grade six science curriculum 2011 and beyond (1)

8/12/2019 Grade Six Science Curriculum 2011 and Beyond (1)

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LIFE SCIENCE

Topics

1. THE CELL a. Parts and Functionsb. Compare plant and animal cell

2. FUNGI a. Classify four types Harmful and helpful fungib. Harmful and helpful fungic. Growth of fungi

3. INVERTEBRATES a. Traits of spongesb. Traits of echinodermsc. inds of worms

! . CIRCULATORY SYSTEM a. Parts of the Circulatory "ystem and label the heartb. Function of the heart and blood #essels.c. $is% factors that affect the Circulatory "ystem

&.IMMUNE SYSTEM a. Functions and parts of the immune systemb. 'egati#e affects on the immune system

(. FROM FLOWER TO FRUIT a. Parts and Functions of a flowerb. )ife cycle of a flowerc. Plant growth and responsesd. Plant adaptation

*. BIOMES a. +efine biomes and infer why organisms li#e in certain biomesb. Compare and contrast different biomes

,. ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES CAUSING ENDANGERMENT

OR EXTINCTION a. Compare natural resources on the en#ironment.b. The effects of human acti#ities on the en#ironmentc. -ndangered animals

1


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THE CELL

CHARACTERISTICS OF ORGANISMS

The cell is the basic unit of structure and function of all li#ing things.Cells wor% together to perform basic life processes that %eep anorganism ali#e mo#ement/0 b e!"#i$%& 'ee(i$%& ep o()ci$%&e*c e"i$%& +% o,"#-.

ll cells ha#e similar parts. Howe#er0 plants cells ha#e ! cell ,!ll !$(

c#lo opl!s"s ,#ic# co$"!i$ c#lo op# ll . These are not present in animalcells. The parts that are common to both plant and animal cells are$)cle)s& cell /e/b !$e& c "opl!s/& !$( 0!c)ole. The $)cle)scontrols the acti#ities of the cell. The cell /e/b !$e holds the partsof the cell together. t also separates the cell from its surroundingand controls what material enters and lea#es the cell. C "opl!s/ is a

ellyli%e substance containing many chemicals to %eep the cell

functioning. The 0!c)ole stores food0 waste and water. The cell ,!ll&only found in plants0 is a stiff outer layer that protects the cell andgi#es it shape. C#lo opl!s"s contain c#lo op# ll that plants need toma%e food.


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THE FUNGI


F)$%i are plantli%e li#ing things that (o $o" co$"!i$ c#lo op# ll . Fungi(o $o" /o0e ' o/ pl!ce "o pl!ce li%e plants. 4nli%e plants0 fungicannot ma%e its own food. To get energy0 fungi must ta%e in food. Fourtypes of common ')$%i ! e /)s# oo/s& /ol(& e!s" !$( /il(e, . Fungican be both harmful and helpful. They need moisture and warmth togrow.

M)s# oo/s grow on the ground0 on fallen logs and on li#e trees.5ushrooms growing on li#e trees are parasites. 5ushrooms growing onfallen logs act as (eco/pose s. People use s o/e /)s# oo/s !s 'oo(&b)" so/e /)s# oo/s ! e (e!(l poiso$ . 5ushrooms sold in stores aresafe to eat6 howe#er0 you should not touch or eat wild mushrooms.

Mol( grows on bread0 fruit0 or in any damp0 warm area. The mold thatgrows on orange is used to produce the !$"ibio"ic c!lle( pe$icilli$.

Ye!s" is used to ma%e bread rise. 7hen the yeast uses sugar0 carbon

dio8ide gas is formed. The c! bo$ (io*i(e /!1es b e!( ise.

Mil(e, % o,s o$ (!/p clo"#& le!"#e o o$ pl!$"s . 5ildew growing onlea#es can damage the plant. "ome fungi are helpful0 but0 others areharmful. Help')l ')$%i b e!1 (o,$ (ec! i$% /!""e mushroom/.

5any products are made with fungi.a/ Fungi help to gi#e cheese its fla#or0 colour and te8ture.b/ "ome types of fungi cause human diseases that affect the s%in.i/A"#le"e2s Foo" is caused by a fungus that grows between the toes.ii/Ri$%,o / !$( s#i'"i$% clo)(s are also caused by a fungus.

Mos" ')$%i #!0e o$e cell& but /)s# oo/s #!0e /!$ cell s. Plantsgrow from seeds0 but ')$%i % o, ' o/ spo es.


