gre geometry
DESCRIPTION
GeomteryTRANSCRIPT
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6/1/2015 SparkNotes:GRE:Geometry
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Math101
2.1 ARITHMETIC2.2 ALGEBRA
2.3 GEOMETRY2.4 DATAANALYSIS
GeometryGeometryhasalongandstoriedhistorythatgoesbackthousandsofyears,whichweresureyouredyingtohearabout.ButunlessyouretakingtheGREtogoforyourmastersinmathhistory,thishasnopossiblerelevancetoyourlife.Sowellskipthehistorylessonandgetrighttothefacts.
LinesandAnglesAnangleiscomposedoftwolinesandisameasureofthespreadbetweenthem.Thepointwherethetwolinesmeetiscalledthevertex.OntheGRE,anglesaremeasuredindegrees.Heresanexample:
Theafterthe45isadegreesymbol.Thisanglemeasures45degrees.
Acute,Obtuse,andRightAnglesAnglesthatmeasurelessthan90arecalledacuteangles.Anglesthatmeasuremorethan90arecalledobtuseangles.AspecialanglethattheGREtestmakersloveiscalledarightangle.Rightanglesalwaysmeasureexactly90andareindicatedbyalittlesquarewheretheanglemeasurewouldnormallybe,likethis:
StraightAnglesMultipleanglesthatmeetatasinglepointonalinearecalledstraightangles.Thesumoftheanglesmeetingatasinglepointonastraightlineisalwaysequalto180.Youmayseesomethinglikethis,askingyoutosolveforn:
Thetwoangles(onemarkedby40andtheonemarkedbyn)meetatthesamepointontheline.Sincethesumoftheanglesonthelinemustbe180,youcanplug40and
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6/1/2015 SparkNotes:GRE:Geometry
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nintoaformulalikethis:
40+n=180
Subtracting40frombothsidesgivesn=140,orn=140.
VerticalAnglesWhentwolinesintersect,theanglesthatlieoppositeeachother,calledverticalangles,arealwaysequal.
Angles and areverticalanglesandarethereforeequal.Angles andarealsovertical,equalangles.
ParallelLinesAmorecomplicatedversionofthisfigurethatyoumayseeontheGREinvolvestwoparallellinesintersectedbyathirdline,calledatransversal.Parallelmeansthatthelinesruninexactlythesamedirectionandneverintersect.Heresanexample:
line1isparalleltoline2
Dontassumelinesareparalleljustbecausetheylookliketheyarethequestionwillalwaystellyouiftwolinesaremeanttobeparallel.Eventhoughthisfigurecontainsmanyangles,itturnsoutthatitonlyhastwokindsofangles:bigangles(obtuse)andlittleangles(acute).Allthebiganglesareequaltoeachother,andallthelittleanglesareequaltoeachother.Furthermore,anybigangle+anylittleangle=180.Thisistrueforanyfigurewithtwoparallellinesintersectedbyathirdline.Inthefollowingfigure,welabeleveryangletoshowyouwhatwemean:
Asdescribedabove,theeightanglescreatedbythesetwointersectionshavespecialrelationshipstoeachother:
Angles1,4,5,and8areequaltooneanother.Angle1isverticaltoangle4,andangle5isverticaltoangle8.Angles2,3,6,and7areequaltooneanother.Angle2isverticaltoangle3,andangle6isverticaltoangle7.Thesumofanytwoadjacentangles,suchas1and2or7and8,equals180becausetheyformastraightanglelyingonaline.Thesumofanybigangle+anylittleangle=180,sincethebigandlittleanglesinthisfigurecombineintostraightlinesandallthebiganglesareequalandallthelittleanglesareequal.Soabigandlittleangledontneedtobenexttoeachothertoaddto180anybigplusanylittlewilladdto180.Forexample,sinceangles1and2sumto180,andsinceangles2and7areequal,thesumofangles1and7alsoequals180.
Byusingtheserules,youcanfigureoutthedegreesofanglesthatmayseemunrelated.Forexample:
Ifline1isparalleltoline2,whatisthevalueofyinthefigureabove?
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Again,thisfigurehasonlytwokindsofangles:bigangles(obtuse)andlittleangles(acute).Weknowthat55isalittleangle,soymustbeabigangle.Sincebigangle+littleangle=180,youcanwrite:
y+55=180
Solvingfory:
y=18055
y=125
PerpendicularLinesTwolinesthatmeetatarightanglearecalledperpendicularlines.Ifyouretoldtwolinesareperpendicular,justthink90.Wedlovetotellyoumoreaboutthesebeauties,buttheresreallynotmuchelsetosay.
