Grammar & Usage

UnitUnit22

非谓语动词经常作状语。动词不定式常用作目的状语，动词 -ing 或动词 -ed 则常用作原因、时间、方式、条件等状语。

To do first aid correctly, you have to study with a teacher.

In order not to waste electricity, we turned the light off.

Check your composition carefully so as to avoid mistakes.

1● 我们用动词不定式表示目的。有三种形式，可互换： to do, in order to do, so as to do ( 不用于句首 )

1. —Did the book give the information you needed?

—Yes. But ____ it, I had to read the entire book.(2008 北京）

A.to find B. find C. to be finding D. finding

2.______this cake, you'll need 2 eggs, 175 g sugar and 175 g flour. （ 2006 广东卷）

A. Having made B. Make C. To make D. Making

(2005 年辽宁卷 22 题 )

3 All these gifts must be mailed

immediately _____ in time for Christmas.

A. in order to have received

B. in order to receive

C. so as to be received

D. so as to be receiving

析 : so as to ( 不能放句首 ), to, in order to 作目的状语可以放在句首或句中。

4 He hurried to the station only ___ that the train had gone.

A. to find B. finding

C. found D. to have found

补充 1: 在 so … as to, such … as to, only to … 结构中不定式作结果状语，其中常用 only to do… 来表示末曾预料到或令人不快的情况，其动作发生在谓语动作之后。

5 I feel greatly honored ____ into their society. （ 2008 北京卷） A. to welcome B. welcoming

C. to be welcomed D. welcomed

补充 2: 不定式常放在表示情绪反应的形容词后 作 原 因 状 语 。 如 ： happy, sorry, glad, sad, surprised, disappointed. 不定式不放在句首。

补充 3 : 不定式常与 too 或 enough 连用，在句中作状语。 例如：

The boy isn’t old enough to go to school.

=The boy is too young to go to school.

2 我们可以用动词 -ing 或动词 -ed 作状语。

● 动词 -ing 或动词 -ed 可用来表示 缘由或起因。

◎Being a student, I must work hard.

◎Not knowing what to do next, he turned to the teacher for help.

◎Followed by a stranger, she felt frightened.

◎Interested in Chinese culture, Tony came to China last year.

1) 不知道他的地址，我们没法与他取得联系。_____________________, we couldn’t get in touch with him.

2) 在这个学校已经学习一年了，我非常了解这个学校。______________________________________, I am familiar with it.

Not knowing his address

Having studied in this school for one year

3) 深深地被这个故事感动，激动的人们停止了争吵。_______________________, the excited people stopped quarrelling with each other.

4) 受到这人演讲的鼓舞，这个年轻人下决心要更努力工作。______________________, the young people made up their minds to work harder.

Deeply moved by the story

Encouraged by the speech

Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker.

Walking on the roads in the countryside, I can see a variety of wild flowers.

Seen from the hill, the park looks more beautiful .

Asked when he would arrive, he said it was uncertain.

● 动词 -ing 或动词 -ed 可用来表示 时间。

1 ）当听到这个消息的时候，他们都高兴的跳了起来。

___________________, they all jumped with joy.

2) 看到这些图片，我们都情不自禁的想起在北京的那些日子。

_______________________, we couldn’t help thinking of those days in Beijing.

3 ） When_______ help, one often says “ Thank you. ” or “ It ’ s kind of you. ” （ 2005 福建）

A. offering B. to offer C. to be offered D. offered

Hearing the news

Seeing those pictures

Arriving at the airport, he started looking for the tour guide.

● 我们也可以用动词 -ing 形式表示一个动作先发生，而主句动作则紧随其后。

Getting back from work, she began to cook.

Americans like travelling, driving their cars.

They often communicate with each other, using English.

The old man went into the room, supported by his wife.

● 动词 -ing 或动词 -ed 可用来表示 方式。

1 ）他坐在桌子旁读书。

He is reading ， ____________________.

2 ）我和父亲坐在桌子旁边讨论着我的工作问题。

__________________, my father and I were talking about my job.

sitting at the table

Seated at the table

Working hard, you will succeed one day.

