin
eering.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
...full-
scale ex
perimen
ts in the
191
...full-
scale ex
perimen
ts in the
160
field of
foundat
ion engin
eering.
...transi
tion fro
m the tr
aditiona
l wall-b
earing s
tructure
to the m
odern
...transi
tion fro
m the tr
aditiona
l wall-b
earing s
tructure
to the m
odern
skeleton
-frame b
uilding.
skeleton
-frame b
uilding.
skeleton
-frame b
uilding.
skeleton
-frame b
uilding.
...transi
tion fro
m the tr
aditiona
l wall-b
earing s
tructure
to the m
odern
skeleton
-frame b
uilding.
...transi
tion fro
m the tr
aditiona
l wall-b
earing s
tructure
to the m
odern
skeleton
-frame b
uilding.
skeleton
-frame b
uilding.
skeleton
-frame b
uilding.
field of
foundat
ion engin
eering.
...transi
tion fro
m the tr
aditiona
l wall-b
earing s
tructure
to the m
odern
skeleton
-frame b
uilding.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
poured bell caissons supporting mat slab foundation
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
poured bell caissons supporting mat slab foundation
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
poured bell caissons supporting mat slab foundation
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
poured bell caissons supporting mat slab foundation
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
field of
foundat
ion engin
eering.
field of
foundat
ion engin
eering.
field of
foundat
ion engin
eering.
field of
foundat
ion engin
eering.
field of
foundat
ion engin
eering.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
field of
foundat
ion engin
eering.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
skeleton
-frame b
uilding.
skeleton
-frame b
uilding.
field of
foundat
ion engin
eering.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
one of t
he most
extreme
tall-bu
ilding ba
ses ever
built.
...transi
tion fro
m the tr
aditiona
l wall-b
earing s
tructure
to the m
odern
...transi
tion fro
m the tr
aditiona
l wall-b
earing s
tructure
to the m
odern
...transi
tion fro
m the tr
aditiona
l wall-b
earing s
tructure
to the m
odern
...transi
tion fro
m the tr
aditiona
l wall-b
earing s
tructure
to the m
odern
...transi
tion fro
m the tr
aditiona
l wall-b
earing s
tructure
to the m
odern
...transi
tion fro
m the tr
aditiona
l wall-b
earing s
tructure
to the m
odern
...transi
tion fro
m the tr
aditiona
l wall-b
earing s
tructure
to the m
odern
...transi
tion fro
m the tr
aditiona
l wall-b
earing s
tructure
to the m
odern
...transi
tion fro
m the tr
aditiona
l wall-b
earing s
tructure
to the m
odern
...transi
tion fro
m the tr
aditiona
l wall-b
earing s
tructure
to the m
odern
...transi
tion fro
m the tr
aditiona
l wall-b
earing s
tructure
to the m
odern
...transi
tion fro
m the tr
aditiona
l wall-b
earing s
tructure
to the m
odern
...transi
tion fro
m the tr
aditiona
l wall-b
earing s
tructure
to the m
odern
...transi
tion fro
m the tr
aditiona
l wall-b
earing s
tructure
to the m
odern
...transi
tion fro
m the tr
aditiona
l wall-b
earing s
tructure
to the m
odern
...transi
tion fro
m the tr
aditiona
l wall-b
earing s
tructure
to the m
odern
...transi
tion fro
m the tr
aditiona
l wall-b
earing s
tructure
to the m
odern
...transi
tion fro
m the tr
aditiona
l wall-b
earing s
tructure
to the m
odern
skeleton
-frame b
uilding.
skeleton
-frame b
uilding.
skeleton
-frame b
uilding.
skeleton
-frame b
uilding.
skeleton
-frame b
uilding.
skeleton
-frame b
uilding.
skeleton
-frame b
uilding.
skeleton
-frame b
uilding.
skeleton
-frame b
uilding.
skeleton
-frame b
uilding.
skeleton
-frame b
uilding.
skeleton
-frame b
uilding.
skeleton
-frame b
uilding.
skeleton
-frame b
uilding.
skeleton
-fram