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M)s# oo/s Mol( o$ B e!(

Ye!s" Mil(e,


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INVERTEBRATES


S3ONGES Spo$%es are marine animals. "ponges are in#ertebrates. They usuallyremain anchored in one place all their li#es. Spo$%es ! e 'il"e'ee(e s they filter tiny particles of food from the water/.

sponge has only ",o l! e s of cells. The o)"e co0e i$% of thesponge9s body is co#ered with tiny holes called po es. These pores lead

to canals which are made up of speciali:ed cells with whip li%estructures that beat rapidly. This motion helps purified water intocanals.

T# e!( li1e s" )c") es remo#e the tiny pieces of food from the water.The water then flows out through an ope$i$% c!lle( ! 0e$". "pongesha#e needle li%e parts that gi#e them shape.

+ifferent species of sponges ha#e (i''e e$" colo s& s#!pes !$( si4es ."ponges are found on reefs in The ;ahamas. t one time0 ;ahamianfishermen har#ested sponges which were sold to foreign countrieswhere sponges were processed into a #ariety of household items thatcould be used for decorations and bathing. A" "#!" "i/e "#e spo$%i$%i$()s" ,!s "#e /os" i/po "!$" eco$o/ic !c"i0i" i$ T#e B!#!/!s .


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ECHINODERMS

Ec#i$o(e /s ! e /! i$e i$0e "eb !"es . They ha#e e*"e $!l s1ele"o$s 0a $e 0o)s s s"e/ and are co0e e( ,i"# spi$es that stic% out fromtheir bodies or #! ( pl!"es.

T#e spi$es o' ec#i$o(e /s p o"ec" "#e/ ' o/ p e(!"o s . The spinesbrea% off easily when touched. These spines are actually a part of theanimal s%in.

-chinoderms li#e only in the ocean. They use t i$ %ills "o %e" o* %e$' o/ "#e se! ,!"e .

-8amples of echinoderms found in The ;ahamas are s"! 'is#& s!$((oll! & se! ) c#i$ !$( se! c)c)/be .


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Ec#i$o(e /s

S"! 'is# S!$( Doll!

Se! C)c)/be B i""le S"!

Se! Bisc)i" Se! Fe!"#e


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WORMS

Wo /s ! e i$0e "eb !"es. Three %inds of worms are Fl!" ,o /s&Ro)$( Wo /s !$( Se%/e$"e( Wo /s .

$ound 7orms ha#e o)$( ")be6li1e bo(ies ,i"# ",o bo( ope$i$%s .t the end0 food is ta%en in and at the other end0 waste is passed out. round worm has a $e 0o)s s s"e/ ,i"# ! b !i$ !$( o"#e se$se

o %!$s. Hoo1 ,o /s ! e o)$( ,o /s . They are parasites. "ome roundworms li#e in animals and can pass into humans if they eat meat that isnot properly coo%ed.

Fl!",o /s #!0e ! 'l!""e$e( bo( & ! (i%es"i0e s s"e/ !$( o$e bo(ope$i$%. 3l!$! i!$s 0 "!pe,o /s !$( 'l)1es ! e 'l!",o /s. The

pl!$! i!$ is not a common worm. They ha#e a triangular=shaped headand eye spots on the head. They e% o, p! "s . f a pl!$! i!$ is cutinto two pieces0 the head part will grow a tail and the tail part will growa head. All p! !si"ic ,o /s l! e%%s. T!pe,o /s lay eggs in thedigesti#e system of the host. f these eggs burrow themsel#es into"iss)es i$ o) b !i$s& #e! "s o 1i($e s 0 they will %ill us.

Se%/e$"e( Wo /s ha#e bodies in sections. The e! "# ,o / !$( leec#are segmented worms. Their bodies are in sections. The leec# is aparasite which suc%s blood. The e! "#,o / li#es in the soil. t ma%esthe soil so'"& and also e$ ic#es "#e soil with its waste which comesfrom the dead lea#es that it eats. The names of some sponges are

p) ple 0!se& Re( b !$c#i$% !$( Ve$)s2s6'lo,e 6b!s1e".


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Ro)$( Wo /s

Hoo1,o /

Fl!",o /s

T!pe,o / 3l!$! i!$ Fl)1e

Se%/e$"e( Wo /s

E! "#,o / Leec#


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CIRCULATORY

STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS IN LIVING SYSTEMS

The /!i$ o %!$ o' "#e ci c)l!"o s s"e/ is "#e #e! " . I"s /!i$ 5obis "o p)/p bloo( "o e0e li0i$% cell i$ "#e bo( . The heart is di#idedinto 'o) c#!/be s.The two upper chambers are called !" i)/ right and left atrium/ and

the two lower chambers are called 0e$" icles left and right #entricle/.

