Grammar BookBy: Michael Caloca

Table Of Contents

• Nationalities• Stem Changers• Pronoun Placement• Indirect Object Pronouns• Gustar• Affirmative & Negative Words• Superlatives• Reflexives• Affirmative “tu” commands• Negative “tu” commands• Sequencing events

Nationalities

Stem Changers

• Boot verbs change only inside the “boot”.• There are 4 kinds of boot verbs• O-ue• E-ie• E-I• U-ue

Subject Pronouns: yo,tu,el,nosotros, vosotros, ellos

Contar: Cuento,Cuentas,Cuenta,Cuentamos,Cuentais,Cuentan

Pronoun Placement

• 1. Attach the pronoun to the infinitive• 2. Attach the pronoun to a progressive tense • 3. Attach the pronoun to an affirmative command• 4. Place the pronoun before a conjugated verb.

IOP

• Me, Te, Le, Nos, Os, Les• Ex. Le gusta mucho el baloncesto a Ana.• Ex. Daniel le compro un regalo a Cristina

Gustar

• When you talk about things that people like, change the form of gustar to match the singular or plural noun for those things.

• Me gustan los persones• Te gustan las personas

Affirmative & Negative words

• When you want to talk about an indefinite or negative situation, you use an affirmative or a negative word.

• Notice that alguno and ninguno have must match the gender of the noun they replace or modify. Alguno and ninguno have different forms when used before masculine singular nouns.

• Alguno

Algun Ninguno Ningun

Superlatives

• There are two types of superlative: relative and absolute.• Ex. Relative: John is the smartest boy in the class.

Absolute: John is very smart.• The absolute superlative does not describe the noun in the

context of a larger group.• In Spanish, the relative superlative is formed by using the

word "most" or the ending "-est."

Reflexives

• A verb is reflexive when the subject and the object are the same

• I wash myself.subject: Iverb: washobject: myself

• Since the subject and object are the same, the verb is reflexive.

Affirmative “tu” commands

• Affirmative “tu” Commands: drop the s, and change the vowel

• Ex. Di, haz, Ve, Pon, Sal, Se, Ten, Ven • An affirmative commands means your are telling

someone to do something.

Negative “tu” commands

• Put into “yo” form, change the vowels, and drop the “s”• A negative command means you are telling someone to

not do something

Sequencing Events

• Sequencing events means you are putting stuff in order by using the time it took place.• Primero: First

Entonces : Then, So

Luego : Later

Por Fin: Finally

Antes : Before

Depués: After, Afterward

• Ex. :¿Qué haces después de las clases y antes de cenar?What do you do after classes and before eating dinner?