grammar review.doc

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GRAMMAR REVIEW

I.REASON

1.Subordinators

2. Prepositions

Subject + Verb

(main clause)

Subject + Verb

because since

as

seeing thatSubject + Verb now that

in that

on the grounds that

(subordinate clause)

Because of Due to

Owing to+ Noun Phrase/ Gerund On account of

On grounds of

As a result/ consequence of

(prepositional phrases of reason)

3. Conjunctive adverbs

4. Simple Conjunctions

5. Verbs

Subject + Verb

(clause of reason)

Subject + Verb (clause of cause)

Subject + Verb (clause of result)

Subject (Noun Phrase)

A

. Therefore, . Thus,

. Hence,

. As a result,

. As a consequence, . Consequently,

. Accordingly,

, so

, for

Cause Lead to Result in

Trigger (off) Touch off Give rise to

Subject + Verb

(clause of result)

Subject + Verb (clause of effect)

Subject + Verb (clause of reason)

Object (Noun Phrase)

B

=>BResult fromA Note: Gerund is used after prepositions only when the two subjects refer to ONE person.

Tuesday, September 25, 2012blog: http://my.opera.com/manhtrans/blog/ [email protected]

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II. CONCESSION

1. Subordinators

Although

ThoughSubject + Verb,Subject + Verb Even though

(subordinate clause of concession)(main clause)

No matter how + Adj/ Adv However + Adj/ Adv

Adj/ Adv + as

Subject + Verb,

Subject + Verb,

Subject + Verb

Subject + Verb

ExtensionNo matter what/ whatever

No matter which/ whichever(S) + Verb,Subject + Verb No matter who/ whoever

No matter where/ whereverSubject + Verb,Subject + Verb No matter when/ whenever

Note:Sometimes, though can be used in reduced form or at the end of the subordinate clause with negative verbs.

E.g. Though Susan is not charming, John head over heels loves her. Susan is not charming though, John head over heels loves her. Susan, though not charming, wins Johns heart.

2. Prepositions

Despite+ Noun Phrases/ the fact that Subject + Verb, In spite of+ Gerund (V-ing)(S1#S2),

(prepositional phrase of concession)

Subject + Verb

(main clause)

Despite his little knowledge of biotechnology, John gave a convincing presentation. In spite of knowing little about biotechnology, John gave a convincing presentation.

Despite the fact that he knows little about biotechnology, John gave a convincing presentation.

3. Conjunctive Adverbs

4. Simple conjunctions

Subject + Verb

(clause of concession)

Subject + Verb

(clause of concession)

. However,

. Nonetheless, . Nevertheless,

. On the other hand,

, but/ yet

Subject + Verb

(main clause)

Subject + Verb

(main clause)


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PRACTICE 1: Complete the following sentences, using clauses or phrases of concession.

1Despite/ heavy/ traffic/ we/ get/ conference/ time/ yesterday.

-> Despite the heavy traffic, we got to the conference on time yesterday.

2No matter/ heavily/ rain/ John/ make/ decision/ go hiking/ 3 weeks ago.

->No matter how heavily rain, John made a decision to go hiking 3 weeks ago.

3Maria/ not take/ exams/ last week/ though/ she/ spend/ a lot/ time/ revise/ lessons.

->Maria didnt take the exams last week though, she spent a lot of time revising the lessons.

4Joe/ not get/ promotion/ years/ even/ he/ work/ devotedly.

->Joe has not get the promotion for years, even he worked devotedly.

5In spite/ know/ fact/ that/ eat fatty food/ not good/ health/, Joe/ encourage/ parents/ eat/ quite/ fat.

->In spite of knowing the fact that eating fatty food is not good for heath, Joe encourages his parent to eat quite fat.

6Humble as/ Kathy/, many/ her classmates/ not/ like.

->Humble as Kathy is, many of her classmates dont like.

7No matter/ you/ live/, we/ support/ you.

->No matter where you live, we will support you.

8Susan/ often/ drink/ high fat milk/ although/ rather fat.

-> Susan often drinks high fat milk, although It rather fat.

9No matter/ he/ say/, we/ had better/ not/ trust.

->No matter what he says, we had better not trust.

10No matter/ strong/ tornado/ 3 days ago/, Mike/ not/ cancel/ hang-gliding trip.

->No matter how strong the tornado is 3 days ago, Mike doesnt cancel the hang-gliding trip.

