green energy
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I think this is the final presantion for my capstoneTRANSCRIPT
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Green energyOrest Petrit MushiEneja Petrit Mushi
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Types of Green Energy
• Nuclear• Hydro• Wind• Solar• Geothermal• Biomass• Other
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Nuclear• Cost • Sustainability• Danger• Economics• Current status• Future • Emitions
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CostMonthly Fuel Cost to U.S. Electric Utilities
1995 – 2007, In 2007 cents per kilowatt-hour
Coal
Gas
Oil - Heavy
Uranium
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Source: Global Energy Decisions
Updated: 5/08
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0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Coal - 2.47Gas - 6.78Nuclear - 1.76Petroleum - 10.26
2007
CostU.S. Electricity Production Costs
1995-2007, In 2007 cents per kilowatt-hour
Production Costs = Operations and Maintenance Costs + Fuel Costs
Source: Global Energy DecisionsUpdated: 5/08
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Danger
• Nuclear Waste• Mining and refining uranium produces GHG• Plants are expensive• Nuclear melt down risk• Weapon proliferation
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Nuclear waste• Yuka Mountain• It can be recycled in reactors indefinitely – France
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GHG
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Plants are expensive
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Nuclear Meltdown
• Minimal• Three Mile Island in Pennsylvania• K19 -Russian Submarine • Chernobyl
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Nuclear Proliferation
• A serious problem• Political ramification / instability• Might lead to higher energy prices
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Sustainability• Nuclear power is a 'sustainable development'
technology because its fuel will be available for multiple centuries.
• Its safety record is superior among major energy sources.
• Its consumption causes virtually no pollution.• Its use preserves valuable fossil resources for future
generations.• Its costs are competitive and still declining and • Its waste can be securely managed over the long-
term.
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EconomicsSolar Biomass Wind Nuclear Coal Gas30¢ 10 ¢ 8 ¢ 6 ¢ 7.5 ¢ 8 ¢
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Current StatusNUCLEAR POWER PLANTS INFORMATION Lifetime
Country No. of Reactors Energy in (%)ARGENTINA 2 6.2 ARMENIA 1 43.5 BELGIUM 8 54.1 BRAZIL 2 2.8 BULGARIA 6 32.1CANADA 25 14.7CHINA 11 1.9CZECH REPUBLIC 6 30.3FINLAND 4 28.9
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Current StatusCountry No. of Reactors Energy in (%)FRANCE 68 76.9GERMANY 30 25.9 HUNGARY 4 36.8INDIA 17 2.5JAPAN 57 27.5 KOREA, REPUBLIC OF 20 35.3 LITHUANIA, REPUBLIC OF 2 64.4 MEXICO 2 4.6 NETHERLANDS 2 4.1 PAKISTAN 2 2.3 ROMANIA 2 13.0 RUSSIAN FEDERATION 31 16.0
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Current StatusCountry No. of Reactors UCF (%)
SLOVAK REPUBLIC 7 54.3 SLOVENIA 1 41.6 SOUTH AFRICA 2 5.5 SPAIN 10 17.4 SWEDEN 13 46.1 SWITZERLAND 5 40.0 UKRAINE 17 48.1 UNITED KINGDOM 29 15.1 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 121 19.4 World Wide 517
Above data from PRIS database. Last updated on 2009/03/25
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Current status
• 517 nuclear power reactors in operation with a total net installed capacity of 370.120 GW(e)
• 5 nuclear power reactors in long term shutdown
• 44 nuclear power reactors under construction
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Comparison Nuclear vs. Other
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Emissions Avoided
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CURRENT STATUS IN U.S
TYPE PERCENTAGE OF ELECTRICITYCoal 49 %
Natural gas, 21.5 %
Nuclear, 19.4 %.
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LOW PROJECTIONS
• 145 of today’s reactors will have been retired by2030, and 178 new reactors will have been built.
• 85 % of the retirements will be in Eastern and Western Europe.
• While there will be new reactors built in all regions, most will be in the Far East and Eastern Europe
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HIGH PROJECTION
• 82 retirements, and 357 new reactors by 2030.
• Most of the retirements would still be in Europe.
• New construction would be spread more broadly, although the Far East, Eastern Europe, and the Middle East and
• South Asia would have the most.
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FUEL AVAILABILITY
• The currently estimated available uranium is at 5.5 million tones uranium (Mt U).
• While the recoverable cost is less than $130/kg U
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Current Status
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Cost
• U.S. had an average cost of $5,000 per kilowatt. • The current price for large-scale wind power is
$1,200 per kilowatt and for a natural gas plant, it’s currently $1,000 per kilowatt.
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COAL
• Coal supplies 40% of the world's electricity• Worldwide the industry directly employs some
7 million people• Coal has been the fastest-growing major fuel
for five consecutive years.
