Name__________________________Per_____

PreAP Biology & Biology I STAAR and End of Year ReviewIntroduction to Biology

1. Distinguish among the following: independent variable and dependent variable

control set-up and constant

2. Review laboratory safety rules. Be sure you can apply them to situations described for you. For example, what is the first rule in case of an accident? When do you have to wear goggles (be specific, don’t just say “always”)?

3. Draw and identify the function of the following pieces of laboratory equipment. If it is used for measuring identify what is being measured and the unit.

Ex) metric ruler - measures length in centimeters or provides a straight edge when creating scientific drawings

forceps

beaker

Ehrlenmeyer flask

graduated cylinder

balance (not a scale!)

thermometer

Six hundred plants were divided into 6 groups of 100 each. Each group was placed in lights of different colors for 600 hours. Group I was kept in red light, Group II in yellow light, Group III in green light, Group IV in blue light, Group V in white light and Group VI in ultraviolet light. Every 60 hours the number of leaves on the plants were counted and the width of the leaf at its broadest point was measured.

4. Identify the components of the experiment.Independent variable: _______________________________Dependent variable: ________________________________Constants: ________________________________________Hypothesis: _______________________________________Describe a control set-up or control group: _____________________________________________________

5. Set up a graph. Label the X and Y axes. Title the graph. (You do not need to GRAPH anything, only set it up!)

1

Microscopes1. What can you NOT touch on the microscope once you have moved the 10X or 40X objective into

place? _______________________ Why?

2. Explain how to make a wet mount slide of cheek cells using a glass slide and coverslip.

3. If you increase the magnification, can you see more or less of a specimen? _________ Explain. __________________________________________

4. Review the parts of the microscope.

Cells: Structure & Function1. Draw and label the following cell structures, including their infrastructure: chloroplast,

mitochondria, nucleus

2. Distinguish among the following terms:active transport

diffusion

endocytosis

exocytosis

facilitated diffusion

osmosis

passive transport

phagocytosis

pinocytosis

3. Illustrate the terms hypotonic, hypertonic, and isotonic using the beakers and cells shown below. Explain what you would expect to happen if the cell membrane is semipermeable (selectively permeable).

2

Biochemistry1. What inorganic molecule is required for most reactions involving large polymers such as proteins,

nucleic acids, and polysaccharides?

2. What does organic mean?

3. Review the terms hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis (use word parts). Which one of these produces water (so removes water)? Which one requires water as a reactant?

4. Identify the monomer for the polymer:

carbohydrate - _____________________nucleic acid - ______________________starch - __________________________

protein - __________________________DNA - ____________________________glycogen - ________________________RNA - ____________________________

3

5. Draw and label a nucleotide.

DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis (Gene Expression)

1. Review the process of gene expression:What are the two parts or processes involved in gene expression?Where in the cell does each occur?What is the role of each molecule involved?

What is the product of each part of the process?

2. DNA replication – tell all you know!

3. List the 5 nitrogenous bases found in nucleic acids. Identify the one unique to RNA by circling its name. Show how the bases pair. Which ones are pyrimidines and which are purines?

4. Create a table comparing DNA and RNA.

Biotechnology1. What is a genetically modified organism? ______________________________________

___________________________________________ How could one be created? _________________________________________________________________________

2. What is a clone?

3. How can you determine if two people are related using a DNA fingerprint?

4. Does a “match” to crime scene DNA mean the person is guilty? Explain.

Cell Cycle1. Below is a somatic cell in interphase about to undergo mitosis. First, draw an arrow and label it

with the name of the process that must occur before mitosis, then draw and label a cell in each stage of mitosis. Be sure you show the correct number of chromosomes at each stage as well as the correct number of cells at the end of the process.

2. What kind of cells are produced by mitosis? Circle the words that apply.asexualdiploidgametehaploididenticalsexual

somaticunique

3. What are the purposes for mitosis?

4. When control of the cell cycle is lost, what results?

5. Which words in the list in question 2 apply to meiosis?

6. What is the purpose of meiosis? ____________________

7. What are the sources of variation found in the gametes after meiosis? (DNA mutation is not what we’re talking about!)

8. If a leaf cell of a poplar tree has 36 chromosomes, how many chromosomes would you expect to find in a sperm cell in a grain of pollen?

9. If a sea urchin has 14 chromosomes in an ovum, how many will it have in an epidermal cell?

Genetics1. If traits are passed down from parent to offspring through gametes formed during meiosis, how

are mutations passed down?

2. Differentiate between the following terms. dominant and recessive

homozygous and heterozygous

genotype and phenotype

incomplete dominance and codominance

autosomal and sex-linked inheritance

3. Review monohybrid and dihybrid crosses by making up 2 to 3 problems of each and working them out in the space provided. Be sure you include genotypic and phenotypic ratios in the monohybrid crosses and phenotypic ratios in the dihybrid.

