Chapter [8]

Emerging Technologies

Cloud Computing

Mobile Computing

BYODSocial Media

Web 2.0

Green IT

Cloud Computing

Cloud computing is a software and hardware based computing resources delivered as a networked service.

With Cloud Computing, users can access services via the Internet from anywhere without worrying about any maintenance or management of actual resources.

With cloud computing, companies can scale up to massive capacities in an instant without having to invest in new infrastructure.

S. No. Cloud Computing Grid Computing

1. Scalable Scalable

2. Dynamic load balancing Dynamic load balancing

3. Multiuser and Multitasking Multiuser and Multitasking

4.Can store an object as low as 1 byte and as large as several terabytes.

Well suited for data-intensive storage

5.Offers two types of instances: Storage and High-CPU

Focuses on computationally intensive operations

Pertinent Issues

• Threshold Policy ~ To test the program before moving to the

production environment. To detect sudden increases in the demand. To de-allocated unused resources and turned over

to other work needs.

• Interoperability ~Interoperability of applications between two cloud

computing vendors.Reformat data or change the logic in applications.

• Hidden Costs ~Higher network charges.Companies, who are far from cloud providers,

could experience latency.

• Unexpected Behaviour ~An application works well at company's internal

data centre, it is still important to test the application in the cloud for unexpected behaviour.

• Security Issues ~Backup & RecoveryEncryption & Decryption

• Software Development in Cloud ~ Use cloud server pools. Different cloud types: Development cloud, Testing

cloud and Production cloud. Cost per usage.

• Environment Friendly Cloud Computing ~ Reducing the number of hardware components

needed to run applications on the company's internal data centre.

Reduces energy for running and cooling hardware.

Goals of Cloud Computing

• To create a highly efficient IT system1• To access services from anywhere at

any time.2• To scale the IT system easily and cost-

effectively3• To consolidate IT infrastructure into a

more integrated environment.4• To reduce costs of power consumption.5• To improve "Anywhere Access" for ever

increasing users; 6•To enable rapidly provision resources as needed. 7

Cloud Computing Architecture

The Cloud Computing Architecture (CCA) involves communication among multiple cloud components such as ~• On-premise and cloud resources, • Services, • Middleware • Software components

It is about deciding their geo-location and the relationships between them through a loose coupling mechanism.

CCA consists of the followings connected to each other through Internet.– Front End Architecture

It is client’s devices and some applications needed for accessing the cloud computing system.

– Back End ArchitectureThe back end is cloud itself, which may encompass various Servers, Data storage systems and web application program

– MiddlewareIt is a special type of software installed on central server to be used for administering the whole system. There are some set of protocols followed by this server.

Cloud Computing Environment

Public Clouds

Private Clouds

Hybrid Clouds

PUBLIC CLOUDSPublic clouds are administrated by third parties

and the services are offered on pay-per-use basis.

Advantages includes the following: • Affordable costs. • Highly scalable services • Reliable applications

One of the limitations is security assurance.

Private CloudsAlso called internal clouds, they are built primarily

by IT departments within enterprisesAdvantages of private clouds are ~

Improve average server utilization providing higher efficiencies High Security Fully under control due to ownership. Reducing operations costs Reducing Administrative overheads due to automation

Limitations is that IT teams in the organization has to be involved in buying, building and managing the clouds.

Hybrid Clouds

It is possible in two ways ~ An organization has a private cloud and

forms a partnership with a public clouds provider

A public cloud provider forms a partnership with a vendor that provides private cloud platforms.

Cloud Computing Models

IaaS

PaaS

SaaSNaaS

CaaS

[A] IaaS• Provides virtual machines, other resources and

storage required to host the services.• Cloud clients install operating-system and their

application software on the cloud infrastructure.

[B] PaaS• It gives us the platform to create, edit, run and

manage the application programs.• Deliver a computing platform including operating

system, programming language, execution environment, database, and web server.

[C] SaaS• Provides users to access large variety of applications

that are hosted on service provider’s infrastructure.

[D] NaaS• Capability provided to the user is to use

network/transport connecting services.

[E] CaaS• Offers communication solution on lease to the

users. The CaaS vendor is responsible for all hardware and software management and offers guaranteed Quality of Service (QoS).

Characteristics of Cloud Computing

1 •High Scalability

2 •Agility

3 •High Availability and Reliability

4 •Services in Pay-Per-Use Mode

5 •Multi-Sharing

6 •Virtualization

7 •Performance

8 •Maintenance

Advantages

Challenges to Cloud Computing

• Confidentiality• Integrity• Availability• Governance• Trust• Legal Issues and

Compliance• Privacy

• Audit• Data Stealing• Architecture• Identity

Management and Access control• Incident Response• Software Isolation• Application Security

Mobile Computing Transmission of data via a computer without

having to be connected to a fixed physical link. Various companies have develop several wireless

apps for Mobile phones, PDA, Palm and Pocket PCs. It provides remote access to work order details. It enables employees to update work order status. It provides remotes access to corporate services. It provides remote access to the corporate Knowledge

Base. It enables to improve management effectiveness by

enhancing information flow, and ability to control a mobile workforce.

