greener 2nd generation of biodiesel oil
DESCRIPTION
Introduction of what 2nd generation of biodiesel is (pengantar biodiesel generasi kedua)TRANSCRIPT
Greener, 2nd Generation of Biodiesel Oil (Green Diesel Oil)
Amabilis Jelliarko PalgunadiStd. id: 2007315247
Department of Chemistry, Kyung Hee University, 1 Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, 130-70l Seoul, Republic of Korea
Accelerated consumption of fossil fuels
Energy issues
CO2 reduction (global
warming measures)
Air quality issues
WORLD CURRENT SITUATION
ENERGY ISSUES
Source: The Institute of Energy Economics, Japan
• Energy supply is becoming diversified due to structural changes in supply and demand.
• Fossil fuels remain most important in near future (30-50 yrs).• New energy sources not expected on global scale to provide major
contributions in a 30 y perspective.
CO2 REDUCTION
Source: http://cdiac.ornl.gov/
Burning fossil fuels such as coal and petroleum is the leading cause of increased CO2 concentration in the atmosphere greenhouse effect (because it absorbs and emits infrared radiation thereby playing a role in the greenhouse effect) .
AIR QUALITY ISSUES
Developed country try to decreased the NOx concentration below 1 kilo ton.
Source: http://www.utoronto.ca/imap/collections/air_quality/global_na_emissions.htm
ENERGY TECHNOLOGY FOR THE FUTURE
Renewable Energy Sources
Sun Wind Hydro Biofuel Hydrogen
BIOFUEL
Biofuel is defined as solid, liquid or gaseous fuel obtained from relatively recently lifeless or living biological material and is different from fossil fuels, which are derived from long dead biological material. Also, various plants and plant-derived materials are used for biofuel manufacturing.
Source: Hydrocarbon Engineering, June 2007
BENEFITS OF BIODIESEL
• Diesel vehicle are naturally 20-40 % more energy efficient than gasoline vehicles resulting in a 10-20 % reduction in greenhouse gas emission.
• Biodiesel and renewable diesel (green diesel) can reduce emission of hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and particulate matter.
BIODIESEL PROCESSING ROUTES
Raw Materials Processing Product
OilsSoyRapeseedSunflowerPalm OilJatrophaWaste Oilsetc
Transesterification
HydrotreatingHydrotreated Biodiesel
(Green Diesel)
Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME)
Methanol
Hydrogen
Glycerol
H2O, CO2, CO, CH4, etc
TRANSESTERIFICATION(1ST GENERATION OF BIODIESEL)
FAME
ISSUES OF FAME
CharacteristicsOxidation stability
High Solvency (solubility of water)
Oxygenate characteristics
High viscosity
ConcernsGum formation
(stick/burnt at injection system)
Corrosion of metal parts
Effect on Emissions (NOx/SOx/etc)
Cold stability
EXAMPLES OF MARKET EXPERIENCE(FROM TOYOTA MOTOR CORPORATION)
Biodiesel produce adhesive deposit because of low oxidation stability
HYDROTREATING PROCESS(2ND GENERATION OF BIODIESEL)
Source: Huber et al., App. Cat. A 329 (2007) 120-129
Green diesel
BENEFITS OF HYDROTREATING PROCESS
• High quality of diesel fuel is obtained (high-cetane, low gravity, low aromatics and sulfur-free diesel fuel).
• It is possible to implement this technology in the existing refinery infrastructure and fuels distribution system lower implementation cost.
Schematic representation of oil refinery Simplified process flow diagram of hydrotreating process
COMPARISON OF FUEL PROPERTIES
Parameters Petroleum Ultra-low sulfur diesel
Biodiesel(FAME)
Green diesel(Hydrotreated biodiesel)
Oxygen content (%) 0 11 0
Specific gravity 0.84 0.88 0.78
Sulfur content, ppm <10 <1 <1
Heating value, MJ/kg
43 38 44
Cloud point, oC -5 -5 to +15 -10 to +20
Distillation, oC 200 to 350 340 to 355 265 to 320
Cetane number 40 50 to 65 70 to 90
Stability Good Marginal Good
Source: Alternative Fuels Comparison Chart, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, US Department of EnergyWebsite: http://www.eere.energy.gov
GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION
Both the FAME and green diesel products have significantly lower production of climate-active CO2. However, green diesel has lower climate active CO2 production than FAME.
Source: Hydrocarbonprocessing, September 2007
COMMERCIAL UNIT PLAN
Country Licencer Plan Location Raw Material ProductionCapacity
(kton/year)
USA
UOP (A Honeywell Company)
Livorno, Italy Vegetable oil 400 (@ 2010)
Galp Energia, Portugal Vegetable oil 400 (@ 2010)
ConocoPhillipsCork, Ireland Vegetable oil 58 (@ 2008)
Borger, Texas Animal fat 700 (@ 2009)
Syntroleum Louisiana Animal fat 300 (@ 2010)
Europe Neste Oil Porvoo, Finland Vegetable oil 340 (@ 2008)
Brazil Petrobas Brazil Vegetable oil 400 (@ 2008)
By 2012, the total production capacity in overseas : 2600 kton/yearSo far there is no information about commercial unit for hydrotreating process in Korea
HYDROTREATING/HYDROCRACKING CATALYSTS
Source: D.C. Elliott, Energy & Fuels 21 (2007) 1792-1815