Energy in Biological Systems1. What is the overall purpose of cellular respiration? ______________________________

What is the overall purpose of photosynthesis? __________________________________

2. What gaseous by-product(s) (waste products) are produced in photosynthesis? ______ In cellular respiration? _______

3. What organelle is involved with photosynthesis? ______________________What organelle is involved with part of the cellular respiration pathway? __________________

4. The law of conservation of energy says that energy cannot be created or destroyed. However, we know that energy is captured by plants in photosynthesis. What form of energy is being captured and to what form of energy is it being converted? _____________________ energy from the sun __________________ energy in glucose

5. Write the equation for photosynthesis/ cellular respiration in the space below. Be sure you include energy in your equation and balance it.

6. What kind of biological molecule are enzymes typically? ____________________

7. Draw and label an enzyme with its substrate. Include a label for the active site as well.

8. List the functions of enzymes.

9. Are enzymes changed or used up in a chemical reaction? ______

10. How can enzymes be denatured?

Evolution3. Define Evolution.

4. What are the two goals for evolution?

5. Define natural selection. What else is it called?

6. Define the 4 sources of scientific evidence for evolution.A. fossil record

a. fossil—b. relative dating—

B. comparative anatomya. homologous structures (and ex.)—

Musca domesticusFelis leoFelis domesticusPan troglodytesHomo sapiensSCIENTIFIC NAME

domesticusleodomesticustroglodytessapiensSPECIES

MuscaFelisFelisPanHomoGENUS

MuscidaeFelidaeFelidaePongidaeHominidaeFAMILY

DipteraCarnivoraCarnivoraPrimatesPrimatesORDER

InsectMammalMammalMammalMammalCLASS

ArthropodaChordateChordateChordateChordatePHYLUM

AnimaliaAnimaliaAnimaliaAnimaliaAnimaliaKINGDOM

HOUSEFLYLIONHOUSE CATCHIMPANZEEHUMANORGANISM

GROUP NAME

b. analogous structures (and ex.)—

c. vestigial structures (and ex.)—

C. embryology—

D. biochemical evidence—

7. Answer the following questions based on the diagram to the right.a. Which layer contains the newest fossils?

b. Which layer has the oldest fossils?

c. Based on the fossils, this area was most likely what type of environment in the ancient past?

8. Differentiate between convergent and divergent evolution and give examples.

Use the table below to answer the following question:

9. Which two animals are most closely related according to the chart?

10. Use the diagram to the right to answer the following questions:

A. Does the phylogenetic tree represent convergent or divergent evolution? ____________________________Explain.

B. What is the scientific name of the species most closely related to the woodpecker-like finch?

C. Are the insect-eating finches related to the cactus-eating finches?

11. Study the phylogenetic tree shown below.

A

AB

C

D

E

Which group of vertebrates did the amphibians most recently share a common ancestor with? _____________________________Are insects more closely related to arachnids or to mollusks? _______________ How do you know?

Does a phylogenetic tree reflect analogous relationships or homologous relationships? _______________________________ Explain.

Classification, Kingdoms, & Simple Organisms11. What is binomial nomenclature?

Why is it important?

12. How are genus and species correctly written?

13. What is the genus name of Canis familiaris?______________What is the species name of Canis familiaris?_______________

14. If 2 organisms are in the same order, they must be in the same ____________________ ______________________________________________, but do NOT have to be in the same ____________________________________________________________. Two different organisms can NEVER have the same _____________________________

Use the dichotomous key below to identify the aliens 15 and 16:

1a. The creature has a large wide head............................go to 21b. The creature has a small narrow head..........................go to 112a. It has 3 eyes ................................................go to 32b. It has 2 eyes ................................................go to 73a. There is a star in the middle of its chest....................go to 4

3b. There is no star in the middle of its chest ..................go to 64a. The creature has hair spikes .................................Broadus hairus4b. The creature has no hair spikes...............................go to 55a. The bottom of the creature is arch-shaped ....................Broadus archus 5b. The bottom of the creature is M-shaped .......................Broadus emmus6a. The creature has an arch-shaped bottom .......................Broadus plainus6b. The creature has an M-shaped bottom...........................Broadus tritops

17. What are the names and shapes of bacteria? Draw the shapes off to the side ______________________ is ___________ shaped. Picture:

15. Name _______________ 16. Name _____________

______________________ is ___________ shaped. Picture: ______________________ is ___________ shaped. Picture:

18. When bacteria are arranged in chains it is called: __________When bacteria are arranged in clusters it is called: ____________

19. Bacteria typically reproduce through binary fission. Is this considered to be asexual or sexual? ___________________________ Explain. What is conjugation? ______________________________________________________ What are the two functions of pili? _________________________________________________

20. Identify how Escherichia coli can be beneficial to us and how they can be harmful to us.

21. Draw an amoeba and label with the name of the structure that allows it to move:- What other function does this structure perform?

