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A Greenhouse Gas

Emissions Assessment of

the 2015 Darwin Festival

2015

Greening the Darwin Festival

Funding acknowledgements:

This Greenhouse Gas Emissions Assessment received

funding from the City of Darwin. The baseline waste

audit included in the Assessment was funded by the NT

Environment Protection Authority. COOLmob

provided in kind Project Management support as well as

carrying out the Assessment.

Copyright © 2016: Environment Centre NT

This publication is copyright. Apart from any fair dealing

for the purpose of private study, research, criticism or

review as permitted under the Copyright Act, no part

may be reproduced by any process, without written

permission from the publisher.

Suggested citation: Greening the Darwin Festival – A

Greenhouse Gas Emissions Assessment for the 2015

Darwin Festival – COOLmob, Environment Centre NT,

2016

For requests and enquiries concerning reproduction and

rights, contact:

Environment Centre NT

PO Box 2120

DARWIN. NT 0801

Phone: +61 8 89811984

Email: [email protected] Web:

Greening the Darwin Festival 2015 - Page 1

Contents

Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................. 3

Glossary ..................................................................................................................................................... 3

Limitations ............................................................................................................................................... 5

1. Executive Summary ................................................................................................................... 6

2. Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 8

2.1 Greening Darwin Festival ................................................................................................ 8

2.2 Who we are ............................................................................................................................ 9

3. Methodology ................................................................................................................................ 10

3.1 Project Lifecycle ................................................................................................................. 10

3.2 Reporting Standards ......................................................................................................... 11

3.3 Organisational Boundary and Operational Boundary ...................................... 11

3.4 Global Warming Potentials and Emission Factors ............................................ 12

3.5 Calculation Methodology ............................................................................................... 13

4. Greenhouse Gas Inventory ................................................................................................... 15

4.1 Data Availability and Quality ....................................................................................... 15

4.2 Key Assumptions ................................................................................................................ 15

4.3 Greenhouse Gas Emissions for 2015 Darwin Festival ...................................... 16

5. Waste .............................................................................................................................................. 20

6. Recommendations .................................................................................................................... 22

6.1 Management Approach .................................................................................................. 22

6.2 Monitoring and Evaluation ............................................................................................ 22

6.3 Mitigation ............................................................................................................................... 24

6.4 Communication .................................................................................................................. 24

7. References ..................................................................................................................................... 26

Appendices ............................................................................................................................................ 27

Appendix I - Data Provided by Festival Organisers ...................................................... 27

Appendix II Activity Data and Emission Factors ............................................................ 30

Appendix III - Darwin Festival 2015 COOLmob Food Stall Holder Survey ...... 32

Appendix IV – Darwin Festival 2016 COOLmob Waste Audits Objectives...... 33


List of Figures

Figure 1: Greening Darwin Festival Overall Methodology ......................................... 10

Figure 2: Main Emission Sources of the 2015 Darwin Festival ................................... 17

Figure 3: Emissions Sources Excluding Artist Air Travel ........................................... 17

Figure 4: Domestic Air Travel by Artists during 2015 Festival .................................. 18

Figure 5: Electricity Use by Primary Locations during Festival Activities ................ 19

Figure 6: Total Solid Waste Generated per Head – 2015 Darwin Festival ............... 20

List of Tables

Table 1: Project Milestones and Responsibilities....................................................................... 11

Table 2: Direct and Indirect Emission Sources .......................................................................... 12

Table 3: 100 year Global Warming Potentials (GWP) .......................................................... 12

Table 4: Data Quality and Availability ............................................................................................ 15

Table 5: Greenhouse Gas Emissions for 2015 Darwin Festival .......................................... 16 Table 6: Electricity Consumption by Primary Locations during Festival Activities. 19

Table 7: Darwin Festival 2015 Waste Profile .............................................................................. 20

Table 8: 2015 Practices and Recommended Future Practices ........................................... 23


Acknowledgements

The Environment Centre NT acknowledges and thanks the following organisations and staff for

their collaboration, cooperation and contributions during the project.

Darwin Festival and its organisers, and

Festival locations: The Amphitheatre, Brown’s Mart Theatre, Darwin Entertainment Centre,

Darwin Railway Club, Festival Park, Tatts Ticket Caravan and two accommodation rental

properties. We also acknowledge and thank the City of Darwin and the NT Environment Protection Authority for their funding support.

This Assessment relied on the commitment and expertise of the Carbon Accountant Project

Officer, Nisitha Dasanayake, and the in-kind Project Manager, Jessica Steinborner.

Glossary

Aerobic: Occurring in the presence of oxygen or requiring oxygen to live.

Baseline: The greenhouse gas emissions (from energy, waste and transport) that would

occur without policy intervention (in a business-as-usual scenario).

Black Balloons:

A communication metric. Each imaginary balloons filled with 50 grams of

greenhouse gases.

Carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e):

Greenhouse gases include carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide, with each

gas having different physical properties and global warming potential. It is

conventional practice to express all gas emissions in ‘equivalent amounts of

carbon dioxide’ where ‘equivalent’ means ‘having the same global warming

potential over a period of 100 years’.

Carbon Neutral Certification:

Carbon neutrality is achieved when the net greenhouse gas emissions of an

organisation, a product, service or event, are equal to zero. This can be achieved

by reducing emissions and then purchasing and retiring offsets units to match or

'offset' the remaining emissions. The Carbon Neutral Program is a voluntary

scheme which certifies products, business operations or events as carbon neutral against the Australian Government National Carbon Offset Standard.

Cogeneration: The generation of electricity and useful heat jointly, especially the utilisation of

the steam left over from electricity generation for heating.

Emission Factors:

The average emission rate of a greenhouse gas that a source produces relative to

units of activity. Normally interpreted as a unit of CO2e.