11In spite/ heavy/ thunderstorm/, they/ keep/ chase/ wanted bank robbers/ forest.

In spite of the heavy thunderstorm, the keeps chasing the wanted bank robbers into the forest.

12Though/ George/ seriously/ ill/ last month, we/ have to/ carry on/ journey.

Though George was seriously ill last month, we still have to carry on journey.

PRACTICE 2: Rewrite the following sentences as directed

1.Although John worked very hard, he couldnt earn enough to support his family.

(No matter how)- No matter how hard John worked, he couldnt earn enough to support his family.

( Hard as)- Hard as John worked, , he couldnt earn enough to support his family.

(Despite)- Despite the fact that John worked very hard, he couldnt earn enough to support his family.

2.In spite of his patience, Toni was unable to get the ticket for his favorite show.

(Even though)- Even though Toni was patience, he was unable to get the ticket for his favorite show.

(However)- Toni was patience; however he was unable to get the ticket for his favorite show.

(as)- Patient as Toni is, he was unable to get the ticket for his favorite show.

3.Although labor-saving devices have been developed, women are not totally liberated from housework. (In spite of)In spite of the development of the labor-saving devices, women are not totally liberated from housework.

4.Tom got promotion last month though he did not contribute much to the development of the company. (Despite)Despite getting the promotion, Tom did not contribute much to the development of the company.

5.Despite the sharp increase of 15 % in the sales of Pepsi last month, Pepsi Co. had to close some outlets. (Though)Though the sharp increase of 15 % in the sales of Pepsi last month, Pepsi Co. had to close some outlets.

6.In spite of the fact that the total turnover declined significantly last week, all the staff had good bonus. (Despite theDespite thesignificant that the total turnover declined significantly last week, all the staff had good

significant)bonus.

7.No matter how strong Henry is, he cannot lift the marble bench.

(In spite of)In spite of strength, Henry cannot lift the marble bench.

(as)Strong as Henry is, he cannot lift the marble bench

8.Although the unemployment rate has dropped remarkably, the Government has to create more jobs. (Despite)Despite the remarkable drop of the unemployment rate, the Government has to create more jobs.

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III. CONDITION

1. Type 1Present or Future possible condition (iu kin c tht hin ti hoc c th xy ra trong tng lai)

If

Provided that

Providing that

Subject + V1 (es/s),

(present simple)

Subject + Will Verb

(future simple)

As long as

Note:If not = Unless = V.bare phrase, or Subject + Will Verb

If = As long as = Provided/ providing that= V.bare phrase, and Subject + Will Verb

If you dont get up early, you will be late for school. Unless you get up early, you will be late for school. Get up early, or you will be late for school.

2. Type 2Unreal condition at present => express a desire, a piece of suggestion/ advice (iu kin khng c tht hin ti, din t s khao kht hoc li khuyn, ngh) If

Provided thatSubject + V2 (ed)/ were,Subject + Would Verb Providing that

As long as

Emphasis:IfWere Subject ,Subject + Would Verb IfDid Subject + Verb,Subject + Would Verb

(omitted)(inversion)

If I were your mother, I would not argue with that guy. Were I your mother, I would not argue with that guy. If I had wings, I would fly to you right away.

Did I have wings, I would fly to you right away.

Note:Subject + V1 (es/s). But for that,Subject + Would Verb (present simple). Otherwise,

John helps me with my housework. But for that, I would not fulfill my job.

3. Type 3Unreal condition in the past => express a regret, an excuse

(iu kin khng c tht qu kh, din t s hi tic, s bin minh) If

Provided thatSubject + Had V3 (ed),Subject + Would Have V3 (ed) Providing that


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As long as

Emphasis:IfHad Subject + V3 (ed),Subject + Would Have V3(ed) (omitted) (inversion)

If you had taken your mothers advice, you would not have lost the game. Had you taken your mothers advice, you would not have lost the game.

Note:Subject + V2(ed). But for that,Subject + Would Have + Verb (past simple). Otherwise,

John helped me with my housework. But for that, I would not have fulfilled my job.

PRACTICE 1: Rewrite the following sentences

01Julie did not know that you were ill, so she did not call on you.

As long as . 02Ortega usually neglects his study. Otherwise, he would have better scores.

Provided that 03Unless your brother comes here tomorrow, we will leave for London without him.

If . 04I would not have cancelled my hiking trip providing that it had not rained heavily.

Hadnt it ... 05If you dont try your best, you will be left behind.