A p! "i"io$ c!lle( "#e spec)l)/ sep! !"es "#e i%#" si(e o' "#e#e! " ' o/ "#e le'" si(e. This pre#ents the blood on the left andright chambers from mi8ing. This is important because the l e'" si(eo' "#e #e! " #!s bloo( ic# i$ o* %e$ 0 but the i%#" si(e #!s bloo(,i"# 0e li""le o* %e$ . ;lood is carried around the body in blood#essels called 0ei$s& ! "e ies !$( c!pill! ies .

Caring for your Circulatory "ystem

1. -8ercise e#ery day to %eep your heart strong.2. -8ercise strengthens our heart by ma%ing it beat harder0 which

ma%es the heart muscles larger and able to push more blood witheach >s?uee:e@ or >beat@. eep germs out of your blood.

3. 7ash cuts with soap and water. 'e#er touch someone else9sblood.

!. -at healthy foods to a#oid diseases such as hypertension anddiabetes.

&. +o not e#er smo%e. "mo%ing harrows blood #essels and can causehigh blood pressure.


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T#e Ci c)l!"o S s"e/ Di!% !/s


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IMMUNE SYSTEMS


O %!$s& "iss)es !$( cells that help the body fight illnesses anddiseases ma%e up the I//)$e S s"e/.

Dise!ses ! e c!)se( b b!c"e i! !$( 0i )ses ,#ic# e$"e "#e i$l! %e $)/be s !$( %i0e o'' poiso$s "#!" )pse" "#e $o /!l ')$c"io$so' "#e bo( .

So/e b!c"e i! release poisons that in ure and %ill the cells in ourbodies.

Vi )ses reproduce inside cells and destroy the cell. 'ot all illnesses arecaused by infection. "ome people are born with certain illnesses. "omeof these include certain forms of heart disease.

W#i"e bloo( cells ! e "#e /!i$ (e'e$(e s o' "#e bo( . 7hen thebody is infected o#errun by bacteria and #iruses/0 the number of whiteblood cells increases.

So/e ,#i"e bloo( cells " !p b!c"e i! . 7hen this happens0 poisonsfrom the bacteria %ill some of the white blood cells. The dead bloodcells form a yellow material called 7p)s8. "ome white bloods cells ma%echemicals called 7!$"ibo(ies8.

These chemicals antibodies/ destroy poisons made by bacteria also.HIV !$( AIDS are diseases that destroy the mmune "ystem.


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7hen ;acteria and #iruses produce more than our systems can fightoff0 we use medicines to help us fight the disease. Me(ici$es #elp "#eI//)$e S s"e/ "o 'i%#" (ise!ses. A /e(ici$e is ! ( )%6! c#e/ic!l

"!1e$ i$"o "#e bo( "#e !''ec"s #o, "#e bo( ')$c"io$s .

'ot all drugs are medicines. T#e /is)se o' ( )%s is c!lle( ( )%!b)se . The abuse of drugs harms the body. Two drugs that are abusedall o#er the world are !lco#ol !$( $ico"i$e.

Alco#ol decreases brain cell acti#ity. Nico"i$e is found in "ob!cco .

Ci%! e""es& ci%! s !$( s$)'' are made from tobacco. Nico"i$e is#! /')l bec!)se i" i$c e!ses "#e !"e o' "#e #e! "be!" !$( i"!''ec"s "#e espi !"o s s"e/.

The use of illegal drugs is increasing among young people in The;ahamas and the western world6 two illegal drugs that are used #eryfre?uently by young people are Coc!i$e and M! i5)!$! . These are two#ery dangerous drugs. T#e !''ec" "#e I//)$e S s"e/ !$( "#eNe 0o)s S s"e/ . They destroy brain cells and reduce the body9sability to fight off diseases. buse of these drugs can wea%en thebody9s defense systems so se#erely that an attac% from and illness ordisease may lead to death.


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T#e I//)$eS s"e/


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FROM FRUIT TO FLOWER


5ost of the plants that we are familiar with are flowering plants.A$o"#e $!/e 'o 'lo,e i$% pl!$"s is !$%iospe /s . All 'lo,e i$% pl!$"s p o()ce see(s . T#e see(s ! e p o()ce( b'lo,e s. Flowers are an adaptation that is important to the success ofangiosperms.