Global Warming Potential (GWP):

A measure of how much energy the emissions of one tonne of a gas will absorb

over a given period of time, relative to the emissions of one tonne of carbon

dioxide. The larger the GWP the more that a given gas warms the earth

compared to carbon dioxide over that time period (usually 100 years).


Greenhouse Gas:

Atmospheric gas which contributes to the greenhouse effect by absorbing

infrared radiation.

Kyoto Protocol:

An international agreement linked to the United Nations Framework

Convention on Climate Change which commits its Parties by setting

internationally binding emission reduction targets.

Kyoto Protocol Gases

The targets for the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol cover

emissions of the seven main greenhouse gases: Carbon dioxide, Methane,

Nitrous oxide, Hydro fluorocarbons, Perfluorocarbons, and Sulphur

hexafluoride. During the second commitment period seventh gas, Nitrogen

Fluoride, will also be included as a Kyoto Protocol Gas.

Operational Boundary:

Operational boundaries categorise the emissions resulting either directly or

indirectly from the organisation’s (in this case the Darwin Festival’s) operations,

facilities, and sources.

Organisational Boundary:

Organisational boundaries define the operations, facilities, and sources that are

to be included in the inventory.

Passenger kilometre:

When a passenger is carried over one kilometre.

Tonne kilometre:

A unit of freight carriage equal to the transportation of one metric tonne of

freight one kilometre.

Acronyms

CO2e Carbon dioxide equivalent

DEFRA Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs

L Litre

GHG Greenhouse Gas

GWP Global warming potential

IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

NGAF National Greenhouse Gas Accounts Factors

NT EPA Northern Territory Environment Protection Authority

NTRS NT Recycle Solution Private Limited

p.km Passenger kilometres

WBCSD World Business Council for Sustainable Development

WRI World Resource Institute


Limitations

The 2015 Darwin Festival ran for 18 days between 14th to 21st August. This Greenhouse Gas

Emissions Assessment report assessed Festival activities within those dates. An annual

assessment would be necessary for a more comprehensive assessment including administration

activities, travel and waste during the year. The following are other limitations to this

assessment:

All data used during the 2015 emissions estimates was collected and provided by Darwin Festival organisers. Results will depend upon the accuracy and completeness of the

collection, recording and reporting of data.

There were no records maintained for individual fuel consumptions for each emission

source (generators, forklifts, vehicles, oil lamps, lighting towers, knuckle booms/cherry

pickers) by Festival organisers.

Emissions due to fuel used in food stalls were not included in this assessment due to lack of data.

There are only qualitative analyses provided for mitigation recommendations. Further

information and studies need to be done for comprehensive quantitative analyses.

No financial analysis was undertaken in regards to mitigation measures, eg carbon offsets

for flights.

Ref: Earth Day and the Greenhouse Effect. http://astrocampschool.org/greenhouse-effect/


1. Executive Summary

This baseline emissions assessment is a starting point for Darwin Festival

organisers to consider the Festival’s operational environmental impact and

recommends an understandable pathway towards carbon neutrality.

The organisations involved with this Assessment share a common understanding that people

and organisations can benefit from putting in place policies and practices to reduce greenhouse

gas emissions.

These commonalities brought together the Environment Centre NT’s COOLmob, the Darwin

Festival, the City of Darwin and the NT Environment Protection Authority to collaborate in

producing a starting point for Darwin Festival’s efforts to GREEN itself, that is to reduce the

Festival’s greenhouse gas emissions and so reduce the negative impact the Festival has on the

environment.

The findings from this report show Darwin Festival organisers are in a good position to manage

the greenhouse gas emissions of future Darwin Festivals with relatively simple practices,

outlined below. With an extended sustainability policy in place based on the recommendations

in this report and with a strategic communication plan to promote sustainability efforts, Festival

organisers can move this important event along the path to becoming a government certified

Carbon Neutral event.

In addition this and future Assessments can be used as a cost cutting tool. Greenhouse gas

(GHG) assessments require a detailed account of energy use in day to day operations, and as such organisations can have a detailed understanding of where energy and fuel is used most, and

take steps to not only mitigate GHG emissions but also to reduce cost.

Working within its constraints, the Assessment monitored the amount of electricity and fuel

used, and the amount of waste produced by the Festival. The calculations made during the

Assessment were based on global carbon accounting standards and compared to everyday

knowledge so they can be visualised.

The key findings of the Assessment are summarised below.

The Festival emitted 281 tonnes of CO2e greenhouse gases in 2015. That is equivalent to

nearly 5.5 million Black Balloons (imaginary balloons containing 50 grams of pollution) into

the atmosphere. That is about 200 Black Balloons (o 10 kg of pollution) per ticket sold. The

most greenhouse gas emissions resulted from Festival related air travel (84%), mostly

domestic flights, and mostly originating from Melbourne.

Electricity was the second largest (9%) cause of greenhouse gas emissions. Between festival

set up and festival dismantling, eight Festival locations used as much electricity as 64

Territory houses would use in a month. Not surprisingly the Darwin Entertainment Centre

using the most electricity.

Fuel accounted for about 4.4% of Festival greenhouse gas emissions, equivalent to what 174

Toyota Yaris cars would use if they were driven from Darwin to Katherine and back again.

NT Recycling Solutions reported that 52% of Festival waste was sent for recycling and 48% was sent to Shoal Bay Waste Management Facility. The total amount of waste generated per


person visiting the Festival was 716 grams. In future, a thorough waste audit could

determine how much of the waste sent to Shoal Bay would be recycled into electricity

production.

The following mitigation measures would prevent or offset greenhouse gas emissions

significantly for future Festivals.

Include an audit of administration activities throughout the year, including energy use,

waste, travel and other office activities.

Implement recommendations provided by of the comprehensive waste audit and waste education to be carried out for the 2016 Festival with funding from NT EPA (see Appendix

IV Project Summary, Greening the Darwin Festival, COOLmob Waste Audits).

