grammar notes for exam

8/4/2019 Grammar Notes for Exam

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Types of Tenses

1. Present tense:

i. Simple present tense plays/play

ii. Present perfect tensehas played

iii. Present continuous tenseis playing

iv. Present perfect continuous tensehasbeen playing

2. Past tense:

i. Simple past tense played

ii. Past perfect tensehad played

iii. Past continuous tensewas/were playing

iv. Past perfect continuous tensehad been playing

3. Future tense:

i. Simple future tensewill play

ii. Future perfect tensewill have played

iii. Future continuous tensewill be playing

iv. Future perfect continuous tensewill have been playing

Types of Phrases

1. Noun phrase:

i. (determiner) + (adjective phrase) + noun

ii. Example His handsome younger brother...

2. Verb phrase:

i. verb + (noun phrase)

ii. example ...hugged the baby.

3. Adjective phrase:

i. (adverb phrase) + adjective

ii. Example ...extremely hot.

4. Adverb phrase:

i. (adverb of degree) + adverb

ii. Example ...very fast.

5. Prepositional phrase

i. preposition + noun phrase

ii. Example ...along the roadside.


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6. Difference between adjective phrase and adverb phrase:

i. Phrase 1The weatheris extremely hot. adjective phrase

The weather... is a noun phrase

...extremely hot. explains the weather

Therefore, ...extremely hot. is an adjective phrase

Adjective phrase explains noun phrase

ii. Phrase 2 The dog runsvery fast. adverb phrase

...runs... is a verb phrase

...very fast. explains the way the dog runs

Therefore, ...very fast. is an adverb phrase

Adverb phrase explains verb phrase

Types of Clauses

1. Noun clause:

i. A clause that is being described

2. Adjectival/relative clause:

i. A clause that describes noun

3. Adverbial clause:

i. Consists of adverbs

Types of Sentences

1. Simple sentence:

i. Only 1 finite verb

ii. 1 clause

2. Compound sentence:

i. 2 finite verbs

TAKE NOTE!

Phrase A highly entertaining film.

The whole phrase is a noun phrase for it starts

with an article A...although ...highly

entertaining... is an adjective phrase.


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ii. 2 clauses that can stand on their own

iii. Combined by using the coordinating conjunctions

3. Complex sentence:

i. Consists of finite and non finite verbs

ii. 2 clauses, 1 independent clause and 1 dependent clause

iii. Combined by using subordinating conjunctions

Sentence patterns

1. There are 7 patterns of sentences:

i. SV = subject + verb

ii. SVO = subject + verb + object

iii. SVC = subject + verb + complement

iv. SVA = subject + verb + adverb

v. SVOO = subject + verb + indirect object + direct object

vi. SVOC = subject + verb + object + complement

vii. SVOA = subject + verb + object + adverb

2. Differences between complement and adverb:

Complement Adverb

o Either an adjective or a noun

o Examples:

She / appears /very

pretty. SVC (adjective)

We / made / him /our

class monitor. SVOC

(noun)

o Starts with a preposition or an

adverb itself

o Examples:

He / swims /across the

river. SVA

(preposition)

He / could speak / English

/very proficiently.

SVOA (adverb)

3. Differences between SVO/SVOO and SVC/SVOC:

SVO/SVOO SVC/SVOC

o She / kicked /the ball. SVO

o My / mummy / bakes / us /

cakes. SVOO

o She / is /a teacher. SVC

o We / made / him /our class

monitor. SVOC


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Reported Speech

1. The rules:

i. Direct speech past tense indirect speech past tense

ii. Direct speech present tense indirect speech present tense

iii. Examples:

Direct speechI amtrying to get a taxi, said Peter.

Indirect speech Peter said that he was trying to get a taxi.

Direct speechI amtrying to get a taxi, says Peter.

Indirect speech Peter says that he is trying to get a taxi.

iv. Changes in pronoun I she/he

v. Changes in place here there

vi. Changes in time today that day, tomorrow the next day, etc.

vii. Changes in noun this that, these those

Direct Speech Reported Speech

Tomorrow

Yesterday

HereThis

This morning

Today

Tonight

Next/on Tuesday

Last Tuesday

The day after tomorrow

Ago

The next day/the following day

The day before

ThereThat

That morning

That day

That night

The following Tuesday

The previous Tuesday

In two days time

Before/previously

Active and Passive Voice

1. The rules:

i. Maintain the tenses (present tense remains present tense)

ii. Maintain the place and time


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iii. Interchange the position of the subject and the predicate

TAKE NOTE!

Whenever the verb ends with

ing in active

voice, add in being in the passive voice

was preparing (active voice) was being

prepared (passive voice)

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