The main parts of a flower are the sep!ls& "#e pe"!ls& "#e pis"il !$(

"#e s"!/e$s .The sep!ls are the green lea#es that protect the flower while it is inthe bud.3e"!ls are the colorful parts that surround and protect the male andfemale parts of the flower.The pis"il is "#e 'e/!le p! " of the flower and the s"!/e$ ! e "#e/!le p! " o' "#e 'lo,e .

The 'e/!le p! " o' "#e 'lo,e p o()ces "#e ' )i" !$( "#e see(s andthe /!le p! " p o()ce polle$ .

Flo,e s #elp "o e$s) e "#!" polle$ ' o/ "#e /!le p! " o' "#e'lo,e %e"s "o "#e 'e/!le p! " o' "#e 'lo,e . This process is called

polli$!"io$ . 3olli$!"io$ is the first important step in seed formation.

"eeds ha#e #ery tiny plants inside them +see(li$%s/. These grow intonew plants and ensure that the group continues to sur#i#e.T#e ' )i" p o"ec"s "#e see(s !$( p o0i(es "#e/ ,i"# 'oo( !$(/i$e !ls "o p o()ce ! p o"ec"i0e co!" c!lle( "#e 7see( co!"8.


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7hen seeds are mature0 the fruit ripens. nimals eat the fruit andscatter the seeds. This allows the seeds to grow into new plants indifferent places. T#e c#!$%es "#!" occ) ' o/ "#e "i/e ! see(

% o,s i$"o ! $e, pl!$" )$"il "#!" pl!$" p o()ces see(s& /!1e )p "#eli'e c cle o' ! pl!$".

F o/ F )i" "o Flo,e


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Fertilizes ovules, the ovary swellsas the seed ripens.


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3LANT GROWTH AND RES3ONSES


To % o, !$( be #e!l"# e0e li0i$% "#i$% $ee(s ce "!i$ "#i$%s ' o mits en#ironment. 3l!$"s $ee( li%#"& ,!"e & o* %e$& c! bo$ (io*i(e&/i$e !ls& p ope "e/pe !") e !$( e$o)%# sp!ce i$ ,#ic# "o % o, .

+ifferent plants ha#e different growth patterns. T ees& 0i$es !$(

s# )bs % o, (i''e e$"l ." ee is a plant that has one main woody stem or trun%.s# )b is usually a middle si:ed plant that has many stems or trun%s.0i$e is a plant with a climbing stem that may grow on the sides of a

building0 fence or a tree.

Growth=rate is also different for the different plant types. "ome

plants grow only during the wet seasons.


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$esponses to gra#ity and water also help plants sur#i#e. stemresponds to gra#ity by growing in the direction opposite to the pull ofgra#ity. 7hen stems grow upward0 lea#es can get light.

Roo"s espo$( "o % !0i" b % o,i$% i$ "#e (i ec"io$ o' "#e p)ll o' % !0i" . The downward growth of roots helps the roots reach water inthe ground. Roo"s !lso espo$( b % o,i$% "o,! (s "#e ,!"e i"sel' .

A pl!$"2s espo$se "o % !0i" is c!lle( 7% !0i" opis/8. Plants that li#ein different en#ironments ha#e different adaptations.

3i$e " ees grow where there is little rainfall. Pine trees ha#e needleli%e lea#es. These lea#es ha#e a small surface area. "o pine trees do notlose much water through their lea#es.

The c!c")s pl!$" has long roots that spread out ust below thesurface. They can absorb water ?uic%ly after it rains. The thic% stemsof the cactus store the water that is used during the long0 dry spells.

"ome wild plants0 li%eloco,ee(& produce poisons to pre#ent animalsfrom eating the lea#es. This pre#ents the growth of young plants. 'ewplants do not grow around that tree. T#is poiso$ is !$ !(!p"!"io$bec!)se "#e e ! e $o $e, pl!$"s "o co/pe"e ,i"# "#e " ee 'osp!ce . So/e le!0es ! e co0e e( ,i"# ,!* "o p e0e$" ,!"e loss.


