GrammarGrammarEnglish 9 A

VerbsVerbs• Definition: A verb expresses action or a

state of being (links).

• Examples: runs, jumps, sings, threw, mailed, is, was

Action VerbsAction Verbs• Action verbs express the action of the subject.

They are generally easy to identify. Simply look for a word that is doing something.

Examples:

The dog ran.

Ran expresses the action of the dog.

The robber took the money.

Took expresses the action of the robber.

Linking VerbsLinking Verbs• State of being verbs are also called linking verbs, and

will be called linking verbs from this point forward. Linking verbs express the subject’s state of being by linking the subject to a noun or adjective.

Examples: The cook is skinny.

Is links cook and skinny. Skinny describes cook.

Mrs. Gonzalez will be a police officer.Be links Mrs. Gonzalez and police officer. Police officer renames Mrs. Gonzalez. In this case will is a helping verb, which will be dealt with later.

Linking Verbs Linking Verbs cont.cont.

The car smelled weird.Smelled links car and weird. This is a case where the linking verb is not one of the main eight. It is clear that the car is not actually doing the smelling, so it must be a linking verb. Weird describes the car.

– Helpful Hint!The 8 main state of being verbs or linking verbs: is, am, are, was, were, be, being, and, been.

PracticePractice• Write two sentences with action verbs.

• Write two sentences with linking verbs.

Warm UpWarm UpCopy down each sentence. Write (AV) above each action verb

and (LV) above each linking verb.

1. George Washington Carver was a great agricultural chemist.

2. He made discoveries that improved the agriculture of the South.

3. As a boy, he often rambled about the countryside, where he would study the ways of plants and animals.

4. Carver fought against poverty and prejudice and finally attained his education.

5. He worked his way through high school and college.

Helping VerbsHelping VerbsHelping Verbs help express the tense (past, present,

future etc), ask questions, make emphasis, express negativity, or show possibility, probability, and necessity. There can be up to three helping verbs helping the main verb. Helping verbs can be used with both types of action verbs and with linking verbs.

am, are, is, was, were, be, being, been

do, does, did shall, will may, must, might have, has, had can, could, would, should

Could be linking verbs!

Helping Verbs Helping Verbs cont.cont.

Examples:

The dog will run.Will helps run express the action of the dog.

The robber should have taken the money.Should have helps taken express the action of the robber.

Mrs. Gonzalez will be a police officer.Will helps be express the state of being of Mrs. Gonzalez. This

sentence is in the future tense. If it was in the present tense it would be “Mrs. Gonzalez is a police officer”. There is no helping verb to help is in this sentence.

The car may smell weird.May helps smell express the state of being of the car.

Helpful HintHelpful HintHelpful Hint

• Helping verb always appear before the main verb. Sometimes they happen at the beginning of the sentence (questions), before an adverb (not) or right before the verb.

Helping or Linking? Helping or Linking? • Am, are, is, was, were, be, being, and

been can be either linking verbs or helping verbs. In order to decide whether the verb is acting as a linking verb or a helping verb, look for other verbs in the sentence. If there is another verb in the sentence, and the first verb is helping the second verb, then it is a helping verb.

Helping or Linking? Helping or Linking? cont.cont.

Examples:

The car was swerving.The other verb in the sentence is swerving. Was helps swerving

by changing the tense to the past. Because there is another verb and the first verb helps the second one by changes the tense, the first verb is a helping verb.

The car was old.There are no other verbs in the sentence. Was links car and old

through description. Was is a linking verb.

The car is being stupid.There are two verbs in this sentence. Is helps being by

changing the tense to present, so is is the helping verb. Being links car and stupid through description, so being is a linking verb.

PracticePracticeWrite LV for linking verbs and HV for helping

verbs.

1. The child was playing with matches.2. I am scared for the child.3. The babysitters were not paying

attention.4. The danger of matches can be

overlooked.5. The child was not being destructive

Warm UpWarm UpLabel each action verb (AV), each linking

verb (LV) and each helping verb (HV).

1. The result was a small fire.

2. The parents were alarmed.

3. The daycare center is being fined.

4. A lesson should be learned.

5. Fire is dangerous.

Transitive and Transitive and Intransitive VerbsIntransitive Verbs

There are two main types of action verbs:– Transitive Verbs– Intransitive Verbs

Transitive VerbsTransitive Verbs1. Transitive Verbs express action and are

followed be an object. Transitive verbs answer the question “What?” or “Whom?” after the subject and verb.

Examples:The robber took the money.Took expresses the action of the robber. This sentence must have money

otherwise it would not be complete. “The robber took what?” “The money.” The verb is transitive.

