Gregory R. Carmichael

Center for Global and Regional Environmental Research, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, USAClimatic Effects & Air Quality: Aerosol/Chemistry Interactions and the Role of Megacities

Mineral DustBC from Pollution & FiresAerosols are Pervasive Throughout Asian Environments

A Key Science Issue: Chemistry/Aerosol/Regional Climate CouplingRadiative ForcingRadiative ForcingGas-phase TroposphericChemistryTroposphericAerosolsTroposphericCloudsAnthropogenicBiogenicStratospheric inputGeneration ofinorganic andorganicaerosols bygas-to-particleconversion andnucleationDirecteffectSea saltMineral dustBiomass burning particlesSulfates (via gas-phase chemistry)Carbonaceous particlesNH3Flux of gaseousspecies to cloudsCloudprocessingTropospheric O3HeterogeneousNOx/NOychemistryFree radicalScavenging ?Alteration ofActinic fluxCCNAlteration ofcloud albedo(indirect effect)modified after J.H.Seinfeld 1999

(Vicki Grassian leader)

THE APPROACH

MODELING

LABORATORY

FIELDSTUDY

3D STEM-III transport/chemistry/deposition modelDynamics of Aerosol ProcessesCombined Kinetic/ThermodynamicApproachNew Approach for Secondary Organic Aerosol PartitioningSensitivity Analysis and ImprovedNumerical Methods

Spectroscopic Measurements

Detailed Reaction Mechanisms

Kinetic Measurements

Surface Coverages

Adsorption Isotherms

Chemical Role of Aerosol Particles in the Atmosphere

Can change the chemical balance of the atmosphere in two ways

NO2 +

NO2

NO2 +

O

+ NO

H(a) + NO2 HONO

INTERACTIONS OF SO2 WITH MINERAL AEROSOL CHANGE SULFATE SIZE DISTRIBUTION AS WELL AS THE CHEMICAL LIFETIMES OF SULFUR. THESE INTERACTIONS HAVE IMPLICATIONS FOR RADIATIVE FORCINGSong et al., JGR in press

Calculated Fine and Coarse Mode Aerosol Distributions in the Boundary Layer; PEM-WEST B

Calculated Fine and Coarse Mode Aerosol Distributions in the Boundary Layer; PEM-WEST B

Calculated Fine and Coarse Mode Aerosol Distributions at 5 km; PEM-WEST B

Calculated Fine and Coarse Mode Aerosol Distributions at 5 km; PEM-WEST B

% Decrease in HO2 levels due to RXNs on Mineral Aerosol(May 1987)

% Change in O3 in May 1987 due to: NOx + HxOy Rxns; Direct O3 Rxn; and Combination

Nitric Acid Reactions with Calcium Carbonate are not Limited to the Surface, and Change the Water Uptake Properties and Particle MorphologyGoodman et al., JGR, 105:29053, 2000

CaCO3

HNO3 Reacted CaCO3

TEM Images of CaCO3 Particles

0.5 m

Surface reflectionIce cloud Water cloud EP/TOMS Total Ozone (Dobson)DustBlack CarbonOrganic CarbonSulfateOther PM2.5 and Other PM10Sea Saltabsorption by gas-phase species O3, SO2 and NO2Inputted from STEM 3-D fieldSTEM TOP15kmO3 (Dobson) below STEM top heightTUV TOP80kmOvertop O3 =STEM on-line TUV overviewOutput:30 kinds of J-valuesfor SAPRC99mechanism

Ozone variations (%) due to dustDust Impact on O333%Change NO2 PhotolysisMineral Optical DepthImpact of Aerosols on the Photochemical Oxidant Cycle Through Photolysis RatesNOxNMHCO3HOxUVB% Change

What is the Importance of Heterogeneous Chemistry on Mineral Aerosol Surfaces in the Troposphere?Answer Requires:

Knowing what chemistry occurs on/in the aerosol.

Quantifying mineral surfaces in space and time.

Assessing how mineral aerosols age; and how surfaces activate/deactivate, take on water, etc.

Quantifying aerosol /radiation interactions.

Resolving chemical composition as a function of size.

Urban Environments in AsiaAsia presently has ~1 billion urban dwellers, projected to grow to ~3 billion in 202510 Asian Megacities will account for ~40% of GNP in 2025Each 1 million urban inhabitants emit average of 25,000 tons of CO2 every day (six times global per capita average)Indoor and Outdoor air pollution pose severe human health concerns 4%/yr urban growth rate in Asia-Pacific region 23 megacities in 1995 (17 in developing countries) to 36 in 2025 (23 in Asia)