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BIOMES

ORGANISMS AND THE ENVIRONMENT

A bio/e is ! l! %e e%io$ o$ "#e e! "# "#!" #!s ! ce "!i$ cli/!"e!$( ce "!i$ 1i$(s o' o %!$is/s . There are si* l!$( bio/es AT opic!lR!i$Fo es"& Deci()o)s Fo es"& +Bo e!l Fo es"-Dese "& G !ssl!$(&T)$( ! !$( T!i%!. T opic!l R!i$ Fo es"s are noted for s" o$% s)$li%#" !$( ,! /& ,e"cli/!"e which pro#ide ideal growing conditions for a #ariety of plantsand animals. Mos" pl!$"s !$( !$i/!ls o$ e! "# li0e i$ "#e " opic!l

!i$ 'o es"s.

T#e B!#!/!s #!s ! cli/!"e 0e si/il! "o "#!" o' "#e " opic!l !i$'o es"s . 5any insects0 bats0 birds and mammals li#e in the tropical rainforest.The plants in the rain forest are in "# ee l! e s Ac!$op & )$(e s"o!$( 'o es" 'loo .

The Deci()o)s Fo es" #!s pl!$"s ,i"# b o!( le!0es . The plant shedlea#es e#ery year and remain off the trees for almost three monthsduring winter. "e#eral layers of plants can be found in the +eciduousForest. They are c!$op & )$(e s"o & s# )b l! e !$( 'o es" 'loo .

#ariety of plants and animals li#e in the deciduous forest. "omeanimals are s9)i els& (ee & !bbi"s !$( be!0e s& 'o*es& bl!c1 be! s#!,1s !$( s$!1es.

The (ese " bio/e ecei0es 0e li""le !i$'!ll . The rain that does falle#aporates ?uic%ly. +uring the nights0 deserts are often #ery cold.+esert plants are adapted to sur#i#e with #ery little water. The


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common desert plants0 c!c"i& store water in their thic% stems. Plantssuch as the c eoso"e b)s# #!0e s/!ll& ,!* le!0es . +esert animalsalso ha#e adaptations to pre#ent water loss. S$!1es !$( li4! (s ha#e

( sc!l & s1i$ . 5any desert animals hunt at night to a#oid the heat.

Bio/es


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ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES CAUSING ENDANGERMENT OREXTINCTION

ORGANISMS AND THE ENVIRONMENT

n ecosystems there is usually stability. Howe#er0 changes occurconstantly. These changes may be sudden or gradual. S"o /s& s)c# !s #) ic!$es !$( "o $!(os& !s ,ell !s 'o es" 'i es c!$ c!)se !pi(c#!$%es "o "#e e$0i o$/e$".

A'"e ! c#!$%e i$ "#e ecos s"e/& "#e e$0i o$/e$" e!c"s b

pe /i""i$% $e, !((i"io$s o' pl!$" !$( !$i/!l li'e . T#ese $e,!((i"io$s ! e c!lle( 7s)ccessio$8 .

Fi es spee( )p "#e p ocess o' s)ccessio$ . Forest fires occur on mostof the islands of The ;ahamas during the dry season. "ome forestfires burn dead lea#es and branches on the forest floor releasingnutrients into the soil.

A'"e ! 'i e& % !sses sp o)" !$( (o /!$" see(s %e /i$!"e i$ "#eic# soil.

The bar% of pine trees are resistant to fires which enable them tosur#i#e forest fires. "mall changes in climate0 in soil conditions or inplant or animal population can change an ecosystem. This change isgradual o#er thousands of years.

3oll)"io$ also changes the ecosystem. M!ss l!$( cle! i$%& c)""i$%(o,$ o' #ills& 'illi$% i$ o' /!$% o0es !$( (i%%i$% c!$!ls !$( /! i$!salso affect the ecosystems.


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Human acti#ity contributes greatly to the changes in the en#ironment.cti#ities such as !((i$% c#e/ic!l 'e "ili4e s "o soil& b)il(i$% $e,o!(s& #o/es& sc#ools& s#oppi$% ce$"e s !$( b) $i$% 'ossil ')els

le!( "o "#e e$(!$%e /e$" !$( e*"i$c"io$ o' o %!$is/s . nimals suchas the ,#i"e c o,$ pi%eo$& "#e i%)!$!& B!#!/i!$ bo! co$s" ic"o &"#e % ee$ se! ") "le !$( "#e B!#!/! 3! o" ! e e$(!$%e e( . )awsare being enforced to pre#ent the capture of these animals. This waythe number of these species can increase to a#oid e8tinction.