Seek funding for transport and electricity audit to complement the above.

Undertake financial analysis (cost benefit analysis) to articulate scope and benefit of

investment.

Purchase carbon offsets for all Festival air travel by artists and their crews. This will target

the reduction of the highest emissions source: air travel.

Maintain the inside temperature levels 24 0C to 26 0C in Darwin Entertainment Centre and

Railway Club and use air conditioners in conjunction with fans if/when available.

Hire solar powered cold rooms after a comprehensive financial analysis.

Carry out a feasibility study to introduce solar power to the ticket caravan as an alternative

option.

Use hybrid vehicles for local travel.

Replace some flood lights with solar lights in the Amphitheatre and Festival Park.

Instruct stallholders to switch off lights in stalls during day time.

Review contracts and tender documents to include compliance with emission reduction

measures, and monitoring and evaluation processes in line with the Festival sustainability

policy.

Request contractors, service providers and artists to include their environmental

credentials and proposed emission reduction activities as part of their submissions.

Festival audiences are ripe for fun and new ideas and experiences, and often enjoy those

experiences more if they know how the environmental impacts of those activities have been

offset. By GREENING itself, Darwin Festival is already following a national and international

trend which can unify Festival contributors, reduce operational costs, create powerful

marketing tools, and benefit the local and global environment. The future of the Festival looks

bright.

Photos courtesy Darwin Festival Facebook page


2. Introduction

2.1 Greening Darwin Festival

A Greenhouse Gas Emissions Assessment of the 2015 Darwin Festival

This Emissions Assessment Report was a collaboration between the 2015 Darwin

Festival and the Environment Centre NT’s COOLmob program to identify levels of

greenhouse gas emissions and waste generation and their sources during the 2015

Festival against which future mitigative actions can be measured and promoted.

A Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions Assessment quantifies or measures the total amount of

greenhouse gases produced directly and indirectly from an organisation, activity, product or

service. In other words GHG assessments reflect the amount of global warming caused by

activities. Standard assessments cover the seven greenhouse gases covered by the Kyoto

Protocol, and reported in the unit of Carbon dioxide equivalents (CO2e).

Darwin Festival is the major arts and cultural event of the Northern Territory. It has a 40 year

history of community engagement and successful programming that has grown into a

celebration of music, theatre, visual art, dance, cabaret in Darwin’s beautiful tropical

surroundings. For about three weeks every year, the Festival activates the city bringing $8.9

million into the Territory economy, and employing over one hundred arts workers. In 2015 the

Festival attracted 90,000 people. Festival organisers demonstrate a commitment to enhancing

the environment by minimising where possible negative impacts of Festival operations. The

Festival implemented initiatives for waste and water management during the 2015 Festival.

The City of Darwin is a major sponsor for the Darwin Festival and, through its Climate Change

and Environment grants program, provided funding for this project. It has a strong focus on

promotion and advocacy for the preservation and best practice management of Darwin’s

natural environment. By working with governments and the community, the City of Darwin is

committed to achieving long-term ecologically and culturally sustainable development within the

Darwin municipality.

The Northern Territory Environment Protection Agency (NT EPA) also provided funding for

this project which will continue into the 2016 Darwin Festival event. The NT EPA is an

independent corporation responsible for providing advice on the environmental impacts of

development proposals and policy advice and regulatory services to provide for effective waste

management, pollution control and sustainable practices.

COOLmob successfully gained funding support from the two organisations mentioned above, and after consulted with Festival organisers to determine the locations included in the

Assessment, collected information about energy use, waste and transport, aiming to:

set up an greenhouse gas emissions base line,

set up the waste baseline; and

provide recommendations for sustainability practices for energy and waste management

that would reduce the environmental impact of future festivals.


2.2 Who we are

COOLmob is the sustainable living program of the Environment Centre NT. It partners with all

levels of government, real-estate and development companies, the community and social

welfare sector to deliver:

carbon management plans,

commercial and residential energy assessments,

high quality research and technical outcomes,

large scale retro-fit programs,

community engagement,

behaviour change, and

capacity building projects.

The Environment Centre NT is the peak community environment organisation in the Northern

Territory, Australia. The Environment Centre NT and its predecessor organisations have been

working to protect the environment since 1983. The organisation works to:

protect and restore biodiversity, ecosystems and ecological processes,

foster sustainable living and development, and

cut greenhouse gas emissions and build renewable energy capacity.

Photos: Top: COOLmob staff collecting electricity data. Bottom: Festival staff checking cooking oil and

grey water collection; COOLmob fuel data sheet.


3. Methodology

3.1 Project Lifecycle

The main objective of the Greenhouse Gas Emissions Assessment was to set up a baseline of the global warming impact due to the 2015 Darwin Festival energy use and waste generation.

COOLmob appointed an in-kind Project Manager and a Project Officer, then commenced the

project late in July 2015 with the mutual agreement with Darwin Festival organisers. The

following diagram illustrates the project process followed.

Figure 1: Greening Darwin Festival Overall Methodology

Emissions Calculations

Pre Festival

During Festival

After Festival

Project Objectives

Initial Information Collection

Site Visits

Data Gathering

Checking & Reconciliation

Waste baseline

Recommendations

Final Report

Project Objectives


Table 1: Project Milestones and Responsibilities

Project Phase Responsible Person(s) Date Completed

Project Objectives Festival Organisers (FO)/

COOLmob Project Manager (PM)

23rd July 2015

Initial Information

gathering

COOLmob Project Officer (PO) 03rd August 2015

Site Visits PO and FO 24th August 2015

Data Gathering FO and PO 30th November 2015

Checking and

Reconciliation

PO 10th December 2015

Waste baseline and

emission calculations

PO 20th December 2015

Recommendations PO and PM 30th December 2015

Final Report PM and PO 15th January 2016

3.2 Reporting Standards

The Assessment was carried out following the Greenhouse Gas Protocol published by World

Business Council for Sustainable Development/World Resource Institute and National

Greenhouse Gas Accounting Guidance(s) published by Department of Environment Australia.