Percentage of Sulfur Emissions by Sector & Fuels for year 2000

Chart6

4.734.653.583.40.35

342.031.6232.950.618.58

226.022.0545.931.17.22

352.990.131.920.020.83

72.720105.552.152.41

0.792.4625.50.872.4

4.210.74340.562.2620.26

0.475.54282.60.587.75

Coal

Biofuel

Fuel Oil

Gas

Others

Area

Year

City19751980199019952000201020202010maxf2020maxf

Dhaka1149014982143402007022379560641061922323229505

Beijing941701169472085592315201609393296013138657320859825

Tianjin73504912831627901807101256201911581708946419242449

Taiyuan896641113511985802204501532383624843649859873896180

Wuhan1245671546972758803062602128892581492723047096068425

Shanghai12332115314927312030319021075943628641737496743101810

Guangzhou63918793781415601571501092384406274872545949558336

Chongqing376360467392833530925300643211556282546088117332112466

Guiyang1525391894343378303750202606942953312460254392040769

Qingdao453256281003711142774553696509241132210792

Hong Kong2413027500444003982030110164001906231952718504

New Delhi15533178592505028880366551791642604302843345127

Calcutta16922194562729031460399331554902351272478040939

Bombay66765767621076691241401575492405684282905083691358

Chennai30385349344900056490717001807753508322628851149

Jakarta21761400477031689997933581106661562732902337168

Kanto1378571027181706921585449185872676706123460533870

Kinki104604779411295181203086970050379435092516621832

Seoul-Inchon1695132703975942904176302972601559382070066553981335

Pusan209703345173519516643677447261606351916720485

Kuala Lumpar348837771433015990118341437211282181437515191

Lahore702480761132813061165761117901574881995727319

Karachi4036545162117250155470211330148976371055728312595

Manila419645211492939103170717181273661247712762325797

Singapore53150796201911202303201887803390613457105101653712

Bangkok71944942322482203112602435753645434913845492167620

Lps

Year

City19751980199019952000201020202010maxf2020maxf

Dhaka000000000

Beijing34497560426175787409100640768707128035304610

Tianjin1824429638326604622615025025377029905072908340

Taiyuan000055120551206910012102660

Wuhan2180235418390305523951840595007295012501460

Shanghai7205411705312899018256821610026536033355096909140

Guangzhou155122520013351018896658190530409351018902860

Chongqing7539412248013497019103061270795608615023502220

Guiyang00003995039950328501230880

Qingdao000000000

Hong Kong341205790010842011478887920906401124070904490

New Delhi60418054192503011031790491007469012201650

Calcutta37164954118401852024630451907547010201590

Bombay1001713356319204992048750448709595020202760

Chennai00001371034100537106801070

Jakarta000000000

Kanto34858390662290213048508770849038303390

Kinki00002802750414011001660

Seoul-Inchon000032706550982026203930

Pusan00001150229045809201830

Kuala Lumpar000000000

Lahore000000000

Karachi00014530291007121030946014206190

Manila000000000

Singapore000000000

Bangkok000000000

Ships

Year

City19751980199019952000201020202010maxf2020maxf

Dhaka000000000

Beijing000000000

Tianjin000000000

Taiyuan000000000

Wuhan000000000

Shanghai84910051200142621404284857621402140

Guangzhou000000000

Chongqing000000000

Guiyang000000000

Qingdao000000000

Hong Kong541641765124813641619192113641364

New Delhi000000000

Calcutta000000000

Bombay1782102512824489742118448448

Chennai000000000

Jakarta000000000

Kanto48257068166212153242865512151215

Kinki000000000

Seoul-Inchon3664345189049249641007924924

Pusan38645654580397213811963972972

Kuala Lumpar000000000

Lahore000000000

Karachi000000000

Manila000000000

Singapore114213511614262528793435409928792879

Bangkok000000000

Total

Year% change

City19751980199019952000201020202010maxf2020maxf1980-2000

Dhaka114901498214340200702237956064106192232322950549

Beijing128667172989270316318929261579406471385145767386443551

Tianjin917481209201954502269362758704449284699447148250789128

Taiyuan89664111351198580220450208358417604434085999489884087

Wuhan146369190115314910361499264729317649345254722106988539

Shanghai19622327120740331048718442899970593075950010857411309058

Guangzhou79430104578275070346116167428493667580764613856119660

Chongqing451754589872968500111633070448163584263223811968211468619

Guiyang152539189434337830375020300644335281278875451504164959

Qingdao45325628100371114277455369650924113221079238

Hong Kong5879186041153585155856119394256260103784279822435839

New Delhi21574259144430058990684452282643351202965346777164

Calcutta20638244103913049980645632006803105972580042529164

Bombay76959903281398401743422067462864125263575330394566129

Chennai30385349344900056490854102148754045422696852219144

Jakarta21761400477031689997933581106661562732902337168133

Kanto1731971423551736631613369792384688877573965038474-31

Kinki104604779411295181203086998053129476492626623492-10

Seoul-Inchon169880270831594808418534301454163452217833690838618811

Pusan21356339077406452467388965093267178210592328715

Kuala Lumpar348837771433015990118341437211282181437515191213

Lahore702480761132813061165761117901574881995727319105

Karachi4036545162117250170000240430220186680515870318785432

Manila41964521149293910317071718127366124771276232579738

Singapore54292809711927342329451916593424963498095389556590137

Bangkok71944942322482203112602435753645434913845492167620158

227063728821165133368566840245641726826593823219612179841335228

0.8215824658

Comparison

Year% change

City19751980199019952000201020202010maxf2020maxf1980-2000

Dhaka114901498214340200702237956064106192232322950549

Beijing128667172989270316318929261579406471385145767386443551

Shanghai19622327120740331048718442899970593075950010857411309058

Chongqing451754589872968500111633070448163584263223811968211468619

Bombay76959903281398401743422067462864125263575330394566129

Jakarta21761400477031689997933581106661562732902337168133

Seoul169880270831594808418534301454163452217833690838618811

Bangkok71944942322482203112602435753645434913845492167620158

19751980199019952000201020202010maxf2020maxf