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E! "# Scie$ce

Topics

B.WEATHERING AND EROSION a. Forces of weathering and erosionb. 7ind0 rain0 heat0 wa#e action0 ice0 snow0 gra#ity.c. -arth?ua%es0 olcanoesd. 'atural resources on -arthe. $enewable and non renewable resources

1D.3OLLUTION a. ir Pollutionb. )and Pollutionc. 7ater Pollution

11.OIL& COAL AND NATURAL GAS a. Compare coal0 oil and natural gasb. d#antages and +isad#antages of fossil fuelsc. Petroleum and 'atural Gas

12. 3REDICTING WEATHER a. Factors of weather

b. 7eather nstrumentsc. 7eatherEClimate

13. STORMS a. Compare traits of stormsb. "afety precautions during storms

1!. 3LANETS a. "urface and atmosphere of planetsb. planets susceptible to lifec. space e?uipmentd. #ehicles to e8plore space


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T#e E! "#2s L! e s

3 ope "ies !$( "#e S" )c") e o' "#e E! "#

7e li#e on -arth9s crust which is about 32 %m 2D ml/ thic% under thesurface of the continents and about , %m & ml/ thic% under the oceanfloor.E! "#2s o)"e /os" l! e is "#e c )s" . T#e l! e (i ec"l be$e!"#"#e c )s" is "#e /!$"le. T#e i$$e /os" l! e is "#e co e. The corehas an i$$e co e !$( !$ o)"e co e . T#e i$$e co e is /!i$l i o$!$( $ic1el.

t is e8tremely hot and metals would usually melt at that e8tremeheat. B)" "#e i$$e co e is soli( bec!)se o' "#e p ess) e !$(,ei%#" o' "#e o"#e l! e s ! o)$( i".

T#e c )s" is "#e "#i$$es" l! e o' "#e e! "#. t is made up of roc%swith loose dirt co#ering the roc%s.

T#e /!$"le is "#e "#ic1es" l! e . "ome of the upper mantle is meltedbecause of the heat6 howe#er0 great pressure %eeps a part of themantle solid.

"cientists study the crust by drilling to get samples from it. The otherlayers are studied from materials ta%en after an earth?ua%e andmaterials that come to the surface after a #olcanic eruption.

'atural resources are materials found in the en#ironment that areuseful to humans. N!") !l eso) ces c!$ be % o)pe( !s e$e,!ble o$o$ e$e,!ble .


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Re$e,!ble resources can be replaced or used o#er and o#er. Soil& !i &,!"e & !$( " ees ! e e$e,!ble eso) ces .

A $o$ e$e,!ble eso) ce is ! eso) ce "#!" c!$$o" be epl!ce(e!sil o e)se( . Fossil ')els& s)c# !s oil& co!l !$( $!") !l %!s ! ee*!/ples o' $o$ e$e,!ble eso) ces.

L! e s o' "#e E! "#


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AIR 3OLLUTION

3 ope "ies !$( "#e S" )c") e o' "#e E! "#

W#e$ $!") !l eso) ces s)c# !s& !i & soil !$( ,!"e beco/e poll)"e(& "#e ! e )$s!'e 'o )se . 3oll)"io$ occ) s ,#e$ #! /')ls)bs"!$ces co$"!/i$!"e "#e !i & l!$( o ,!"e . T#e #! /')ls)bs"!$ces ! e poll)"!$"s.

ir can be polluted in se#eral ways.

1. The pumping of e8haust fumes from motor #ehicles

2. smo%e stac%s of factories and ships

3. smo%e from cigarettes

W#e$ "#ese poll)"!$"s /i* ,i"# ,!"e 0!po) i$ "#e !i & "#e p o()ce !ci( !i$. Aci( !i$ c!$ co$"!i$ ! co/bi$!"io$ o' %!ses !$(soli( p! "icles "#!" p o()ce s/o% .

Ai c!$ !lso be poll)"e( b "#e !((i"io$ o' c#lo o'l)o oc! bo$+C.F.C.2s-. T#ese ! e %!ses )se( i$ e' i%e !"o s& !i co$(i"io$e s!$( 'i e e*"i$%)is#e s .

They float to the top of the atmosphere and brea%down the o4o$el! e . This allows harmful radiation from space to enter theatmosphere. T#e !(i!"io$ c!)ses #)/!$s "o (e0elop c!$ce . nother

harmful effect of air pollution is theA > % ee$#o)se e''ec"8. T#is is"#e " !ppi$% o' #e!" i$ "#e !"/osp#e e.


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LAND 3OLLUTION

3 ope "ies !$( "#e S" )c") e o' "#e E! "#

The land is also being polluted.