Try your best 06Michael worked lazily. But for that, he would have completed the project on schedule.

Had Michael .. 07If you add some soup powder into the sauce, you will have a simple, but tasty dish.

Add some soup powder 08Kathy would have accepted your proposal if you had talked to her in person.

Providing that . 09If I were a healthy man, I would join the army.

Were .. 10Robert would not be so lonely as long as he had some brothers.

Did .. 11If the sea level rises, thousands of people will have to evacuate from this coastal town.

Thousands of people will have to evacuate from this coastal town provided .. 12If it doesnt rain tomorrow, we will go hand-gliding.

Unless 13Francoise did not go to school yesterday. But for that, he would have known that Mrs. Brown was ill.

Provided that .. 14Submit your application now, or you wont be granted a job interview.

Unless


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PRACTICE 2: Complete the following sentences.

15If it doesnt stop snowing tomorrow, .. 16Provided that you ate less 17Her life might have been saved if 18If you tried to climb it without a guide 19He would have been drowned if 20The grass would look better as long as .. 21If the river rises any higher . 22This clock wouldn't have run down providing that

IV. CAUSE AND EFFECT

1. Too Adj/ AdvQu n ni mkhng th

Subject + Verb+ too Adj/ Adv+ to V-infinitive

e.g.Tom is too weak to move the cupboard. Susan spoke too fast (for us) to understand.

2. So/ suchthatQu n ni m

Subject + Verb+ so adj/ adv thatSubject + Modal + Verb

Subject + Verb+ such (a/an) adj noun thatSubject + Modal + Verb (b a/an khi i trc

uncount/plural noun)

e.g.Tom is so weak that he cant lift the cupboard.

Tom is such a weak boy that he cant lift the cupboard.

Note:Vi many/ much so many N (plural) that

so much N (uncountable) that => such a lot of noun that

e.g.There was so much traffic in the street that we were held up for half an hour. There was such a lot of traffic in the street that we were held up for half an hour.

3. Enough

Subject + Verb+ adj/adv + enough+ to V-infinitive + enough + noun

e.g.Tom is not strong enough to lift the cupboard. We didnt have enough money to buy that house.


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PRACTICE: Complete the following sentences, using clauses or phrases of causes & effects. 1My grandpa/ so weak/ he/ play/ sports/ any longer.

.. 2Nam/ too/ fast/ get rid/ old man/ cross/ the street.

.. 3Maria/ not/ work/ hard/ enough/ pass/ exams/ last week.

.. 4Joe/ such/ arrogant/ that/ nobody/ like/ him.

.. 5Local children/ poor/ that/ never/ see/ a toy car.

.. 6Henry/ not intelligent/ enough/ solve/ math exercise/ effectively.

.. 7Naomi/ not dance/ beautifully/ win/ examiners heart.

.. 8Susan Boyle/ sing/ so beautifully/ win/ heart/ millions/ audience.

.. 9George/ speak/ Japanese/ fluently/ that/ surprise/ all/ us.

.. 10Maria and David/ such/ excellent/ students/ they/ win/ most/ gold medals.

.. 11Rosa/ work/ too/ hard/ drag/ legs/ home.

.. 12Warehouse/ too small/ store/ all/ old furniture.

.. V. CAUSATIVE (TH NH)

1. TO HAVEActive:Subject + (HAVE) + doer + V. bare + Object. Passive:Subject + (HAVE) + Object + V3/ed.

John had a plumber fix the water pipe yesterday. John had the water pipe fixed yesterday.

2. TO GETActive:Subject + (GET) + doer + to V- infinitive + Object. Passive:Subject + (GET) + Object + V3/ed.

John got a plumber to fix the water pipe yesterday. John got the water pipe fixed yesterday.

3. WANT/Active:Subject + (want/ would like) + doer + to V- infinitive + Object. WOULD LIKEPassive:Subject + (want/ would like) + Object + V3/ed.

John wanted us to type the report by 4 P.M. John wanted the report typed by 4 P.M.


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PRACTICE: Complete the following sentences, using Causative Forms. 1Mark/ have/ house/ demolish/ day/ yesterday

2George/ usually/ get/ aunt/ keep an eye/ house

3My parents/ have/ taxi driver/ drive/ Stonehenge/ last Saturday.

4Why dont you/ get/ car/ service?

.. 5We/ get/ living room/ redecorate/ next Monday.

.. 6I/ have/ case/ investigate/ right away.