PolygonBasicsApolygonisatwodimensionalfigurewiththreeormorestraightsides.Polygonsarenamedaccordingtothenumberofsidestheyhave.
NumberofSides Name
3 triangle
4 quadrilateral
5 pentagon
6 hexagon
7 heptagon
8 octagon
9 nonagon
10 decagon
12 dodecagon
n ngon
Allpolygons,nomatterhowmanysidestheypossess,sharecertaincharacteristics:
Thesumoftheinterioranglesofapolygonwithnsidesis(n2)180.Forinstance,thesumoftheinterioranglesofanoctagonis(82)180=6(180)=1080.Apolygonwithequalsidesandequalinterioranglesisaregularpolygon.Thesumoftheexterioranglesofanypolygonis360.Theperimeterofapolygonisthesumofthelengthsofitssides.Theareaofapolygonisthemeasureoftheareaoftheregionenclosedbythepolygon.EachpolygontestedontheGREhasitsownuniqueareaformula,whichwellcoverbelow.
Forthemostpart,thepolygonstestedinGREmathincludetrianglesandquadrilaterals.Alltriangleshavethreesides,buttherearespecialtypesoftrianglesthatwellcovernext.Thenwellmoveontofourcommonquadrilaterals(foursidedfigures)thatappearonthetest:rectangles,squares,parallelograms,andtrapezoids.
Wellthenleavetheworldofpolygonsandmakeourwaytocirclesandthenconcludethisgeometrysectionwithadiscussionofthethreedimensionalsolidsyoumayseeonyourtest:rectangularsolids,cubes,andrightcircularcylinders.
TrianglesOfallthegeometricshapes,trianglesareamongthemostcommonlytestedontheGRE.ButsincetheGREtendstotestthesametrianglesoverandover,youjustneedtomasterafewrulesandafewdiagrams.Welllookatsomespecialtrianglesshortly,butfirstwellexplainfourveryspecialrules.
TheFourRulesofTrianglesCommitthesefourrulestomemory.
1.TheRuleofInteriorAngles.Thesumoftheinterioranglesofatrianglealwaysequals180.Interioranglesarethoseontheinside.Wheneveryouregiventwoanglesofatriangle,youcanusethisformulatocalculatethethirdangle.Forexample:
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Whatisthevalueofainthefigureabove?
Sincethesumoftheanglesofatriangleequals180,youcansetupanequation:
a+100+60=180
Isolatingthevariableandsolvingforagivesa=20.
2.TheRuleofExteriorAngles.Anexteriorangleofatriangleistheangleformedbyextendingoneofthesidesofthetrianglepastavertex(ortheintersectionoftwosidesofafigure).Inthefigurebelow,distheexteriorangle.
Since,together,dandcformastraightangle,theyaddupto180:d+c=180.Accordingtothefirstruleoftriangles,thethreeanglesofatrianglealwaysaddupto180,soa+b+c=180.Sinced+c=180anda+b+c=180,dmustbeequaltoa+b(theremoteinteriorangles).Thisgeneralizestoalltrianglesasthefollowingrules:Theexteriorangleofatriangleplustheinterioranglewithwhichitsharesavertexisalways180.Theexteriorangleisalsoequaltothesumofthemeasuresoftheremoteinteriorangles.
3.TheRuleoftheSides.Thelengthofanysideofatrianglemustbegreaterthanthedifferenceandlessthanthesumoftheothertwosides.Inotherwords:
differenceofothertwosides
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Whatisonepossiblevalueofxif?(A) 4(B) 5(C) 7(D) 10(E) 15
Accordingtotheruleofproportion,thelongestsideofatriangleisoppositethelargestangle,andtheshortestsideofatriangleisoppositethesmallestangle.ThequestiontellsusthatangleC
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rundownthestreetandproclaimittotheworld,entirelyinthebuff.OrmaybethatwasArchimedes...?Hey,itwasalongtimeago.SufficeittosaythatsomenakedGreekguythoughtupsomethingcool.
SincePythagorastookthetroubletoinventhistheorem,theleastwecandoislearnit.Besides,itsoneofthemostfamoustheoremsinallofmath,anditistestedwithregularityontheGRE,toboot.Hereitis:
Inarighttriangle,a2+b2=c2,wherecisthelengthofthehypotenuseandaandbarethelengthsofthetwolegs.
Andheresasimpleapplication:
Whatisthevalueofbinthetriangleabove?
