grafting established trees - an excerpt from the grafter's handbook

7/30/2019 Grafting Established Trees - An Excerpt from The Grafter's Handbook

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grafting-established-trees-an-excerpt-from-the-grafters-handbook 1/19

]ozfwok * upkc{ok Okf{fan

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[eo H}cj{o}‖wEcnkmaai



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GECP[O] ZFFF

H}cj{fnh Ow{cmbfweok [}oow

Xeon {}oow eczo boj{ {eo nu}wo}v cnk mogalo ow{cmbfweok fn

{eof} po}lcnon{ pawf{fanw" f{ fw walo{flow nogowwc}v {a lciouwo aj h}cj{fnh {a gecnho {eo zc}fo{v a} {a }opcf} cnk fnzfha}c{o{eo h}ax{e. [eo lo{eakw aj h}cj{fnh uwok fn {eo nu}wo}v lcvmo uwok fn {eo }oecmfbf{c{fan aj abko} {}oow" mu{ go}{cfn pogubfc}{ogenfsuow eczo p}azok pc}{fgubc}bv wuf{cmbo cnk" ja} }ockv}ojo}ongo" c}o m}auhe{ {aho{eo} ja} kowg}fp{fan fn {efw gecp{o}.

Xefbw{ f{ fw {}uo {ec{ cbb {}oow" o gop{ pawwfmbv {eo pcblw cnk{eof} cbbfow" lcv mo wuggowwjubbv h}cj{ok fn ano xcv a} cna{eo}"j}uf{ cnk a{eo} pbcn{c{fan {}oow c}o la}o j}osuon{bv h}cj{ok{ecn a{eo}w. [eo lo{eakw xefge eczo p}azok wa wuggowwjubxf{e kogfkuauw j}uf{w lcv mo ckcp{ok {a a{eo} wumdog{w.

Xeonozo} f{ mogalow nogowwc}v ja} c j}uf{ h}axo} {a gecnho{eo zc}fo{v aj c {}oo eo lcv ka wa fn {xa lcfn xcvw. Eo gcn}olazo {eo {}oo cnk pbcn{ cna{eo} a} eo gcn h}cj{ nox wgfanwupan {eo o fw{fnh {}oo. H}cj{fnh" p}apo}bv kano" fw p}ojo}cmbo {a}opbcn{fnh o gop{ xeo}o {eo {}oow c}o o {}olobv kog}opf{.

H}cj{fnh fw owwon{fcb ja} {eo p}owo}zc{fan aj cnv {}oow {ec{lcv eczo moon hf}kbok a} o gowwfzobv kclchok mv bfzow{agi"xfbkbfjo" lcgefno}v a} flpbolon{w.

[eo }aa{ wvw{ol cw xobb cw {eo m}cnge wvw{ol lcv mogecnhok mv h}cj{fnh" cnk xoci {}oow fnzfha}c{ok mv fnc}gefnh{eol xf{e la}o zfha}auw }aa{ wvw{olw. [euw {eo}o c}o lcnvappa}{unf{fow ja} {eo h}cj{o} fn {eo flp}azolon{ aj ow{cmbfweok{}oow. [efw fw ganwfko}ok unko} {xa lcfn eockfnhw4 {a gecnhozc}fo{fow" cnk {a }opcf} a} flp}azo.



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H ] C J [ F N H O W [C M B F W E O K [ ] O O W

[A GECNHO ZC]FO[F OW

Cppbo" poc}" cnk a{eo} {}oow eczo c p}akug{fzo bfjo aj ffij{v voc}w

a} la}o. Eongo" xeon c zc}fo{v mogalow amwabo{o" {eo h}axo}fw }obug{cn{ {a kfwgc}k efw {}oow c{ {xon{v voc}w aj cho {a pbcn{cj}owe cnk eo baaiw xf{e jczau} an {eo waunko} lo{eakw aj }o,h}cj{fnh %}o,xa}ifnh&. [eowo lo{eakw c}o ganzonfon{bvpbcgok fn {xa h}aupw4 %3& {apxa}ifnh" fn xefge {eo m}cngeowc}o }olazok cblaw{ on{f}obv cnk {eo gu{ onkw wo{ xf{e wgfanwaj {eo kowf}ok zc}fo{v" a} %=& j}cloxa}ifnh" fn xefge {eo lcfnj}cloxa}i m}cngeow c}o on{f}obv }o{cfnok cnk ju}nfweok xf{e

nox j}uf{fnh bc{o}cbw.Fn ma{e {apxa}ifnh cnk j}cloxa}ifnh" lcnv kfjjo}on{ h}cj{w

=0. H}ax{e cnk ja}l fn uongok mv {ogenfsuo

Ano,voc} {}oow aj ―Ganjo}ongo‖ poc} an Sufngo C h}axn wfko mv wfko. [xa munkbow%boj{& mukkok fn Dubv9 {xa munkbow %}fhe{& xefp,cnk,{anhuo h}cj{ok {eo jabbaxfnh

Lc}ge. Cbb lc{o}fcb aj osucb wau}go" xa}iok mv ano apo}c{a}. Bc{o}cb wgfan,weaa{weczo moon }olazok j}al h}cj{ok {}oow.



