GREEN COMPUTING

1. Mihir Pandya(366)2. Chintan Patel(331)

Guided by:Prof. Hari Mohan Pandey

AGENDA

Why is it requiredWhy go GREENWhat is Green ComputingIntegrated CircuitPower ConsumptionReducing energy consumptionFacts SolutionsGreenpeace RatingsRecyclingConclusionReferences

Why?

Today, the main problem of the world isGlobal warming.

The atmosphere is becoming hot & is causingmany problems to living organisms.

Computers also play a major role in pollutingthe world.

Why go Green?

Climate Change: First and foremost, conclusive research showsthat CO2 and other emissions are causing global climate andenvironmental damage. Preserving the planet is a valid goalbecause it aims to preserve life. Planets like ours, that supportslife, are very rare. None of the planets in our solar system, or innearby star systems have m-class planets as we know them.

Savings: Green computing can lead to serious cost savings overtime. Reductions in energy costs from servers, cooling, andlighting are generating serious savings for many corporations.

Reliability of Power: As energy demands in the world go up,energy supply is declining or flat. Energy efficient systems helpsensure healthy power systems. Also, more companies aregenerating more of their own electricity, which further motivatesthem to keep power consumption low.

Computing: Computing Power Consumption has Reached aCritical Point: Data centers have run out of usable power andcooling due to high densities.

What is Green Computing?

Green computing or green IT, refers toenvironmentally sustainable computing or IT. Itis "the study and practice of designing,manufacturing, using, and disposing ofcomputers, servers, and associatedsubsystems—such as monitors, printers, storagedevices, and networking and communicationssystems—efficiently and effectively with minimalor no impact on the environment.

Green Computing

In order to achieve sustainable computing, we need to rethink from a“Green Computing” perspective.

GreenComputing:

Maximize energy efficiency

Reduce of the use of hazardous materials such as lead

Maximize recyclability of both a defunct product and of any factorywaste.

“Green Computing” in view of energy efficiency at the nanometer scale -design low power consumption integrated circuits at 180nm and below.

A Perfect “Green Computing” Example

A super low-power “processor”:

800x faster

1000x more memory

3000x less power

Green Computing

Why computer energy is often wasteful leaving the computer on when not in use (CPU and fan consume

power, screen savers consume power)

printing is often wasteful how many of you print out your emails or meeting agendas printing out partial drafts for a “paperless” society, we tend to use more paper today than

before computer-prevalence

pollution manufacturing techniques packaging disposal of computers and components

toxicity as we will see, there are toxic chemicals used in the manufacturing

of computers and components which can enter the food chain andwater!

Integrated Circuits are Everywhere

Engine Control

Climate Control

Dashboard Display

Chassis Electronics

Lighting

Door Modules

Fuel Injection Entertainment

Safety Control

Integrated Circuit Market

Six billion microcontroller units wereshipped in 2004, predicted to be increasingby 10% each year from 2004-2009 (InstateInc. market research)

Semiconductor annual revenue of 2004 isestimated at US $211.4 billion.

Power Consumption(1)

Desktop consumption hasreached 100 watts

Total Personal Computer(400million) energy usage in 2000 =26 nuclear power plants

Power is the bottleneck ofimproving the system

performance

Power consumption is causingserious problems because ofexcessive heat.

Water Cooled Computer(www.water-cooling.com)

Power Consumption(2)

As circuit speed increases, power consumptiongrows

Designing low power circuits has been themost important issue

Mobile applications demand long battery life

Low power consumption is listed as the secondgreatest challenge for the industry

Power Consumption(3)

U.S consumes 25% of world’s energy

-Computer infrastructure accounts for1.5% and growing.

-E-Waste is becoming a major problem

Political, ethical and financial

imperative for schools

-Set an example for students and thecommunity

Power Consumption & Data Centers

Data Center

One single room inDatacenter contains 100

Racks

1 Rack = 5 to 20 kW

Contributed to the2000/2001 CaliforniaEnergy Crisis

14

Internet

Racks

Client

•

Where are the web pages you browse?

Data Center

Apr. 01, 2008 15

What can we do about power?

Understand all levels of the computer

Understand where power is dissipated

Think about ways to reduce power usageat all levels

Components that consume power Video Card A fast GPU may be the largest power consumer in a computer.

Energy efficient display options include:

No video card - use a shared terminal, shared thin client, or desktopsharing software if display required.

Use motherboard video output - typically low 3D performance andlow power.

Select a GPU based on average wattage or performance per watt.

