grammatical relations. subject agent /actor but: (3)the ball was kicked against the ball. (4)the...

46
Grammatical relations

Upload: tobias-bach

Post on 06-Apr-2016

216 views

Category:

Documents


1 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Grammatical relations. Subject Agent /actor But: (3)The ball was kicked against the ball. (4)The ball is rolling down the street. (1)The man is kicking

Grammatical relations

Page 2: Grammatical relations. Subject Agent /actor But: (3)The ball was kicked against the ball. (4)The ball is rolling down the street. (1)The man is kicking

Subject

Agent /actor

But:

(3) The ball was kicked against the ball.

(4) The ball is rolling down the street.

(1) The man is kicking the ball.

(2) Der Mann wirft den Ball ins Tor.

Page 3: Grammatical relations. Subject Agent /actor But: (3)The ball was kicked against the ball. (4)The ball is rolling down the street. (1)The man is kicking

Subject

Case marking

(1) He saw him.

(2) Er hat ihn gesehen.

But:

(3) Him a doctor!

(4) Mir ist kalt.

Page 4: Grammatical relations. Subject Agent /actor But: (3)The ball was kicked against the ball. (4)The ball is rolling down the street. (1)The man is kicking

Subject

Position

(1) Peter saw Mary.

(2) Peter hat Elke gesehen.

But:

(3) Here comes the sun.

(4) Den Weg kenne ich.

Page 5: Grammatical relations. Subject Agent /actor But: (3)The ball was kicked against the ball. (4)The ball is rolling down the street. (1)The man is kicking

Subject

Agreement

(1) She loves bananas.

(2) Er liebt Bananen.

But:

(3) There are my shoes.

(4) Das sind meine Schuhe.

Page 6: Grammatical relations. Subject Agent /actor But: (3)The ball was kicked against the ball. (4)The ball is rolling down the street. (1)The man is kicking

Subject

Controller

(1) Peter talked to Sally and went home.

(2) Peter hat mit Susi gesprochen und ist dann nach Hause gegangen.

(3) Walking down the street, Peter noticed somebody in the garden.

Page 7: Grammatical relations. Subject Agent /actor But: (3)The ball was kicked against the ball. (4)The ball is rolling down the street. (1)The man is kicking

Subject

Antecendent of reflexive

(1) He saw himself (in the mirror).

(2) Er sieht sich im Spiegel.

But

(3) Peter forces John to kill himself.

(4) Peter fordert Susi auf sich zu waschen.

Page 8: Grammatical relations. Subject Agent /actor But: (3)The ball was kicked against the ball. (4)The ball is rolling down the street. (1)The man is kicking

Direct object

Patient/undergoer

(1) Bill kicked the ball.

(2) Peter hat den Fußball ins Tor geschossen.

But:

(3) Bill likes Mary.

Page 9: Grammatical relations. Subject Agent /actor But: (3)The ball was kicked against the ball. (4)The ball is rolling down the street. (1)The man is kicking

Direct object

Case marking

(1) He saw her.

(2) Er hat ihn gesehen.

But:

(3) Wir helfen ihm.

(4) Wir bedürfen seiner Unterstützung.

Page 10: Grammatical relations. Subject Agent /actor But: (3)The ball was kicked against the ball. (4)The ball is rolling down the street. (1)The man is kicking

Direct object

Position

(1) Peter met Sally.

(2) Das Pferd hat das Schwein gejagt.

But:

(3) Sally, Peter met.

(4) Den Mann habe ich gesehen.

Page 11: Grammatical relations. Subject Agent /actor But: (3)The ball was kicked against the ball. (4)The ball is rolling down the street. (1)The man is kicking

Direct object

Controller

(1) He convinced her to leave.

(2) Er hat ihn überzeugt wegzugehen.

But

(3) He promised her to leave.

(4) Er hat ihr versprochen zu kommen.

Page 12: Grammatical relations. Subject Agent /actor But: (3)The ball was kicked against the ball. (4)The ball is rolling down the street. (1)The man is kicking

Direct object

Controller

(1) He convinced her to leave.

(2) Er hat ihn überzeugt wegzugehen.

But

(3) He promised her to leave.

(4) Er hat ihr versprochen zu kommen.

Page 13: Grammatical relations. Subject Agent /actor But: (3)The ball was kicked against the ball. (4)The ball is rolling down the street. (1)The man is kicking

Indirect object

Recipient/benefactor in ditransitive clauses

(1) He gave Peter the book.

(2) Er hat Peter das Buch gegeben.