The instructor taught the students.Taught expresses the action of the instructor. English adds more detail to the

sentence. This is an example of where the object is not needed, but if an object is there, the verb becomes transitive. “The instructor taught whom?” “The students.” The verb is transitive.

Intransitive VerbsIntransitive Verbs2. Intransitive Verbs express action and are not

followed by an object. They only need a subject in order to be a complete sentence. If there is no answer to “What?” or “Whom?” after a verb, then it is intransitive.

Examples: The dog ran.Ran expresses the action of the dog. This

sentence is complete. There is no answer to “The dog ran what?” or “The dog ran whom?” The verb is intransitive

Intransitive Verbs Intransitive Verbs cont.cont.

The instructor taught. Taught expresses the action of the instructor. This

sentence is complete; however, more could be added to the sentence. There is no answer to “The instructor taught what?” or “The instructor taught whom?” the verb is intransitive

The children played in the pool.Played expresses the action of the children. Even

though in the pool describes where the children played, there is no answer to “The children played what?” or “The children played whom?”. The verb is intransitive.

Hints and WarningsHints and WarningsHelpful Hint• Ask the question “What?” or “Whom?” after the

subject and the verb to decide if it is transitive or intransitive. If there is no answer it is intransitive. If there is an answer then it is transitive.

Warning!• Many verbs can be either transitive or

intransitive depending on what sentence they are used in. The best way to find the difference is to use the “What?” or “Whom?” test. Do not be tricked by answers to “How?” or “Where?”.

PracticePracticeLabel transitive verbs (TV) and intransitive

verbs (IV).

1. The students worked on the computers.

2. The child spoke French.

3. The dog barked loud.

4. The mouse squeaked.

5. The building toppled over.

Warm UpWarm UpLabel transitive verbs (TV) and intransitive

verbs (IV).

1. Mr. Lee drove the bus.

2. You aced the test.

3. The player hit the ball over the fence.

4. The students jumped with joy.

5. The band played in the halls.

SubjectSubject• Definition: The subject of a sentence is a noun,

pronoun, or noun phrase that is doing or is being something.

Examples: The dog ran.Dog is doing the action ran.

The robber took the money.Robber is doing the action took.

The cook is skinny.Cook is being described by skinny.

Mrs. Gonzalez will be a police officer.Mrs. Gonzalez is being renamed as a police officer.

Finding the SubjectFinding the Subject• In order to find the subject of the sentence,

locate the verb using the methods described in the previous section. Then ask the question, “Who?” or “What?” before the verb.

Examples:

The dog ran.

Ran is the verb because it expresses action. “Who or what ran?” “Dog.” Dog is the subject.

Finding the Subject Finding the Subject cont.cont.

The cook is skinny.Is is the verb because it links cook and skinny. “Who or

what is skinny?” “Cook.” Cook is the subject.

After the long drive home, Jeremy was tired.Was is the verb because it links Jeremy and tired. “Who or

what was tired?” “Jeremy.” Jeremy is the subject.

The house, in the middle of the forest by the river, scared people away.

Scared is the verb because it expresses action. “Who or what scared?” “House.” The subject is house.

Simple StepsSimple Steps1. Find the verb.2. Ask “Who” or “What” before

the verb.

PracticePractice• Write three sentences.

• Write S above the subject, IV or TV above the action verbs, LV above linking verbs and HV above helping verbs.

Warm UpWarm UpFind the verb in the sentences below. Label the

action verbs as IV or TV, linking verbs as LV and helping verbs as HV.

Then ask “who” or “what” before the verb to find the subject. Label the subject S.

1. The students have worked on the computers.

2. The child spoke French.3. The dog is being loud.4. The mouse was loud.5. It toppled over.

Compound SubjectsCompound Subjects• Compound Subjects happen in a sentence when there

is more than one subject that is doing or being the same thing.

Example:• The boy and the dog ran through the field.

– Ran is the verb because it expresses action. “Who or what ran?” “Boy and dog.” Boy and dog is the compound subject.

• The house by the river and the farm across the street are old. – Are is the verb because it links house and farm to old. “Who or

what are old?” “House and farm.” House and farm is the compound subject.

PracticePractice• Write three sentences with compound

subjects.

Warm UpWarm UpLabel the verbs and the subject. If it is a

compound subject label it CS.

1. The computer shut down

2. Lights faded.

3. The boys and girls ran.

4. The teacher shouted directions.

5. The thunder and lightening stopped.

Linking Verbs and Linking Verbs and ComplementsComplements

• Linking verbs express the subject’s state of being by linking the subject to a noun or adjective. The noun or adjective that is linked to the subject is the complement. This complement is called a subject complement because it refers back to the subject. There are two categories of subject complements.