Thelittlesquareinthelowerleftcornerletsyouknowthatthisisarighttriangle,soyourecleartousethePythagoreantheorem.Substitutingtheknownlengthsintotheformulagives:
32+b2=52
9+b2=25
b2=16
b=4
Thisisthereforetheworldfamous345righttriangle.ThankstothePythagoreantheorem,ifyouknowthemeasuresofanytwosidesofarighttriangle,youcanalwaysfindthethird.Eureka!indeed.
PythagoreanTriples.BecauserighttrianglesobeythePythagoreantheorem,onlyaspecificfewhavesidelengthsthatareallintegers.Forexample,arighttrianglewithlegsoflength3and5hasahypotenuseoflength .PositiveintegersthatobeythePythagoreantheoremarecalledPythagoreantriples,andthesearetheonesyourelikelytoseeonyourtestasthelengthsofthesidesofrighttriangles.Herearesomecommonones:
{3,4,5}
{5,12,13}
{7,24,25}
{8,15,17}
InadditiontothesePythagoreantriples,youshouldalsowatchoutfortheirmultiples.Forexample,{6,8,10}isaPythagoreantriple,sinceitisamultipleof{3,4,5},derivedfromsimplydoublingeachvalue.Thisknowledgecansignificantlyshortenyourworkinaproblemlikethis:
Whatisthevalueofzinthetriangleabove?
Sure,youcouldcalculateitoutusingthePythagoreantheorem,butwhowantstosquare120and130andthenworktheresultsintotheformula?Pythagorashimselfwouldprobablysay,Ah,screwit...andheadoffforachatwithSocrates.(Actually,PythagorasdiedabouttwentyyearsbeforeSocrateswasborn,butyougetthepoint.)
ButarmedwithourPythagoreantriples,itsnoproblemforus.Thehypotenuseis130,andoneofthelegsis120.Theratiobetweenthesesidesis130:120,or13:12.Thisexactlymatchesthe{5,12,13}Pythagoreantriple.Soweremissingthe5partofthetriplefortheotherleg.However,sincethesidesofthetriangleinthequestionare10
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timeslongerthanthoseinthe{5,12,13}triple,themissingsidemustbe510=50.
306090RIGHTTRIANGLESAsyoucansee,righttrianglesareprettydarnspecial.ButtherearetwoextraspecialonesthatappearwithastoundingfrequencyontheGRE.Theyare306090righttrianglesand454590righttriangles.Whenyouseeoneofthese,insteadofworkingoutthePythagoreantheorem,youllbeabletoapplystandardratiosthatexistbetweenthelengthofthesidesofthesetriangles.
Theguywhonamed306090trianglesdidnthavemuchofanimaginationormaybehejustdidnthaveacoolnamelikePythagoras.Thenamederivesfromthefactthatthesetriangleshaveanglesof30,60,and90.So,whatssospecialaboutthat?This:Thesidelengthsof306090trianglesalwaysfollowaspecificpattern.Iftheshortlegoppositethe30anglehaslengthx,thenthehypotenusehaslength2x,andthelongleg,oppositethe60angle,haslength .Therefore:
Thesidesofevery306090trianglewillfollowtheratio1: :2
Thankstothisconstantratio,ifyouknowthelengthofjustonesideofthetriangle,youllimmediatelybeabletocalculatethelengthsoftheothertwo.If,forexample,youknowthatthesideoppositethe30angleis2meters,thenbyusingtheratioyoucandeterminethatthehypotenuseis4meters,andthelegoppositethe60angleis
meters.
454590RIGHTTRIANGLESA454590righttriangleisatrianglewithtwoanglesof45andonerightangle.Itssometimescalledanisoscelesrighttriangle,sinceitsbothisoscelesandright.Likethe306090triangle,thelengthsofthesidesofa454590trianglealsofollowaspecificpattern.Ifthelegsareoflengthx(thelegswillalwaysbeequal),thenthehypotenusehaslength .
Thesidesofevery454590trianglewillfollowtherationof
Thisratiowillhelpyouwhenfacedwithtriangleslikethis:
Thisrighttrianglehastwoequalsides,whichmeansthetwoanglesotherthantherightanglemustbe45each.Sowehavea454590righttriangle,whichmeanswecanemploythe ratio.Butinsteadofbeing1and1,thelengthsofthelegsare5and5.Sincethelengthsofthesidesinthetriangleabovearefivetimesthelengthsin
the righttriangle,thehypotenusemustbe ,or .
AreaofaTriangleTheformulafortheareaofatriangleis:
area= or
Keepinmindthatthebaseandheightofatrianglearenotjustanytwosidesofatriangle.Thebaseandheightmustbeperpendicular,whichmeanstheymustmeetatarightangle.