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eczo moon uwok mu{ {eo papubc} lo{eakw fn uwo {akcv c}o jox.Ango {eo apo}c{a} fw xobb cxc}o aj {eo pawf{fan aj {eo gclmfulcnk }ocbftow {eo zf{cb nogowwf{v aj gclmfcb gan{cg{ %Gecp{o} FF&"

{eo cg{ucb h}cj{fnh p}owon{w na p}ambol. [eo p}opc}c{fan aj {eo{}oow {a mo h}cj{ok cnk {eo pawf{fan cnk cj{o}gc}o aj {eo h}cj{w fwboww xobb unko}w{aak cnk fw aj{on {eo gcuwo aj lokfag}o }owub{wa} ozon aj galpbo{o jcfbu}o.

WOCWAN JA] H]CJ[FNHWp}fnh fw {eo na}lcb {flo ja} }oxa}ifnh {}oow xf{e ka}lcn{wgfanw" {eauhe h}cj{fnh fn zc}fauw ja}lw fw kano cblaw{

{e}auheau{ {eo voc}. [eo lo{eakw {a mo kowg}fmok eo}o c}ofn{onkok ja} uwo fn Onhbcnk j}al Jom}uc}v {a Duno. Oc}bvh}cj{fnh uwucbbv hfzow {eo mow{ }owub{w" {eauhe walo ja}lw aj h}cj{fnh xf{e ka}lcn{ wgfanw c}o wuggowwjub up {a lfkwullo}cnk cj{o}.

[eo }fnk aj w{ano j}uf{w" wuge cw pbulw cnk geo}}fow" kaowna{ }ockfbv wopc}c{o j}al {eo xaak un{fb zo}v bc{o fn {eo wocwan"eongo {eov c}o uwucbbv gboj{ h}cj{ok.

P]OPC]C[A]V LOCW_]OWClpbo wuppbfow aj wgfan,xaak luw{ mo gabbog{ok cnk w{a}ok"cnk h}cj{ wocbw cnk {aabw lcko }ockv moja}o h}cj{fnh {flo" cwkowg}fmok fn Gecp{o}w FZ cnk Z.

W{opw cnk bckko}w weaubk mo p}azfkok cw }osuf}ok. Wobj,wuppa}{fnh w{opw c}o jczau}ok azo} bckko}w mogcuwo {eo}o fwboww bfiobfeaak aj {eo nox wgfanw mofnh kfwbakhok a} kclchokwfngo {eo w{opw c}o na{ wuppa}{ok mv {eo mauhew fn {eo xcv {ec{bckko}w nook {a mo. Lamfbo pbc{ja}lw cnk {}abbovw c}o fkocb ja}xa}ifnh c{ eofhe{" cw {eov c}o w{cmbo cnk gcn mo ganzonfon{bvlazok c}aunk j}al {}oo {a {}oo. Eongelcn" mcwok fn Eclpwef}o"Onhbcnk" ajjo} c }cnho aj wuf{cmbo bckko}w cnk pbc{ja}lw. Xeo}oc bc}ho nulmo} aj {}oow c}o {a mo h}cj{ok" la{a}ftok lamfbopbc{ja}lw %wflfbc} {a {eawo uwok ja} p}unfnh wolf,lc{u}o {}oowh}axfnh fn c nu}wo}v& gcn mo uwok" lcnujcg{u}ok mv Kclgan.[eowo luw{ cbb galpbv xf{e gu}}on{ Eocb{e cnk Wcjo{v c{

Xa}i }ohubc{fanw.Ocge h}cj{o} weaubk mo osufppok xf{e c wc{geob" xefge weaubk

mo xa}n xobb up an {eo geow{. [eo infjo weaubk mo pbcgok fn cwopc}c{o pc}{ aj {eo wc{geob xeo}o f{ fw gboc}bv zfwfmbo" wa {ec{ f{



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gcn mo boj{ apon xf{e wcjo{v. [eo}o weaubk mo c pauge ja} wgfanwxobb up" cblaw{ unko} {eo gefn. [eowo c}}cnholon{w" xefgelcv mo galmfnok fn cn cp}an %Jfh. 30?&" eobp {a o pokf{o {eoxa}i aj {eo h}cj{o}.

[apxa}ifnh

HONO]CBLuge aj {eo lcfn m}cnge wvw{ol aj {eo {}oo fw }olazok cnkwgfanw c}o fnwo}{ok fn {eo gu{ onkw aj {eo lcfn bflmw" xf{efn:00‗600ll %=‗7j{& aj {eo g}a{ge aj lokful,wftok {}oow. Cxobb,p}opc}ok {}oo fw weaxn fn Pbc{o =3. Ga}}owpankfnhbv la}oj}cloxa}i weaubk mo }o{cfnok fn bc}ho} {}oow. Cbb wlcbb m}cngeow

mobax {eo hono}cb bozob aj h}cj{fnh weaubk mo boj{ fn{cg{ ja} c{ bocw{c voc} fn a}ko} {a jook {eo }aa{w cnk }o{cfn bfjo fn {eo {}oo. Wugem}cngeow c}o gallanbv inaxn cw wcp,k}cxo}w. O po}fongoecw weaxn {ec{" xeo}o {eo}o c}o fnwujffigfon{ wcp,k}cxo}w" ano

Jfh. 30? H}cj{o}‖w cp}anAj w{}anh gcnzcw a} boc{eo}" }ocgefnh mc}obv ecbjxcv kaxn {eo {efhew9 uwojub xeon{apxa}ifnh cnk j}cloxa}ifnh. C xck aj ga{{an xaab fw pbcgok fn {eo ma{{al aj {eo infjo pauge. Infjo %C&" ecllo} %M& cnk wogc{ou}w %G&" ffi}lbv h}fppok fn {eof}

paugeow" p}a{}uko ja} }ockv ecnkh}cwp. Huwwo{ok ffinho},cnk,{eulm pauge ja} wlcbb ncfbw %K&. Wgfan pauge xobb up an {eo geow{ %O&.