Dhaka1115142022561062330

Beijing1291732703192624063857764

Shanghai196271403487429706759109113

Chongqing4525909691116704636632120115

Mumbai77901401742072865265395

Jakarta22407090931111562937

Seoul1702715954193011632186986

Bangkok72942483112443654915568

20102010maxf20202020maxf

Dhaka562310630

Beijing4067738564

Shanghai706109759113

Chongqing636120632115

Mumbai2865352695

Jakarta1112915637

Seoul1636921886

Bangkok3655549168

Comparison

1975

1980

1990

1995

2000

2010

2020

2010maxf

2020maxf

Percent-inc

1975

1980

1990

1995

2000

by-fuel

2010

2010maxf

2020

2020maxf

by-sector

Year

CityCountry19751980199019952000

East Asia

BeijingChina1286671729892703163189292615794.1319711494

Tianjin917481209201954502269362758708.0273642184

Taiyuan896641113511985802204502083585.2950925697

Wuhan1463691901153149103614992647293.234565133

Shanghai1962232712074033104871844289994.7451319422

Guangzhou794301045782750703461161674284.4314442855

Chongqing45175458987296850011163307044812.2377445897

Guiyang1525391894343378303750203006443.8837331117

Qingdao45325628100371114277452.83612388464.3136856538

KantoJapan17319714235517366316133697923-1.7384686811

Kinki1046047794112951812030869980-1.3239812014

Seoul-InchonSouth Korea1698802708315948084185343014543.0980565197

Pusan21356339077406452467388963.2852557304

Hong KongHongkong58791860411535851558561193944.1232802923.3048081103

Indian Subcontinent

DhakaBangladesh11490149821434020070223793.7907360894

New DelhiIndia21574259144430058990684458.6901397875

Calcutta20638244103913049980645638.5134195115

Bombay76959903281398401743422067466.7457546336

Chennai30385349344900056490854107.2438791281

LahorePakistan702480761132813061165765.439021925

Karachi403654516211725017000024043019.82538678618.6069054087

Southeast Asia

JakartaIndonesia217614004770316899979335813.1603876243

Kuala LumparMalaysia348837771433015990118349.5722400154

ManilaPhilippines419645211492939103170717182.8361301564

SingaporeSingapore542928097119273423294519165910.1206091739

BangkokThailand71944942322482203112602435759.54250760049.0463749141

2000

DhakaBeijingShanghaiChongqingMumbaiJakartaSeoulBangkok

Coal4.73342.03226.02352.9972.720.794.210.47

Biofuel4.651.622.050.1302.460.745.54

Fuel Oil3.5832.9545.931.92105.5525.5340.56282.6

Gas3.40.611.10.022.150.872.260.58

Others0.358.587.220.832.412.420.267.75

Sum16.71385.79282.32355.89182.8332.02368.03296.94

Coal

Biofuel

Fuel Oil

Gas

Others

2000

DhakaBeijingShanghaiChongqingBombayJakartaSeoulBangkok

CON022.9928.1517.9420.7400.043.86

IND8.2127.42142.36191.44120.039.23267.35203.3

DOM3.69156.9932.38124.30.826.4338.743.39

TRAN1.187.6116.496.882.5512.4625.051.43

PP3.2862.255.714.5236.291.2616.677.21

OTHER0.358.587.220.832.412.6420.267.75

Sum16.7385.79282.3355.91182.8432.02368.04296.94

000000

000000

000000

000000

000000

000000

000000

000000

CON

IND

DOM

TRAN

PP

OTHER

Chart7

08.23.691.183.280.35

22.99127.42156.997.6162.28.58

28.15142.3632.3816.4955.77.22

17.94191.44124.36.8814.520.83

20.74120.030.822.5536.292.41

09.236.4312.461.262.64

0.04267.3538.7425.0516.620.26

3.86203.33.391.4377.217.75

CON

IND

DOM

TRAN

PP

OTHER

Area

Year

City19751980199019952000201020202010maxf2020maxf

Dhaka1149014982143402007022379560641061922323229505

Beijing941701169472085592315201609393296013138657320859825

Tianjin73504912831627901807101256201911581708946419242449

Taiyuan896641113511985802204501532383624843649859873896180

Wuhan1245671546972758803062602128892581492723047096068425

Shanghai12332115314927312030319021075943628641737496743101810

Guangzhou63918793781415601571501092384406274872545949558336

Chongqing376360467392833530925300643211556282546088117332112466

Guiyang1525391894343378303750202606942953312460254392040769

Qingdao453256281003711142774553696509241132210792

Hong Kong2413027500444003982030110164001906231952718504

New Delhi15533178592505028880366551791642604302843345127

Calcutta16922194562729031460399331554902351272478040939

Bombay66765767621076691241401575492405684282905083691358

Chennai30385349344900056490717001807753508322628851149

Jakarta21761400477031689997933581106661562732902337168

Kanto1378571027181706921585449185872676706123460533870

Kinki104604779411295181203086970050379435092516621832

Seoul-Inchon1695132703975942904176302972601559382070066553981335

Pusan209703345173519516643677447261606351916720485

Kuala Lumpar348837771433015990118341437211282181437515191

Lahore702480761132813061165761117901574881995727319

Karachi4036545162117250155470211330148976371055728312595

Manila419645211492939103170717181273661247712762325797

Singapore53150796201911202303201887803390613457105101653712

Bangkok71944942322482203112602435753645434913845492167620

Lps

Year

City19751980199019952000201020202010maxf2020maxf

Dhaka000000000

Beijing34497560426175787409100640768707128035304610

Tianjin1824429638326604622615025025377029905072908340

Taiyuan000055120551206910012102660

Wuhan2180235418390305523951840595007295012501460

Shanghai7205411705312899018256821610026536033355096909140

Guangzhou155122520013351018896658190530409351018902860

Chongqing7539412248013497019103061270795608615023502220

Guiyang00003995039950328501230880

Qingdao000000000

Hong Kong341205790010842011478887920906401124070904490

New Delhi60418054192503011031790491007469012201650

Calcutta37164954118401852024630451907547010201590

Bombay1001713356319204992048750448709595020202760

Chennai00001371034100537106801070

Jakarta000000000

Kanto34858390662290213048508770849038303390

Kinki00002802750414011001660

Seoul-Inchon000032706550982026203930

Pusan00001150229045809201830

Kuala Lumpar000000000

Lahore000000000

Karachi00014530291007121030946014206190

Manila000000000

Singapore000000000

Bangkok000000000

Ships

Year

City19751980199019952000201020202010maxf2020maxf

Dhaka000000000

Beijing000000000

Tianjin000000000

Taiyuan000000000

Wuhan000000000

Shanghai84910051200142621404284857621402140