22. Draw a paramecium and label the structure that allows it to move:

23. Draw euglena and label the structure that allows it to move:24. What are the 3 organelles that plant cells have that animal cells do not have? _____________________, __________________, _______________________

25. List 2 organelles that animal cells have that plant cells don’t have. _____________________ & __________________

SIX KINGDOMS CHARACTERISTICS CHART

26. Complete and STUDY the chart below.KINGDOM

Archaea Animalia

Cell TypeNumber of Cells unicellular most unicellular most

multicellularLevel of Organization

cell cell most cell most tissue systems systems

Cell Wall & Composition

contains uncommon

lipids

pectin or none(green algae:

cellulose)Mode of Nutrition

auto/heterotroph auto/heterotroph

Reproduction asexual asexual sexual/asexual sexual/

asexualsexual/asexual

sexual/asexual

Motility some motile nonmotile motile/nonmotile most nonmotile nonmotile motile

Symbiotic Relationship

fix nitrogen;many pathogenic;aid in human digestion

XXXXXXXXXXXXXX

many pathogenic (malaria, African sleeping sickness, amoebic dysentery)cellulose digestion

many pathogenic (athlete’s foot, yeast infection, ringworm)lichen; mycorrhizae

epiphytemycorrhizae mistletoe

parasitic worms, barnacles, clownfish

Ecological Importance

1.2. decomposers

algae major aquatic oxygen & food producersalgal bloom

human impact on environment; food chains

Otherkey organism in the nitrogen cycle

can live in extreme conditionsancestors of eukaryotes

toothpaste, teeth whitenersice cream, sushi

fermented food productsfood sourceantibiotics

can’t live without ‘emmedicine source

invertebratesvertebrates

ExamplesEscherichia coliStreptococcus

methanogenshalophilesthermophiles

algae, diatoms, amoebas,

lichen, yeast, mushrooms

treesflowersgrass

sponges

mammals

Plants

28. Write the equation for photosynthesis, then write the equation for respiration. Don’t forget energy. a. Circle the reactants for photosynthesis and the products of respiration. What do you

notice? b. Underline the products of photosynthesis and the reactants for respiration. What do you

notice? c. Can you relate this to the water, oxygen, and carbon cycles? d. Can you relate the energy in the reactions to energy flow through an ecosystem?

29. Which kingdoms have cells that perform photosynthesis?

27. Identify all of the structures in the leaf diagram AND put their function. A. ________________________ -

B. ________________________ -

C. ________________________ -

D. ________________________ -

E. ________________________ -

F. ________________________ -

G. ________________________ -

H. ________________________ -

I. _________________________ -

30. Which kingdoms have cells that perform cell respiration?

31. What gas (waste/bi-product) do plants release during photosynthesis? ___________ What gas (waste/bi-product) do all organisms release during cellular respiration? ____________

32. What adaptations did plants make to allow them to live on land (there were 3 main problems, what were the solutions)?

33. Complete the following chart comparing monocots and dicots.

Monocots DicotsRoots (describe and draw example)

Leaves (describe and draw example)

Seeds (describe and draw example)

Flowers (describe and draw example)

Stems (describe and draw example)

34. How are non-vascular plants different from vascular plants?

35. How are gymnosperms different from angiosperms?

36. Where are the sugars made in plants and what vascular tissue transports it?

37. What 2 things are absorbed by roots and what transports them?

38. From the demonstration of water movement in celery or carnations, what are the definitions of adhesion and cohesion?

Adhesion:

Cohesion:

39. Label the parts of the plant and give the function of each part:Functions of Flower Parts

40. What flower parts are the male and female parts of the plant?

41. What are 3 ways that seeds are dispersed away from the mother plant?

42. How are the following fruits or seeds dispersed?

Dispersed by ___________________ Dispersed by ___________________

43. What are some plant adaptations that plants use as defense mechanisms?

Human Systems/Comparative Anatomy & Animals

44. What is the purpose of villi in the intestines & root hairs in plants?

45. Relate the following plant parts to the corresponding animal systems (you might use some more than once and not use others at all):

______a. flowers I. reproductive______b. stems II. skeletal______c. roots III. muscular______d. leaves IV. digestive

46. What system does the human body use to fight off viral infections? _____________________47. What system does the human body use to process nutrients? _____________________48. What system does the body use to move gases and nutrients around? ______________________49. What system does the body use to move the bones? _______________________________50. What system does the body use to protect itself from drying out? _______________________

51. Plants make sugar and store it in the form of a polysaccharide called _______________.52. Animals eat sugar and store it in the form of a polysaccharide called ________________ (in the liver).