Putting more salt into the soup, you will find it more delicious.

Given more time, we could have done it much better.

Compared with other professors, she was an excellent speaker.

1) 在英语方面努力点，你就会取得更大的进步的。 __________________________, you will make greater progress.

2) 向左转，你就会发现我们通向我们学校的那条小路。__________________, you will find the path leading to our school.

3) 水如果被加热，会变成水蒸气。 _______________, water changes into steam.

Working hard at English

Turning to the left

(If )heated

●3 我们可以将动词 -ing 或动词 -ed 用在连词（ when, while, once （一旦）， if, unless, though, although ）等后面。（分别表示时间、条件或让步）

◆When waiting for the bus, he saw an old friend.◆While reading the novel, he nodded from time to time.◆ Once seen , it will never be forgotten.

◆ Unless invited to speak, you should remain silent at the conference.

◆ Though feeling tired, he keeps on running.

◆Having made our plan, we will put it into practice.

◆ Having been attacked by terrorists, the tall building collapsed .

●4 我们可以用 having + 动词 -ed 或 having been + 动词 -ed 的形式来表示主动完成任务或被动完成之意。

1 ） ______ in the queuefor half an hour, the old man suddenly realized be had left the cheque in the car.

A.Waiting B. To wait C. Having Waited D. To have waited

2 ） ______, but he still couldn’t understand the logical connection of the two subjects.

A.Having told many times B. Having been told many timesC. He was told many times D. Many times as he was told

● 分词短语作状语时，其逻辑主语必须与句子的主语一致。当分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语不同时，分词前必须加上自己的主语，此结构被称为独立主格结构。如：Nobody to come tomorrow, we will have to put off the meeting till next week.So many people to help him, he is sure to succeed.She ran up to me, her hair flying in the wind.

1 ） Faced with a bill for ＄ 10,000,________. （ 2006 陕西卷）A. John has taken an extra jobB. the boss has given john an extra jobC. an extra job has been takenD. an extra job has been given to John

2 ） In order to improve English, . (2001上海 ) A. Jenny’s father bought her a lot of tapes B. Jenny bought a lot of tapes for herself C. a lot of tapes were bought by Jenny D. a lot of tapes were bought by Jenny’s father

3) All the tickets ___________(sell out), they went away disappointedly.

4)Time ___________(permit) , we'll do another two exercises.

5)There _______ (be) no bus, we had to walk home .

6) His hands _______ （ tie ） by the policeman, his face went pale with fear.

sold out

permitted

was

tied

Page251. to learn how to ski

2. Accompanied by an experienced ski instructor

3. Thinking that she knew how to ski well

4. while skiing downhill

5. Although not expecting trouble

6. Having been checked at the nearest hospital

7. Hearing the news

8.Not knowing how serious the situation was

9. Arriving at the hospital

10. if properly treated

Practice

1. When ______, the museum will be open to the public next year. A. completed B. completing C. being completed D. to be completed2. The news reporters hurried to the airport, only ______ the film stars had left. A. to tell B. to be told C. telling D. told3. _____ themselves awake they sat on the floor and told each other stories. A. Keep B. Keeping C. To keep D. To have kept

4. ______that he was in great danger, Eric walked deeper into the forest.

A.Not realized B. Not to realize C. Not realizing D. Not to have realized5. He sent me an e-mail, ______ to get further

information. A. hoped B. hoping C. to hope D. hope6. ______ to reach them on the phone, we sent an

email instead. A.Fail B. Failed C. To fail D. Having failed

7. The plane crashed ， _____ all 200 people aboard. A. killed B. having killed C. killing D. had killed

8. _____ the project as planned, we’ll have to work two more hours a day.

A.Completing B. Complete C. Completed D. To complete9. _______ in the fields on a March afternoon, he

could feel the warmth of spring. A. To walk. B. Walking C. Walked D. Having walked

Homework

Do Parts C1 and C2 on Page 107 in the workbook .