.. 7We/ have/ maid/ take care/ son/ since/ he/ born

.. 8Where/ you/ have/ skirt/ make?

.. 9Henry/get/ secretary/ type/ report/ before/ he/ leave/ yesterday.

.. 10You/have/ children/ take/ school/ yet?

.. 11How often/ parents/ get/ lawn/ mow?

. 12I/ get/ Christmas tree/ decorate/ by the time/ you/ come home/ tomorrow night.

.. 13John, together / friends,/ hardly/ get/ room/ clean/ as/ they/ clean/ themselves

. 14My brother-in-law/promise/ have/ bike/ repair

. 15Id like/ car/repaint/ end/ this/ month.

.. 16You/ have/ mechanic/ repair/ car/ yet?

. 17They/ want/ study/ paint/ royal blue.

.. 18We/ get/ a babysitter/ take/ care/ little daughter.

. 19Joe/ with/ old friend/ usually have/ taxi driver/ take/ school.

. 20Maria/ (d) like/ report/ type/ three languages.

.


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VI. PURPOSE

1. Subordinators

Subject + Verbso that+ Subject + Modal + Verb in order that

-Susie is working hard on the project so that she can finish it on schedule.

-Kathy removed her desk to the corner in order that she would have more space for a cabinet. -Joe spoke loudly so that we could understand him.

2. Prepositions

Subject + VerbIn order (for Sb) (not) toV-infinitive

So as (for sb) (not) to to

V-infinitive V-infinitive

-Susie is working hard on the project so as to finish it on schedule.

-Kathy removed her desk to the corner in order to have more space for a cabinet. -Joe spoke loudly in order (for us) to understand him.

PRACTICE 1: Complete the following sentences, using clauses or phrases of purpose. 1 Last month, Sue/ build/ warehouse/ back yard/ so that/ keep/ charcoal.

.. 2My grandparents/ give/ aunt/ $150,000.00/ order that/ buy/ new apartment.

.. 3A bridge/ currently/ build/ Nadia river/ that/ local children/ go/ school/ easily.

.. 4John/together/close friends/ already/ raise/ fund/ $250,000.00/ so as/ help/ local disables.

.. 5Royce / well as/ parents/ contribute/ $25,000.00/ charity/ order to/ help/ local orphans.

.. 6Local police/ just/ make/ a public announcement/so that/ local inhabitants/ recognize/ wanted

kidnappers. ..

7Board/ management/ a decision/ upgrade/ assembly line/ so as/ improve/ productivity. ..

8School principal/ decide/ have/ new laboratory/ install/ order that/ students/ have/ better/ access/ practical experiments. ..

9Local governor/ just/ invest/ much/ road repairs/ so as/ improve/ local transport system. ..

10There/ misconception that/ elderly/ people/ do/ heavy exercise/ order to/ keep/ shape. ..


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PRACTICE 2: Translate into English.

1Cch y hai ngy, anh h ca ti cht b tt c cy xanh vn nh anh y xy mt sn bng mini.

..

2 David cng vi a bn ca n ang hc tp chm ch vt qua k thi tuyn vo RMIT vo thng sau. ..

3 chin thng trong trn u vi Lewis, Klitcho mt 6 thng tp luyn vt v vi chuyn gia ca anh y. ..

4Chng ti ang nh ngi sn li cn nh c bn c gi tt hn. ..

5 chun b tt cho cuc phng vn xin vic vo th 7 tun trc, Maria phi c rt nhiu sch. ..

6Hng dn vin du lch thng phi ni c t nht 2 ngoi ng hng dn c tour quc t. ..

7ng ca ti tp th dc mi bui sng ci thin s do dai/ linh hot. ..

8Lucia va mi ng k hc aerobic gi dng. ..

9Sinh vin nn ng k hc cc kha k nng mm p ng tt nhu cu tuyn dng. ..

10Bobby quyt nh gim gi bn my laptop c ca anh y cng nhanh cng tt. ..

VII. COMPARISON Equalities

-S1 + VERB (twice/ three times) + AS adj./ adv. AS + S2 + (Aux.Verb) e.g. : My father earns (three times) as much as yours.

-As many N[plu.] + VERB As N[plu.]

e.g. : As many schoolboys like computer games as schoolgirls. -As much N[noncount] + VERB As N[noncount]

e.g. : As much rice was exported to the Philippines as it was to India in 2007.