Case marking

(1) [He gave him the book.]

(2) Er hat ihm das Buch gegeben.

Page 14: Grammatical relations. Subject Agent /actor But: (3)The ball was kicked against the ball. (4)The ball is rolling down the street. (1)The man is kicking

Adverbials / adjuncts

Form: PPs, adverbs

(1) He went home after dinner / yesterday.

(2) Gestern / nach dem Abendessen ist er ….

But:

(1) He was not there last week.

(2) Letzte Woche war er nicht da.

Page 15: Grammatical relations. Subject Agent /actor But: (3)The ball was kicked against the ball. (4)The ball is rolling down the street. (1)The man is kicking

Adverbials / adjuncts

Meaning: time, place, cause, manner

(1) After dinner, they left.

(2) In Jena wohnen viele Studenten.

(3) Because of the bad weather we left.

(4) Völlig erschöpft sind wir dort angekommen.

Several adverbials can be combined

(5) He has been working [in his office] [since noon] [to finish the project].

Page 16: Grammatical relations. Subject Agent /actor But: (3)The ball was kicked against the ball. (4)The ball is rolling down the street. (1)The man is kicking

Prepositional object / complement

Form: PP

(1) He thought of his vacation in England

Meaning: abstract + P is part of V

(3) He talked about his plans.

Occurrence: obligatory

(2) He thought of her after we left.

>> *He thought after he left.

Page 17: Grammatical relations. Subject Agent /actor But: (3)The ball was kicked against the ball. (4)The ball is rolling down the street. (1)The man is kicking

Prepositional object vs. adjuncts

Prepositional OBJ Prepositional ADV

Obligatoriness obligatory obtional

Page 18: Grammatical relations. Subject Agent /actor But: (3)The ball was kicked against the ball. (4)The ball is rolling down the street. (1)The man is kicking

Prepositional object vs. adjuncts

Prepositional OBJ Prepositional ADV

Obligatoriness obligatory obtional

Meaning abstract time, place, case,

Page 19: Grammatical relations. Subject Agent /actor But: (3)The ball was kicked against the ball. (4)The ball is rolling down the street. (1)The man is kicking

Prepositional object vs. adjuncts

Prepositional OBJ Prepositional ADV

Obligatoriness obligatory obtional

Meaning abstract time, place, case,

V-P conventionalized free

Page 20: Grammatical relations. Subject Agent /actor But: (3)The ball was kicked against the ball. (4)The ball is rolling down the street. (1)The man is kicking

(1) David hit Mary.

Thematic roles

(2) The sun melted the ice.

(3) He gave her the book.

Actor

Patient

(4) She likes cold beer.

Theme

Theme

Page 21: Grammatical relations. Subject Agent /actor But: (3)The ball was kicked against the ball. (4)The ball is rolling down the street. (1)The man is kicking

(1) Kevin saw the girl on the other side.

Thematic roles

(3) They cleaned the wound with a sponge. (4) They signed the treaty with the same pen.

(2) Jeff is happy.

Experiencer

Experiencer

Instrument

Page 22: Grammatical relations. Subject Agent /actor But: (3)The ball was kicked against the ball. (4)The ball is rolling down the street. (1)The man is kicking

Thematic roles

(1) Robert filled in the form for his mother.(2) They baked me a cake.(3) She gave her mom the keys.

Benefector/Reciepient

Page 23: Grammatical relations. Subject Agent /actor But: (3)The ball was kicked against the ball. (4)The ball is rolling down the street. (1)The man is kicking

(1) The monster was hiding under the bed.(2) London is in England.

Thematic roles

(3) Sheila went to the store.

(4) The plane came back from London.

Location

Goal

Source

(5) We got the idea from a French magazine. Source

Page 24: Grammatical relations. Subject Agent /actor But: (3)The ball was kicked against the ball. (4)The ball is rolling down the street. (1)The man is kicking

(1) Peter hit John.(2) Peter saw Mary.(3) The knife cut the bread.(4) Peter lives in London.(5) Bavaria is in southern Germany.

Linking

AG - PA

EX - TH

INST - PA

? - LOC

LOC - LOC

Page 25: Grammatical relations. Subject Agent /actor But: (3)The ball was kicked against the ball. (4)The ball is rolling down the street. (1)The man is kicking

(1) Ursula broke the ice with a pickaxe.(2) The pickaxe broke the ice.(3) The ice broke.

Linking

Theta hierarchy AG > INST/EX > PA > SO/GO/LOC

(1) Peter hit the ball.(2) The key opened the door.(3) Peter saw Mary.

