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Great Artistsand Musicians

By MARK AMMONS, D.M.A.

COPYRIGHT © 1996 Mark Twain Media, Inc.

ISBN 978-1-58037-975-5

Printing No. 1891-EB

Mark Twain Media, Inc., PublishersDistributed by Carson-Dellosa Publishing LLC

The purchase of this book entitles the buyer to reproduce the student pages for classroom use only. Other permissions may be obtained by writing Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers.

All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America.

© Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers

Great Artists and Musicians

ii

TAble of ConTenTs

Time Line ......................................................................................................................... iiiIntroduction .......................................................................................................................1

Art and Music: An Overview .............................................................................................2Medieval Art and Music ....................................................................................................4Guido d’Arezzo .................................................................................................................6Leonin and Perotin............................................................................................................8Guillaume de Machaut ....................................................................................................10Nicholas of Verdun ..........................................................................................................12The Limbourg Brothers ...................................................................................................14Renaissance Art and Music ............................................................................................16Guillaume Dufay .............................................................................................................18Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina ......................................................................................20Michelangelo Buonarroti .................................................................................................22Leonardo da Vinci ...........................................................................................................24Baroque Art and Music ...................................................................................................26Henry Purcell ..................................................................................................................28Johann Sebastian Bach ..................................................................................................30Rembrandt von Rijn ........................................................................................................32Claude Lorraine ..............................................................................................................34Classical Art and Music ..................................................................................................36Christoph Willibald Gluck ................................................................................................38Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart ............................................................................................40Jean-Antoine Watteau ....................................................................................................42Jacques-Louis David ......................................................................................................44Romantic Art and Music .................................................................................................46Robert Schumann ..........................................................................................................48Johannes Brahms ...........................................................................................................50Eugène Delacroix ...........................................................................................................52Realism and Impressionism in Art and Music ................................................................54Georges Bizet .................................................................................................................56Gustave Courbet.............................................................................................................58Claude Monet .................................................................................................................60Claude Debussy .............................................................................................................62Twentieth Century Art and Music ....................................................................................64Pablo Picasso .................................................................................................................66Igor Stravinsky ................................................................................................................68

Answers ..........................................................................................................................70Bibliography ....................................................................................................................75

Table of Contents



1

inTroduCTion

Music and art stand as two of the great pillars of civilization and culture. Through studying these two art forms, one can get a better sense of the cultural differences that existed long, long ago. However, as important as the art forms themselves are to understand-ing the lifestyles and cultures of ages past, the study of the actual artists and composers of these art forms will better serve us in our quest to understand the past. This activity book is designed to give brief and informative sketches of many of the great composers and artists who helped develop the styles of their respective art forms throughout the history of music and art. Included with the sketches are questions, scrambled word activities, and word search and crossword puzzles designed to reinforce the learning of important facts and concepts related to these important personalities.

—THE AUTHOR

Introduction



2

ArT And MusiC: An oVerVieW

Art and music, along with many of the other creative arts, share a similar if not parallel history. They both have foundations in ancient Greek and Roman history and both found their way through the rise of early Christianity and the Jewish heritage that preceded it. Throughout history, art and music have gone through changes and developments in style, the characteristics that set a type of music or art work apart from others. As the Roman Empire began to lose much of its power and influence, music and art, as well as science and literature, fell into what has been called the Dark Ages, a period of time in which there was very little growth and development. The Dark Ages, or Middle Ages as they are also called, ran from approximately a.d. 350 to 1450. Following the Middle Ages, a period of great growth and development in all areas of culture took place. This time of growth and development was called the Renaissance. In French, this term means “rebirth,” and indeed nearly all art forms were reborn. This time period lasted from approximately 1450 to 1600. The next style period in the history of art and music is known as the Baroque era, named after the style of art that developed around this time. The Baroque era lasted from approximately 1600 to 1725. Around the turn of the eighteenth century, an even more or-nate style of art and music known as the Rococo developed. It was short-lived and lasted only until about 1750. During that 50-year time span, a development and refinement of a new style termed the Classical occurred. This style harkened back to the Classical Roman and Greek art forms of more than 1,000 years earlier. The Classical era lasted until the beginning of the nineteenth century, at which time a new and more introspective style of art and music developed that came to be known as the Romantic. This style lasted through-out the nineteenth century. Toward the end of the nineteenth century, a style of art known as Impressionism began to dramatically affect the world of art and music. In response to Impressionism, the Germans initiated a style known as Expressionism. By the turn of the twentieth century, a variety of styles and approaches to both art and music coexisted. It is difficult to define the entire time period of the twentieth century in terms of a single art style or music style period. In general, it is referred to simply as the Twentieth Century period. As you will see, almost all of the style periods are reactions to the style periods that preceded them. You should also realize that the time periods are approximate. One period does not suddenly stop and another begin—the changes develop over a period of many years, often anywhere between 25 and 50 years on either side of the dates that have been given as the beginning and ending years of these style periods. So, let’s begin our journey through the history of music and art as we explore the lives and works of the artists and composers who helped develop the styles that we enjoy today.