Predicate NounPredicate Noun• A Predicate Noun (also called Predicate

Nominative) is a noun, pronoun or noun phrase that comes after the linking verb and renames the subject. A predicate noun refers to the exact same noun as the subject.

Example:• You are a student.

– Are is the linking verb. Student is a noun that refers back to you.

More ExamplesMore Examples• The captain was he.

– He and captain are referring to the exact same person

• The Vatican City is a country. – Vatican City and country are referring to the

exact same place.

PracticePractice• Write three sentences with predicate

nouns.

Warm UpWarm UpLabel the verbs, the subject (S) and the predicate noun (PN). If there is not a predicate noun, only label the subject and verb.

1. The dog is being loud.2. The mouse was loud.3. She will become the president.4. The Mrs. Jones is a teacher.5. You are a great student.

Warm UpWarm UpLabel the verbs, the subject (S) and the predicate noun (PN). If there is not a predicate noun, only label the subject and verb.

1. The clock is fast.

2. The book under the desk is old.

3. Last year was a busy time.

4. The socks smell awful.

5. The computer in the corner looks new and improved.

Warm UpWarm UpLabel the verbs, the subject (S) and the predicate noun (PN). If there is not a predicate noun, only label the subject and verb.

1. The man was a robber.

2. The girl was shy.

3. The house in the forest is an A-frame.

4. It was a very old house.

5. It looked cool.

Predicate AdjectivePredicate Adjective• A Predicate Adjective is an adjective that comes

after the linking verb and describes the subject.

Examples:• The mouse was loud.

– Was is the linking verb. Loud is an adjective that refers back to mouse.

• The fifth answer will be wrong.– Be is the linking verb. Will is the helping verb. Wrong

is an adjective that refers back to answer.

Warm UpWarm UpLabel the verbs, the subject, the predicate

noun (PN) and the predicate adjective (PA)

1. I am shy.

2. The mouse is being loud.

3. The outside water faucet was leaky.

4. It would have been rainy outside.

5. The fans were happy

Warm UpWarm UpLabel the verbs, the subject, the predicate

noun (PN) and the predicate adjective (PA).

1. The dog is being loud.

2. The mouse was loud.

3. She will become the president.

4. Mrs. Jones is a teacher.

5. You are a great student.

Warm UpWarm UpLabel the verbs, the subject, the predicate

noun (PN) and the predicate adjective (PA).

1. The clock is fast.

2. The book under the desk is old.

3. Last year was a busy time.

4. The socks smell awful.

5. The computer in the corner looks new and improved.

Transitive Verbs and Transitive Verbs and ComplementsComplements

• Transitive verbs are the only action verbs that have complements. The complements of a transitive verb are called objects because they do not refer to or identify the subject. There are two types of objects.– Direct Objects and Indirect Objects

Direct ObjectsDirect Objects• A Direct Object is a noun, pronoun, or noun

phrase that tells who or what receives the action of the transitive verb, or what the result is of the transitive verb.

• The robber took the money.– Took is a transitive verb that needs money to

complete the sentence. Money does not rename or describe the robber; therefore, it is not a subject complement. Money does tell who or what receives the action of the verb; therefore, money is a direct object.

Direct Objects Direct Objects cont.cont.

• The farmer fed the rabbits and the sheep.– Fed is a transitive verb that needs rabbits and

sheep to complete the sentence. Rabbits and sheep do not rename or describe the farmer; therefore, it is not a subject complement. Rabbits and sheep do tell who or what receives the action of the verb; therefore, rabbits and sheep are direct objects.

How to Find Direct How to Find Direct ObjectsObjects

• Ask the question, “What?” or “Whom?” after the subject and transitive verb in order to find a direct object.

The robber took the money.– “The robber took what?” “The money.” Money is a

direct object.The farmer fed the rabbits and the sheep.

– “The farmer fed what?” “The rabbits and the sheep.” Rabbits and sheep are direct objects.

The boss paid the workers.– “The boss paid whom?” “The workers.” Workers is

the direct object

Warm UpWarm UpLabel the subject, type of verb, and direct

objects.

• Mr. Lee is driving the bus.

• You ran.

• The player hit the ball over the fence.

• The students are watching the TV.

• It grows in the shade.

Warm UpWarm UpLabel the subject, type of verb, and direct objects.

1. The bird built a nest.

2. The teacher was assigning homework.

3. During storms, the children hid downstairs.

4. The firemen cut a hole in the roof.

5. After the rain, a rainbow appeared in the sky.

• Write a sentence with a direct object.