53. What are some characteristics of water that make it so good for the human body?

54. How does the integumentary system help the body maintain homeostasis?

55. The human urinary (excretory) system consists of the kidneys, ureter, bladder and urethra. Sketch these organs in the box to the right and describe what each of them does in the system.

56. Complete the following set of words that describe the increasing complexity of organisms.Atoms, molecules (like DNA), ___________, tissues, ___________, systems, ___________

57. Describe how each of the following sets of animal systems work together:skeletal and muscular

digestive and circulatory

circulatory and respiratory

endocrine and reproductive

58. What animal organ system would you put the following organs in:A. malpigian tubules, kidneys, green gland _________________ B. tympanic membrane, eardrum, lateral line system ___________________

59. Use the nutritional label to answer the questions in the box.

ECOLOGY60. Define ecology.

61. What is the difference between abiotic and biotic factors. List two examples of each.

62. Define ecosystem.

63. What are 5 limiting factors in an ecosystem?

64. What does the term carrying capacity mean?

65. Draw an example of a food chain that starts with grass and ends with a coyote. Then connect it to two other food chains, making a food web.

A. How many calories would one get if he ate the whole container of this food?

B. How many fat grams are in 2 servings?

C. How many calories would a person consume if they ate enough to receive 100% of the RDA for calcium?

D. If a person ate 2 servings of this food, what percent of their daily sodium level would they consume? E. What percent of their daily Vitamin C would they get by eating 2 servings?

66. Compare Producers, Primary consumers, Secondary consumers, Tertiary consumers and decomposers and list examples of organisms for each. (Draw them in an energy pyramid).

67. Give examples of at least three predator-prey relationships.

68. Fill in the chart below for the three types of symbiosis. Use + = benefits; - = harms; ~ = neutral.

Mutualism Commensalism Parasitism Organism 1 Organism 2 Organism 1 Organism 2 Organism 1 Organism 2

Match the following scenarios with the correct example of symbiosis or relationship.

69. _____mistletoe on elm trees (mistletoe takes nutrients from the tree) A. commensalism70. _____hummingbirds and trumpet flowers (bird helps pollination

occur while it is drinking nectar) B. parasitism71. _____whale and barnacle (whale is unharmed as barnacle

gets a ride in the ocean for food) C. mutalism72. _____tapeworm and pig (tapeworm feeds off of pig) 73. _____cat and mouse (cat chases, catches, and eats the mouse) D. predator/prey

74. What is the major source of energy for all living things on the earth? _____________

75. Animals use a variety of adaptations and methods to camouflage themselves for protection. Give 5 examples of this.

76. Animals also have other mechanisms that they use in order to avoid being eaten by other animals. What do the following animals use to avoid being eaten?

a. armadillosb. monarch butterflies

c. poison dart frogd. porcupine

77. What is the best way to sample the following populations:a. flock of geese _______________________b. pack of coyotes _______________________c. field of pine trees _______________________

78. What are the differences among an omnivore, herbivore, carnivore, and detrivore?

79. Compare a J Curve and an S curve.

80. There are three cycles that circulate Water, Carbon, and Nitrogen. Briefly describe each one and its major steps.

Virus 81. The Sabin vaccine is a liquid containing weakened polio viruses. What does the body of the individual who receives the vaccine do in order to “protect” it from polio? _____________________________________________

82. Why does a virus require a host cell?83. How are viruses similar to cells?

84. Why do must scientists today consider viruses to be nonliving? (hint: what do they not have or what can they not do)

85. Many viruses have glycoproteins that project spikes from its envelope. Different viruses have different glycoproteins. What is the purpose of these spikes?

86. Identify whether the diseases/conditions are caused by Viruses (V), Bacteria (B), Protists (P), or Fungi (F).

Influenza ____Athlete’s Foot ____Malaria ____Ebola ____

Common cold ____African Sleeping Sickness ___Ringworm ____Tobacco Mosaic ____

Dental cavities ____Acne ____Toxoplasmosis ____

87. Discuss the HIV virus by answering the questions below.

A. What shape and type of virus is it?

B. What disease does it cause?

C. What body system does it attack?

D. What specific type of cells does it attack?

88. Can you take antibiotics for viral infections? _______ Why or why not? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

89. Draw the 5 shapes of viruses, label them with their shape name, label the capsid and nucleic acid, and give an example for each of a virus that has that shape.