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==. Wcp,k}cxo} m}cngeow[xa galpbo{o m}cngeow }o{cfnok ja} ano a} {xa voc}w fn c {apxa}iok {}oo. Wugem}cngeow ioop {eo {}oo eocb{ev" cfk {eo eocbfnh aj {eo xaunkw cnk {eo ja}lc{fan aj w{}anh unfanw. [eov weaubk mo }olazok xeon wgfan h}ax{e fw cmunkcn{.

=3. C {xon{v,voc},abk cppbo {}oo wuf{cmbv p}opc}ok cnk {apxa}iokNa{o {eo p}owongo aj nulo}auw wlcbb wcp,k}cxo} m}cngeow cnk {eo p}a{og{fzok}owwfnh an {eo wgfanw {a p}ozon{ xoozfb kclcho.



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a} {xa bc}ho m}cngeow aj {eo abk zc}fo{v %Pbc{o ==& weaubk moboj{ fn{cg{ ja} {eo wclo pu}pawo. [eowo lcv mo h}cj{ok ano a}{xa voc}w bc{o}" a} }olazok on{f}obv xeon h}ax{e j}al {eo nox

wgfanw fw cmunkcn{. [eo p}owongo aj bc}ho wcp,k}cxo}w fn naxcv kflfnfweow wgfan h}ax{e mu{" an {eo gan{}c}v" fng}ocwow f{.F{ cbwa ongau}chow eocbfnh cnk }okugow {eo }fwi aj baww kuo {awuge kfwocwow cw wfbzo},bocj %Geank}aw{o}oul pu}pu}oul & xefgeon{o} {e}auhe xaunkw ;3" 373 .

[eo lcfn bflmw aj {eo {}oow {a mo h}cj{ok lcv mo wcxn ajj c{ cnv {flo ku}fnh {eo xfn{o}" mu{ j}owe,gu{ wu}jcgow c{ h}cj{fnh{flo c}o ganwfko}ok cn ckzcn{cho. [eo p}opc}c{fan aj {eo

{}oo fnzabzow ganwfko}cmbo bcmau}" cnk walo h}axo}w p}ojo} {aka {efw fn {eo xfn{o} wa {ec{ {eo bap,cnk,{ap lcv mo gboc}okcxcv xeon bcmau} gcn mow{ mo wpc}ok. An {eo a{eo} ecnk"bc}ho xaunkw weaubk na{ mo lcko xefbw{ {}oow c}o galpbo{obvka}lcn{" owpogfcbbv fn w{ano j}uf{w cnk go}{cfn cppbow wuge cw―Nox{an Xanko}‖ cnk ―Olno{e Oc}bv‖ {ec{ c}o wuwgop{fmbo {awfbzo},bocj %Geank}aw{o}oul pu}pu}oul &. Zo}v wozo}o p}unfnhfn xfn{o} cbwa ecw {eo ojjog{ aj kobcvfnh {eo w{c}{ aj h}ax{e fn{eo wp}fnh.

Fn p}opc}fnh {}oow ja} {apxa}ifnh f{ weaubk mo }ololmo}ok{ec{ bc}ho xaunkw {cio c banh {flo {a eocb" cnk f{ fw mo{{o} {afnwo}{ wgfanw fn{a {xa wlcbb bflmw cmazo c ja}i }c{eo} {ecn fnano bc}ho bflm baxo} kaxn. M}cngeow aj 3=?ll %?fn& a} la}ofn kfclo{o} weaubk mo wcxn ajj efheo} up" xeo}o {eof} kfclo{o}fw na{ la}o {ecn 8?‗300ll %7‗;fn&. [xa a} {e}oo wgfanw lcvmo fnwo}{ok fn a}ko} {a }o{cfn bfjo c{ {eo okhow aj {eo gu{ wu}jcgo"cnk cw cn fnwu}cngo chcfnw{ c paa} h}cj{ {cio a} bawwow gcuwokmv cggfkon{cb kclcho. Xeo}o wozo}cb a} cbb aj {eo wgfanw eczo{cion" f{ fw mow{ fj anbv ano }olcfnw c{ {eo onk aj ocge bflm aj {eo a}fhfncb zc}fo{v" cw {efw onwu}ow w{}onh{e c{ {eo unfan. [eowu}pbuw wgfanw c}o }olazok cw {eo xaunk eocbw.

[eo lo{eakw aj h}cj{fnh uwok fn {apxa}ifnh c}o zo}vnulo}auw. Anbv {eo gefoj aj {eowo c}o kowg}fmok eo}o4 nclobv"{xa lo{eakw aj gboj{ h}cj{fnh ‗ wflpbo cnk ambfsuo ‗ cnk {e}oo}fnk lo{eakw.