Guangzhou000000000

Chongqing000000000

Guiyang000000000

Qingdao000000000

Hong Kong541641765124813641619192113641364

New Delhi000000000

Calcutta000000000

Bombay1782102512824489742118448448

Chennai000000000

Jakarta000000000

Kanto48257068166212153242865512151215

Kinki000000000

Seoul-Inchon3664345189049249641007924924

Pusan38645654580397213811963972972

Kuala Lumpar000000000

Lahore000000000

Karachi000000000

Manila000000000

Singapore114213511614262528793435409928792879

Bangkok000000000

Total

Year% change

City19751980199019952000201020202010maxf2020maxf1980-2000

Dhaka114901498214340200702237956064106192232322950549

Beijing128667172989270316318929261579406471385145767386443551

Tianjin917481209201954502269362758704449284699447148250789128

Taiyuan89664111351198580220450208358417604434085999489884087

Wuhan146369190115314910361499264729317649345254722106988539

Shanghai19622327120740331048718442899970593075950010857411309058

Guangzhou79430104578275070346116167428493667580764613856119660

Chongqing451754589872968500111633070448163584263223811968211468619

Guiyang152539189434337830375020300644335281278875451504164959

Qingdao45325628100371114277455369650924113221079238

Hong Kong5879186041153585155856119394256260103784279822435839

New Delhi21574259144430058990684452282643351202965346777164

Calcutta20638244103913049980645632006803105972580042529164

Bombay76959903281398401743422067462864125263575330394566129

Chennai30385349344900056490854102148754045422696852219144

Jakarta21761400477031689997933581106661562732902337168133

Kanto1731971423551736631613369792384688877573965038474-31

Kinki104604779411295181203086998053129476492626623492-10

Seoul-Inchon169880270831594808418534301454163452217833690838618811

Pusan21356339077406452467388965093267178210592328715

Kuala Lumpar348837771433015990118341437211282181437515191213

Lahore702480761132813061165761117901574881995727319105

Karachi4036545162117250170000240430220186680515870318785432

Manila41964521149293910317071718127366124771276232579738

Singapore54292809711927342329451916593424963498095389556590137

Bangkok71944942322482203112602435753645434913845492167620158

227063728821165133368566840245641726826593823219612179841335228

0.8215824658

Comparison

Year% change

City19751980199019952000201020202010maxf2020maxf1980-2000

Dhaka114901498214340200702237956064106192232322950549

Beijing128667172989270316318929261579406471385145767386443551

Shanghai19622327120740331048718442899970593075950010857411309058

Chongqing451754589872968500111633070448163584263223811968211468619

Bombay76959903281398401743422067462864125263575330394566129

Jakarta21761400477031689997933581106661562732902337168133

Seoul169880270831594808418534301454163452217833690838618811

Bangkok71944942322482203112602435753645434913845492167620158

19751980199019952000201020202010maxf2020maxf

Dhaka1115142022561062330

Beijing1291732703192624063857764

Shanghai196271403487429706759109113

Chongqing4525909691116704636632120115

Mumbai77901401742072865265395

Jakarta22407090931111562937

Seoul1702715954193011632186986

Bangkok72942483112443654915568

20102010maxf20202020maxf

Dhaka562310630

Beijing4067738564

Shanghai706109759113

Chongqing636120632115

Mumbai2865352695

Jakarta1112915637

Seoul1636921886

Bangkok3655549168

Comparison

1975

1980

1990

1995

2000

2010

2020

2010maxf

2020maxf

Percent-inc

1975

1980

1990

1995

2000

by-fuel

2010

2010maxf

2020

2020maxf

by-sector

Year

CityCountry19751980199019952000

East Asia

BeijingChina1286671729892703163189292615794.1319711494

Tianjin917481209201954502269362758708.0273642184

Taiyuan896641113511985802204502083585.2950925697

Wuhan1463691901153149103614992647293.234565133

Shanghai1962232712074033104871844289994.7451319422

Guangzhou794301045782750703461161674284.4314442855

Chongqing45175458987296850011163307044812.2377445897

Guiyang1525391894343378303750203006443.8837331117

Qingdao45325628100371114277452.83612388464.3136856538

KantoJapan17319714235517366316133697923-1.7384686811

Kinki1046047794112951812030869980-1.3239812014

Seoul-InchonSouth Korea1698802708315948084185343014543.0980565197

Pusan21356339077406452467388963.2852557304

Hong KongHongkong58791860411535851558561193944.1232802923.3048081103

Indian Subcontinent

DhakaBangladesh11490149821434020070223793.7907360894

New DelhiIndia21574259144430058990684458.6901397875

Calcutta20638244103913049980645638.5134195115

Bombay76959903281398401743422067466.7457546336

Chennai30385349344900056490854107.2438791281

LahorePakistan702480761132813061165765.439021925

Karachi403654516211725017000024043019.82538678618.6069054087

Southeast Asia

JakartaIndonesia217614004770316899979335813.1603876243

Kuala LumparMalaysia348837771433015990118349.5722400154

ManilaPhilippines419645211492939103170717182.8361301564

SingaporeSingapore542928097119273423294519165910.1206091739

BangkokThailand71944942322482203112602435759.54250760049.0463749141

2000

DhakaBeijingShanghaiChongqingMumbaiJakartaSeoulBangkok

Coal4.73342.03226.02352.9972.720.794.210.47

Biofuel4.651.622.050.1302.460.745.54

Fuel Oil3.5832.9545.931.92105.5525.5340.56282.6

Gas3.40.611.10.022.150.872.260.58

Others0.358.587.220.832.412.420.267.75

Sum16.71385.79282.32355.89182.8332.02368.03296.94

Coal

Biofuel

Fuel Oil

Gas

Others

2000

DhakaBeijingShanghaiChongqingMumbaiJakartaSeoulBangkok

CON022.9928.1517.9420.7400.043.86

IND8.2127.42142.36191.44120.039.23267.35203.3

DOM3.69156.9932.38124.30.826.4338.743.39

TRAN1.187.6116.496.882.5512.4625.051.43

PP3.2862.255.714.5236.291.2616.677.21

OTHER0.358.587.220.832.412.6420.267.75

Sum16.7385.79282.3355.91182.8432.02368.04296.94

CON

IND

DOM

TRAN

PP

OTHER

% Contribution of Megacities to Total Sulfur Deposition

(b)

Figure 2. Comparison of SO2 Emissions from the Megacities of Asia, ktons/year (a) For year 1975, 1980, 1990, 1995 and 2000 (b) For year 2010 and 2020 from RAINS-Asia 7.52