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HYDRO
• Economics• Impact• Future
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SolarThe Earth receives 174 petawatts (PW) of incoming
solar radiation. Yearly Solar fluxes & Human Energy Consumption• Solar 3,850,000 EJ• Wind 2,250 EJ• Biomass 3,000 EJ• Primary energy use 487 EJ• Electricity 56.7 EJ
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Advantages
• It’s plentiful (89 petawatts) • Solar power is pollution free during use. • Little maintenance
Cost2400
kWh/kWp•y2200
kWh/kWp•y2000
kWh/kWp•y1800
kWh/kWp•y1600
kWh/kWp•y1400
kWh/kWp•y1200
kWh/kWp•y1000
kWh/kWp•y800
kWh/kWp•y
200 $/kWp 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.3 1.4 1.7 2.0 2.5
600 $/kWp 2.5 2.7 3.0 3.3 3.8 4.3 5.0 6.0 7.5
1000 $/kWp 4.2 4.5 5.0 5.6 6.3 7.1 8.3 10.0 12.5
1400 $/kWp 5.8 6.4 7.0 7.8 8.8 10.0 11.7 14.0 17.5
1800 $/kWp 7.5 8.2 9.0 10.0 11.3 12.9 15.0 18.0 22.5
2200 $/kWp 9.2 10.0 11.0 12.2 13.8 15.7 18.3 22.0 27.5
2600 $/kWp 10.8 11.8 13.0 14.4 16.3 18.6 21.7 26.0 32.5
3000 $/kWp 12.5 13.6 15.0 16.7 18.8 21.4 25.0 30.0 37.5
3400 $/kWp 14.2 15.5 17.0 18.9 21.3 24.3 28.3 34.0 42.5
3800 $/kWp 15.8 17.3 19.0 21.1 23.8 27.1 31.7 38.0 47.5
4200 $/kWp 17.5 19.1 21.0 23.3 26.3 30.0 35.0 42.0 52.5
4600 $/kWp 19.2 20.9 23.0 25.6 28.8 32.9 38.3 46.0 57.5
5000 $/kWp 20.8 22.7 25.0 27.8 31.3 35.7 41.7 50.0 62.5
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Renewable
Total Global Energy Use:18% Renewable13% Biomass (wood-burning)15% Hydroelectricity0.8% Geothermal energy, wind power, solar
power, and ocean energy together.
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Photovoltaics• Europe leads the way.• Germany gets 20% of its energy for photovoltaic.• The manufacturing output of the photovoltaics
industry reached more than 2,000 MW. • Solar thermal power stations operate in the USA
and Spain, and the largest of these is the 354 MW SEGS power plant in the Mojave Desert.
• The world's largest geothermal power installation is the Geysers in California, with a capacity of 750 MW.
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Ethanol• Brazil has one of the largest renewable energy
programs in the world, in production of ethanol fuel, it now provides 18 % of the country's automotive fuel.
• This success can not be replicated in the States due to shear volume of gas consumed.
• It is not cost effective.
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Wind Power Markets• In 2008, worldwide wind farm capacity was 121,000
megawatts (MW), an increase of 28.8 % in 1 year. • Wind power produced some 1.3% of global
electricity consumption.• Worldwide use of geothermal energy for electricity
reached 9.3 GWs• Portugal now has the world's first commercial wave
farm, the Agucadoura Wave Park, generating 2.25 MW.
• Present renewable energy sources supply about 18% of current energy.
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Wind Power Markets
• Grid-connected, solar electric generation can displace the highest cost electricity during times of peak demand.
• Can reduce grid loading• Can eliminate the need for local battery power• It can be used locally thus reducing
transmission/distribution losses up to 7.2%
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Current development
• Once the initial capital cost of building a solar power plant has been spent, operating costs are extremely low.
• Very little research-money has been invested in the development of solar cells.
• Experimental high efficiency solar cells already have efficiencies of over 40% and mass production costs are rapidly falling.
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Current development
• In 2007, David Faiman, director of the Ben-Gurion National Solar Energy Center of Israel, created a home solar energy system that uses a 10 square meter reflector dish.
• The concentrated solar technology is 5 times more cost effective than standard flat photovoltaic panels, which is the same cost as oil and natural gas.
• A prototype achieved a concentration of solar energy that was more than 1,000 times greater than standard flat panels.
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Current development
• The most important issue with solar panels is capital cost (installation and materials).
• Average cost per installed watt for a residential sized system is USD 7.50 to USD 9.50.
• In 2006 investors began offering free solar panel installation in return for a 25 year contract, to purchase electricity at a fixed price.
• Sun Power, cells have a conversion ratio of 23.4%, well above the market average of 12-18%.
• Advances past this efficiency mark are being pursued in R&D labs with efficiencies of 42% achieved at the University of Delaware in conjunction with DuPont.
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Financial incentives
In some countries, additional incentives are offered for BIPV compared to stand alone PV.
• France + EUR 0.25/kWh (EUR 0.30 + 0.25 = 0.55/kWh total)
• Italy + EUR 0.04-0.09 kWh • Germany + EUR 0.05/kWh (facades only)
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Investments
Investments in clean energy companies increased by 167 percent in 2006.
• Clean energy investments increased from $2.7 billion in 2005 to $7.1 billion in 2006.
• Investments in bio-fuels more than quadrupled, increasing from $647 million in 2005 to $2.8 billion in 2006.