GBOJ[ H]CJ[ % wpbf{ h}cj{ &[eo bc{{o} pc}{ aj Jom}uc}v fw na{ {aa oc}bv {a mohfn gboj{h}cj{fnh cnk {eo xa}i lcv gan{fnuo cw banh cw {eo wgfan,xaak



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}olcfnw fn haak gankf{fan" moc}fnh fn lfnk {ec{ fn hono}cboc}bv h}cj{fnh fw p}ojo}cmbo. [eo gu{ onk aj {eo bflm fw gboj{kfclo{}fgcbbv. [efw gboj{ fw aponok mv {eo fnwo}{fan aj c xokhoa} mv uwfnh {eo h}cj{fnh {aab cw c bozo}. [eo wgfanw" uwucbbv aj {e}oo a} jau} mukw" c}o p}opc}ok mv {xa wbcn{fnh gu{w c{ {eof}mcwo fn {eo ja}l aj c banh" {cpo}fnh xokho %Jfh. 30:" C&. [eop}owongo aj c muk %M& mo{xoon {eo {xa gu{ wu}jcgow cnk cmau{ecbj,xcv mo{xoon {eo pafn{ c{ xefge {eo gu{w mohfn cnk {eomcwo aj {eo wgfan fw cn ckzcn{cho. [eo wgfanw c}o fnwo}{ok wa{ec{ {eof} gclmfcb }ohfanw c}o fn gan{cg{" kuo cbbaxcngo mofnhlcko ja} {eo {efgi }fnk aj {eo w{agi cnk {eo {efn }fnk aj {eowgfan. [eo xokho a} {aab fw }olazok cnk {eo wgfanw c}o eobkjcw{ mv {eo p}owwu}o aj {eo bflm aj {eo w{agi %G&. Fj anbv anowgfan fw fnwo}{ok fn {eo onk aj ocge bflm" {eon f{ fw unnogowwc}v{a o {onk {eo gboj{ }fhe{ cg}aww {eo bflm. F{ weaubk o {onk anbvecbjxcv cg}aww cnk mo wujffigfon{bv koop {a cbbax ja} aponfnhcnk {eo fnwo}{fan aj {eo wgfan.

Ja} }cpfk xa}i f{ fw cn ckzcn{cho {a wbfnh {eo {aab cnk lcbbo{

{aho{eo} %Jfh. 308& xf{e c {eanh a} ga}k" wa {ec{ xeon {eo{aab fw uwok cw c xokho {eo lcbbo{ lcv mo boj{ {a kcnhbo cnk{eo apo}c{a} fw j}oo {a uwo ma{e ecnkw ja} {eo p}opc}c{fan cnkfnwo}{fan aj {eo wgfanw. [eo xa}i p}agookw cw jabbaxw4 {eo {aab

Jfh. 30: Gboj{ h}cj{ %wpbf{ h}cj{&



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fw pbcgok an {eo onk aj {eo bflm" ano paxo}jub mbax k}fzow f{xobb ealo" {eo {aab fw x}ongeok au{ cnk {eo xokho,bfio onk fwk}fzon kaxn fn {eo lfkkbo aj {eo gboj{" {eo lcbbo{ fw k}appok

Jfh. 308 [aab cnk lcbbo{ wbunh {aho{eo}[eo ga}k a} {eanh weaubk mo banh onauhe {a po}lf{ j}oo lazolon{. Xeon {eoxokho fw k}fzon fn{a {eo gboj{" {eo lcbbo{ fw k}appok cnk {eo apo}c{a} uwow ma{eecnkw {a p}opc}o cnk fnwo}{ {eo wgfan.

Jfh. 305 Lo{eakw aj gboczfnh ambfsuobvNa{o {}oc{lon{ aj bc}ho" lokful cnk wlcbb bflmw.



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cnk kcnhbow. [eo wgfanw c}o {eon p}opc}ok cnk fnwo}{ok" cnkxf{e ano upxc}k mbax {eo {aab fw }olazok.

Xeon wocbfnh bc}ho gboj{w f{ cppoc}w {a mo cn ckzcn{cho

{a pbcgo c bf{{bo gbcv a} mf{ulon olubwfan ma{e fn {eo gboj{w"{a p}ozon{ bfsufk wocbw j}al }unnfnh {aa jc} fn{a {eol" cnkmo{xoon cnv fbb,ffi{{fnh wgfan cnk w{agi.

[eauhe aj{on wuggowwjub" {efw waloxec{ m}u{cb {ogenfsuo fwnax mofnh }opbcgok mv {eo ambfsuo gboj{ lo{eak" fn xefge {eoeoc}{ aj {eo bflm fw na{ wpbf{.

AMBFS_O GBOJ[ H]CJ[

[eo wcxn onkw aj {eo bflmw c}o pc}ok wlaa{e" c{ bocw{ noc} {eookhow" cnk gboj{ cw weaxn fn Jfh. 305. Nano aj {eo gboj{w weaubko {onk }fhe{ cg}aww {eo m}cnge.

[e}oo cnk jau},muk wgfanw c}o uwok. [eo uppo} onk fw gu{fllokfc{obv cmazo c muk cnk {eo baxo} fw p}opc}ok mv {xawbcn{fnh gu{w fn {eo ja}l aj c banh {cpo}fnh xokho cw ja} {eoa}kfnc}v gboj{ h}cj{ %Jfh. 30:" C&. Chcfn" {eo p}owongo aj c muk%M& mo{xoon {eo {xa gu{ wu}jcgow cnk cmau{ ecbjxcv mo{xoon{eo pafn{ c{ xefge {eo gu{w mohfn cnk {eo mcwo aj {eo wgfan fwcn ckzcn{cho.

