graphite sublimation tests with inert gas …...• argon cover gas works as well as helium cover...
TRANSCRIPT
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OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORYU. S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY
GRAPHITE SUBLIMATION TESTS withInert Gas Mitigation
C. C. Tsai, T. A. Gabriel, J. R. Haines, and D. A. RasmussenOak Ridge National Laboratory
2nd International High Power Targetry Workshop
October 10 , 2005
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OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORYU. S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
• Thanks to :- T.J. McManamy, R. H. Goulding, and A. Fadnek
for valuable advice on design and construction of test apparatus
- D.O. Sparks for implementing the electronic and power supply for the test stand
- S.C. Forrester for technical support to vacuum system and test set up
- D. E. Schechter for advice on cover gas technique
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OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORYU. S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY
ORNL Proposed Passively Cooled Graphite Target for Neutrino Factories
Graphite Rod Target(15 mm diameter, 800 mm long)
Water-cooled stainless steel support tube
Graphite support spikes
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OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORYU. S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY
Motivation for Graphite Sublimation Tests
• A radiatively cooled graphite target was proposed as a candidate for a neutrino factory target − Radiation cooled design is very robust mechanically, but loss
of material by sublimation will limit the power
• We proposed the use of Helium Cover Gas to greatly reduce the net erosion rate − Net erosion of graphite is limited by near surface interactions
between sublimated carbon and He (mean-free-path ~ 1 µm), which leads to redeposition of sublimated graphite
• Graphite sublimation tests are being conducted in an attempt to better establish limits for a vacuum environment and validate the use of helium to suppress sublimation
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OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORYU. S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY
Surface Temperatures Exceed 2000K for Radiatively Cooled Graphite Targets
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
0 200 400 600 800
Volumtric Heating Rate (MW/m3)
Gra
phite
Sur
face
Tem
pera
ture
(K)
Average Value for 1.5 MW Facility
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OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORYU. S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY
Test data and theoretical predictions of graphite coupon sublimation
1.00E-04
1.00E-03
1.00E-02
1.00E-01
1.00E+00
1.00E+01
1.00E+02
1.00E+03
1.00E+04
1500 2000 2500 3000
Peak Temperature (K)
Subl
imat
ion
Rat
e (m
g/h)
Theoretical - Ref. 4Theoretical - Ref. 3Measured
Ref. 3 The Industrial Graphite Engineering Handbook, Union Carbide Corporation, 1969.Ref. 4 Darken, L.S. and Gurry, R.W., Physical Chemistry of Metals, McGraw-Hill, 1953
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OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORYU. S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY
Target Lifetime of One Month Is Possible at Power Levels of 1.2 MW
- Graphite rod target- Initial diameter of 15 mm- End-of life at 13 mm diameter- Peak-to-average heat deposition = 2- Saturation pressure data from Ref. 4
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
0 0.5 1 1.5 2Proton Beam Power (MW)
Erso
ion
Life
time
(mon
ths)
• This lifetime is based on data from previous tests under vacuum conditions
• Hopefully, net erosion rate can be reduced/lifetime extended with He cover gas
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OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORYU. S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY
Status of graphite sublimation tests• Vacuum tests on small coupons successfully conducted, but we
experienced arcing damage with helium gas• New tests have been conducted with target rod prototype
− Joule heating at power densities equivalent to beam deposition• Requires high current (~ 1 kA)• Use existing facility in ORNL Fusion Energy Division
− Test specimen• 15 mm diameter, 300 mm long• Clamped at both ends for current feed
− Includes water-cooled panel coil shroud and extensive heat shields
38 mm
19 mm
63.5 mm
25.4 mm
1mm Thick
Rod specimen that will be used for new tests
Small coupons used in previous tests
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OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORYU. S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY
18" O.D. 21" Long
12 Tapped-Holes for 3/8" Screws at 14" B.C.
8" O.D. Flange 20 Holes on 7" Diam. B.C.
Graphite Rod Sublimation Test Device
Graphite Rod
Water Cooled Cu Feedthrough
Pyrometer
Turbo Pump
Elbows for
Pumping
Mechanical Pump
Gate ValveWater
Cooling Lines
Gauge
Vapor Trap
ValveValve
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OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORYU. S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY
Graphite Rod Erosion Test Assembly Side View
Water Cooled 6.25" D & 14" L SS Coil Panel
Heat Shields
Bellow Sections
18" Cu Rod Feedthroughs
12" Graphite Rod
18" Copper Rod
Squire-tubing water cooled Cu Rod
Graphite Termianl
12" Graphite Rod
2.625"
Pyrometer
1.5"
Support
18" OD Chamber
12.5" Opeing Port
8" Flanges
Weld A Swagelok Ultra-Torr Adapter SS-1-UT-A-4BT For a 1/16" TC
Water cooled
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OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORYU. S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY
14" Long S.S. Coil Panel
6.25" Diam.