Chart5

11.4901814.9818114.3420.0722.37924

128.66691172.98886270.316318.929261.5789

196.22302271.20657403.31487.184428.99905

451.75354589.8719968.51116.33704.4808

76.959290.32793139.84174.342206.74617

21.7612840.0471170.31689.99793.358

169.87978270.8308594.808418.534301.45407

71.9438494.23184248.22311.26243.575

1975

1980

1990

1995

2000

Area

Year

City19751980199019952000201020202010maxf2020maxf

Dhaka1149014982143402007022379560641061922323229505

Beijing941701169472085592315201609393296013138657320859825

Tianjin73504912831627901807101256201911581708946419242449

Taiyuan896641113511985802204501532383624843649859873896180

Wuhan1245671546972758803062602128892581492723047096068425

Shanghai12332115314927312030319021075943628641737496743101810

Guangzhou63918793781415601571501092384406274872545949558336

Chongqing376360467392833530925300643211556282546088117332112466

Guiyang1525391894343378303750202606942953312460254392040769

Qingdao453256281003711142774553696509241132210792

Hong Kong2413027500444003982030110164001906231952718504

New Delhi15533178592505028880366551791642604302843345127

Calcutta16922194562729031460399331554902351272478040939

Bombay66765767621076691241401575492405684282905083691358

Chennai30385349344900056490717001807753508322628851149

Jakarta21761400477031689997933581106661562732902337168

Kanto1378571027181706921585449185872676706123460533870

Kinki104604779411295181203086970050379435092516621832

Seoul-Inchon1695132703975942904176302972601559382070066553981335

Pusan209703345173519516643677447261606351916720485

Kuala Lumpar348837771433015990118341437211282181437515191

Lahore702480761132813061165761117901574881995727319

Karachi4036545162117250155470211330148976371055728312595

Manila419645211492939103170717181273661247712762325797

Singapore53150796201911202303201887803390613457105101653712

Bangkok71944942322482203112602435753645434913845492167620

Lps

Year

City19751980199019952000201020202010maxf2020maxf

Dhaka000000000

Beijing34497560426175787409100640768707128035304610

Tianjin1824429638326604622615025025377029905072908340

Taiyuan000055120551206910012102660

Wuhan2180235418390305523951840595007295012501460

Shanghai7205411705312899018256821610026536033355096909140

Guangzhou155122520013351018896658190530409351018902860

Chongqing7539412248013497019103061270795608615023502220

Guiyang00003995039950328501230880

Qingdao000000000

Hong Kong341205790010842011478887920906401124070904490

New Delhi60418054192503011031790491007469012201650

Calcutta37164954118401852024630451907547010201590

Bombay1001713356319204992048750448709595020202760

Chennai00001371034100537106801070

Jakarta000000000

Kanto34858390662290213048508770849038303390

Kinki00002802750414011001660

Seoul-Inchon000032706550982026203930

Pusan00001150229045809201830

Kuala Lumpar000000000

Lahore000000000

Karachi00014530291007121030946014206190

Manila000000000

Singapore000000000

Bangkok000000000

Ships

Year

City19751980199019952000201020202010maxf2020maxf

Dhaka000000000

Beijing000000000

Tianjin000000000

Taiyuan000000000

Wuhan000000000

Shanghai84910051200142621404284857621402140

Guangzhou000000000

Chongqing000000000

Guiyang000000000

Qingdao000000000

Hong Kong541641765124813641619192113641364

New Delhi000000000

Calcutta000000000

Bombay1782102512824489742118448448

Chennai000000000

Jakarta000000000

Kanto48257068166212153242865512151215

Kinki000000000

Seoul-Inchon3664345189049249641007924924

Pusan38645654580397213811963972972

Kuala Lumpar000000000

Lahore000000000

Karachi000000000

Manila000000000

Singapore114213511614262528793435409928792879

Bangkok000000000

Total

Year% change

City19751980199019952000201020202010maxf2020maxf1980-2000

Dhaka114901498214340200702237956064106192232322950549

Beijing128667172989270316318929261579406471385145767386443551

Tianjin917481209201954502269362758704449284699447148250789128

Taiyuan89664111351198580220450208358417604434085999489884087

Wuhan146369190115314910361499264729317649345254722106988539

Shanghai19622327120740331048718442899970593075950010857411309058

Guangzhou79430104578275070346116167428493667580764613856119660

Chongqing451754589872968500111633070448163584263223811968211468619

Guiyang152539189434337830375020300644335281278875451504164959

Qingdao45325628100371114277455369650924113221079238

Hong Kong5879186041153585155856119394256260103784279822435839

New Delhi21574259144430058990684452282643351202965346777164

Calcutta20638244103913049980645632006803105972580042529164

Bombay76959903281398401743422067462864125263575330394566129

Chennai30385349344900056490854102148754045422696852219144

Jakarta21761400477031689997933581106661562732902337168133

Kanto1731971423551736631613369792384688877573965038474-31

Kinki104604779411295181203086998053129476492626623492-10