Letstryanexample.Whatstheareaofthistriangle?
Notethattheareaisnot ,becausethosetwosidesdonotmeetatarightangle.Tocalculatethearea,youmustfirstdetermineb.Youllprobablynoticethatthisisthe345righttriangleyousawearlier,sob=4.Nowyouhavetwoperpendicularsides,soyoucancorrectlycalculatetheareaasfollows:
Trianglesaresurelyimportant,buttheyarenttheonlygeometricfiguresyoullcomeacrossontheGRE.Wemovenowtoquadrilaterals,whicharefoursidedfigures.The
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firsttwowecoveryourenodoubtfamiliarwith,nomatterhowlongyouvebeenoutofhighschool.Theothertwoyoumayhaveforgottenaboutlongago.
RectanglesArectangleisaquadrilateralinwhichtheoppositesidesareparallelandtheinterioranglesareallrightangles.Theoppositesidesofarectangleareequal,asindicatedinthefigurebelow:
AreaofaRectangleTheformulafortheareaofarectangleis:
area=baseheightorsimplya=bh
Sincethebaseisthelengthoftherectangleandtheheightisthewidth,justmultiplythelengthbythewidthtogettheareaofarectangle.
DiagonalsofaRectangleThetwodiagonalsofarectanglearealwaysequaltoeachother,andeitherdiagonalthroughtherectanglecutstherectangleintotwoequalrighttriangles.Inthefigurebelow,thediagonalBDcutsrectangleABCDintocongruentrighttrianglesBADandBCD.Congruentmeansthatthosetrianglesareexactlyidentical.
Sincethediagonaloftherectangleformsrighttrianglesthatincludethediagonalandtwosidesoftherectangle,ifyouknowtwoofthesevalues,youcanalwayscalculatethethirdwiththePythagoreantheorem.Forexample,ifyouknowthesidelengthsoftherectangle,youcancalculatethelengthofthediagonal.Ifyouknowthediagonalandonesidelength,youcancalculatetheothersidelength.Also,keepinmindthatthediagonalmightcuttherectangleintoa306090triangle,inwhichcaseyoucouldusethe1: :2ratiotomakeyourcalculatingjobeveneasier.
SquaresHey,buddy,dontyoubenosquare...
ElvisPresley,JailhouseRock
Wedontknowwhy,butsometimearoundthe1950sthewordsquarebecamesynonymouswithuncool.Ofcourse,thatsthesamedecadethatbroughtuswordslikedaddyOanddancescalledTheHandJive.
Wethinkthatsquaresareinfactniftylittlegeometriccreatures.They,alongwithcircles,areperhapsthemostsymmetricalshapesintheuniversenothingtosneezeat.Asquareissosymmetricalbecauseitsanglesareall90andallfourofitssidesareequalinlength.Rectanglesarefairlycommon,butaperfectsquareissomethingtobehold.Likearectangle,asquaresoppositesidesareparallelanditcontainsfourrightangles.Butsquaresoneuprectanglesbyvirtueoftheirequalsides.
Asifyouveneverseenoneoftheseinyourlife,hereswhatasquarelookslike:
AreaofaSquareTheformulafortheareaofasquareis:
area=s2
Inthisformula,sisthelengthofaside.Sincethesidesofasquareareallequal,all
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youneedisonesidetofigureoutasquaresarea.
DiagonalsofaSquareThesquarehastwomorespecialqualities:
Diagonalsbisecteachotheratrightanglesandareequalinlength.Diagonalsbisectthevertexanglestocreate45angles.(Thismeansthatonediagonalwillcutthesquareintotwo454590triangles,whiletwodiagonalsbreakthesquareintofour454590triangles.)
Becauseadiagonaldrawnintothesquareformstwocongruent454590triangles,ifyouknowthelengthofonesideofthesquare,youcanalwayscalculatethelengthofthediagonal:
Sincedisthehypotenuseofthe454590trianglethathaslegsoflength5,accordingtotheratio ,youknowthat .Similarly,ifyouknowonlythelengthofthediagonal,youcanusethesameratiotoworkbackwardtocalculatethelengthofthesides.
ParallelogramsAparallelogramisaquadrilateralwhoseoppositesidesareparallel.Thatmeansthatrectanglesandsquaresqualifyasparallelograms,butsodofoursidedfiguresthatdontcontainrightangles.