Jfh. 306 Ambfsuo gboj{ h}cj{



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[eo gboj{w c}o aponok mv locnw aj {eo h}cj{fnh {aab cnk {eowgfanw c}o fnwo}{ok" gc}o mofnh {cion {a woo {ec{ {eo gclmfc c}ofn gan{cg{ %Jfh. 306&. [eo o pawok gclmful aj {eo wgfan fw na{

w{}fg{bv fn bfno xf{e {eo wgfan" wa c wbfhe{ fngbfnc{fan au{xc}kw aj {eo {ap aj {eo wgfan hfzow la}o appa}{unf{fow ja} {eo gclmfc {aloo{. ]olazcb aj {eo {aab gcuwow {eo wgfan {a mo eobk ffi}lbv fn

=7. C w{cnkc}k cppbo gecnhok {a c muwe mv g}axn h}cj{fnh

Jau}{oon zonoo} g}axn h}cj{w %ncfbok& ja}l {eo g}axn. C katon fnzo}{ok B h}cj{wc}o uwok {a p}azfko ckkf{fancb oc}bv bocj cg{fzf{v. [eo {}oo weaubk mo wp}cvok xf{exef{oxcwe j}al {eo wun wfko {a }o og{ lfkkcv eoc{. An {eo }fhe{" c jau},voc},abk kogcpf{c{ok wpogflon xf{e gf}guljo}ongo eocbok cnk c{ {eo m}cnge,{efnnfnh w{cho.



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pawf{fan cnk na {vfnh a} ncfbfnh fw nogowwc}v. Cbb o pawok gu{wu}jcgow" fngbukfnh {eo cpfgcb onkw aj {eo wgfanw" cnk {eo gu{wu}jcgow aj bflmw" c}o wocbok xf{e h}cj{fnh xc . Gc}ojub xa}io}w

}um c bf{{bo gbcv a} m}uwe mf{ulon olubwfan fn{a {eo gboj{w {ap}ozon{ {eo xc j}al }unnfnh kaxn fnwfko" xeo}o f{ lfhe{p}ozon{ eocbfnh.

]FNK H]CJ[ % g}axn h}cj{ &Cn o clpbo aj g}axn h}cj{fnh fw weaxn fn Pbc{o =7.

[eo wcxn onkw aj {eo bflmw c}o pc}ok wlaa{e cnk {eo wgfanfw fnwo}{ok mo{xoon {eo }fnk cnk {eo xaak aj {eo {}oow. [eo }fnk

weaubk pc}{ }ockfbv j}al {eo xaak" c gankf{fan na{ na}lcbbv}ocgeok fn Onhbcnk un{fb cj{o} oc}bv Cp}fb.[eo}o c}o lcnv lo{eakw aj p}opc}fnh cnk fnwo}{fnh {eo

wgfan. Fn {eo law{ gallan" {eo wgfan fw p}opc}ok cw ja} xefp,cnk,{anhuo h}cj{fnh mu{ xf{eau{ {eo {anhuo %Jfh. ?8&. [eop}opc}ok bflm }ogofzow c gu{ aj ano a} {xa fngeow fn bonh{eo {onkfnh kaxnxc}kw j}al {eo pc}ok wu}jcgo aj {eo bflm" cnk{eo wgfan fw puweok kaxn monoc{e {eo }fnk" wa {ec{ {eo gu{wu}jcgo aj {eo wgfan fw {axc}kw {eo lfkkbo aj {eo bflm %Jfh.

Jfh. 330 ]fnk h}cj{ %g}axn h}cj{&



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330&. F{ fw walo{flow mo{{o}" pc}{fgubc}bv xeon {eo }fnk aj {eow{agi fw zo}v {efgi" {a bfj{ {eo }fnk anbv an ano wfko aj {eo gu{cnk {a }olazo c zo}v nc}}ax weczfnh j}al {eo okho aj {eowgfan %Jfh. 333&" xefge fw chcfnw{ {eo upbfj{ok }fnk. [eo }fnklcv mo ffi}w{ bfj{ok mv locnw aj c {efn mano wpc{ubc" wuge cwgcn mo lcko j}al cn abk {aa{em}uwe ecnkbo. [eo bflm }ogofzowj}al ano {a jau} wgfanw cgga}kfnh {a f{w wfto.

_nbfio {eo ambfsuo gboj{" {eo }fnk h}cj{ luw{ mo {fok ffi}lbvxf{e waj{ w{}fnh" }cjffic" }ummo} w{}fpw a} pbcw{fg {cpo c}aunk {eoonk aj {eo bflm azo} {eo fnwo}{ok wog{fanw" czafkfnh {eo w{agi a}mcwcb muk aj {eo wgfan. Fj xc ok {cpo fw uwok ja} mfnkfnh" f{ xfbbanbv mo nogowwc}v {a wocb {eo }olcfnfnh o pawok gu{ wu}jcgoc{ {eo onk aj {eo m}cnge cnk {eo {fpw aj {eo wgfanw4 a{eo}xfwocbb gu{ wu}jcgow" fngbukfnh {eo mc}i aponfnh azo} {eo fnwo}{okwgfan" luw{ mo wocbok cw fn ambfsuo gboj{ h}cj{fnh.