Seoul-Inchon169880270831594808418534301454163452217833690838618811

Pusan21356339077406452467388965093267178210592328715

Kuala Lumpar348837771433015990118341437211282181437515191213

Lahore702480761132813061165761117901574881995727319105

Karachi4036545162117250170000240430220186680515870318785432

Manila41964521149293910317071718127366124771276232579738

Singapore54292809711927342329451916593424963498095389556590137

Bangkok71944942322482203112602435753645434913845492167620158

227063728821165133368566840245641726826593823219612179841335228

0.8215824658

Comparison

Year% change

City19751980199019952000201020202010maxf2020maxf1980-2000

Dhaka114901498214340200702237956064106192232322950549

Beijing128667172989270316318929261579406471385145767386443551

Shanghai19622327120740331048718442899970593075950010857411309058

Chongqing451754589872968500111633070448163584263223811968211468619

Bombay76959903281398401743422067462864125263575330394566129

Jakarta21761400477031689997933581106661562732902337168133

Seoul169880270831594808418534301454163452217833690838618811

Bangkok71944942322482203112602435753645434913845492167620158

19751980199019952000201020202010maxf2020maxf

Dhaka1115142022561062330

Beijing1291732703192624063857764

Shanghai196271403487429706759109113

Chongqing4525909691116704636632120115

Mumbai77901401742072865265395

Jakarta22407090931111562937

Seoul1702715954193011632186986

Bangkok72942483112443654915568

20102010maxf20202020maxf

Dhaka562310630

Beijing4067738564

Shanghai706109759113

Chongqing636120632115

Mumbai2865352695

Jakarta1112915637

Seoul1636921886

Bangkok3655549168

Comparison

1975

1980

1990

1995

2000

2010

2020

2010maxf

2020maxf

Percent-inc

1975

1980

1990

1995

2000

by-fuel

2010

2010maxf

2020

2020maxf

by-sector

Year

CityCountry19751980199019952000

East Asia

BeijingChina1286671729892703163189292615794.1319711494

Tianjin917481209201954502269362758708.0273642184

Taiyuan896641113511985802204502083585.2950925697

Wuhan1463691901153149103614992647293.234565133

Shanghai1962232712074033104871844289994.7451319422

Guangzhou794301045782750703461161674284.4314442855

Chongqing45175458987296850011163307044812.2377445897

Guiyang1525391894343378303750203006443.8837331117

Qingdao45325628100371114277452.83612388464.3136856538

KantoJapan17319714235517366316133697923-1.7384686811

Kinki1046047794112951812030869980-1.3239812014

Seoul-InchonSouth Korea1698802708315948084185343014543.0980565197

Pusan21356339077406452467388963.2852557304

Hong KongHongkong58791860411535851558561193944.1232802923.3048081103

Indian Subcontinent

DhakaBangladesh11490149821434020070223793.7907360894

New DelhiIndia21574259144430058990684458.6901397875

Calcutta20638244103913049980645638.5134195115

Bombay76959903281398401743422067466.7457546336

Chennai30385349344900056490854107.2438791281

LahorePakistan702480761132813061165765.439021925

Karachi403654516211725017000024043019.82538678618.6069054087

Southeast Asia

JakartaIndonesia217614004770316899979335813.1603876243

Kuala LumparMalaysia348837771433015990118349.5722400154

ManilaPhilippines419645211492939103170717182.8361301564

SingaporeSingapore542928097119273423294519165910.1206091739

BangkokThailand71944942322482203112602435759.54250760049.0463749141

2000

DhakaBeijingShanghaiChongqingBombayJakartaSeoulBangkok

Coal4.73342.03226.02352.9972.720.794.210.47

Biofuel4.651.622.050.1302.460.745.54

Fuel Oil3.5832.9545.931.92105.5525.5340.56282.6

Gas3.40.611.10.022.150.872.260.58

Others0.358.587.220.832.412.420.267.75

Sum16.71385.79282.32355.89182.8332.02368.03296.94

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

Coal

Biofuel

Fuel Oil

Gas

Others

2000

DhakaBeijingShanghaiChongqingBombayJakartaSeoulBangkok

CON022.9928.1517.9420.7400.043.86

IND8.2127.42142.36191.44120.039.23267.35203.3

DOM3.69156.9932.38124.30.826.4338.743.39

TRAN1.187.6116.496.882.5512.4625.051.43

PP3.2862.255.714.5236.291.2616.677.21

OTHER0.358.587.220.832.412.6420.267.75

Sum16.7385.79282.3355.91182.8432.02368.04296.94

000000

000000

000000

000000

000000

000000

000000

000000

CON

IND

DOM

TRAN

PP

OTHER

Chart2

56.06423.2321106.191529.505

406.47176.7381385.145164.4346

705.93025108.57355759.49962113.09035

635.842119.6816632.2384114.6861

286.4116753.30347526.3573994.56597

110.66629.0227156.273137.168

163.4524869.08277217.8328886.18847

364.54354.9213491.384467.62

2010

2010maxf

2020

2020maxf

Area

Year

City19751980199019952000201020202010maxf2020maxf

Dhaka1149014982143402007022379560641061922323229505

Beijing941701169472085592315201609393296013138657320859825

Tianjin73504912831627901807101256201911581708946419242449

Taiyuan896641113511985802204501532383624843649859873896180

Wuhan1245671546972758803062602128892581492723047096068425

Shanghai12332115314927312030319021075943628641737496743101810