In addition, during the selection of emission boundaries, the Carbon Neutral Program

Guidelines published by the Department of Environment were followed. Global Warming

Potentials identified in this Assessment were taken from the International Panel on Climate

Change (IPCC) 5th Assessment Report.

3.3 Organisational Boundary and Operational Boundary

One of the first steps in the Assessment was to define what to include and what not to include

in the Assessment.

Organisational Boundary

The following locations (primary locations) were selected for the Assessment after discussion

with Festival organisers, considering the level of activity of all Festival sites, and the availability

and access to data during and after the Festival.

Primary Locations Included in the Assessment

Amphitheatre

Brown’s Smart Theatre

Darwin Entertainment Centre

Darwin Railway Club

Festival Park

Tatts Ticket Caravan

Two rental accommodation properties for Festival use


Operational Boundary

Operational boundary categorise the emissions resulting either directly or indirectly from the

organisation’s operations, facilities, and sources. Direct emissions are emissions generated from

sources owned or controlled by the reporting company, in this case the 2015 Darwin Festival.

Indirect emissions are all the other emissions which are not owned or controlled by the

reporting company. However emissions due to electricity use from the gird should be reported

in accordance with world standards. The Assessment focused on the following direct and

indirect emission sources for the 2015 Darwin Festival.

Table 2: Direct and Indirect Emission Sources

3.4 Global Warming Potentials and Emission Factors

During the selection of the operational boundary each emission source was studied to identify

emissions of Kyoto gases. After the study the following Kyoto gases identified as potential

emissions within the operational boundary:

Carbon dioxide, Methane, Nitrous Oxide and Hydroflurocarbons.

However it was assumed that depending on the technology and the operational period there

were no emissions due to leakage of Hydroflurocarbons.

Table 3 provides latest global warming potentials1 (GWP), for main three gases, ie how much

energy the emissions of one tonne of that gas will absorb over a given period of time, relative

to the emissions of one tonne of carbon dioxide. The larger the GWP the more that gas warms

the earth compared to carbon dioxide over that time period.

Table 3: 100 year Global Warming Potentials (GWP)

Gas Chemical Formula 100 - year GWP

Carbon dioxide CO2 1

Methane CH4 28

Nitrous Oxide N2O 265

1 Global warming potentials were referred from GHG Protocol website and contains latest IPCC 5th Assessment

Report values.

Direct Emission Sources Indirect Emission Sources

Oil Lamps Electricity

Power Generators Waste disposal

Owned/ controlled vehicles including forklift

and knuckle booms/cherry pickers

Business travel by staff

Lighting towers Air travel by artists and their crews

Freight deliveries


Emission Factors

Emission factors are the average emission rate of a greenhouse gas that a source produces

relative to units of activity.

To provide an accurate picture of the actual emissions of the 2015 Darwin Festival, emission

factors were selected considering availability, validity and geography. Geographically relevant

published factors by the National Greenhouse Gas Account (NGA) were used for electricity

and fuel use during the Festival. Emission factors for purchased electricity was chosen from

nationally published factors that relate to the Darwin-Katherine interconnected grid power

system. After careful and thorough research all other emission factors were selected from UK

Conversion Factors 2015. All emission factors are included Appendix I.

3.5 Calculation Methodology

All emissions were determined using activity data and emission factors. The general equation

used for all emissions was:

Where

E = Emissions in tonnes CO2e

i = Emission source

n = Number of emission sources

The following equations were used to determine total emissions from each category of

emission source: electricity, fuel use air travel, freight deliveries, road travel, and waste.

Electricity

Where

EFe = Electricity emission factor

For individual location(s) electricity consumption (kWh) refer to Appendix I.

Fuel Use

Total emissions due to different fuel uses were calculated by following equations

Where

Efuel = Total emissions due to fuel use

Ef = Emissions from each fuel category

n = Number of fuel categories


Emissions by fuel category determined by following equation

Where

Cf = Consumption of fuel in litres

EFfuel = Derived emission factor for fuel based on NGAF values

Refer Appendix I for detail emission factor derivations.

Air Travel

The greenhouse gas emissions from air travel were determined using passenger kilometres for

economy class domestic and international flights. The total passenger kilometres were

determined by following:

Air travel emissions were obtained using the following equation

Freight Deliveries

Freight emissions were calculated by multiplying of tonne.kilometres by relevant emission

factor. Emission factors were selected for rail and road transport separately.

Tonne.kilometers were obtained by following equation:

Waste

Emissions due to waste land filling were calculated using total

amount of waste send to landfill and an emission factor. These

emissions were not included to the final value because the

waste is used to generate renewable electricity at the waste

management site,

Photos L-R:

Darwin Festival waste

collection bins. Luna Park waste

collection bins.

Refer Appendix I and

Appendix II for detail

calculations.


4. Greenhouse Gas Inventory

4.1 Data Availability and Quality

Total emissions were estimated using data provided by Festival organisers and Festival

contractors/suppliers. A list of emission sources, availability and quality is mentioned in the following Table 4.

Table 4: Data Quality and Availability

4.2 Key Assumptions

In order to carry out emissions estimates some assumptions were made primarily due to time

constraints and the availability of information.

There was no refrigerant leakages from ice freezer machines and cold room during

installation, operation and uninstalling.

That during the Festival period, 80% of electricity used by Brown’s Mart was used for

Festival purposes and 70% from Darwin Railway Club.

All methane generated in waste processing facility was used for renewable energy

generation.

All wastewater was treated in aerobic environment and therefore fugitive methane

emissions were very minimal.