Comparatives

-S1 + VERB (far/ much) Adj-Er/ Adv-Er THAN S2 + (Aux.Verb)

e.g. : The investment in textile products was (far) heavier than that in agricultural ones in 2009. -S1 + VERB (far/ much) More Adj/ Adv THAN S2 + (Aux.Verb)

e.g. : My brother is (much) more humorous than I am.

Superlatives


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-S + VERB + THE (first/ second) + ADJ/ ADV- Est

e.g. : Thierry is the (second) nicest man I have ever met. -S + VERB + THE (first/ second) + most ADJ/ ADV

e.g. : John used to be the most intelligent student in my school. -S + VERB + THE least + ADJ/ ADV

e.g. : Susan seems to be the least aggressive lady among those ladies standing over there. Complex comparison

-Same adjectives/ adverbs

Short adj/adv:

Long adj/ adv:

Subject + Verb

Subject + Verb

+ adj/ adv-ER and adj/ adv-ER

+ more and more adj/ adv

-My mother is getting more and more beautiful.

-Your son is (getting) taller and taller. How tall is he, Jack?

-Different adjectives/ adverbs

Short adj/adv:

Long adj/ adv:

The adj/ adv-ER + Subject + Verb,

The more adj/ adv +Subject + Verb,

the adj/ adv-ER + Subject + Verb

the more adj/ adv +Subject + Verb

-The older my grandpa is, the weaker he is.

-The more beautiful Julie is, the more arrogant she is.

Note:

Nouns:The more+ noun (u)or (p/c)Subj + Verb,the more+ noun (u)or (p/c)Subj + Verb,

The fewer

The less

+ noun (c)

+ noun (u)

the fewer

the less

+ noun (c)

+ noun (u)

Practice 1: Complete the following sentences, using COMPARISON.

01As many/ sheep/ sell/ Australia/ 1990/as/horses.

02Number/ people/ infected/ swine flu/ Vietnam/ last week/ twice/ high/ as/ 2010.

03Rate / divorce/underdeveloped countries/ incline/ slowly/ than/ developing countries.

04Life expectancy/ Vietnamese/ now/ 2 years/ high/ 3 years ago.

05Susan/ tendency/ spend/ far/much/ fashion/ than/ education.

06Laos/ have/ high/ illiteracy rate/among/ three neighboring countries/ Vietnam/ Laos/Cambodia.

07Quantity/ furniture/ import/ Brazil/ last year/ large/ this year.


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08Textile products/ make up/ low/ percentage/ 20% / year.

09Rice export/ make/ large/ contribution/ 2.5 billion US dollars/ the GDP/, whereas/ handicraft products/

contribute/ small/ proportion/ 0.5 US dollars.

10As / houses/ damage/ Tsunami/ Japan/ 2 weeks ago/ as/ 2 atomic bombs/ 2nd world war.

Practice 2: Rewrite the following sentences, using COMPARISON.

11Last year, John did not earn as much as he does now.

12Nobody in my class can speak Spanish as fluently as Naomi.

13George is far stronger than Mark.

14Maria is the most benevolent lady I have ever known.

15The number of international employees working in Japan is as high as that in Singapore.

16The amount of money invested in railway systems is usually as high as that in bus systems.

17Mark is older than his cousin by 4 years.

18David was not as humorous as he is now.

19None of my schoolmates is as dynamic as Terry.

20Smith has 3 nieces more than I do.

Practice 3: Complete the following sentences, using COMPARISON.

01As many/ boys/ learn/ how/ make/ cream cakes/ girls/ last June.

02Number/ people/ suffer/ Tsunami/ Japan/ 2 weeks ago/ twice/ high/ as/ Cuba/ 1976.

03Rate / juvenile crime/currently/ incline/ fast/ than/ middle-aged crime.

04Unemployment/ rate/ now/ much/ low/ than/ 10 years ago.

05Local government/ recently/ invest/ far/ much/ infrastructure/ than/ used to.

06Illiteracy rate/ Laos/ three times/ high/ Cambodia.

07Living cost/ Singapore/ not/ low/ as/ Vietnam.

08Agricultural products/ make up/ high/ percentage/ 70%.

09Rice export/ make/ large/ contribution/ the GDP/ than cashew export/, 20%/ to/ 17%.


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10As much/ sticky rice/ export/ South Africa/ as/ Iraq.

PRACTICE 4: Rewrite the following sentences, using COMPARISON. 11Last year, John earned far more than he does now.

12Nobody can sing as beautifully as Michael.