Guangzhou63918793781415601571501092384406274872545949558336

Chongqing376360467392833530925300643211556282546088117332112466

Guiyang1525391894343378303750202606942953312460254392040769

Qingdao453256281003711142774553696509241132210792

Hong Kong2413027500444003982030110164001906231952718504

New Delhi15533178592505028880366551791642604302843345127

Calcutta16922194562729031460399331554902351272478040939

Bombay66765767621076691241401575492405684282905083691358

Chennai30385349344900056490717001807753508322628851149

Jakarta21761400477031689997933581106661562732902337168

Kanto1378571027181706921585449185872676706123460533870

Kinki104604779411295181203086970050379435092516621832

Seoul-Inchon1695132703975942904176302972601559382070066553981335

Pusan209703345173519516643677447261606351916720485

Kuala Lumpar348837771433015990118341437211282181437515191

Lahore702480761132813061165761117901574881995727319

Karachi4036545162117250155470211330148976371055728312595

Manila419645211492939103170717181273661247712762325797

Singapore53150796201911202303201887803390613457105101653712

Bangkok71944942322482203112602435753645434913845492167620

Lps

Year

City19751980199019952000201020202010maxf2020maxf

Dhaka000000000

Beijing34497560426175787409100640768707128035304610

Tianjin1824429638326604622615025025377029905072908340

Taiyuan000055120551206910012102660

Wuhan2180235418390305523951840595007295012501460

Shanghai7205411705312899018256821610026536033355096909140

Guangzhou155122520013351018896658190530409351018902860

Chongqing7539412248013497019103061270795608615023502220

Guiyang00003995039950328501230880

Qingdao000000000

Hong Kong341205790010842011478887920906401124070904490

New Delhi60418054192503011031790491007469012201650

Calcutta37164954118401852024630451907547010201590

Bombay1001713356319204992048750448709595020202760

Chennai00001371034100537106801070

Jakarta000000000

Kanto34858390662290213048508770849038303390

Kinki00002802750414011001660

Seoul-Inchon000032706550982026203930

Pusan00001150229045809201830

Kuala Lumpar000000000

Lahore000000000

Karachi00014530291007121030946014206190

Manila000000000

Singapore000000000

Bangkok000000000

Ships

Year

City19751980199019952000201020202010maxf2020maxf

Dhaka000000000

Beijing000000000

Tianjin000000000

Taiyuan000000000

Wuhan000000000

Shanghai84910051200142621404284857621402140

Guangzhou000000000

Chongqing000000000

Guiyang000000000

Qingdao000000000

Hong Kong541641765124813641619192113641364

New Delhi000000000

Calcutta000000000

Bombay1782102512824489742118448448

Chennai000000000

Jakarta000000000

Kanto48257068166212153242865512151215

Kinki000000000

Seoul-Inchon3664345189049249641007924924

Pusan38645654580397213811963972972

Kuala Lumpar000000000

Lahore000000000

Karachi000000000

Manila000000000

Singapore114213511614262528793435409928792879

Bangkok000000000

Total

Year% change

City19751980199019952000201020202010maxf2020maxf1980-2000

Dhaka114901498214340200702237956064106192232322950549

Beijing128667172989270316318929261579406471385145767386443551

Tianjin917481209201954502269362758704449284699447148250789128

Taiyuan89664111351198580220450208358417604434085999489884087

Wuhan146369190115314910361499264729317649345254722106988539

Shanghai19622327120740331048718442899970593075950010857411309058

Guangzhou79430104578275070346116167428493667580764613856119660

Chongqing451754589872968500111633070448163584263223811968211468619

Guiyang152539189434337830375020300644335281278875451504164959

Qingdao45325628100371114277455369650924113221079238

Hong Kong5879186041153585155856119394256260103784279822435839

New Delhi21574259144430058990684452282643351202965346777164

Calcutta20638244103913049980645632006803105972580042529164

Bombay76959903281398401743422067462864125263575330394566129

Chennai30385349344900056490854102148754045422696852219144

Jakarta21761400477031689997933581106661562732902337168133

Kanto1731971423551736631613369792384688877573965038474-31

Kinki104604779411295181203086998053129476492626623492-10

Seoul-Inchon169880270831594808418534301454163452217833690838618811

Pusan21356339077406452467388965093267178210592328715

Kuala Lumpar348837771433015990118341437211282181437515191213

Lahore702480761132813061165761117901574881995727319105

Karachi4036545162117250170000240430220186680515870318785432

Manila41964521149293910317071718127366124771276232579738

Singapore54292809711927342329451916593424963498095389556590137

Bangkok71944942322482203112602435753645434913845492167620158

227063728821165133368566840245641726826593823219612179841335228

0.8215824658

Comparison

Year% change

City19751980199019952000201020202010maxf2020maxf1980-2000

Dhaka114901498214340200702237956064106192232322950549

Beijing128667172989270316318929261579406471385145767386443551