AG - PAINST - LOC

EX - TH

AGINST

PA

Page 26: Grammatical relations. Subject Agent /actor But: (3)The ball was kicked against the ball. (4)The ball is rolling down the street. (1)The man is kicking

(1) Peter threw the ball.(2) The ball was thrown by Peter.

Linking in passive sentences

Peter hit John.

(3) I got hit by a car.

Patient was hit by Agent.

Page 27: Grammatical relations. Subject Agent /actor But: (3)The ball was kicked against the ball. (4)The ball is rolling down the street. (1)The man is kicking

(1) Die Scheibe wird (von Peter) zerschlagen.(2) Die Scheibe wurde (von Peter) zerschlagen.(3) Die Scheibe ist (von Peter) zerschlagen worden.

German passive

(7) Es wird gestritten.

(4) Die Scheibe ist zerschlagen.(5) Die Scheibe war zerschlagen.(6) Die Scheibe ist zerschlagen gewesen.

(8) Man streitet sich.(9) Ich bekomme einen Ball geschenkt.(10) Diese Entscheidung ist schwer zu akzeptieren.

Page 28: Grammatical relations. Subject Agent /actor But: (3)The ball was kicked against the ball. (4)The ball is rolling down the street. (1)The man is kicking

German passive

(2) Die Äpfel wiegen 75 Kilo.*75 Kilo werden (von den Äpfeln) gewogen.

(1) Das Haus besitzt ein Dach.*Ein Dach wird von dem Haus besessen.

(3) Peter gleicht Manfred.*Manfred wird (von Peter) geglichen.

(4) Der Film gefiel den Schülern.*Die Schüler wurden (von dem Film) gefallen.

Page 29: Grammatical relations. Subject Agent /actor But: (3)The ball was kicked against the ball. (4)The ball is rolling down the street. (1)The man is kicking

Intransitive verbs

(1) Peter ran across the street.(2) Mary was swimming in the pool.(3) I was dancing in the rain.

(1) The ice melted in the sun.(2) My grandmother died.(3) The window broke into pieces.

Page 30: Grammatical relations. Subject Agent /actor But: (3)The ball was kicked against the ball. (4)The ball is rolling down the street. (1)The man is kicking

Intransitive verbs

Unergative verbs:run, jump, sing, dance, swimrennen, springen, singen, tanzen, schwimmen

Unaccusative verbs:die, melt, explode, fall down, breaksterben, schmelzen, explodieren, fallen, zerbrechen

Page 31: Grammatical relations. Subject Agent /actor But: (3)The ball was kicked against the ball. (4)The ball is rolling down the street. (1)The man is kicking

Intransitive verbs

(1) The horse jumped over the fence.(2) George Washington died in his bed.

(3) ?The fence was jumped over by the horse.(4) *In his bed was died in by George Washington.

(1) Es wurde gesungen.Man hat getanzt.

(2) *Es wurde gestorben.*Man hat explodiert.

Page 32: Grammatical relations. Subject Agent /actor But: (3)The ball was kicked against the ball. (4)The ball is rolling down the street. (1)The man is kicking

Linking in English and German

Grammatical relation

Case Thematic role

Subject Nominative Agent

Page 33: Grammatical relations. Subject Agent /actor But: (3)The ball was kicked against the ball. (4)The ball is rolling down the street. (1)The man is kicking

Linking in English and German

Grammatical relation

Case Thematic role

Subject Nominative Agent

Direct object Accusative Patient / Theme

Page 34: Grammatical relations. Subject Agent /actor But: (3)The ball was kicked against the ball. (4)The ball is rolling down the street. (1)The man is kicking

Linking in English and German

Grammatical relation

Case Thematic role

Subject Nominative Agent

Direct object Accusative Patient / Theme

Indirect object Dative (ditransitives) Beneficiary / Recipient

Page 35: Grammatical relations. Subject Agent /actor But: (3)The ball was kicked against the ball. (4)The ball is rolling down the street. (1)The man is kicking

Dative case

Dative in transitive sentences:

(1) Peter hilft ihm.(2) Peter dankt ihm.(3) Peter folgt ihm.(4) Peter sagt ihm ab.

Dative in ditransitivive sentences:

(1) Peter hat ihm den Ball gegeben.(2) Peter gave him the ball.