2 Only includes two staff members travel by vans between Adelaide - Darwin – Adelaide and Alice Springs –

Darwin - Alice Springs.

Emissions Source Data Availability Data Source Data Quality

Air Travel Available Flight details Complete

Electricity Available Meter readings ,

power bills and

supplier data

Complete for all locations

and estimates made where

electricity use was not solely

for Festival activities.

Fork lift, power

generators, lighting

towers and vehicles

Specific data not

available

Fuel cost Based on total cost and

approximate estimates

Waste Available NTRS report Complete

Freight deliveries Available Supplier data Partially complete

Staff travel from

vehicles2

Available Destinations Complete

Citronella oil

torches

Not available

Fuel use in Food

Stalls

Not available


All general waste was used to generate electricity in cogeneration facility, (that is one where

electricity and useful heat are generated jointly) in Shoal Bay Waste Management Facility.

4.3 Greenhouse Gas Emissions for 2015 Darwin Festival

The Assessment found that the total greenhouse gas emissions from the 2015 Darwin Festival

was approximately 282 tonnes of CO2e and 10 kg CO2e per ticket sold. Table 5 below gives a

breakdown of total emissions from emission sources.

Table 5: Greenhouse Gas Emissions for 2015 Darwin Festival

Emission Source

Activity

Data Units

Emissions/

(Tonne CO2e)

Total

Emissions

(tonnes

CO2e) CO2 CH4 N2O

Electricity

43,277 kWh 25.10

Production Fuel3

Diesel

4,187 litres 11.18 0.02 0.08 11.28

Petrol

487 litres 1.11 0.01 0.04 1.16

Other Fuel 4

Diesel

1,081 litres 8.70 0.01 0.06 2.91

Petrol

485 litres 3.33 0.03 0.11 1.15

Artists and their crews

Air Travel - Domestic

1,300,878 p.km 202.91 0.08 1.99 204.98

Air Travel - International short haul

89,891 p.km 7.83 0.00 0.08 7.91

Air Travel - International long haul

16,883 p.km 1.34 0.00 0.01 1.35

Festival Organisers’ Travel


137,185 p.km 21.398 0.008 0.210 21.62

Road Travel

7,555 km 1.875 0.000 0.013 1.89

Freight

Inbound deliveries

Land

2,772 tonne.km 0.989 0.000 0.010 1.00

Rail

8,648 tonne.km 0.225 0.224 0.000 0.22

Outbound deliveries

Land

2,666 tonne.km 0.951 0.000 0.009 0.96

Rail

2,196 tonne.km 0.057 0.057 0.000 0.06

Total Emissions for the Festival 281.59

3 Production Fuel - Mainly used in generators, forklift and transport activities in production department in the

company as mentioned in data provided. 4 Other Fuel -Fuel used in vehicles by departments other than Production Department at organisers office


Total emissions in 2015 Darwin Festival nearly equals to 5,631,800 of Black Balloons (each

balloons represent 50g GHGs). This equates to 200 Black Balloons per ticket sold. The total

emissions avoided by disposing waste in a sustainable manner (that is general waste sent to

Shoal Bay Waste Management Facility) was approximately 37.31 tonnes CO2e. (See 4.2 Key

Assumptions.)

Figure 2: Main Emission Sources of the 2015 Darwin Festival

Figure 2 above shows that about 76.1% of total greenhouse gas emissions from the Festival

resulted from air flights by artists and their crews coming to Darwin from local and international

destinations. Organisers’ air travel also accounted for 8.3% of total emissions resulting in a total

of 84.4% of emissions coming from air travel. Therefore air travel emissions need to be managed

in order to have a significant reduction in emissions in future. In order to neutralise air travel

emissions approximately 10,921 trees need to be planted5. Figure 3 gives an enlarged view of

emissions other than artist air travel. A breakdown of emissions excluding artists’ air travel is

below.

5The value obtained based on 48 lbs of CO2 absorption rate per annum by a mature tree. CO2 absorption rates

depends on the tree type and environmental conditions. Therefore actual number of trees may differ from the

number 10,921, which need to be further evaluated.

Figure 3: Emissions Sources Excluding Artist Air Travel


After artists air travel, electricity use was the second largest greenhouse gas emitting source

during the Darwin Festival. Electricity use, combined with the categories of Production and

Other fuel, are operational areas that are within the direct operational boundaries of the

Festival Organisers. This illustrates that through operational procedures Festival organisers can

affect its environmental footprint and, if appropriate, generate offsets to produce a net emission

reduction for these areas of the Festivals operations. Figure 4 below shows the domestic

airports that artists departed from during the festival.

Figure 4: Domestic Air Travel by Artists during 2015 Festival

About 92% of the total air kilometres travelled by artists resulted from flights within Australia.

Most artists departed from Melbourne, Sydney and Brisbane airports. The kilometres they

travelled to get to the airports can be monitored separately for the 2016 Festival.



Electricity

One of the major energy sources for Festival activities was power acquired from the grid

electricity supply. Table 5 and Figure 5 illustrate different consumption levels for primary

locations considered in this Assessment.

Table 6: Electricity Consumption by Primary Locations during Festival Activities

No Location Electricity consumption

(kWh)

1 Festival Park 3,785

2 Brown's Mart Theatre 7,840

3 Amphitheatre 9,770

5 Tatts Ticket Caravan 508

6 Darwin Entertainment Centre 19,592

7 Two rental accommodation properties (combined) 888

8 Darwin Railway Club 894

Total consumption 43,277

Total electricity usage by festival locations during the festival is approximately equivalent to the

monthly consumption of 64 houses in Northern Territory. The highest electricity consumption

was recorded from the Darwin Entertainment Centre and lowest from Tatts Ticket Caravan.

The electricity consumption of Festival Park was less than that of the Amphitheatre and

Brown's Mart Theatre which may have been due to Festival Park using power generators for

some activities.

