Grammar Book

By: Jazmin Watley

Table of Contents• Nationalities• Stem changers• Object Pronoun Placement• Indirect Object Pronouns• Gustar• Affirmative/ Negative Words• Superlatives• Reflexives• Affirmative tu

commands+irregulars+pronoun placement

• Negative tu commands+irregulars+pronoun placement

• Sequencing Events

• Trigger Words• -car,-gar,-zar• Deber+Infinitive• MODAL verbs• Present Progressive• Adverbs• Preterite• Demonstrativos• Ordinal Numbers• Preposition • El Futuro• Imperfect• Possessives• Reflexives

Nationalities

Stem changers• Boot verbs change only inside the boot

O-ue • Contar Cuento

E- ie• Pensar Pienso

E- i• Pedir Pido

U- ue•Jugar Juego

Almuerzo AlmorzamosAlmuerzas AlmorzaisAlmuerza Almuerzan

Boot verbs change only inside the boot:

Pronoun Placement

Attach pronoun to a progressive tense

Attach a pronoun to an affirmative command Ex: dimela

Attach the pronoun to the infinitive Ex: comprarle

Place the pronoun before a conjugated verb Ex: le compra

IOP

Yo - Me Nosotros - Nos

Tu - Te Vosotros - Os

Ellas, Ellos, Uds. - LesEl, Ella, Ud. - Le

Gustar Singular

Yo:Me gusta

Tu:Te Gustan

Nosotros:Nos gustan

El, Ella, Ud:Le gustan

Vosotros:Os gustan

Ellos, Ellas, Uds.:Les gustan

Plural

Tu:Te gusta

El, Ella, Ud.:Le gusta

Nosotros:Nos gusta

Vosotros:Os gusta

Ellos, Ellas, Uds.:Les gusta

Yo:Me gustan

Affirmative/ Negative words Affirmative Negative

Algo- Something

Alguien- Someone

Algun/Alguno- Same

Siempre- Always

Tambien-Also

Nada-Nothing

Nadie-No one

Ningun/Ninguno-None/ Not only

Nunca- Never

Tampoco-Neither

Superlatives

-isimo, -isimos, -isima, & -isimas are added to adverbs and adjectives

Adjectives & Adverbs ending in C,G, or Z change spelling to –qu, - gu, & -c respectively. Ex: Rico--- Riquisimo

Adjectives and adverbs ending in –n or –r form by adding –cisimo(a). Ex: Joven--- Jovencisimo

ReflexivesCan come before a conjugated verb or attached to an infinitive. Ex: se lava or lavarse

Yo- Me

Tu- Te

El, Ella, Ud.- Se

Nosotros- Nos

Vosotros- Os

Ellos, Ellas, Uds.- Se

Affirmative tu commands+irregulars+pronoun

placement

Rules:1) Drop the “s”

Venir VenTener TenPoner PonSalir SalHacer HazDecir DiIr VeSer Se

Negative tu commands+irregulars+pronoun

placement

Rules1)Put into Yo form2) Chande the vowel3)Add “s”

Venir no VengasTener no TengasPoner no PongasSalir no SalgasHacer no HagasDecir no DigasIr no VegasSer no Seas

Sequencing eventsPrimero:First

Entonces: Then

Luego/Despues:After

Por Fin:Finally

Antes de/ Despues de:Before/ After

Los Lunes, etc:On… (a day)

Por la manana/ tarde/ noche:In/ during the…

Trigger wordsUn diaUna vezAyerA nocheHace un añoYaEl mes pasadoAnteayerPor una horaPor finA las ochoEl cinco de febrero

One dayOnceYesterdayAt nightA year agoAlreadyLast monthDay before yesterdayFor one hourFinallyAt eightOn February 5th

-car, -gar, -zarThey are irregular preterites

-car qué in the yo form. Ex: tocar toqué

-gar gué in the yo form. Ex: jugar jugué

-zar cé in the yo form. Ex: almorzar almorcé

Deber + Infinitive• Deber= should(ought to)• Conjugate deber. Do not conjugate the verb after

deber.

Yo:Debo

Tú:Debes

él/ella/ud.:Debe

Nosotros:Debemos

Ellos/Ellas/ Ustedes:Deben

MODAL verbs• In a modal combination, the second verb should not

be conjugated.

Deber

Desear

Necesitar

Poder

Querer

Saber

Soler

Should, ought to

To desire

To need

Can, could, might, be able to

Want, would like to

Know, know how to

Usually, used to

Present Progressive

-ar -andoEx: pasar pasando

-er -iendoEx: barrer barriendo

3 vowels yendoEx: leer leyendo

Present Progressive= -ing words

Must include estar before the present progressive.

AdverbsUsed to describe how something is done.

When an adjective ends in –e, -l, or –z, add –mente to the end.

If the adjective ends in –o, change it to feminine and add –mente.

If 2 adverbs modify the same verb, only the 2nd adverb ends in –mente.

Examples Lento lentamente Feliz Felizmente Especial Especialmente

Preterite• Preterite= past tense

-ar: -er/-ir:-éEx: hablé

-asteEx: hablaste

-óEx: habló

-ióEx: comió

-amosEx: hablamos

-ieronEx: comieron

-aronEx: hablaron

-íEx: comí

-isteEx: comiste

-imosEx: comimos

Demonstratives• They agree in gender and number.• Esto, Eso, & Aquello= NEUTER( if you don’t know

gender)

Singular

Plural

Este/Esta= thisEse/ Esa= thatAquel/ Aquella= that over there

Estos/ Estas= theseEsos/ Esas= thoseAquellos/Aquellas= those over there

Ordinal Numbers

Primero(a) First

Segundo(a) SecondTercero(a) ThirdCuarto(a) Fourth

Quinto(a) Fifth

Sexto(a) Sixth

Séptimo(a) Seventh

Octavo(a) Eighth

Noveno(a) Ninth

Décimo(a) Tenth

•Must agree with number and gender•Primero and tercero- drop the o before a masculine singular noun.

PrepositionsAbajo down

Arriba Up

Debajo Beneath

Dentro de Within

Encima de Above

Fuera de outsideEntre between

Enfrente In front

Por for

Sin without

Con with

en in

Sobre over

A to

Antes de before

El Futuro• -ar, -ir, and –er all have the same endings.

-e Infinitive+ -as -emos -an IrregularsDecirHacerPonerSalir

TenerValerPoderQuererSaber

DirHarPondrSaldr

TendrVendrPodrQuerrSabr

ImperfectThe describe unspecific things in the past

-ar -er -ir

-aba-abas-ába-ábamos-abais-aban

-Ía-Ías-Ía-Íamos-Íais-Ían

-Ía-Ías-Ía-Íamos-Íais-Ían

Ser ir ver

Irregulars

EraErasEraÉramosEraiseran

ÌbaÌbasÌbaìbamosÌbaìsìban

VeìaVeìasVeìaVeìamosVeìaìsveìan

Possessives• Used for emphasis of possesion.

MÍo(a)Tuyo(a)Suyo(a)

Nuestro(a)Vuestro(a)Suyo(a)

MÍos(as)Tuyos(as)Suyos(as)

Nuestros(as)Vuestros(as)Suyos(as)

Long form- singular Long form- plural

MÍTuSu

Nuestro(a)Vuestro(a)Su

Nuestros(as)Vuestros(as)Sus

MÍsTusSus

Short form- singular Short form- plural

Reflexives

• Same person, place, or thing as the subject.

Me escondo Nos escondemos

Te escondes Os escondéìs

Se esconde Se esconden