Inaparallelogram,oppositesidesareequalinlength.Thatmeansthatinthefigureabove,BC=ADandAB=DC.Oppositeanglesareequal:ABC=ADCandBAD=BCD.Adjacentanglesaresupplementary,whichmeanstheyaddupto180.Here,anexampleisABC+BCD=180.
AreaofaParallelogramTheareaofaparallelogramisgivenbytheformula:
area=bh
Inthisformula,bisthelengthofthebase,andhistheheight.Asshowninthefigurebelow,theheightofaparallelogramisrepresentedbyaperpendicularlinedroppedfromonesideofthefiguretothesidedesignatedasthebase.
DiagonalsofaParallelogram
Thediagonalsofaparallelogrambisect(split)eachother:BE=EDandAE=ECOnediagonalsplitsaparallelogramintotwocongruenttriangles:ABD=BCDTwodiagonalssplitaparallelogramintotwopairsofcongruenttriangles:AEB=DECandBEC=AED
TrapezoidsAtrapezoidmaysoundlikeanewStarWarscharacter,butitsactuallythenameofaquadrilateralwithonepairofparallelsidesandonepairofnonparallelsides.Heresanexample:
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Inthistrapezoid,ABisparalleltoCD(shownbythearrowmarks),whereasACandBDarenotparallel.
AreaofaTrapezoidTheformulafortheareaofatrapezoidisabitmorecomplexthantheareaformulasyouveseenfortheotherquadrilateralsinthissection.Wellsetitoffsoyoucantakeagoodlookatit:
Inthisformula,s1ands2arethelengthsoftheparallelsides(alsocalledthebasesofthetrapezoid),andhistheheight.Inatrapezoid,theheightistheperpendiculardistancefromonebasetotheother.
IfyoucomeacrossatrapezoidquestionontheGRE,youmayneedtouseyourknowledgeoftrianglestosolveit.Heresanexampleofwhatwemean:
Findtheareaofthefigureabove.
Firstofall,werenottoldthatthefigureisatrapezoid,butwecaninferasmuchfromtheinformationgiven.Sinceboththelinelabeled6andthelinelabeled10formrightangleswiththelineconnectingthem,the6and10linesmustbeparallel.Meanwhile,theothertwolines(theleftandrightsidesofthefigure)cannotbeparallelbecauseoneconnectstothebottomlineatarightangle,whiletheotherconnectswiththatlineata45angle.Sowecandeducethatthefigureisatrapezoid,whichmeansthetrapezoidareaformulaisinplay.
Thebasesofthetrapezoidaretheparallelsides,andweretoldtheirlengthsare6and10.Sofarsogood,buttofindthearea,wealsoneedtofindthetrapezoidsheight,whichisntgiven.
Todothat,splitthetrapezoidintoarectangleanda454590trianglebydrawingintheheight.
Onceyouvedrawnintheheight,youcansplitthebasethatsequalto10intotwoparts:Thebaseoftherectangleis6,andthelegofthetriangleis4.Sincethetriangleis454590,thetwolegsmustbeequal.Thisleg,though,isalsotheheightofthetrapezoid.Sotheheightofthetrapezoidis4.Nowyoucanplugthenumbersintotheformula:
Anotherwaytofindtheareaofthetrapezoidistofindtheareasofthetriangleandtherectangle,thenaddthemtogether:
area= (44)+(64)
(16)+24
8+24=32
CirclesAcircleisthecollectionofpointsequidistantfromagivenpoint,calledthecenter.Circlesarenamedaftertheircenterpointsthatsjusteasierthangivingthemnames
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likeRalphandBetty.Allcirclescontain360.Thedistancefromthecentertoanypointonthecircleiscalledtheradius(r).Radiusisthemostimportantmeasurementinacircle,becauseifyouknowacirclesradius,youcanfigureoutallitsothercharacteristics,suchasitsarea,diameter,andcircumference.Wellcoverallthatinthenextfewpages.Thediameter(d)ofacirclestretchesbetweenendpointsonthecircle,passingthroughthecenter.Achordalsoextendsfromendpointtoendpointonthecircle,butitdoesnotnecessarilypassthroughthecenter.Inthefollowingfigure,pointCisthecenterofthecircle,ristheradius,andABisachord.
TangentLinesTangentsarelinesthatintersectacircleatonlyonepoint.Justlikeeverythingelseingeometry,tangentlinesaredefinedbycertainfixedrules.
Heresthefirst:Aradiuswhoseendpointistheintersectionpointofthetangentlineandthecircleisalwaysperpendiculartothetangentline,asshowninthefollowingfigure:
Andthesecondrule:Everypointinspaceoutsidethecirclecanextendexactlytwotangentlinestothecircle.Thedistancesfromtheoriginofthetwotangentstothepointsoftangencyarealwaysequal.Inthefigurebelow,XY=XZ.
