grapevines and pierce’s disease: a xylem fluid mineral-status … · 2009-12-18 · the world...
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The world leader in serving science
Grapevines and Pierce’s Disease: a xylem fluid mineral-status
dependent condition.
Breno Leite, PhDX-Ray Microanalysis
Geological Society of America: Portland 2009
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Outline
Problem and economical impactPierce's disease – How grapevines are affected?What is the disease mechanism?Why chemistry is so important?“Calcium Bridging” hypothesis, based on Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy results.Latest research resultsConclusion
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The wine industry: California
There are more than 2,800 wineries in California
The California wine industry has an annual impact of $51.8 billion on the state's economy, and an economic impact of $125.3 billion on the U.S. economy
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The wine industry: Florida
Florida has a $5 million viticulture industry.Number of Wineries: 33
Vitis rotundifoliaMuscadine grapes
Why is Florida Important?
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American grapes vs. European grapes
V. rotundifolia. “Muscadines”, “American grape”
“native American grapes”
V. vinifera. "Old world grape", "European grape“
“True grapes”
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Muscadine Florida Wines: Noble red and Carlos
Noble RedSemi-sweet Noble
CarlosSemi-sweet Carlos
Unique FL industry
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Muscadine grapevines are very “tolerant” to Pierce's disease
Some grape cultivars are very susceptible, usually dying within two years.
Leaf Scorching
Leaf petioles still attached after leaf drop
Bacterial Leaf Scorch on Red Oak
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Control of Plant Diseases: Fundamentals and PrinciplesControl of Plant Diseases: Fundamentals and Principles
Disease Triangle for Pierce's DiseaseDisease Triangle for Pierce's Disease
Amount of Disease
HostHostConditions favoring susceptibilityConditions favoring susceptibility
EnvironmentEnvironmentConditions favoring diseaseConditions favoring disease
PathogenPathogenTotal Virulence, abundanceTotal Virulence, abundance
Xylella fastidiosa
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XylellaXylella fastidiosafastidiosa living within the vectorliving within the vector
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XylellaXylella fastidiosafastidiosa living within the vectorliving within the vector
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Colonization Process “In planta”
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Xylem transport
Carrying water, minerals, amino acids and organic acids
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Typical Symptoms of Pierce`s Disease
nutritional-based disease
Disease Mechanism
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Pierce’s disease
Pierce’s diseaseNutritional deficiency
Nutritional deficiency
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The surface of XF cells is negatively charged
Leite, B et al. 2002. Genomics and X-ray Microanalysis Indicate that Ca++ and thiol mediatethe Xylella fastidiosa Aggregation and Adhesion. B.J.M.B. Sci. 36:645-650.
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Aggregation and adhesion Aggregation and adhesion X. X. fastidiosafastidiosa cells in xylem wallscells in xylem walls
SS((--))
++
((--)S)SSS
SS
SS
SSCaCa
SS
SSCaCa
HpSS
MgMg
SS
SS
MgMg
SS S
Xf
Xf
++++ SS S
SS((--))
((--)S)S
SSSS
SS
SSCaCa
SS
SS
CaCa
SSMgMg
SS
SS
MgMgXf
Xf
Hp
??COOHCOOHCOOHCOOH ??COOHCOOHCOOHCOOH
XSXS
The calcium bridging hypothesisThe calcium bridging hypothesis
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Xylem fluid form susceptible plants induce aggregation?
Cell aggregation >> Cell aggregation >> BiofilmBiofilm Formation >> More Disease?Formation >> More Disease?
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Pattern of aggregation of Pattern of aggregation of XylellaXylella fastidiosafastidiosa cells after being cells after being incubated with xylem fluid from different cultivars. incubated with xylem fluid from different cultivars.
Tolerant varieties
Susceptible varieties
Testing Aggregation “in vitro”
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[P]*
[cit]
/[Ca]
*[M
g][P
]*[c
it]/[C
a]*[
Mg]
a
b
d
e ededf
ef f f
Resistance of Grapes based on Xylem Chemistry
Most tolerant varieties
Most susceptible varieties
Grape varietiesGrape varieties
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Duncan's Multiple Range Test for [P]*[cit]/[Ca]*[Mg]
Duncan Grouping Mean N varieties
A 1.5613 3 V. rotundifolia cv. NobleB 1.2512 3 V. rotundifolia cv. CarlosC 0.9321 3 V. ruspestris cv. Saint GeorgeD 0.3670 3 V. ruspestris cv. Constancia
E D 0.3270 3 V. simpsoni cv. PixiallaE D F 0.2399 3 V. champini cv. DogridgeE F 0.0560 3 V. vinifera cv. Exotic
F 0.0235 3 V. vinifera cv. Chenin BlancF 0.0221 3 V. vinifera cv. Chardonnay
Xylem fluid collected in California (dormant season) Xylem fluid collected in California (dormant season)
Profiles separate resistant and susceptible plants
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Xylem vessel = works as an affinity column chromatography Xylem vessel = works as an affinity column chromatography
XF Bacterial cellsXF Bacterial cells
FLOW
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FLOWFLOW
Resistant/Tolerant plantResistant/Tolerant plant
XF Bacterial cellsXF Bacterial cells
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Xylem vessel = Column chromatography Xylem vessel = Column chromatography
Bacterial cells attracted byBacterial cells attracted bythe vessel wallthe vessel wall
FLOW
Susceptible/Diseased plantSusceptible/Diseased plant
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Bacterial cells attracted byBacterial cells attracted bythe vessel wallthe vessel wall
FLOW
Susceptible/Diseased plantSusceptible/Diseased plant
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FLOW
Susceptible/Diseased plantSusceptible/Diseased plant
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FLOW
Symptoms: Leaf scorching and Symptoms: Leaf scorching and chlorosischlorosis
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FLOW
Symptoms: Leaf scorching and Symptoms: Leaf scorching and chlorosischlorosis
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FLOW
Symptoms: Leaf scorching and Symptoms: Leaf scorching and chlorosischlorosis
= = FastidianFastidian gum/gum/glycoproteinsglycoproteins
BiofilmBiofilmCity of Cells = better nutrient uptake and City of Cells = better nutrient uptake and
toxins/enzymes productiontoxins/enzymes production
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Typical Symptoms of Pierce`s Disease
Disease Mechanism
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Pierce`s Disease of Grapevines: Lesion of leaf scorched areas accumulate silicon.This is the first time that PD symptoms are associated silicon accumulation.