Display LCD monitors typically use a cold-cathode fluorescent bulb to

provide light for the display. Some newer displays use an array oflight-emitting diodes (LEDs) in place of the fluorescent bulb, whichreduces the amount of electricity used by the display

Cont.

Operating system issues

Microsoft has been heavily criticised for producingoperating systems that, out of the box, are not energyefficient. Due to Microsoft's dominance of the hugedesktop operating system market this may have resulted inmore energy waste than any other initiative by othervendors. Microsoft claim to have improved this in Vista,though the claim is disputed. This problem has beencompounded because Windows versions before Vista didnot allow power management features to be configuredcentrally by a system administrator. This has meant thatmost organisations have been unable to improve thissituation.

200 M tons of CO2= CO2 produced by 40 million cars

Cooling the Data Center

Current coolants: CFCs and HCFCs= Ozone Depletion

The other alternative coolant:HFC = increase in green houseemission 1300 times(http://www.cs.virginia.edu/kim/courses/cs771/lectures/CS771-

22.ppt)

Moving Datacenters to exoticlocations(Microsoft -> ColdSiberia, Sun -> underground)

Siberia

Underground Japan

Flickr.com

umw.edu

Manufacturing – Fossil Fuels

Average desktop computer with monitor requires 10times its weight in chemicals and fossil fuels to produce .

240 kg of fossil fuel for CRT monitor(United Nations University).

266 kg of fossil fuel for LCD monitor (Williams, 2003).

Manufacturing – Monitors

CRT – lead and zinc leachate mean monitors arehazardous waste(Lee et al., 2004)

Lead: bioavailable in soil - can attack proteins and DNA, as well asinterfere with nervous system function (Bechara, 2004; Needleman,2004)

LCD – 4-12 mg mercury /unit (Williams, 2003)

Liquid crystals – polycyclic or halogenated aromatichydrocarbons, 588 different compounds 4% have potential for acute toxicity, but show no mutagenic

effects in bacteria tests (Williams, 2003)

E-waste Impacts

Photos Courtesy of Basel Action Network

Energy Use of PCs

CPU uses 120 Watts

CRT uses 150 Watts 8 hours of usage, 5 days a week = 562 KWatts if the computer is left on all the time without proper power saver

modes, this can lead to 1,600 KWatts

for a large institution, say a university of 40,000 studentsand faculty, the power bill for just computers can come to$2 million / year

Energy use comes from electrical current to run the CPU, motherboard, memory

running the fan and spinning the disk(s)

monitor (CRTs consume more power than any othercomputer component)

printers

Reducing Energy Consumption

Turn off the computer when not in use, even if just foran hour

Turn off the monitor when not in use (as opposed torunning a screen saver)

Use power saver mode in power saver mode, the top item is not necessary, but

screen savers use as much electricity as any normalprocessing, and the screen saver is not necessary on a flatpanel display

Use hardware/software with the Energy Star label Energy Star is a “seal of approval” by the Energy Star

organization of the government (the EPA)

Don’t print unless necessary and you are ready Use LCDs instead of CRTs as they are more power

efficient

Google Facts

According to a research done by the Harvard University, twosearch requests done on the search engine Google, produce asmuch carbon dioxide as boiling a kettle of water. Every time youdo a search requests on Google, it produces 7 grams of CO2. Arecent research, done by the research firm Gartner, claimed thatIT causes 2 percent of global emissions nowadays. In total thereare 200 million search requests done on Google every day, that's1,400,000 kg of carbon dioxide every day. Google replied to thisresearch by claiming that every search request would justproduce 0,2 gram of carbon dioxide. And, if you do the maths,that's just 40,000 kg of carbon dioxide every day.

Previously, it has been calculated that worldwide 8.3 megawatthours could be saved, if the home page of Google would be blackinstead of white.

Blackle(1) Blackle is a website powered by Google Custom Search, which

aims to save energy by displaying a black background and using greyish-white font color for search results.

The concept behind Blackle is that computer monitors can be made to consume less energy by displaying much darker colors. Blackle is based on a study which tested a variety of CRT and LCD monitors. There is dispute over whether there really are any energy saving effects.

This concept was first brought to the attention of Heap Media by a blog post, which estimated that Google could save 750.0 megawatt-hours a year by utilizing it for CRT screens. The homepage of Blackle provides a count of the number of megawatt-hours that have been saved by enabling this concept.

Blackle(2)

-How Blackle looks:

Reducing Paper Waste

Print as little as possible. Review and modifydocuments on the screen and use printpreview.