14"
Ta Heat Shield
Graphite Heat Shield
5/8" Graphite rod1" Cu Rod
0.5" X 1" viewing slot
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OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORYU. S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY
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OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORYU. S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY
Heat loss through Cu current feedlines is acceptable - Sublimation rate > 70% of theoretical
0.0
500.0
1000.0
1500.0
2000.0
2500.0
3000.0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16
Dstance from cooled Cu feedthrough (m)
Tem
pera
ture
(K)
6.06E-01
Frad =72.91
%
Fraction of Theoretcal Erosion
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16Dstance from cooled Cu feedthrough (m)
Eros
ion
Rat
e (m
m/m
onth
)6.06E-01Frad = Fraction of Theoretcal
Erosion = 72.91
- 320 MW/m3 (corresponds to 1 MW beam with factor of 2 peak-to-average)
- 15 mm diameter- 300 mm long- 0.8 kA
Expected mass loss = 650 mg/day
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OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORYU. S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY
New sublimation Test Apparatus Was Commissioned in Dec ‘04
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2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0 500 1000 1500Heating Current (A)
VoltageResistance (milli-ohm)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
0 500 1000 1500Heating Current (A)
Peak
Gra
phite
Tem
pera
ture
(K)
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OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORYU. S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY
TEST PROCEDURE
• Heat up a new graphite rod (GR) under vacuum• Measure Vh / Ih (or resistance) and temperature of GR and
use the recorded data to guide subsequent tests • Measure initial GR mass in an electronic balance after
removing the GR from 1-bar He test chamber• Bake GR at 2000 K for 3 hours under vacuum• Conduct GR sublimation test at desired temperature (e.g.
2350 K) for a long period of time (5 to 20 hours) under VACUUM or 1-bar HELIUM (Flowing or Static)
• Wait overnight for GR to cool down and fill the test chamber with 1-bar helium
• Remove and measure GR mass to estimate sublimation mass loss rate
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OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORYU. S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY
Significant Test Results• The high temperature oven can be operated continuously under
vacuum or 1-bar inert cover gas such as helium, Argon, etc.• GR Resistance character is similar in vacuum or in cover gas.• The heating power in 1-bar inert cover gas is slightly higher than that
under vacuum • GR mass loss rate (mass loss in mg / test duration in hour) in 1-BAR
HELIUM cover gas is lower than that under VACCUM conditions• Argon cover gas works as well as helium cover gas for mitigating the
GR sublimation erosion; measured mass loss rate is 1.7 mg/h for Arand 2.56 mg/h for He.
• The following observed features could be due to gas impurity1. The mass loss rate in the static helium cover gas lower than that in the flowing
helium cover gas. 2. The mass loss rate decreases with the increase of the test duration under the
static helium cover gas.
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OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORYU. S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY
Theoretical Curve of Graphite Rod with Test Data
Theoretical Curve, Data in Vacuum, and Data in Helium
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
10
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1000
10000
100000
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500GR Temperature, K
Subl
imat
ion
Rat
e, m
g/h
Theoretical Curve
Test Data in Vacuum
Test Data in Helium
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OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORYU. S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY
Graphite Rod Sublimation Test Parameters
Mass Loss Rate Test Duration Vh Ih Rh Cover Gas(mg/h) (h) (V) (A) (milli-ohm) (Vacuum or He)
5.82 5 18.6 1214 15.32 Vacuum
3.4 5 18.9 1230 15.37 Flowing He
2.56 5 18.9 1230 15.37 Static He
0.78 20 18.9 1230 15.37 Static He
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OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORYU. S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY
Static Helium Cover Gas Mitigates Sublimation of Graphite Rod To 1/30 Of That Under Vacuum
• Average mass loss rate of 2.56 mg /h for a test duration of 5 hours
• Average mass loss rate of 0.78 mg/h for a test duration of 20 hours
• If the test conditions are identical for the above 2 cases, the average mass loss rate for the last 15 hours of the 2nd case is 0.19 mg/h
• Ratio of 0.19 mg/h to 5.82 mg/h (mass loss rate under vacuum) is 1/30
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OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORYU. S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY
Effective Sublimation Erosion Rate Measured Could be 0.025 g/h/m²
• Graphite Rod (GR): 305 mm Long & 15.88 mm in Diameter• 38 mm long at each end of the GR was mounted to GR terminal.• ~38 mm long at each end of GR yields insignificant sublimation.• Effective length of the GR center section contributing to
sublimation erosion is ~153 mm.
• Effective surface area of the GR is 76.3 cm².• Effective sublimation erosion rate of the GR, equivalent to a mass
loss rate of 5.82 mg/h under vacuum conditions, is 0.77 g/h/m².• If the test conditions for the 2 static helium cases are identical, the
mass loss rate during the last 15 hours could be 0.19 mg/h or the
effective sublimation erosion rate to be 0.025 g/h/m².
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OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORYU. S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY
Concluding Remarks• Graphite sublimation tests have
demonstrated and proven that 1-bar inert cover gas could substantially mitigate graphite sublimation erosion rate
• Gas impurity increased the average sublimation erosion loss rate
• Additional tests with pure inert cover gas should yield better data for designing high power and long life targets