Lesion areaLesion areaHealthy TissueHealthy Tissue
Silicon accumulation is severely affected grapevine leaves
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Is there a difference between healthy and diseased plant tissue?
Healthy
Diseased
Intensity map 3D display
Si rich area
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Silicon accumulation is severely affected grapevine leavesReduces drought stress
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Silicon accumulation questions
•How general is this response?
•What happens to PD symptoms in plants exposed tocalcium silicates?
Silicon helps plants to cope with drought.
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Why soil pH range?Why soil pH range?
TheThe effecteffect of of soilsoil pH is pH is greatgreat onon thethe solubilitysolubility of of mineralsminerals oror nutrientsnutrients. . FourteenFourteen of of thethe seventeenseventeen essentialessential plantplant nutrientsnutrients are are obtainedobtained fromfrom thethesoilsoil. . BeforeBefore a a nutrientnutrient cancan bebe usedused byby plantsplants it it mustmust bebe dissolveddissolved in in thethe soilsoilsolutionsolution..
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Precipitation of calcium phosphate in different pHsPrecipitation of calcium phosphate in different pHs
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Soil Climate Cultural Decision
Depth
Texture
Water and NutrientSupply
Radiation
Temperature
Humidity
Wind speed
Rainfall
Evaporation
Vine density
Rootstock
Fertilization
Irrigation
Pest and Diseases control
Pruning level
Smart (1985)Smart (1985)
Vigor stimulation
Foliar Characteristics
Canopy Management
Vine physiology Fruit Wine
Cultivated GrapevinesCultivated Grapevines
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California California –– Cucamonga ValleyCucamonga Valley Florida Florida –– Tallahassee / CVSFRTallahassee / CVSFR
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Acknowledgements
Peter Andersen, University of Florida
Maria Ishida, Florida Department of Food and Agriculture
Eduardo Alves, University of Lavras, Brazil
David Melton, Thermo Fisher Scientific
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References
Leite, B. & Andersen, P. C. 2009. Localized accumulation of silicon (Si) in grape leaves affected by Pierce’s disease. Microsc. Microanal. 15 (2):918-19).
Alves, E., Leite, B., Pascholati, S. F., Ishida, M. L. & Andersen, P.C. 2009. Citrus sinensis leaf petiole and blade colonization by Xylella fastidiosa: details of Xylem vessel occlusion. Scientia Agricola. 66:145-285.
Alves E. , Leite B., Marucci,R. C. , Pascholati S. F, Lopes J.R.S. & Andersen P. C. 2008. Retention Sites for Xylella fastidiosa in Four Sharpshooter Vectors (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) Analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscopy. Current Microbiology. 56:531-538.
Andersen, PC., Brodbeck B. V., Oden S., Shriner. A., Leite, B. 2007. Influence of xylem fluid chemistry on planktonic growth, biofilm formation and aggregation of Xylella fastidiosa. FEMS Microbiology Letters Vol. 274: 210.
Ishida, M.L.., Andersen, P.C.& Leite, B. 2004. Cecropin B antimicrobial activity against Xylella fastidiosa: effect on colony formation. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology. 64:73-81.
Leite, B., Andersen, P.C. & Ishida, M.L. 2004. Colony aggregation and biofilm formation in xylem chemistry-based media for Xylella fastidiosa. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 230:283-290.
Alves, E., Marucci, R.C., Lopes, J.R.S. & Leite, B., 2004. Relationship between the proportion of colonized vessels by Xylella fastidiosa in plum, coffee and citrus and the leaf symptomatology exhibited. J. Phytopathology. 152: 291-297.
Andersen, P.C., Momol, E.A., Leite, B., Momol, M.T Ishida, M.L. 2004. The Effect of Lytic Peptides on Xylellafastidiosa in buffer and in Xylem Fluid Grapevines. Vitis 43: 19-25.
Alves, E., Kitajima, E.W. & Leite, B. 2003. Interaction of Xylella fastidiosa with different cultivars of Nicotianatabacum: a comparison of colonization patterns". J. Phytopathology. 151:500-506.