Figure 5: Electricity Use by Primary Locations during Festival Activities


5. Waste The total waste generated in the Festival falls into two categories: solid waste and liquid waste.

Table 7 below provides an overview of all waste generated between Festival set up and Festival

dismantling. All the results calculated are based on total head count of 90,000 attendees during

the Festival and NTRS waste report for 2015 Festival.

Table 7: Darwin Festival 2015 Waste Profile

Waste Type

Total waste

generated (kg)

Waste generated per

head (g)

Percentage (%)

SOLID WASTE

General Waste 31,088 345 48

Recycled Waste 33,318 370 52

Total Solid Waste 64,406 716

LIQUID WASTE

Cooking oils and fats 1,500 16.7 12

Grey water 11,250 125 88

Total Liquid Waste 12.750 142

TOTAL WASTE 77,165 860

Based on the Northern Territory Recycling Solutions (NTRS) report almost 52% of solid waste

generated was sent for recycling and 48% was sent to Shoal Bay Waste Management Facility

outlined below in Figure 6. Further study needs to be carried out to determine exact amount of

waste used for land fill and the amount used to generate electricity.

Figure 6: Total Solid Waste Generated per Head – 2015 Darwin Festival


Liquid waste was collected for the Amphitheatre and Festival Park. Primarily liquid waste was

generated from wash rooms and stalls. We do not have any further clear information in

particular about how liquid waste was treated or disposed after collection by the contractor.

Liquid waste generation should be further inspected, possibly during the 2016 Festival waste

related activities. For the purposes of this report we have assumed that liquid waste was

treated under aerobic conditions for emissions calculation purposes.


6. Recommendations

The Darwin Festival organisers are in a good position to manage the greenhouse gas emissions

of future Festivals and communicate the benefits of these efforts to festival participants as

important management and marketing tools. The recommendations are broadly to:

review the approach to Festival management to include policy and operational procedures

to reduce greenhouse gas emissions,

solidify data collection systems,

extend the monitoring and evaluation programs for the Festival to be ongoing, and

develop a targeted communication strategy.

6.1 Management Approach

Darwin Festival Sustainability Report commits Festival organisers to minimise environmental

impacts in different areas. COOLmob has secured funding from the NT EPA to support the

2016 Festival and undertake a comprehensive waste audit and waste education program. The

following recommendations would make the task of reviewing the Festival’s sustainability

management system easier and more effective, and implement waste monitoring.

Identify all aspects of Festival management that relate to environmental management.

Engage COOLmob as a consultant to give advice on sustainable policy development.

Correlate greenhouse gas emissions with financial reporting to determine the business case to secure funding.

Develop, implement and evaluate a sustainability policy and related management procedures

covering all areas of Festival operation and considering internal and external stakeholder

requirements.

Develop, implement and evaluate a sustainability communication program.

Review 2015 Organisational Boundary outlined in this report when developing the scope of

the proposed 2016 audit.

6.2 Monitoring and Evaluation

Define sustainability objectives and targets with timelines.

Implement programs to achieve environmental targets.

Continually monitor and evaluate the effectiveness of the sustainability management system.

Continually review sustainability performance by management,

Update and improve the sustainability management system according to monitoring and

evaluation findings.

Inspect and identify new emission sources and changes to current emissions sources during the 2016 Assessment.

Liquid waste generation should be further inspected.

Plan for continuous improvement towards sustainability after 2016 by allocating extra budgets for sustainability and emissions management as an ongoing process.

This initial baseline Assessment is based on data provided by Festival organisers. The following

Table 7 lists the 2015 monitoring practices and provides recommended improved monitoring

techniques for future Festivals.


Table 8: 2015 Practices and Recommended Future Practices

2015 Practices Recommended Future Practices

Electricity monitoring

Start and final power meter readings for Festival Park and Amphitheatre

were recorded

Ticket caravan power not monitored

Monthly power bills for Darwin Entertainment Centre and Darwin

Railway Club were analysed

Start and final power meter readings

for Brown's Mart Theatre

No access to monitor power in the Festival office

Monitor and record daily electricity meter readings for both locations

Install a separate power meter on ticket

caravan and monitor daily usage

Increase to daily meter readings and take record from power meters rather than bills

Continue the same practice and clarify the

consumption calculation methodology.

Take daily meter readings

Implement an alternative method to monitor/estimate the Frogs Hollow Festival

office energy use with Coolmob

consultants in planning stage 2016

Fuel Use including ( Production and Other fuel)

Total cost for fuel usage was recorded

as a budget code.

Monitor and record fuel usage for power

generators, forklift, lighting towers and

knuckle booms/cherry pickers separately.

Monitor and record monthly details for Festival organisers’ vehicle use (utes,

trucks, vans) and fuel details including

odometer readings during the year

Monitor and record daily citronella torch

oil usage

Ensure calibrated fuel meters or methods to monitor fuel consumptions for

generators forklifts, etc.

Stall holder fuel consumption details

Not monitored Carry out a survey to obtain how much

fuel use for each stall using the provided

questionnaire ( Appendix III)

Waste

Final waste collected by NTRS Carry out a comprehensive waste audit

Implement a monitoring program for paper

use by Festival organisers during Festival

organisation period in order to include

emissions due to paper use for Carbon

Neutral certification in future


6.3 Mitigation

The following mitigation measures would prevent or offset greenhouse gas emissions

significantly for future Festivals.

Include an audit of administration activities throughout the year, including energy use,

waste, travel and other office activities.

Purchase carbon offsets for all Festival air travel by artists and their crews. This will target

the reduction of the highest emissions source: air travel.

Hire solar powered cold rooms after a comprehensive financial analysis.

Carry out a feasibility study to introduce solar power to the ticket caravan as an alternative

option.

Use hybrid vehicles for local travel.