Page 36: Grammatical relations. Subject Agent /actor But: (3)The ball was kicked against the ball. (4)The ball is rolling down the street. (1)The man is kicking

Dative case

Dative verbs in ditransitivive sentences:

geben, kaufen, schicken, sagen, mitteilen, sagen,verbreiten, berichten, erzählen, versprechen

Dative verbs in transitive sentences:

helfen, danken, folgen, gehorchen, gratulieren,trauern, ausweichen, absagen

Page 37: Grammatical relations. Subject Agent /actor But: (3)The ball was kicked against the ball. (4)The ball is rolling down the street. (1)The man is kicking

Do dative objects and accusative objects behave differently (in transitive clauses?

Page 38: Grammatical relations. Subject Agent /actor But: (3)The ball was kicked against the ball. (4)The ball is rolling down the street. (1)The man is kicking

Dative objects

(1) Peter half ihm.(2) Peter helped him.

(3) *Er wurde geholfen.(4) Ihm wurde geholfen.

(5) He was helped.

DAT subject

Page 39: Grammatical relations. Subject Agent /actor But: (3)The ball was kicked against the ball. (4)The ball is rolling down the street. (1)The man is kicking

Dative objects

(1) Er wird gesehen.(2) Ihm wird geholfen.

(3) Sie werden gesehen.(4) *Uns werden geholfen. agreement

Page 40: Grammatical relations. Subject Agent /actor But: (3)The ball was kicked against the ball. (4)The ball is rolling down the street. (1)The man is kicking

Free datives

Ethischer Dativ(1) Ich lobe mir das Landleben.(2) Du bist mir vielleicht ein Angeber.

„Eine Beziehung auf ein Empfinden und Begehren drückt insbesondere der Dativ aus, welcher auf eine ganz bestimmte Weise eine gemütliche Teilnahme der sprechenden oder angesprochenen Person an dem Ausgesagten bezeichnet.“ [Becker 1983]

Page 41: Grammatical relations. Subject Agent /actor But: (3)The ball was kicked against the ball. (4)The ball is rolling down the street. (1)The man is kicking

Free datives

Dativ des Beurteilens(1) Du schreibst mir zu selten.(2) Er spendet mir zu wenig Geld für die Opfer.

Page 42: Grammatical relations. Subject Agent /actor But: (3)The ball was kicked against the ball. (4)The ball is rolling down the street. (1)The man is kicking

Free datives

Dativ commodi(1) Er putzt ihm die Schuhe.(2) Er fängt ihm einen Fisch.

Pertinenzdativ(1) Er tritt ihm auf den Fuß.(2) Er hat ihr etwas weggenommen.

Page 43: Grammatical relations. Subject Agent /actor But: (3)The ball was kicked against the ball. (4)The ball is rolling down the street. (1)The man is kicking

Dative subjects

(1) Mir ist kalt.(2) Mir graut vor dem nächsten Quizz.(3) Mir ist übel.

(4) Mir gefällt das Buch.(5) Mir fällt etwas ein.(6) Mir begegnen viele Menschen.(7) Mir gehorchen die Schüler nicht.(8) Mir tut das Bein weh.

Page 44: Grammatical relations. Subject Agent /actor But: (3)The ball was kicked against the ball. (4)The ball is rolling down the street. (1)The man is kicking

Dative subjects

than cynge licoden peran.The-DAT king-DAT were-pleasing pears‘Pears were pleasing to the king’ (i.e. The king liked pears)

The king liceden pearesthe king were-pleasedpears‘Pears were pleasing to the king’ (i.e. The king liked pears)

The king liked pears.

He/*him likes pears.

Page 45: Grammatical relations. Subject Agent /actor But: (3)The ball was kicked against the ball. (4)The ball is rolling down the street. (1)The man is kicking

Dative subjects

Psych verbs: Mir gefällt das Buch.Mir fällt etwas ein.Mir macht das keinen Spaß.Mir leuchtet das nicht ein

Cause verbs: Mir gelingt etwas.Mir glückt etwas.Mir passiert etwas.Mir entgleitet etwas.

Possess verbs: Mir gebührt etwas.Mir fehlt etwas.Mir genügt etwas.Mir gehört etwas.

Page 46: Grammatical relations. Subject Agent /actor But: (3)The ball was kicked against the ball. (4)The ball is rolling down the street. (1)The man is kicking

Genitive objects bedürfen, gedenken, spotten, bedienen, bemächtigen, entledigen, berauben, beschuldigen, überführen, schämen

(1) Er ist seiner Wunden genesen.(2) Sie hat des Lebens sich entbrochen.

(1) Wir gedenken der Toten.

(2) Der Toten wird gedacht.(3) *Die Toten wird gedacht.