CentralAnglesandInscribedAnglesAnanglewhosevertexisthecenterofthecircleiscalledacentralangle.
Thedegreeofthecircle(thesliceofpie)cutbyacentralangleisequaltothemeasureoftheangle.Ifacentralangleis25,thenitcutsa25arcinthecircle.
Aninscribedangleisanangleformedbytwochordsoriginatingfromasinglepoint.
Aninscribedanglewillalwayscutoutanarcinthecirclethatistwicethesizeofthedegreeoftheinscribedangle.Forexample,ifaninscribedangleis40,itwillcutanarcof80inthecircle.
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Ifaninscribedangleandacentralanglecutoutthesamearcinacircle,thecentralanglewillbetwiceaslargeastheinscribedangle.
CircumferenceofaCircleThecircumferenceistheperimeterofthecirclethatis,thetotaldistancearoundthecircle.Theformulaforcircumferenceofacircleis:
circumference=2r
Inthisformula,ristheradius.Sinceacirclesdiameterisalwaystwiceitsradius,theformulacanalsobewrittenc=d,wheredisthediameter.Letsfindthecircumferenceofthecirclebelow:
Pluggingtheradiusintotheformula,c=2r=2(3)=6.
ArcLengthAnarcisapartofacirclescircumference.Anarccontainstwoendpointsandallthepointsonthecirclebetweentheendpoints.Bypickinganytwopointsonacircle,twoarcsarecreated:amajorarc,whichisbydefinitionthelongerarc,andaminorarc,theshorterone.
Sincethedegreeofanarcisdefinedbythecentralorinscribedanglethatinterceptsthearcsendpoints,youcancalculatethearclengthaslongasyouknowthecirclesradiusandthemeasureofeitherthecentralorinscribedangle.
Thearclengthformulais:
arclength=
Inthisformula,nisthemeasureofthedegreeofthearc,andristheradius.Thismakessense,ifyouthinkaboutit:Thereare360inacircle,sothedegreeofanarcdividedby360givesusthefractionofthetotalcircumferencethatarcrepresents.Multiplyingthatbythetotalcircumference(2pr)givesusthelengthofthearc.
Heresthesortofarclengthquestionyoumightseeonthetest:
CircleDhasradius9.WhatisthelengthofarcAB?
TofigureoutthelengthofarcAB,weneedtoknowtheradiusofthecircleandthemeasureofC,theinscribedanglethatinterceptstheendpointsofarcAB.Thequestionprovidestheradiusofthecircle,9,butitthrowsusalittlecurveballbynotprovidingthemeasureofC.Instead,thequestionputsCinatriangleandtellsusthemeasuresoftheothertwoanglesinthetriangle.Likewesaid,onlyalittlecurveball:YoucaneasilyfigureoutthemeasureofCbecause,asyouknowbynow,thethreeanglesofatriangleaddupto180:
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c=180(50+70)
c=180120
c=60
Sincecisaninscribedangle,arcABmustbetwiceitsmeasure,or120.Nowwecanplugthesevaluesintotheformulaforarclength:
AreaofaCircleIfyouknowtheradiusofacircle,youcanfigureoutitsarea.Theformulaforareais:
area=r2
Inthisformula,ristheradius.Sowhenyouneedtofindtheareaofacircle,yourrealgoalistofigureouttheradius.Ineasierquestionstheradiuswillbegiven.Inharderquestions,theyllgiveyouthediameterorcircumferenceandyoullhavetousetheformulasforthosetocalculatetheradius,whichyoullthenplugintotheareaformula.
AreaofaSectorAsectorofacircleistheareaenclosedbyacentralangleandthecircleitself.Itsshapedlikeasliceofpizza.Theshadedregioninthefigureontheleftbelowisasector.Thefigureontherightisasliceofpepperonipizza.Seetheresemblance?