Maintain the inside temperature levels 24 0C to 26 0C in Darwin Entertainment Centre and

Railway Club and use air conditioners in conjunction with fans if/when available.

Replace some flood lights with solar lights in the Amphitheatre and Festival Park.

Instruct stallholders to switching off lights in stalls during day time.

Implement recommendations provided by of the comprehensive waste audit to be carried

out for the 2016 Festival with funding from NT EPA (see Appendix IV Project Summary,

Greening the Darwin Festival, COOLmob Waste Audits).

Seek funding for transport and electricity audit to complement the above.

Review contracts and tender documents to include compliance with emission reduction

measures, and monitoring and evaluation processes in line with the Festival sustainability

policy.

Request contractors, service providers and artists to include their environmental credentials and proposed emission reduction activities as part of their submissions.

6.4 Communication

Implement and evaluate a targeted sustainability communication strategy including activities

prior to, during and after Festivals, and using a wide range of media: print, radio, TV, social

media and relevant websites.

Publish the sustainability policy and Greening the Darwin Festival reports.

Publicise the intentions of the sustainability policy and findings of previous years making use of the 2015 image of one ticket 200 black balloons.

Seek creative solutions to reduce emissions from sources most impacted by Festival goers,

for example providing more engaging waste collection methods and displays.

Implement a targeted waste collection strategy to separate containers with 10c refundable deposit.

Collect sustainability information materials suitable for the different needs of Festival

stakeholders.

Conduct and train all staff members and volunteers about sustainability objectives of the

Festival and the local and global benefits, including efforts make by other national and

international Festivals to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.


Prior to the call for contractors and tenderers, hold information sessions and distribute

information packages to outline the Festival’s sustainability policy and its implications and

how to comply with sustainability policies and procedures.

Communicate to all organising staff, suppliers, stall holders and contractors their role within

Festival activities to achieve the objectives outlined in the Festival sustainability policy.

During Festivals, communicate and celebrate the Festival sustainability practises and their benefits.

After the Festival celebrate and share results of changes tracked in the 2016 Assessment

and the path towards Carbon Neutral certification.



7. References

Arbor Environmental Alliance. (2008). Carbon & Tree Facts. Retrieved from Arbor

Environmental Alliance: http://www.arborenvironmentalalliance.com/carbon-tree-

facts.asp

BillRepublic Pvt Ltd. (2015). What is the average household electricity usage in Australia? Retrieved

from BillRepublic: https://www.billrepublic.com/average-electricity-usage/ Deapartment of Environment of Australia. (2014, December 01). National Greenhouse Gas

Account Factors. Retrieved 2015, from Government of Australia - Department of the

Environment: https://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/resources/b24f8db4-e55a-

4deb-a0b3-32cf763a5dab/files/national-greenhouse-accounts-factors-dec-2014.pdf

Department of Environment , Food & Rural Affairs. (2015, December 01). Greenhouse Gas

Account Factor Respository. Retrieved from Government conversion factors for company

reporting: http://www.ukconversionfactorscarbonsmart.co.uk/

Department of the Environment Australia. (2015, July 01). Carbon Neutral Program Guidelines.

Retrieved from Government of Australia- Deartment of the Environment:

https://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/resources/656e59b1-38cb-4dc9-bbfd-

a6eaabcb781a/files/carbon-neutral-program-guidelines-v4.pdf

Jacana Energy Pvt Ltd. (2014). Publicatios. Retrieved from Jacana Energy:

http://jacanaenergy.com.au/news_and_publications/publications

Rockwell Collins. (n.d.). Time and Distance Calculator. Retrieved from Arnic Direct Flight

Manager: http://www.flightmanager.com/index.html

World Resource Institute, World Business Council for Sustainable Development. (2014,

December 08). GHG Protocol. Retrieved from GHG Protocol:

http://www.ghgprotocol.org/

WRI & WBCSD. (2014, December 08). Global Warming Potentials. Retrieved from GHG

Protocol: http://ghgprotocol.org/sites/default/files/ghgp/Global-Warming-Potential-

Values.pdf



Appendices

Appendix I - Data Provided by Festival Organisers

Electricity

Location Electricity consumption (kWh)

Amphitheatre 9,770

Brown's Mart Theatre 7,840

Darwin Entertainment Centre 19,592

Darwin Railway Club 894

Festival Park 3,785

Tatts Ticket Caravan 508

Two accommodation rental properties 888

Note: Electricity consumption for Tatts ticket caravan, Darwin Entertainment Centre consumption were

estimated and will be illustrated in Appendix II.

Production Fuel

Fuel type Diesel (l) Petrol (l)

Fuel consumption 4,187 487

Other Fuel

Fuel type Diesel (l) Petrol (l)

Fuel consumption 1,081 485

Freight

Inbound Deliveries

Land transportation (truck) 2,772 tonne.km

Rail transportation 8,648 tonne.km

Outbound Deliveries

Land transportation 2,666 tonne.km

Rail transportation 2,196 tonne.km


Artist Air Travel

Staff Air Travel – Air

Waste

Flight Type Value Unit

Domestic 1,300,878 passenger.km

International Short-haul 89,891 passenger.km

International Long-haul 16,883 passenger.km

Flight Type Value Unit

Domestic 137,185 passenger.km

Location Bin Material Empties

Total

Weight

(kg)

General Waste

Civic Park Compound 240l General 454 17252

3m

frontlift General 11 3190

Amphitheatre

240l General 119 4522

1100l General 16 2784

Winnellie

240l General 4 152

1100l General 2 348

8m skip General 3 2840

Total 609 31088

Recycle Waste

Civic Park Compound

240l Rosette Bottle & Can 335 25125

660l Card/Paper 28 742


3m front lift Card/Paper 5 525

Amphitheatre

240l Rosette Bottle & Can 73 5475

660l Co-Mingle 11 550


Total 490 33318

Liquid Waste (quantities in litres)