13George is 3 kilos heavier than Mark.

14Mathew was the most ambitious man that I had ever known.

15The number of photocopiers imported from Japan was as high as that from Singapore last year.

16The amount of oil which was illegally exported to Cambodia last month was as high as that in 2009.

17My former boss is not as humorous as the current one.

18Dave earns 2000 US dollars a month, whereas his wife earns 1000 US dollars.

19None of my friends solved the math exercise as quickly as Julie.

20Henry has 2 sisters. Susan has 5 sisters.

21As many people died in the Tsunami in Japan 2 weeks ago as those passed away in Puket, Thailand in 2009.

22The quantity of money which was stolen from the safe last week was as large as that last year.

PRACTICE 5: Translate into English

1. Ngi ta thng cho rng cng lm vic tn ty, chng ta cng c nhiu c hi thng tin.

2. Theo ti, cng l nh, cng nhn cng d b tai nn.

3. Theo mt s chng c khoa hc gn y, tri t ang ngy cng nng hn.

4. ng b chng ta thng ni, chng ta cng nung chiu con ci, chng cng h hng.

5. Tht kh ph nhn thc t l gii tr by gi ngy cng manh ng.

6. Tht tnh m ni, ti nhn thy bn thn mnh ngy cng im tnh.


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7. Tn y lng mnh, ti cm thy khng cn thit phi gip Maria na n gin v c y cng lc cng kiu cng.

8. Hy vng bn khng phin, nhng chng ti nhn thy bn cng ngy cng chnh. Thc t, cuc sng cng gian nan, chng ta cng c ng lc chinh phc n.

9. Hy vng bn khng phin cu hi ng ngn ca ti, nhng c phi bn ang ngy cng mp hn.

10. Ni chung, cng c gng th hin (khoe khoang), chng ta cng mt nhiu bn b hn.

11. Thc t cho thy rng, cng n ung iu , chng ta cng khe hn.

12. Theo ti c bit, gi vng ang gim ngy cng mnh.

13. Biu cho thy bin li ngy cng rng hn.

14. Theo cc nim yt ca ngn hng trung ng, cc t gi hi oi khng cn dao ng mnh nh trc.

VIII. RELATIVE CLAUSE 1. Definitions

-Restrictive: an adjective clause modifying an indefinite noun

e.g.- A man is from a Far East country. He is wearing a smart grey suit. (indefinite noun)

The man who is wearing a smart grey suit is from a Far East country. restrictive relative clause

-Non- Restrictive: an adjective clause modifying a definite noun

(A non-restrictive relative clause is always separated from the main clause by one or two commas.)

Bobby has just come back from the UK. His wife is a famous scientist. (definite noun)


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e.g.Bobby, whose wife is a famous scientist, has just come back from the UK. non-restrictive relative clause

2. Relative pronouns/Adjective/ Adverbs.

Subject

Object

Possessive Adj

Adverb

Person

WHO

WHOM

WHOSE

X

Thing

WHICH

WHICH

WHOSE

THE NOUN OF WHICH

X

Place

WHICH

WHICH

WHOSE

WHERE = (prep) + WHICH

Time

X

X

X

WHEN = (prep) + WHICH

Reason

X

X

X

WHY = FOR WHICH

USAGE OF THAT

-That c th c dng thay cho who, whom, which trong mnh quan h gii hn (restrictive relative clause).

Lu :+ khng chuyn gii t ln trc that

The man to whom you talked yesterday is an architect. The man that you talked to yesterday is an architect.

+ c th b that khi n l object trong mnh quan h. The man (that) you talked to yesterday is an architect.

-Bt buc dng that thay cho who, whom, which khi mnh quan h b ngha cho cc danh t c c im sau:

+ Danh t tp hp ngi v vt.

E.g. The man and the donkey that we saw yesterday are from Middle- East.

+ Danh t c b ngha bi 1 tnh t so snh nht.

E.g. Kathy is the most charming girl that I have ever met.

+ Danh t c ch nh bi mt s nh lng t nh: only, quite a few, several E.g. Francoise is the only man that I can trust.

+ Nhn mnh danh t/ i t ch ng: It (be) somebody that + Verb: chnh ai E.g. It is Gorge that broke the vase of flower.


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Particle and Preposition?

Lu : Particle l t b phn ca phrasal verb nn khng c tch ra khi ng t chnh chuyn ra trc relative pronoun. Ngc li, ta phi chuyn preposition ra trc cc relative pronoun nh whom v which, ngoi tr that.