Theareaofasectorisrelatedtotheareaofacirclejustasthelengthofanarcisrelatedtothecircumference.Tofindtheareaofasector,findwhatfractionof360thesectormakesupandmultiplythisfractionbythetotalareaofthecircle.Informulaform:
areaofasector=
Inthisformula,nisthemeasureofthecentralanglethatformstheboundaryofthesector,andristheradius.Anexamplewillhelp.Findtheareaofthesectorinthefigurebelow:
Thesectorisboundedbya70centralangleinacirclewhoseradiusis6.Usingtheformula,theareaofthesectoris:
MishMashes:FigureswithMultipleShapesTheGREtestmakersevidentlyfeelitwouldbenofunifallofthesegeometricshapesyourelearningappearedinisolation,sosometimestheymashthemtogether.Thetrickintheseproblemsistounderstandandbeabletomanipulatetherulesofeachfigureindividually,whilealsorecognizingwhichelementsofthemishmashesoverlap.Forexample,thediameterofacirclemayalsobethesideofasquare,soifyouusetherulesofcirclestocalculatethatlength,youcanthenusethatanswertodeterminesomethingaboutthesquare,suchasitsareaorperimeter.
Mishmashproblemsoftencombinecircleswithotherfigures.Heresanexample:
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WhatisthelengthofminorarcBEincircleAiftheareaofrectangleABCDis18?
TofindthelengthofminorarcBE,youhavetoknowtwothings:theradiusofthecircleandthemeasureofthecentralanglethatintersectsthecircleatpointsBandE.BecauseABCDisarectangle,andrectanglesonlyhaverightangles,BADis90.Inthisquestion,theytellyouasmuchbyincludingtherightanglesign.Butinaharderquestion,theydleavetherightanglesignoutandexpectyoutodeducethatBADis90onyourown.AndsincethatanglealsohappenstobethecentralangleofcircleAinterceptingthearcinquestion,wecandeterminethatarcBEmeasures90.
Findingtheradiusrequiresabitofcreativevisualizationaswell,butitsnotsohard.Thekeyistorealizethattheradiusofthecircleisequaltothewidthoftherectangle.Soletsworkbackwardfromtherectangletogiveuswhatweneedtoknowaboutthecircle.Theareaoftherectangleis18,anditslengthis6.Sincetheareaofarectangleissimplyitslengthmultipliedbyitswidth,wecandivide18by6togetawidthof3.Asweveseen,thisrectanglewidthdoublesasthecirclesradius,sowereinbusiness:radius=3.Allwehavetodoispluginthevalueswefoundintothearclengthformula,andweredone.
Thatcoversthetwodimensionalfiguresyoushouldknow,buttherearealsosomethreedimensionalfiguresyoumaybeaskedaboutaswell.Wellfinishupthisgeometrysectionwithalookatthose.
RectangularSolidsArectangularsolidisaprismwitharectangularbaseandedgesthatareperpendiculartoitsbase.InEnglish,itlooksalotlikeacardboardbox.
Arectangularsolidhasthreeimportantdimensions:length(l),width(w),andheight(h).Ifyouknowthesethreemeasurements,youcanfindthesolidsvolume,surfacearea,anddiagonallength.
VolumeofaRectangularSolidTheformulaforthevolumeofarectangularsolidbuildsontheformulafortheareaofarectangle.Asdiscussedearlier,theareaofarectangleisequaltoitslengthtimesitswidth.Theformulaforthevolumeofarectangularsolidaddsthethirddimension,height,toget:
volume=lwh
Heresagoodoldfashionedexample:
Whatisthevolumeofthefigurepresentedbelow?
Thelengthis3x,thewidthisx,andtheheightis2x.Justplugthevaluesintothevolumeformulaandyouregoodtogo:v=(3x)(x)(2x)=6x3.
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6/1/2015 SparkNotes:GRE:Geometry
http://www.sparknotes.com/testprep/books/gre/chapter2section3.rhtml 15/17
SurfaceAreaofaRectangularSolidThesurfaceareaofasolidistheareaofitsoutermostskin.Inthecaseofrectangularsolids,imagineacardboardboxallclosedup.Thesurfaceofthatclosedboxismadeofsixrectangles:Thesumoftheareasofthesixrectanglesisthesurfaceareaofthebox.Tomakethingseveneasier,thesixrectanglescomeinthreecongruentpairs.Wevemarkedthecongruentpairsbyshadesofgrayintheimagebelow:Onepairisclear,onepairislightgray,andonepairisdarkgray.
Twofaceshaveareasoflw,twofaceshaveareasoflh,andtwofaceshaveareasofwh.Thesurfaceareaoftheentiresolidisthesumoftheareasofthecongruentpairs:surfacearea=2lw+2lh+2wh.