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Investments
• Investments in solar energy more than tripled, while wind power investments more than doubled.
• New investment into the sector jumped US$148 billion in 2007, up 60 per cent over 2006.
• Wind energy attracted one-third of the new capital and solar one-fifth.
• Major technological advances saw solar investment increase 254 %.
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Wind
30 % annual growing rate.100 GWs today’s capacity.
The Renewable Energy Resource Base (Exajoules per year)
Current use (2008)
Technical potential
Theoreticalpotential
Hydropower 9 50 147
Biomass energy 50 >276 2,900
Wind energy 0.12 640 6,000
Solar energy 0.1 >1,575 3,900,000
Geothermal energy
0.6 -- --
Ocean energy not estimated not estimated 7,400
Total 60 >1,800 >4,000,000
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• To give an idea of the constraints, the estimate for solar energy assumes that 0.0001% of the world's unused land surface is used for solar power.
• Sustainable development and global warming groups propose a 100% Renewable Energy Source Supply, without fossil fuels and nuclear power
• Imposition of carbon taxes, will lead to huge demand in other energy resources.
• Oil peak and world petroleum crisis and inflation are helping to promote renewable.
Renewable power use in Europe
Primary renewable energy resources - the volume of each cube shows the relative supply of each source, compared to total energy use in 2007.
Produced, Installed & Total Photovoltaic Peak Power Capacity (MWp) as of the end of 2007
Country or Region
Off gridΔ
On gridΔ
Installed2007
Off gridΣ
On gridΣ
Total2007
Wp/capitaTotal
Feed-in Tariff
EU¢/kW·h
World 127.9 2,130 2,258 662.3 7,178 7,841 0 0–59.3
Germany 35 1,100 1,135 35 3,827 3,862 46.851.8 51.8–
56.8
Japan 1.562 208.8 210.4 90.15 1,829 1,919 15 Ended 2005
United States
55 151.5 206.5 325 505.5 830.5 2.801.2 1.2–
31.04
Italy 0.3 69.9 70.2 13.1 107.1 120.2 2.136.0 36.0–
49.0
Australia 5.91 6.28 12.19 66.45 16.04 82.49 4.1 0 0–26.4
South Korea 0 42.87 42.87 5.943 71.66 77.60 1.656.5 56.5–
59.3
France 0.993 30.31 31.30 22.55 52.68 75.23 1.230.0 30.0–
55.0
Country or Region
Off grid Δ
On gridΔ
Installed2007
Off gridΣ
On gridΣ
Total2007
Wp/capitaTotal
Feed-in TariffEU¢/kW·h
Switzerland 0.2 6.3 6.5 3.6 32.6 36.2 4.909.53 9.53–
50.8
Austria 0.055 2.061 2.116 3.224 24.48 27.70 3.4 >0
Canada 3.888 1.403 5.291 22.86 2.911 25.78 0.8 0 0–29.48
Mexico 0.869 0.15 1.019 20.45 0.3 20.75 0.2 None
United Kingdom
0.16 3.65 3.81 1.47 16.62 18.09 0.3 0 0–11.74
Portugal 0.2 14.25 14.45 2.841 15.03 17.87 1.7
Norway 0.32 0.004 0.324 7.86 0.132 7.992 1.7 None
Sweden 0.271 1.121 1.392 4.566 1.676 6.242 0.7 None
Denmark 0.05 0.125 0.175 0.385 2.69 3.075 0.6 None
Israel 0.5 0 0.5 1.794 0.025 1.819 0.313.13
13.13–16.40
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Geothermal
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Biomass
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References
• http://www.climatechangeconnection.org/Solutions/Nuclearenergy.htm
• http://www.world-nuclear.org/why/default.aspx
• http://www.iaea.or.at/programmes/a2/• http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Reports/ntr
2008.pdf• http://www.nei.org/• http://
www.bp.com/home.do?categoryId=1&contentId=2006973
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References
• Jeffrey R. Immelt chairman of GE• Brian Blake, Corporate Communications, GE • Paul Bresnehan, Corporate, GE• Linda Fuller Assistant to Pam Daley• Milissa Rocker, GE Infra, Energy• Peter J O'Toole, GE, Corporate
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References
• R. Margolis; J. Zuboy (September 2006). "Nontechnical Barriers to Solar Energy Use: Review of Recent Literature". National Renewable Energy Laboratory. http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy07osti/40116.pdf. Retrieved on 2008-01-19
• Renewable Energy. Bent Sorensen. Elsevier, 2004 • Culture of Ecology: reconciling economics and
environment. Robert E Babe. University of Toronto Press, 2006.
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References
• The Economics of Solar Power for California: A White Paper. Akeena Solar Inc, 2005
• Planet Ark : Gore: Make All US Electricity From Renewable Sources
• Greentech Media | Al Gore Sets Energy Goal • Center for Resource Solutions Supports Al Gore's
100% Renewable Energy Goal • http://www.treehugger.com/files/2008/09/university-
of-oklahoma-100-percent-wind-power-by-2013.php• EERE News: Clean Energy Investments More Than
Double in 2006