Shanghai19622327120740331048718442899970593075950010857411309058

Chongqing451754589872968500111633070448163584263223811968211468619

Bombay76959903281398401743422067462864125263575330394566129

Jakarta21761400477031689997933581106661562732902337168133

Seoul169880270831594808418534301454163452217833690838618811

Bangkok71944942322482203112602435753645434913845492167620158

19751980199019952000201020202010maxf2020maxf

Dhaka1115142022561062330

Beijing1291732703192624063857764

Shanghai196271403487429706759109113

Chongqing4525909691116704636632120115

Mumbai77901401742072865265395

Jakarta22407090931111562937

Seoul1702715954193011632186986

Bangkok72942483112443654915568

20102010maxf20202020maxf

Dhaka562310630

Beijing4067738564

Shanghai706109759113

Chongqing636120632115

Mumbai2865352695

Jakarta1112915637

Seoul1636921886

Bangkok3655549168

Comparison

1975

1980

1990

1995

2000

2010

2020

2010maxf

2020maxf

Percent-inc

1975

1980

1990

1995

2000

by-fuel

2010

2010maxf

2020

2020maxf

by-sector

Year

CityCountry19751980199019952000

East Asia

BeijingChina1286671729892703163189292615794.1319711494

Tianjin917481209201954502269362758708.0273642184

Taiyuan896641113511985802204502083585.2950925697

Wuhan1463691901153149103614992647293.234565133

Shanghai1962232712074033104871844289994.7451319422

Guangzhou794301045782750703461161674284.4314442855

Chongqing45175458987296850011163307044812.2377445897

Guiyang1525391894343378303750203006443.8837331117

Qingdao45325628100371114277452.83612388464.3136856538

KantoJapan17319714235517366316133697923-1.7384686811

Kinki1046047794112951812030869980-1.3239812014

Seoul-InchonSouth Korea1698802708315948084185343014543.0980565197

Pusan21356339077406452467388963.2852557304

Hong KongHongkong58791860411535851558561193944.1232802923.3048081103

Indian Subcontinent

DhakaBangladesh11490149821434020070223793.7907360894

New DelhiIndia21574259144430058990684458.6901397875

Calcutta20638244103913049980645638.5134195115

Bombay76959903281398401743422067466.7457546336

Chennai30385349344900056490854107.2438791281

LahorePakistan702480761132813061165765.439021925

Karachi403654516211725017000024043019.82538678618.6069054087

Southeast Asia

JakartaIndonesia217614004770316899979335813.1603876243

Kuala LumparMalaysia348837771433015990118349.5722400154

ManilaPhilippines419645211492939103170717182.8361301564

SingaporeSingapore542928097119273423294519165910.1206091739

BangkokThailand71944942322482203112602435759.54250760049.0463749141

2000

DhakaBeijingShanghaiChongqingBombayJakartaSeoulBangkok

Coal4.73342.03226.02352.9972.720.794.210.47

Biofuel4.651.622.050.1302.460.745.54

Fuel Oil3.5832.9545.931.92105.5525.5340.56282.6

Gas3.40.611.10.022.150.872.260.58

Others0.358.587.220.832.412.420.267.75

Sum16.71385.79282.32355.89182.8332.02368.03296.94

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

Coal

Biofuel

Fuel Oil

Gas

Others

2000

DhakaBeijingShanghaiChongqingBombayJakartaSeoulBangkok

CON022.9928.1517.9420.7400.043.86

IND8.2127.42142.36191.44120.039.23267.35203.3

DOM3.69156.9932.38124.30.826.4338.743.39

TRAN1.187.6116.496.882.5512.4625.051.43

PP3.2862.255.714.5236.291.2616.677.21

OTHER0.358.587.220.832.412.6420.267.75

Sum16.7385.79282.3355.91182.8432.02368.04296.94

000000

000000

000000

000000

000000

000000

000000

000000

CON

IND

DOM

TRAN

PP

OTHER

Integrated Urban AQMForward looking policies which anticipate growth in environmental growth and/or retrofitting are most cost-effective.Policy trajectories include (example): 1995 - distant siting (50 km to 75km); 2000 - ESP, coal washing; 2010 - 2050 - fabric filters and low-NOx burners.IGCC technology for new power plants and relocation of major industrial estates and power plants to outside the city limits.

Health Benefits due to Sulfur and PM Control in Shanghai

Ambient Air Quality Curve in Shanghai

2

0.1060.3010.067

0.0930.3330.084

0.090.2820.076

0.0740.2810.06

0.0530.2460.073

0.0590.2410.089

0.0680.2330.105

0.0530.2150.1

0.0440.1680.099

SO2

NOx

TSP

mg/m3

SO2

TSP

NOx

Sheet1

1991199219931994199519961997199819992000

SO20.1060.0930.090.0740.0530.0590.0680.0530.0440.04

TSP0.3010.3330.2820.2810.2460.2410.2330.2150.1680.152

NOx0.0670.0840.0760.060.0730.0890.1050.10.0990.09

Sheet1

SO2

TSP

NOx

Concentration Change of Major Air Pollutants in Urban Area of Shanghai from 1991 to 1999

Air Pollution and Climate Issues are Intimately Linked

Urban Air Pollution Control Policies and Technical OptionsUrban Air Quality Manage-ment Megacities feel the change first. Health impacts as a primary measure, urban centers will react to policy measures faster than a province or a region. Important challenge is how to integrate climate and urban air quality in a manner that enables the evaluation of complex policies.