E.g. The little boy whom I took care of 2 years ago is now an active 6-year-old boy. The beautiful girl to whom we talked at Bobs party is my neighbor.

The beautiful girl that we talked to at Bobs party is my neighbor.

PRACTICE 1: Combine the following pairs of sentences, using Relative Clause.

01Dont you remember the lady in forties? We called on her 6 months ago. .

02The car is for sale. Its windscreen has already been replaced.

03Penang is a beautiful coastal town. My aunt is living with her fianc in Penang.

04New York is considered as a melting pot/ a Metropolitan city. New York covers an area of 790 square kilometers.

05Kathy has been abandoned since she was a little girl. She was born to a poor family. .

06My niece-in-law has just graduated with honor from Harvard University. An anonymous nun brought her up.

07You bought me a nice present. Thank you very much for that present.

08I ran into you on the day. Hardly can I forget that day.

09A car crashed into a queue of people yesterday. Two of them were only 7 years of age. .

10The man looks weak. He has a pale complexion. He has just left the clinic a few minutes ago. He donates his blood to save patients at least 3 times a year.

11I used to fall in love with Daisy. Daisy is a charming and sensible lady. She is now my next-door neighbor.

12The man with a big moustache is a new comer in this town. His son is a helpful policeman.

13Susie is the most benevolent lady. I have never known a more benevolent lady than she is. .

14Henry has three lovely pet dogs. One of them is from Hawaii.

15Dont sit on the desk. One of its legs is broken. It is made of wood.

16The young man looks romantic. He has a smiling square face. He is a pianist indeed.

17You let me down for the reason. I do care for the reason.

18It is Maria. Maria stole your toy car.

Tuesday, September 25, 2012blog: http://my.opera.com/manhtrans/blog/

[email protected]

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. 19Jack is the only person. He can help you out with this financial problem.

20Mathematics is a compulsory school subject in my country. I was really bad at Mathematics.

21Conan Doyle wrote the used-to-be best seller named Sherlock Homes. Conan Doyle is a famous American writer.

PRACTICE 2: Combine the following sentences, using Relative Clauses

1The mangoes are very fresh and delicious.

Uncle Tom bought them on his trip to the countryside last week.

2Do you remember a small village by the stream? We visited it on our tour of KonTum.

3KonTum is a beautiful highland province. I was born there. ..

4The old man with a big beard is a very helpful rural person. His son is our classmate. ..

5The town is surrounded with open fields and a net of canals. My aunt is living in that town ..

6I want to know the reasons. You left HCM city for this remote rural area for these reasons. ..

7Dalat is the most beautiful highland city. I have ever seen it. ..

8Hung Vuong Parkson Plaza is one of the biggest shopping malls. It is located in district 5.

9I will never forget the day. I came to HCM city for the first time on that day. ..

10The rural man has been assigned to be a university principal. He talked to you yesterday. .

IX. NOUN PHRASE

Determiner

Pre-modifier

Head noun

Post-modifier

Pre-det.

Det.

Post-det.

+ simple adjective

+ compound adjective

+ simple noun

+ compound noun

+ prepositional phrase

+ Relative clause

Some of

Any of

All of

One of

Each of

Many of

+ the/a/an

+ my/ your/ his

+ this/ that/ these...

+ a pair of/ many/any

+ a lot of/ plenty of

+ Peters/ Marias

first/ second

two/ three


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Much of+ two/ three/ four

Two of+ most/ few/ a few

None of

+ adjectival

1. opinion

+ Reduced forms of a relative clause

Most of2. size

3. age-Past participle

4. Shape

5. Color

6. Origin

7. Material

-Present Participle

-To infinitive phrase

PRACTICE: Rearrange the given words to complete NOUN PHRASES.

01one/ old/ houses/ beautiful/ wooden/ of/ calm/ by/ the/ the/ lake .

02young/ the/ tall/ good-looking/ by/ pool/ the/ standing/ man/ swimming .

03most/ middle-aged/ aggressive/ the/ Chinese/ woman/ dark/ with/ hair/long/ straight .

04furniture/ valuable/ wooden/ my/ old/ grandparents/ the/ placed/ sacred/ room/ altar/in .

05two/ reports/ type/ of/ important/ this/ the/ most/ to/ afternoon .

06some/ kidnapped/ teenaged/ homeless/ girls/ group/ by/ gangster/ three/ a/ ago/ days/ Italian .