Bring Your Own DeviceBYOD refers to business policy that allows

employees to use their preferred computing devices for business purposes.

It means employees are welcome to use personal devices to connect to the corporate network to access information and application.

The BYOD policy is giving employee the right to work beyond their required hours.

Employees have to buy, maintain and update devices in return for a one-time investment cost to be paid by the organization.

BYOD Threats

Network Risks

• ‘Lack of Device Visibility’• Terminal identification not possible.• Large number of devices being connected to the network.

Device Risks

• ‘Loss of Devices’• Data lost from stolen or lost devices is a security threat.• Easy access to company emails, corporate intranet, company trade secrets from a misplaced device.

Application Risks

• ‘Application Viruses and Malware’• Majority of employees’ devices aren’t protected by security software. Organizations

are not clear in deciding that ‘who is responsible for device security.

Implementation Risks

• ‘Weak BYOD Policy’• BYOD program should not only cover the technical issues but also mandate a robust implementation

policy.• There are increasing the chances of device misuse.

Social Media A Social Network/Media is a group of

individuals, who have a set of common interests and objectives.

Success of a social network mainly depends on contribution, interest and motivation of its members along with technology backbone.

The concept called ‘technology diminishing the humane distance’ help in sustaining social networks.

Types of Social NetworksSocial Contact Networks

• To keep contact with friends and family;• Orkut, Facebook and Twitter;

Study Circles

• Dedicated for students : study material, research papers placement information etc.• Fledge Wing and College Tonight;

Specialist Groups

• For specialists such as Doctors, Scientists, Engineers, Corporates;• LinkedIn;

Networks for Fine Arts

• Dedicated to people linked with music, painting and related arts

Police and Military Networks

• Operate much like social networks on a private domain due to the confidentiality

Sporting Networks

• Dedicated to people of the sporting fraternity

Mixed Networks

• People from all the above groups and serving multiple types of social collaboration

Social Networks for the 'inventors'

• For the people who have invented the concept of social networks • Technical Forums and Mashup centres

Shopping and Utility Service Networks

• To analyze the social behaviour and send related information for the same to respective marts

Web 2.0

Second generation of the World Wide Web.Refers to the transition from static HTML Web

pages to a more dynamic Web.Blogs, Wikis, and Web services are all seen as

components of Web 2.0.The objective is to connect people in

numerous ways and utilize their collective strengths, in a collaborative manner.

Components of Web 2.0

Communities •a group of individuals of common interest to share their thoughts

Blogging •A way to express thoughts in a free form basis

Wikis •a set of co-related pages on a particular subject and allow users to share content.

Folksonomy •System to tag content online to enables others to easily find and view.

File Sharing/ Podcasting

•to send media files and related content online for others to use.

Mashups •congregate services from multiple vendors to create a completely new service.

Benefits of Social Networks

1 •Users need not to worry about underlying technology.

2 •Communication at a very affordable cost and a very easy to use

3 •It support communication that people do in routine and no new knowledge are required.

3 •People are coming much closer to another and geographical boundaries are being reduced.

4 •Increases the social collaboration to a very high degree.

Challenges for Social Networks Data Security and Privacy in such public domains

Privacy of individual users also arises

For bringing offline social network under the purview of online social networks.

Green IT

Green IT refers to the use of computers and IT resources in a more efficient, environment friendly and responsible way.

It include the implementation of energy-efficient CPUs, servers and peripherals as well as reduced resource consumption and proper disposal of electronic waste.

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was formed in 1992 to promote energy efficiency in hardware of all kinds.

Steps to support Green IT Power-down the CPU and all peripherals when not in

use. Try to do computer-related tasks during contiguously. Power-up and power-down energy-intensive

peripherals such as laser printers according to need. Use LCD monitors rather than CRT monitors. Use notebook computers rather than desktop. Use the power-management features to turn off hard

drives and displays after several minutes of inactivity. Minimize the use of paper and properly recycle them. Proper dispose of e-waste. Employ alternative energy sources.

Green IT Best Practices Involving employees in developing policies

and green IT initiatives more likely to be embraced by them.

Outsourcing ensures more effective use of limited resources.

Issue guidelines for using the best practices of green IT to campus users

On-going communication and commitment to green IT best practices to produce notable results.

Relevant Facts