Garbage from homes and businesses and chemical wastes from industryand farming are being dumped into and on the land.

)and pollution can be reduced in a number of ways including the use ofspecially designed landfills and lea% proof cans.

Le!1 3 oo' G!s C!$s G! b!%e 3oll)"io$

WATER 3OLLUTION


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3 ope "ies !$( "#e S" )c") e o' "#e E! "#

Mos" o' "#e ,!"e o$ e! "# is s!l" ,!"e . ;oth salt water and freshwater are being polluted by a #ariety of sources i$cl)(i$% se,!%e&

%! b!%e& c#e/ic!ls& li1e /o"o oil& ble!c# !$( o"#e c#e/ic!lsfishermen use to catch fish.

3oll)"io$ p o/o"es b ee(i$% o' 0ec"o s !$( !lso p o0i(es 0ec"o s,i"# #o/es.

"ome items that pollute the resources are bio(e% !(!ble 0 but othersare $o$6bio(e% !(!ble .

Co$se 0!"io$ is "#e ,ise )se o' $!") !l eso) ces . Reso) ces c!$ beco$se 0e( b e()ci$% +)se o$l ,#!" is $ee(e(-& e)si$% +)se"#i$%s !%!i$- !$( ec cli$% ,#e e0e possible.


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OIL& COAL AND NATURAL GAS

3 ope "ies !$( "#e S" )c") e o' "#e E! "#

Co!l& oil !$( $!") !l %!s ! e so/e o' "#e /os" i/po "!$" ')els .

A ')el is s)bs"!$ce "#!" is b) $e( "o ele!se i"s s"o e( e$e % .They are also called 'ossil ')els .

Fossil6')els ! e /!(e ' o/ (ec! e( pl!$"s !$( !$i/!ls "#!" li0e(lo$% !%o.

Co!l ,!s 'o /e( ' o/ "#e e/!i$s o' pl!$"s . Co!l is % o)pe( !sei"#e #! ( o so'" . So'" co!ls ,e e 'o /e( /os" ece$"l . Theywere under low pressures and low temperatures. H! ( co!ls ! e "#eol(es" co!ls !$( ,e e 'o /e( )$(e #i%# "e/pe !") es !$( #i%#

p ess) es .

Oil !$( $!") !l %!s 'o /e( "#e s!/e ,! "#!" co!l ,!s 'o /e(+"#e e/!i$s o' pl!$"s- . Howe#er0 they were formed from the remains

of simple animals and plants. These tiny organisms li#ed on the earthmany millions of years ago.


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3ETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS

3 ope "ies !$( "#e S" )c") e o' "#e E! "#

3e" ole)/ is ! li9)i( "#!" is 'o)$( )$(e % o)$(. I" is so/e"i/esc!lle( oil . Oil c!$ be !s "#ic1 !$( bl!c1 !s "! o !s "#i$ !s ,!"e .

3e" ole)/ #!s ! lo" o' e$e % . I" is ") $e( i$"o (i''e e$" ')els :li1e %!soli$e& 1e ose$e !$( #e!"i$% oil. Mos" pl!s"ics !$( i$1 ! e/!(e ' o/ pe" ole)/ .

)ong ago people did not dig for oil. The oil seeped from under the

ground into ponds. t floated on the water. People gathered the oilfrom the top of the water.

T#e e$e % i$ pe" ole)/ c!/e ' o/ "#e e$e % i$ "#e pl!$"s !$(!$i/!ls . t was formed from long ago. That energy came from the sun.

3e" ole)/ "#!" is )se( "o(! ,!s 'o /e( /illio$s o' e! s !%o . t isa $o$ e$e,!ble eso) ce. Petroleum has to be drilled from small

poc%ets in roc%s.


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3REDICTING WEATHER

CHANGES IN EARTH AND S;Y

We!"#e is "#e co$(i"io$ o' "#e !"/osp#e e !" ! ce "!i$ "i/e !$( pl!ce . We!"#e is p e(ic"e( 'o o$l ! 'e, (! s bec!)se ,e!"#e is!l,! s c#!$%i$% . Mos" ,e!"#e co$(i"io$s "!1e pl!ce i$ "#e" oposp#e e +"#e closes" l! e o' "#e !"/osp#e e "o e! "#-.