Waj{ w{}fnh a} }ummo} w{}fpw c}o uwucbbv la}o ganzonfon{{a uwo {ecn }cjffic" owpogfcbbv an bc}ho bflmw. ]cjffic cnk walockeowfzo {cpow uwucbbv mu}w{ xf{e {eo h}ax{e aj {eo {}oo" mu{ {a

czafk ganw{}fg{fan {eo w{}fnh lcv eczo {a mo gu{ mv {eo lfkkboaj {eo wullo}. ]ummo} w{}fpw c}o uwucbbv mfakoh}ckcmbo cnk}c}obv nook cnv la}o c{{on{fan. Cw c lc{{o} aj gau}wo" {eo xa}i weaubk mo fnwpog{ok j}al {flo {a {flo.

Jfh. 333 Lakfffiok }fnk h}cj{[eo wgfan fw p}opc}ok mv ano p}fngfpcb gu{ %C& cnk ano wecbbax w{}cfhe{onfnh gu{ %M&. [eo }fnk aj {eo w{agi fw }cfwok an ano wfko anbv aj {eo fngfwfan cnk {eo wecbbaxgu{ %M& fw pbcgok chcfnw{ {eo okho aj {eo nan,}cfwok }fnk %G&.



=??


ZONOO] G]AXN H]CJ[ % [f{{ob‖w h}cj{ &Fn {eo zonoo} {vpo aj }fnk h}cj{ {eo wgfan fw p}opc}ok cw ja}na}lcb }fnk h}cj{fnh xf{e ckkf{fancb wlcbb gu{w %Jfh. 33=" C& c{{eo wfkow" duw{ wujffigfon{ {a w{}cfhe{on {eo okhow. [eo {efn {fp c{{eo mcwo aj {eo wgfan fw cbwa }olazok. [eo {}cnwzo}wobv gu{ bflmaj {eo w{agi }ogofzow {xa pc}cbbob gu{w wopc}c{ok mv {eo xfk{e aj {eo p}opc}ok wgfan. [eo wgfan fw puweok kaxn monoc{e {eo }fnkbvfnh mo{xoon {eo pc}cbbob gu{w. [eo w{}fp aj {eo w{agi }fnk %M&fw puweok au{ fn {efw p}agoww cnk fw gu{ ajj uwe xf{e {eo bflm.[eo h}cj{ lcv mo {fok a} ffi ok mv {xa 3:ll % ? ⁋ 5fn.& hflp pfnwk}fzon {e}auhe {eo wgfan fn{a {eo w{agi. Wocbfnh fw nogowwc}v.

Xeon {eo w{agi }fnk fw zo}v {efgi {eo wgfan" xeon fnwo}{ok"lcv na{ }fwo cmazo {eo wu}jcgo cnk {vfnh xfbb na{ eabk {eo wgfan.Fn wuge c gcwo" {eo w{agi }fnk weaubk mo {efnnok mv pc}fnh

cxcv {eo au{o} ga}iv bcvo}w moja}o fnwo}{fnh {eo wgfan 333 . Wuge{}oc{lon{ fw na{ nogowwc}v xeo}o ncfbw c}o uwok ja} ffi fnh.

Jfh.33= Zonoo} g}axn h}cj{ %[f{{ob‖w h}cj{&



=?:


W[]CP H]CJ[[efw fw cn o gobbon{ lo{eak ja} {eo {apxa}ifnh aj {}oow"bc}hobv mogcuwo f{ cfkw {eo eocbfnh aj {eo onkw aj {eo bflmw

cnk cbwa wo}zow {a ―{fo‖ {eo wgfan {a {eo w{agi. [eo galpc}c{fzo{okfauwnoww aj {eo lo{eak luw{ mo wo{ chcfnw{ {eo ja}ohafnhckzcn{chow.

[eo wgfanw c}o p}opc}ok mv ffi}w{ }cfwfnh c w{}cp aj }fnk %Jfh.337" C& banh onauhe {a w{}o{ge cg}aww {eo gu{ wu}jcgo aj {eow{agi cnk =?ll %3fn& a} wa kaxn ano wfko. [efw w{}cp luw{mo {efgi onauhe {a gan{cfn c gan{fnuauw bcvo} aj gclmfulmu{ na{ wa {efgi cw {a mo w{fjj. F{ luw{ mo o fmbo onauhe {a

jabk wec}pbv {a ja}l c }fhe{ cnhbo azo} {eo m}cnge w{um xeon}osuf}ok. Xeon {eo w{}cp fw banh onauhe {eo infjo fw {u}nok

Jfh. 337 W{}cp h}cj{Gc}ojub {vfnh cnk wocbfnh fw nogowwc}v {a galpbo{o {efw h}cj{.



=?8


wbfhe{bv koopo} fn{a {eo wgfan %M&" cnk c jox weczfnhw c}o {cionj}al {eo wgfan duw{ mobax {eo uppo} onk aj {eo w{}cp %G&. [eoinfjo fw }ozo}wok {a wbfgo {eo wgfan cj{o} {eo lcnno} aj c wpbfgo

h}cj{ wgfan %K&. [eo fkocb wgfan fw gu{ wa {ec{ c ―w{agi‖ muk %O&fw boj{ appawf{o {efw wbfgfnh gu{. [eo onk aj {eo bflm {a mo h}cj{okfw pc}ok wlaa{e cnk {eo }fnk fw wbf{ %J& cw kowg}fmok ja} }fnkh}cj{fnh. [eo p}opc}ok wgfan fw puweok kaxn unko} {eo w{agi }fnk" {cifnh gc}o {ec{ {eo w{}cp fw na{ {a}n cxcv cw {eo wgfan fwpuweok ealo. [eo w{}cp nax bfow c{ upan {eo gu{ wu}jcgo c{{eo onk aj {eo w{agi" cnk {eo j}oo onk fw of{eo} {ugiok unko} {eo}fnk a} c wbfgo aj w{agi }fnk fw }olazok {a o pawo {eo gclmful

upan xefge {eo onk aj {eo w{}cp fw p}owwok. [eo xeabo h}cj{ fw{fok xf{e waj{ w{}fnh a} ckeowfzo {cpo" cnk wocbfnh fw kano fn {eouwucb lcnno}.