Civic Park Compound

Pump-out Cooking oil & fats 3 1000

Pump-out Grey water 8 10550

Amphitheatre

Pump-out Cooking oil & fats 1 500

Pump-out Grey water 2 700

Total

12750


Emission Factors

Reference - Department of the Environment

Electricity

Emission factor Unit

0.58 CO2e/ kWh

Fuel

Fuel Type Energy Content

Factor Unit

Emission factors ( kg CO2e/GJ)

CO2 CH4 N2O

Diesel - Transport 38.6 GJ/kl 69.2 0.1 0.5

Diesel - Stationary 38.6 GJ/kl 69.2 0.1 0.2

Gasoline/Petrol 34.2 GJ/kl 66.7 0.6 2.3

Derived factors for Fuel

Fuel Emission factor ( kg CO2e/l)

CO2 CH4 N2O

Diesel 2.67112 0.00386 0.0193

Petrol 2.28114 0.02052 0.07866

Reference - http://www.ukconversionfactorscarbonsmart.co.uk/

Freight

Source Emission factor ( kg CO2e/l)

CO2 CH4 N2O

Rigid Truck 0.35661 0.0001 0.00353

Rail 0.0259 0.00004 0.00007

Air Travel

Emission factor ( kg CO2e/l)

CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e

Air Travel - Domestic 0.1560 0.0001 0.0015 0.16

Air Travel - International

Short Haul

0.0871 0.0000 0.0009 0.09


long Haul

0.0795 0.0000 0.0008 0.08


Appendix II Activity Data and Emission Factors

The following table provides activity data and relevant emission factor for each source and resulted emissions.

Emission Source Activity Data Units

Emission Factors / (kg CO2e/unit) Emissions/(Tonne CO2e) Total

(Tonnes

CO2e) CO2 CH4 N2O Total CO2 CH4 N2O

Electricity

43,277 kWh

0.58 25.10

Production Fuel

Diesel

4,187 litres 2.67 0.00 0.02 2.69 11.18 0.02 0.08 11.28

Petrol

487 litres 2.28 0.02 0.08 2.38 1.11 0.01 0.04 1.16

Other Fuel

Diesel

1081 litres 2.67 0.00 0.02 2.69 2.89 0.00 0.02 2.91

Petrol

485 litres 2.28 0.02 0.08 2.38 1.11 0.01 0.04 1.15

Artists


1,300,878 p.km 0.1560 0.0001 0.0015 0.16 202.91 0.08 1.99 204.98


Short Haul

89,891 p.km 0.0871 0.0000 0.0009 0.09 7.83 0.00 0.08 7.91


long Haul

16,883 p.km 0.0795 0.0000 0.0008 0.08 1.34 0.00 0.01 1.35

Organizers Travel


137,185 p.km 0.156 0.000 0.002 0.158 21.4 0.008 0.210 21.62

Road Travel

7,555 km 0.248 0.000 0.002 0.250 1.88 0.000 0.013 1.89


Emission Source Activity Data Units

Emission Factors / (kg CO2e/unit) Emissions/(Tonne CO2e) Total

(Tonnes

CO2e) CO2 CH4 N2O Total CO2 CH4 N2O

Freight

Inbound deliveries

Land

2,772

tonne.k

m 0.357 0.0001 0.00353 0.36 0.989 0.000 0.010 1.00

Rail

8,648

tonne.k

m 0.026 0.0259 0.00004 0.026 0.225 0.224 0.000 0.22

Outbound deliveries

Land

2,666

tonne.k

m 0.357 0.0001 0.00353 0.36 0.951 0.000 0.009 0.96

Rail

2,196

tonne.k

m 0.026 0.0259 0.00004 0.026 0.057 0.057 0.000 0.06

TOTAL EMISSIONS 281.59

Values are rounded off and therefore would have some deviations when multiplying


Appendix III - Darwin Festival 2015 COOLmob Food Stall Holder Survey

Question Answer

1. Stall Holder Name

2. Contact Number/ email

3. Stall Name / Number

4. Number of days participating

5. Stall Location ( Eg: Festival Park)

6. Are you using following during the festival

LP Gas Yes/ No

Wood Yes/ No

Kerosene Yes/ No

Charcoal (BBQ) Yes/ No

If yes please provide rough quantities(use) during the festival

LP Gas ( kg)

Fire Wood ( kg)

Kerosene (litres)

Charcoal (kg)

7. Please write what you do with following waste

( Eg Recycle / Reuse / Dispose with general waste)

Food waste

Ash from wood burning

Paper and polythene

Other Consumables

(Plastic plates/napkins/etc)

8. Please include quantities ( estimates / actual) in kg

Food waste

Ash from wood burning

Paper

Polythene

Other Consumables

(Plastic/plates/napkins/etc)


Appendix IV – Darwin Festival 2016 COOLmob Waste Audits Objectives

Objectives How will you achieve this objective? 1. Measure the amount of waste

generated by the 2016 Darwin Festival

activities

1.1 Desktop research and conversations with

Festival staff re. past Festivals

1.2 Deliver a Waste Audit of 2016 Darwin Festival

2. Provide recommendations to

Festival to be able to reduce waste in

future Festivals

2.1 Produce a COOLmob Waste Audit report

with Recommendations

3. Improve organic waste recycling at

Festival activities

3.1 Investigate current levels of organics recycling

(composting)

3.2 Provide extra new composting facilities for

Festival venues

3.3. Measure (audit) the amount of organics

collected and composted

4. Maximise the outcomes of these

waste audits: share learnings, promote

outcomes

3.1 Publicly communicate the learnings of the

waste audit (only with Darwin Festival permission)

3.2 Assist Festival to communicate their waste

saving achievements

3.3 Promote this project via COOLmob usual

channels (website, newsletters, social media and

networking)

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