grapefruit scion updates from uf/ifas · gold grapefruit’ and controls ‘ruby red’ and ‘pink...
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Fred Gmitter and Jude Grosser
Grapefruit Scion
Updates from
UF/IFAS
Florida Citrus Show - 2019
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Four Progenitor Species
1. Pummelo (Citrus grandis L. Osbeck)
2. Mandarin (C. reticulata Blanco)
3. Citron (C. medica L.)
4. Papeda (C. micrantha Wester)
Grapefruit is a hybrid of Pummelo x Sweet orange:
Pummelo x (Pummelo + Mandarin)
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First one
1700
Safety
Harbor,FL
1823
Grapefruit Origins
Walters
1887
Duncan
1840s
Marsh
1850?
1880?
Thompson
1913
Foster
1907
Flame
1987
Rio Red
1984
Ray Ruby
1977
Henderson
?
Star Ruby
1970
Fawcett
Red
1940
Ruby Red
1929
Hudson
1930
Radiation
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What breeding options do we have?
• Mutation breeding
• Reconstructive breeding
• Genetic technologies
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USDA-SCRI NIFA Project: Clemson, USDA, UF
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New Red Grapefruit Somaclones – In DPI Parent Tree Program
- Clean budwood available for trial under MTA
1. Red Grapefruit N40-16-11-11; DPI-435-0003 bright red, high brix
2. Red Grapefruit N-11-17; DPI-435-0040 dark red, good blush
3. Red Grapefruit N11-29; DPI-435-0041 bright red, high yield
4. Red Grapefruit N40-11-7; DPI-435-0102 dark red, good blush, high brix
5. Red Grapefruit N40-16-11-15; DPI-435-N40-16-11-15 dark red, good blush
6. Red Grapefruit N40-16-11-3; DPI-N40-16-11-3 dark red, high brix
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Table 1. Comparison between summer N2-28 ‘Summer
Gold Grapefruit’ and controls ‘Ruby Red’ and ‘Pink
Marsh” for the Brix, color and titrable acidity value
(average of 20 fruit per selection, test conducted July,
2013).
• Cybrid with ‘Dancy’ cytoplasm
• Sweeter than Ruby Grapefruit
• Harvest from December to August!
• No granulation or seed germination
N2-28 Summer Gold Grapefruit
Brix° Color Titrable
Acidity (ml)
Summer Gold
N2-28
11.6 34 0.98
‘Ruby Red’
grapefruit
9.4 34.5 0.85
‘Pink Marsh’
grapefruit
8.2 34.3 1.2
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Cybrid Flame/Swingle tree showing good recovery from HLB when treated
with CRF + extra polycoated manganese sulfate. Fruit had 11-12 brix this year.
Dark Red Cybrid Flame (non-GMO) showing recovery from HLB!
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INT
RO
DU
CT
ION
Highly Susceptible
Fresh fruit market
Highly Resistant
Grapefruit
Citrus paradisi
Kumquat
Fortunella crassifolia
CYBRIDIZATION PROCESS
• All genes are not housed in the nucleus. Both mitochondria and chloroplasts have
small genomes.
• Citrus cybridization often occurs in citrus somatic hybridization experiments (via
protoplast fusion).
• Citrus cybrids from embryogenic culture + leaf cell fusions always have the
mitochondrial genome from the culture cell parent, the chloroplast genome is
generally randomly inherited. Allows for study of nucleo-cytoplasmic interaction.