Bc}ho bflmw lcv }ogofzo {xa wgfanw" {eo w{}cpw bvfnh pc}cbbob"cnk aggcwfancbbv {e}oo" a} ozon jau} w{}cpw lcv mo uwok wa{ec{ {eov g}aww ano cna{eo}. Wlcbb bflmw" vaunh {}oow" cnk}aa{w{agiw fn nu}wo}fow lcv mo w{}cp h}cj{ok cj{o} {eo lcnno}aj {eo Walo}wo{ wckkbo h}cj{ %pcho 350&.

Wuggowwjub w{}cp h}cj{w eocb }cpfkbv cnk ja}l fllonwobvw{}anh dung{fanw.

CJ[O]GC]O AJ [APXA]IOK []OOWWgfanw noxbv fnwo}{ok xeon {apxa}ifnh c}o aj{on kclchokmv xoozfbw xefge oc{ {eo }fnk cnk {eo mukw. Wuge pow{w lcvmo gan{}abbok mv {}oc{fnh {eo wgfanw xf{e cn cpp}ap}fc{ofnwog{fgfko fllokfc{obv cj{o} h}cj{fnh.

Fj {eo {}oow c}o fn cn o pawok pawf{fan" {eo ―bocko}w‖" a} lcfnweaa{w j}al {eo wgfanw" lcv mo w{ockfok ku}fnh {eo ffi}w{ voc}mv {vfnh {eol baawobv {a w{ciow maunk bfhe{bv {a {eo m}cngeowaj {eo {}oo.

H}cj{w xefge c}o {fok xf{e {xfno a} a{eo} nan,po}fwecmbobfhc{u}ow luw{ mo xc{geok cnk }obocwok moja}o ganw{}fg{fanaggu}w mv pcwwfnh c wec}p infjo {e}auhe {eo w{}cnkw mo{xoon{eo wgfanw. _nx}cppfnh weaubk na{ mo nogowwc}v cnk lcvunwo{{bo {eo wgfanw.

[apxa}ifnh fw jabbaxok mv p}ajuwo cnk zfha}auw wugio}h}ax{ew j}al {eo w{agi. [eowo h}ax{ew lcv mo {efnnok mu{na{ }olazok" o gop{ xeo}o {eov {onk {a wla{eo} {eo wgfanwgalpbo{obv. Fj {eo wgfanw h}ax zo}v zfha}auwbv fn {eof} ffi}w{



=?5


wocwan" {eo w{agi wugio}w lcv mo }olazok {eo jabbaxfnh xfn{o}a} zo}v luge }okugok fn sucn{f{v9 a{eo}xfwo walo weaubkmo boj{ ja} c ju}{eo} wocwan. Wflfbc}bv {eo }olazcb aj {eo wcp,

k}cxo}w %pcho =;5& weaubk mo hazo}nok mv {eo h}ax{e j}al{eo wgfanw.

C{ na {flo weaubk {eo bflmw aj {eo {}oo %{eo w{agi& mo boj{unweckok" cw wuge o pawu}o suf{o aj{on }owub{w fn fndu}v inaxncw wunwgcbk. [efw kclcho aggu}w an {eo wu}jcgow aj bflmw jcgfnh{eo naankcv wun cnk gcn mo zo}v wozo}o" ozon fn {olpo}c{ogbflc{ow. Xeo}o {eo h}cj{ok bflmw c}o mc}o aj m}cngeow" cnkwecko j}al wcp,k}cxo}w fw fnckosuc{o" {eo wu}jcgow aj {eo

bflmw jcgfnh wau{e weaubk mo xef{onok. Xeo}o c nulmo} aj {}oow }osuf}o {efw p}a{og{fan f{ lcv mo law{ ocwfbv hfzon mvwp}cvfnh xf{e {efgi bfloxcwe a} xef{onfnh j}al c wau{eo}bvkf}og{fan. Wuge {}oc{lon{ lcv geogi {olpo}c{u}o fng}ocwow fnwunnv xoc{eo}. Fn{o}ow{fnh amwo}zc{fanw 37" 38 eczo moon lckogango}nfnh {eo p}ozon{fan aj wunwgcbk. [}oow xf{e {efgi" ga}ivmc}i c}o na{ wuwgop{fmbo" cnk un{fb {efw ga}i kozobapw" walo{}oow" na{cmbv go}{cfn ganfjo}w %pfnow&" eczo bfhe{,gabau}okmc}i. Wgcbk fw gallan fn {}oow wukkonbv fwabc{ok. ]cpfkh}ax{e j}al {eo wgfanw lcv eobp {a p}ozon{ o gowwfzo eoc{fnhmv kozobapfnh cn ojffigfon{ {}cnwpf}c{a}v w{}ocl xefge lcv cg{cw c gaabfnh wvw{ol monoc{e {eo }fnk. Xeo}o {}oow c}o cjjog{okxf{e wunwgcbk" {eo bflmw c}o }ok,m}axn xeon zfoxok j}al {eowau{e cnk na}lcb h}oon a} h}ov j}al {eo na}{e.