Warm UpWarm Up1. Valerie Brisco won three gold medals at

the 1984 Olympics.

2. In Caddo tales, Coyote plays the role of the trickster.

3. The state gives a test to each new driver.

4. The Parents' Club bought a videotape machine for the school.

5. The druggist sold me some sunblock.

Indirect ObjectsIndirect ObjectsAn Indirect Object is a noun, a pronoun, or a

noun phrase that tells to whom, to what, for whom, or for what the action of the transitive verb is done.

The quarterback threw the wide receiver the ball.– Wide receiver tells to whom the quarterback threw

the ball.The professor taught the class Spanish.

– Class tells to whom the professor taught Spanish.He baked his wife a cake.

– Wife tells for whom he baked a cake.

Warnings and HintsWarnings and Hints• Warning!

– Indirect Objects are never in prepositional phrases and they always come before the direct object.

• Helpful Hint– A sentence must have a direct object to have

an indirect object, but a sentence does not have to have an indirect object to have a direct object.

How to Find How to Find Indirect ObjectsIndirect Objects

• Ask the question, “To whom?”, “To what?”, “For whom?”, or “For what?” after the subject, transitive verb, and direct object.

The quarterback threw the wide receiver the ball.– Threw is a transitive verb. “Who threw?”

“Quarterback” Quarterback is the subject. “Quarterback threw what?” “Ball.” Ball is the direct object. “The quarterback threw the ball to whom?” “The wide receiver.” Wide receiver is the indirect object.

More ExamplesMore ExamplesThe professor taught the class Spanish.

– “The professor taught Spanish to whom?” “The class.” Class is the indirect object.

He baked his wife a cake.– “He baked a cake for whom?” “His wife.” Wife

is the indirect object.

Warning!Warning!• The questions to find an indirect object

include for and to, but if for or to are actually in the sentence then the word is not an indirect object. For and to are prepositions. Indirect objects can never be inside a prepositional phrase.

Warm UpWarm Up1. The dog found itself a warm place in the

kitchen.

2. The Parents' Club bought a videotape machine for the school.

3. The druggist sold me some sunblock.

4. A slight blur gives a picture the effect of real action.

5. The Kings are selling Sonia their old car.

Warm UpWarm Up1. We then told Mrs. Rivera our side of the

story.

2. Ms. Meyer gave herself the smallest portion of the pie.

3. The little girl carried a bouquet of flowers.

4. This course gives you an overall view.

5. The farmer showed us the best place to plant.

Warm UpWarm Up1. The water ran under the bridge.

2. The water is flowing

3. The water is dark and murky.

4. He answered it and listened.

5. The teacher gave the class a pop quiz.

6. The students were given a pop quiz.

7. It helped measure the students’ knowledge of the subject matter.

PrepositionsPrepositions• Definition: A preposition is a word that

connects a noun or pronoun to the sentence by showing some type of relationship or location.

Common prepositions include, Common prepositions include,

but are not limited to:but are not limited to: aboutaboveacrossafteragainstaroundatbeforebehindbelowbeneathbesidebesidesbetween

beyondbydownduringexceptforfromininsideintolikenearofoffon

outoutsideoversincethroughthroughouttilltotowardunderuntilupuponwithwithout

Warm UpWarm Up1. We went to the mall

2. Over river and through the woods, to grandmother’s house we go.

3. Without any help, it will be a long night in the rain.

4. Inside the house, the people sit comfortably.

5. The fire gave warmth to the room.

Object of the Object of the PrepositionPreposition

• An object of the preposition is the noun or pronoun that is being connected to the rest of the sentence.

• In front

• To you

• From Santa Claus

• Without help

Prepositional PhrasePrepositional Phrase• A prepositional phrase includes the

preposition, the object of the preposition and any modifiers (adverbs, adjective, and articles).

• She looked (through the glass).• The moon glowed (in the far off

distance).• (At the beginning) (of the game), it

began raining.

ReminderReminder• The subject, direct object, and indirect

object are never in prepositional phrases.

Warm UpWarm UpPut parentheses around the prepositional

phrases, label the preposition (P) and the object of the preposition (OP). Label the subject, verb and any complements.

1. We went to the mall2. Over river and through the woods, to

grandmother’s house we go.3. Without any help, it will be a long night in the

rain.4. Inside the house, the people sit comfortably.5. The fire gave warmth to the room.

Review for Parts of Review for Parts of Sentences TestSentences Test

• Review the grammar definitions from the chart.

• Review how to label a sentence.