Recycle waste paper. Buy and use recycledpaper in your printers and copiers.

On larger documents, use smaller font sizes(consistent with readability) to save paper.

Disposal

Consider that the average computer lifespan is about 2years (cell phones < 2 years) 10 years ago, the lifespan of a computer was 5 years between 1997 and 2004, it is estimated that 315 million

computers became obsolete (and were discarded, donated,or recycled)

183 million computers were sold in 2004 (674 millioncell phones!)

New users in China (178 million by 2010) and India (80million by 2010) will require the creation of newcomputers

Disposal of these devices constituted 20-50 milliontons per year (about 5% of the total waste of theplanet) this waste is called e-waste where are we going to put all of it?

Land Fills

Europe has outlawed using landfills for computercomponents the US and Europe export a lot of e-waste to Asian landfills

(especially China even though China has outlawed theimporting of e-waste)

in addition, incineration of computer components leads to airpollution and airborne toxins

Other Solutions

Reuse: donate your computer components to peoplewho may not have or have lesser quality computers inner city schools, churches, libraries, third world countries this however leads to the older computers being dumped but there is

probably no way around this as eventually the older computers would bediscarded anyway

Refurbish: rather than discarding your computer whenthe next generation is released, just get a new CPU andmemory chips – upgrade rather than replace while you will still be discarded some components, you will

retain most of the computer system (e.g., monitor, the systemunit housing, cables)

Are there adequate incentives to do either of theabove? Do computer companies encouragerefurbishing/upgrading?

One More Solution: Recycling

If companies can recycle the plastics and othercomponents, this can greatly reduce waste and toxins

however, the hazardous materials in e-waste can harm therecycle workers if they are not properly protected in undeveloped countries, a lot of the recycling chores are left up to

unprotected children!

Developed countries now have facilities for recycling e-waste

however, in Europe, the plastics are discarded instead ofrecycled because the flame retardant chemicals are too toxicto work with

To resolve these problems, the computermanufacturers must start using recyclable chemicals

Recycling

Recycling computing equipment can keep harmfulmaterials such as lead, mercury, and hexavalentchromium out of landfills, but often computers gatheredthrough recycling drives are shipped to developingcountries where environmental standards are less strictthan in North America and Europe. The Silicon ValleyToxics Coalition estimates that 80% of the post-consumer e-waste collected for recycling is shippedabroad to countries such as China, India, and Pakistan.

Computing supplies, such as printer cartridges, paper,and batteries may be recycled as well.

Greenpeace Ratings(1)

7.45 Nokia -- Scores top marks for leading competitors on toxic phase out.

7.1 Samsung -- Holds second position for commitment to reduce absoluteemissions.

6.5 Sony Ericsson -- Up two places with better product energy efficiencyreporting.

5.7 LG Electronics -- Up two places but needs to eliminate hazardouschemicals from all products.

5.5 Toshiba -- Moves up two places with an extra point for promising to cutGHGs.

5.5 Motorola -- Scores higher and climbs two places because of use ofrenewable energy

5.3 Philips -- Falls from 4th to 7th position and needs to put its commitmentto responsible recycling policies into practice.

5.3 Sharp -- Rises from 9th to joint 7th place with its energy efficientproducts.

4.9 Acer -- Put 16 new models of a monitor that are almost free ofhazardous chemicals and climbed two places from 11 to 9 butstill need to sort out the power cord .

Greenpeace Ratings(2)

4.9 Panasonic -- Advance from 12th to 10th place for energy efficiency andpvc free product range but still bad on e waste.

4.7 Apple -- Drop one position to 11th with no change in scores but getkudos for their green macbook

4.5 Sony -- Plunges from 5th to 12th place for inadequate commitments oneliminating hazardous chemicals, e waste policy and cuttingGHGs

3.9 Dell -- Stays at 13th place because of backtracking on toxics phase out

3.5 HP -- Is at 14th position and has no products on the market free of toxicsubstances

2.5 Microsoft -- Loses a point for a poor recycling policy but stays in 15thposition

2.5 Lenovo -- Down two places with no set timeline for toxics phase out onall products

2.4 Fujitsu -- Debuts second from last with no products that are free ofhazardous chemicals

1 Nintendo -- Stays put in last position with a glimmer of hope withpartially pvc free consoles

Conclusion

Green computing can lead to a lot of energysavings, reduction in emission of co2 & CFC’swhich leads to environment protection.

It also leads to serious cost savings over time.

References

Google.

Wikipedia.

Howstuffworks.

Thank you.