[eo cg{ucb apo}c{fan aj {apxa}ifnh fw anbv {eo mohfnnfnh aj {eo ganzo}wfan aj {eo {}oo. Ja} walo voc}w {eo wugio} h}ax{ewluw{ }ogofzo c{{on{fan cnk {eo wgfan h}ax{ew luw{ na{ monohbog{ok" mu{ p}unok {a ja}l c w{u}kv m}cnge wvw{ol" lugecw ckzagc{ok ja} zfha}auwbv h}axfnh vaunh {}oow. Xeo}o la}o{ecn ano wgfan fw h}axfnh j}al ocge bflm" {eo mo{{o} pbcgok luw{mo ongau}chok mv }okugfnh {eo a{eo}w un{fb {eov c}o ozon{ucbbvon{f}obv }olazok. _neocbok xaunkw weaubk mo }owocbok {a}okugo {eo kcnho} aj {eo eoc}{,xaak }a{{fnh %Pbc{o =;&. Xeonwgfanw eczo jcfbok {a h}ax" {eo w{agi weaubk mo cbbaxok {a pu{ja}{e weaa{w gbawo {a {eo onk aj {eo bflm {a p}ozon{ kvfnh

mcgi j}al {eo gu{ onk. [eowo bflmw lcv mo }oh}cj{ok a} gu{ajj gbawo {a {eo {}uni {eo jabbaxfnh wp}fnh. [apxa}iok {}oowgcnna{ mo o pog{ok {a gc}}v g}apw un{fb {eov eczo kozobapok cwumw{cn{fcb j}cloxa}i.



=?6


J}cloxa}ifnh

HONO]CB

[eo fnf{fcb gaw{ aj j}cloxa}ifnh fw luge efheo} {ecn {apxa}ifnh"mu{ {eo}o c}o walo flpa}{cn{ ckzcn{chow. J}cloxa}iok {}oowsufgibv vfobk bc}ho g}apw aj haak,sucbf{v j}uf{ %Pbc{o =?&. Poc}w"pbulw cnk geo}}fow eczo hfzon uwojub g}apw fn {eo {ef}k wocwanj}al h}cj{fnh. J}cloxa}iok {}oow }olcfn eocb{ev fn wf{uc{fanwxeo}o {apxa}iok {}oow lcv kfo j}al kfwocwow wuge cw wfbzo},bocj %Geank}aw{o}oul pu}pu}oul & cnk pcpo}v mc}i gcnio}%[}clo{ow zo}wfgaba} &?= .

Fn p}opc}fnh {}oow ja} j}cloxa}ifnh" c jox mckbv pbcgokm}cngeow lcv mo }olazok on{f}obv mu{ {efw xa}i weaubk moiop{ {a c lfnflul fn a}ko} {a czafk lcifnh bc}ho xaunkwcnk kfw{u}mfnh {eo nc{u}cb h}ax{e mcbcngo aj }aa{w cnk weaa{w.[eo wlcbb bc{o}cb m}cngeow cnk wpu}w luw{ mo p}unok cxcv"o gop{ fn w{um h}cj{fnh" cnk c}o }opbcgok c{ ozo}v =00‗=?0ll%5‗30fn& cbanh {eo bflmw" }fhe{ au{ {a {eo {xa,voc} xaak" xf{ewgfanw. Fn {efw xcv p}cg{fgcbbv {eo xeabo aj {eo o fw{fnh j}cloxa}i aj {eo {}oo fw }o{cfnok cnk anbv {eo j}uf{fnh bc{o}cbw cnk vaunho {onwfan weaa{w c}o }opbcgok xf{e {eo nox zc}fo{v %Pbc{o =:&.

=;. Cn uneocbok cnk xoci g}a{geAno aj {eo wgfanw an {eo onk aj {efw bflm weaubk eczo moon }okugok fn jczau} aj {eo a{eo} wa {ec{" ffincbbv" {eo}o xaubk mo na xocinoww c{ {eo mfju}gc{fan. [eo bc}hoxaunk weaubk eczo moon }owocbok un{fb eocbok.



=:0


=:. C j}cloxa}iok {}oo C {xon{v,voc},abk ―Hbckw{ano‖ cppbo {}oo fllokfc{obv cj{o} j}cloxa}ifnh xf{e3=0 wgfanw aj ―Xa}gow{o} Poc}lcfn‖. Na{o {ec{ {eo xeabo j}cloxa}i aj {eo {}oo fw}o{cfnok cnk anbv {eo bc{o}cb m}cngeow c}o }opbcgok xf{e {eo nox zc}fo{v.

=?. J}cloxa}iok {}oow g}ap sufgibv C. ―Nox{an Xanko}‖ cppbo {}oo" j}cloxa}iok c{ {ef}{oon voc}w abk xf{e ―Bc {an‖wWupo}m‖" moc}fnh ffizo muweobw %cmau{ 60 ih!365bm& aj haak,sucbf{v j}uf{ {xa cnk c ecbj voc}w j}al h}cj{fnh.

grafting established trees - an excerpt from the grafter's handbook

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