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2X[mt-B/cp-A] 2X[mt-B/cp-B]
Nucleus A
19 cybrids
mt-B
cp-A cp-B
123 cybrids
Grapefruit
Leaf-derived
protoplasts
Kumquat
Embryogenic callus
Example of grapefruit cybridization with kumquat cytoplasm
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CITRUS CANKER RESISTANCE SCREENING
OB
JE
CT
IVE
2
Infiltration inoculation assay (attached leaf assay)
Genotype July 2015 September 2015
‘Marsh’ Grapefruit … 120.80 a
‘Flame’ Grapefruit 131.96 a 116.16 a
Cybrid M-81 … 96.52 b
Cybrid M-13 99.00 b 58.94 ef
Cybrid N-6 94.09 b 75.14 cd
Cybrid F-10 71.75 c 78.78 c
Cybrid F-13 … 70.56 cde
Cybrid M-10 64.00 c 61.13 ef
Cybrid M-9 58.37 c 68.94 cde
Cybrid M-11 … 68.38 cde
Cybrid F-3 … 66.36 de
Cybrid F-15 … 52.79 f
‘Meiwa’ Kumquat … 1.67 g
X Different letters within each assay
month indicate significant
differences (P<0.05) according to
Student-Newman-Keuls Test
Table 3. Mean of total number of lesions per leaf after infiltration inoculation
of Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri for regenerate cybrids and their progenitors
in two assaysx
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Somatic cybrid plants of Grapefruit containing Mewia ‘Kumquat’ cytoplasm (mitochondrial genome).
Somatic cybrid plants of White Marsh, Flame and red somaclone N11-11 grapefruit containing Meiwa Kumquat cytoplasm (mitochondrial genome)
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Reconstructive Breeding
• Can we recreate grapefruit?
• Parent selection
• Diploid or triploid?
• Is it truly grapefruit? No!
• Does this matter in the big picture?
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Breeding for canker & HLB resistance: canker epidemic causing a
naturalscreen of CREC germplasm – leading to the identification of
superior canker &HLB tolerant diploid and tetraploid breeding parents
for use ininterploid crosses to generate seedless triploids – crosses
underway! Hundreds of triploids have been produced.
Red pummelo 8-1-99-5B Murcott+Chandler #81
somatic hybrid (4x)neighbor
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X
Breeding Canker Tolerant Triploid Seedless Grapefruit-like Hybrids
Tetraploid Somatic Hybrid Canker Tolerant Pummelo
-Several good canker tolerant breeding parents now flowering
-Hundreds of triploid hybrids already produced
-Embryo rescue not required when tetraploid parent is used
as the female
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Testing of Triploid Pummelo/Grapefruit Hybrids for Citrus Canker Resistance
Citrus leaves 4 weeks post inoculation with Xanthomonas citri var. citri, Meiwa kumquat on left
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Wide Range of Response of Inoculations with Citrus Canker Among Offspring
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Pummelo/Grapefruit Triploid Offspring
Meiwa KumquatFlame and Ruby Red Grapefruit
Monster Pummelo
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Love grapefruit but can’t
eat it because you’re taking
prescription drugs?
We may have the answer!!!
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UF 914
• Red flesh color
• Attractive peel blush
• Grapefruit size (+)
• Grapefruit flavor and
aroma
• Tender and juicy flesh
• Very low in FC’s (GJE)
• Seedless
• Good brix, lower acid
• SWEETER!
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What to think about UF 914?
• There is clearly a potential medical claim to make, to recapture the Senior Statin Market
• Focus group showed it is clearly distinguishable from grapefruit to ordinary consumers
• Is there a reason to market UF 914 other than the counter to the drug interaction?
• South Korea, what they buy, and how they use it• Red grapefruit, to mix with sugar and tea or “shojiu”• White fleshed “Sweeties” for fresh, but red is BETTER!
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BUT THIS IS MUCH
MORE ABOUT HLB
THAN CANKER OR
FRUIT QUALITY!
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GENETIC TECHNOLGIES
• Transgenics?
• Genome editing (i.e. CRISPR)?
• Several NIFA projects underway
• Grapefruit targeted in 3 different projects
• Gene target identification needed
• Successful editing and validation
• Only true grapefruit with HLB resistance
• Years away from now
• In the meantime?
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THANK YOU!
NVDMCCRDF
The good grower-cooperators of Florida
USDA-NIFA