Art and Music: An Overview



3

QuesTions

1. What two art forms share a parallel history?

2. List some historical foundations that art and music share.

3. What were the Dark Ages?

4. What type of period was the Renaissance?

5. What art forms did the Classical era hearken back to?

6. What is one characteristic of the Romantic style?

7. Do style periods change suddenly or over a long period of time?

8. When did the art style known as Impressionism occur?

9. What were the approximate years for the Baroque era?

10. What were the approximate years for the Middle Ages?

Art and Music: An Overview

Name Date



4

MedieVAl ArT And MusiC

From approximately a.d. 350 to 1100 Medieval art and music were generated from primarily monastic sources. This means that composers and artists were primarily asso-ciated with the Roman Catholic church and lived in monasteries. These monks or priests believed that the gifts that they were given in art and music were talents given by God, and therefore, any work that they composed or rendered artistically was meant to glorify God. Consequently, up until about 1100 the vast majority of art and music was provided by anonymous sources, meaning sources without specific names attached to them. Art is represented in the Middle Ages by two main styles: Romanesque and Gothic. The Romanesque style was generally believed to hearken back to the architecture of Rome and the early Roman Empire. The style featured round arches and blunt, heavy walls. The term Gothic referred to the new style that reflected the emerging independence of the middle class and the growing importance of women. It was viewed as the high point of Medieval art. Gothic architecture used pointed arches to achieve a more open and airy structure than the Romanesque style. Besides architecture, sculpture and stained glass windows used to ornament buildings and illumination used to ornament books were the major art forms of the Middle Ages. In music a similar background can be seen. From approximately 350 to 1100 the vast majority of music was monophonic, meaning a single melodic line without accom-paniment. This monophonic music was in the form of what is known as Gregorian Chant, named after Pope Gregory (590–604), who organized the chants into a specific order and had them published and communicated to churches throughout Europe and the Roman Empire, which had adopted the Roman Catholic tradition. Toward the end of the Middle Ages, however, polyphony began to be used in music. This was the use of more than one melodic line at the same time. By about 1100 changes were occurring in both art and music. In particular, we begin to see individual artists and composers ascribe their names to their works. The first major artist to do this was a sculptor known as Nicholas of Verdun. The first major composer to ascribe his name to his composition was Leonin of the Notre Dame school of music. Both Leonin and Nicholas developed unique approaches to their art forms that would set the stage for the dramatic changes that would come over the following 300 years. From approximately 1100 to 1450 an acceleration in both art and music can be seen. This can be viewed as laying the ground work for the Renaissance period that would follow. In the following chapters we will look at the lives of three musicians: Guido d’Arezzo, Guillaume de Machaut, and Leonin, and four artists: Nicholas of Verdun and the Limbourg brothers. These individuals represent many of the styles that were prevalent in Medieval art and music beginning in approximately 1100.

Medieval Art and Music

Gothic vaults with pointed arches allowed for a more open and lofty structure than the roman-esque style since they could be built higher.

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