Letstrytheformulaoutonthesamesolidwesawabove.Findthesurfaceareaofthis:
Again,thelengthis3x,thewidthisx,andtheheightis2x.Pluggingintotheformula,weget:
surfacearea=2(3x)(x)+2(3x)(2x)+2(x)(2x)
=6x2+12x2+4x2
=22x2
DIVIDINGRECTANGULARSOLIDSIfyouredoingreallywellontheMathsection,theCATprogramwillbeginscroungingforthetoughest,mostesotericproblemsitcanfindtothrowyourway.Onesuchproblemmaydescribeasolid,giveyouallofitsmeasurements,andthentellyouthattheboxhasbeencutinhalf,likeso:
Anumberofpossiblequestionscouldbecreatedfromthisscenario.Forexample,youmaybeaskedtofindthecombinedsurfaceareaofthetwonewboxes.OrmaybeaQuantitativeComparisonquestionwouldaskyoutocomparethevolumeoftheoriginalsolidwiththatofthetwonewones.Actually,thevolumeremainsunchanged,butthesurfaceareaincreasesbecausetwonewsides(shadedinthediagram)emergewhentheboxiscutinhalf.Youmayneedtoemployabitofreasoningalongwiththeformulasyourelearningtoansweradifficultquestionlikethis,butithelpstoknowthisgeneralrule:Wheneverasolidiscutintosmallerpieces,itssurfaceareaincreases,butitsvolumeisunchanged.
DiagonalLengthofaRectangularSolidThediagonalofarectangularsolid,d,isthelinesegmentwhoseendpointsareoppositecornersofthesolid.Everyrectangularsolidhasfourdiagonals,eachwiththesamelength,thatconnecteachpairofoppositevertices.Heresonediagonaldrawnin:
Itspossiblethataquestionwilltesttoseeifyoucanfindthelengthofadiagonal.Herestheformula:
Again,listhelength,wisthewidth,andhistheheight.TheformulaislikeapumpedupversionofthePythagoreantheorem.Checkitoutinaction:
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6/1/2015 SparkNotes:GRE:Geometry
http://www.sparknotes.com/testprep/books/gre/chapter2section3.rhtml 16/17
WhatisthelengthofdiagonalAHintherectangularsolidbelowifAC=5,GH=6,andCG=3?
Thequestiongivesthelength,width,andheightoftherectangularsolid,soyoucanjustplugthosenumbersintotheformula:
Theproblemcouldbemademoredifficultifitforcedyoutofirstcalculatesomeofthedimensionsbeforepluggingthemintotheformula.
CubesAcubeisathreedimensionalsquare.Thelength,width,andheightofacubeareequal,andeachofitssixfacesisasquare.Hereswhatitlookslikeprettybasic:
VolumeofaCubeTheformulaforfindingthevolumeofacubeisessentiallythesameastheformulaforthevolumeofarectangularsolid:Wejustneedtomultiplythelength,width,andheight.However,sinceacubeslength,width,andheightareallequal,theformulaforthevolumeofacubeiseveneasier:
volume=s3
Inthisformula,sisthelengthofoneedgeofthecube.
SurfaceAreaofaCubeSinceacubeisjustarectangularsolidwhosesidesareallequal,theformulaforfindingthesurfaceareaofacubeisthesameastheformulaforfindingthesurfaceareaofarectangularsolid,exceptwithssubstitutedinforl,w,andh.Thisboilsdownto:
volume=6s2
DiagonalLengthofaCubeTheformulaforthediagonalofacubeisalsoadaptedfromtheformulaforthediagonallengthofarectangularsolid,withssubstitutedforl,w,andh.Thisyields
,whichsimplifiesto:
volume=
RightCircularCylindersArightcircularcylinderlookslikeoneofthosecardboardthingsthattoiletpapercomeson,exceptitisnthollow.Ithastwocongruentcircularbasesandlookslikethis:
Theheight,h,isthelengthofthelinesegmentwhoseendpointsarethecentersofthecircularbases.Theradius,r,istheradiusofitsbase.FortheGRE,allyouneedtoknowaboutarightcircularcylinderishowtocalculateitsvolume.
VolumeofaRightCircularCylinderThevolumeofthiskindofsolidistheproductoftheareaofitsbaseanditsheight.Becausearightcircularcylinderhasacircularbase,itsvolumeisequaltotheareaofthecircularbasetimestheheightor:
volume=r2h
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6/1/2015 SparkNotes:GRE:Geometry
http://www.sparknotes.com/testprep/books/gre/chapter2section3.rhtml 17/17
Findthevolumeofthecylinderbelow:
Thiscylinderhasaradiusof4andaheightof6.Usingthevolumeformula,itsvolume=(4)2(6)=96.
WevecoveredalotofgroundsofarinthisMath101chapter,workingourwaythrougharithmetic,algebra,andnowgeometry.Wellbringitonhomewithourfinalsubject,dataanalysis.
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