07toy/ Chinese/ plastic/ nice/ brand-new/ and/ rubber/ cars/ our .

08the/ leather/ inexpensive/ second-hand/ Daisys/ jacket/ Italian/ found/ garage/ in/ yesterday .

09Jumpers/one/most/brand-new/woolen/Japanese/beautiful/my/of .

10Those/of/ladies/charming/one/leather/luxurious/Italian/Jackets/young/fit and slim/wearing .

11Mightiest/been/that/I/forest/the/have/in/ever .

12Closet/old/Chinese/my/valuable/grandparents/wooden/ .

13Most/neighbors/next-door/helpful/my/poverty/in/of/living


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. 14Assassinated/days/senator/acting/three/the/ago/48-year-old/by/freeway/the

. 15Marias/cousin/muscular/teenaged/good-looking/elected/monitor/yesterday/class/the

. 16Controversial/issue/the/that/attention/most/from/ages/draws/peole/all/of/social classes/and

. 17.old/ valuable/ wooden/ nice/ the/one/cabinets/of/by/ corner/the/dark/located

18.first/ novel/ father/ interesting/that/the/wrote/my

19.cute/ that/ little/ brought up/ boy/ orphanage/ an/ in

20.of/ my/ breeches/ denim/ Chinese/ two/ second-hand/ nice

21.big/ beard/ bald/ medium-height/ old/ with/ a/ the/ man

22.fair/ complexion/ fit and slim/ charming/ a/ with/ tall/ lady/ that/ middle-aged

23.the/ men/ youngest/ of/ that/ set/ two/ island/ this/ foot/ on/ green

24.statues/ wooden/ invaluable/ old/ displayed/ museum/ one/ the/ national/ in/ of/the

25.cute/ straight/ girls/ two/ slender/ teenaged/ of/ blond/ the/ with/ shoulder-length/ hair

26.closet/ old/ wooden/ fixed/ wall/ ugly/ the/ into/ the/ dirty

27.schoolboys/ uniforms/ active/ little/ tidy/ wearing/ black and white/ those

28.new/ nice/ knife/ pen/ my/ wooden/ with/ a/ handle

X. BASIC SENTENCE XI. REDUCED FORMS XII. INVERSION XIII.PASSIVE

Practice 1: Change the following sentences into Passive Voice

01They are currently building a new amusement park near the stadium. ..

02Some people estimate that the sales of Pepsi products will increase significantly in 2015. ..

03A group of internees is carrying out a market research at the moment. ..

04Oliver will have finished the report by the time you come back tomorrow. ..

05Some rumor that Jackson built a marvelous villa by the lake. ..

06They had repainted the living room before they decorated it with colorful ornaments.


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.. 07We are going to get a tailor to make our wedding suits next Saturday.

.. 08Someone has taken away some of my old books.

.. 09Many people believed that Nelson won a lottery grand prize.

.. 10Id like your company to service my car as soon as possible.

.. 11They began to remove some slum dogs along the contaminated canal three days ago.

.. 12Police will have been investigating the case for almost three months by the end of this year.

.. Practice 2: Change the following sentences into Active Voice

01Where was this dictionary bought from? ..

02My suitcase was broken while it was being carried upstairs by a bellhop. ..

03John had his water pipe fixed by a skilled plumber yesterday. ..

04Oliver is rumored to have graduated with honor from Yale University. ..

05Three of my warehouses will have been completed by August. ..

06They have already gotten their car serviced by a skilled mechanic. ..

07Some of their properties were found in an uninhabited area (by local police). ..

08Henry always wants to be called sir. ..

09The wallet should have been returned to its owner. ..

10It is thought that we are running out of fossil fuel in some years. ..

11The film sets started to be demolished some days ago. ..

12The English are believed to be the traditional consumers of tea made in Vietnam. ..

Practice 3: Change the following sentences into Passive Voice

01We saw your sister enter a bar three days ago. ..

02They suggested Julie selling her old house at a lower price. ..

03It was my duty to keep an eye on the child. ..

04You neednt have spent all the money. ..

05They were to knock down the old theatre when the mayor appeared. ..


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06Police advised coming home by 9 P.M. on grounds of security. ..

07Some think that Bruce Lee died of a heart stroke. ..

08The boss gave some staff huge bonus. ..

XIV.REPORTED SPEECH

XV. SENTENCE CONNECTORS

XVI.MISTAKE CORRECTION


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