A /e"eo olo%is" is ! pe so$ ,#o s")(ies "#e ,e!"#e . meteorologist uses certain instruments to predict the weather. Theseinclude ! ,i$( 0!$e& !i$ %!)%e& "#e /o/e"e & b! o/e"e &

!$e/o/e"e !$( # ( o/e"e .A$ !$e/o/e"e is )se( "o /e!s) e ,i$( spee( !$( (i ec"io$.A b! o/e"e /e!s) es !i p ess) e. Ai p ess) e is "#e ,ei%#" o'"#e !i p essi$% (o,$ o$ "#e e! "#.

A # ( o/e"e +ps c# o/e"e - is )se( "o /e!s) e el!"i0e #)/i(i" .H)/i(i" is "#e !/o)$" o' ,!"e 0!po) i$ "#e !i .

Te/pe !") e is /e!s) e( ,i"# ! "#e /o/e"e !$( "#e !/o)$" o'!i$ '!ll is /e!s) e( ,i"# ! !i$ %!)%e.

T#e co$(i"io$s "#!" /!1e )p ,e!"#e !$( ! e /e!s) e( ! e !i$&!i & #)/i(i" & !i p ess) e& "e/pe !") e& ,i$( !$( ,!"e 0!po) .

Cli/!"e is "#e !0e !%e ,e!"#e co$(i"io$s e! !'"e e! ."cientists were able to tell what %ind of climate a place had by

obser#ing the weather conditions of the area o#er a long period oftime. I$ T#e B!#!/!s& ,e e*pe ie$ce ! s)b6" opic!l cli/!"e .


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We!"#e I$s" )/e$"s

Wi$(


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3RO3ERTIES AND STRUCTURE OF EARTH

We!"#e i$% is "#e c#!$%i$% o' oc1s $e! "#e e! "#2s s) '!ce"# o)%# "#e !c"io$s o' $!") !l ele/e$"s s)c# !s ,i$(& !i$& #e!"&

,!0e !c"io$& ice !$( s$o, . The -arth9s surface is constantly changingand brea%ing down due to "#e p ocess o' ,e!"#e i$% !$( "#e e''ec"so' e osio$.

We!"#e i$% b e!1s oc1s i$"o s/!lle pieces ,#ile e osio$ c! ies"#ese ,e!"#e e( /!"e i!ls ' o/ o$e pl!ce "o !$o"#e . 7eatheringoccurs because of the changes in temperature and e*pos) e "o ,!"e!$( !i +,!"e & ,i$(& ice !$( % !0i" ! e !%e$"s o' e osio$ -.

O$ce oc1 is ,e!"#e e( !$( e o(e(& ,!"e & ,i$(& ice !$( % !0i"(eposi" ,e!"#e e( /!"e i!l ' o/ "#e oc1s "o o"#e pl!ces . T#is

p ocess is 1$o,$ !s (eposi"io$.

-arth?ua%es cause rapid changes on earth. A$ e! "#9)!1e is !0ib !"io$ o s#!1i$% o' E! "#2s c )s" . 5ost earth?ua%es occur alongfaults. A '!)l" is ! b e!1 i$ "#e c )s" !lo$% ,#ic# oc1 /o0es . $oc%on either side of a fault can mo#e up and down0 side to side0 or both.E! "#9)!1es ! e /e!s) e( o$ ! Ric#"e Sc!le ,#ic# )ses $)/be s' o/ =6>.

A 0olc!$o is ! /o)$"!i$ "#!" 'o /s ,#e$ e( #o" /el"e( oc1 'lo,s"# o)%# ! c !c1 o$"o "#e e! "#2s s) '!ce.

Mel"e( oc1 i$si(e E! "# is c!lle( /!%/! . Mel"e( oc1 "#!" e!c#es E! "#2s s) '!ce is c!lle( l!0! .

The la#a and gases that erupt from #olcanoes are #ery hot and oftendestroy e#erything in their path. olcanic eruptions also form newcrust on continents.


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38/57

STORMS

CHANGES IN EARTH AND S;Y

A s"o / is !$ )$)s)!l ,e!"#e (is") b!$ce. There are many %inds ofstorms. ;ut all storms ha#e some conditions in common. All s"o /ss"! " ,#e$ ,! /& /ois" !i ises . The rising air causes low airpressure at the earth9s surface. O"#e co//o$ ,e!"#e co$(i"io$si$cl)(e clo)(s& !$( ei"#e !i$& slee"& #!il o s$o, . "torms also ha#es" o$% ,i$(s !$( li%#"$i$% .

A "#)$(e s"o / is ! s/!ll loc!l ,e!"#e (is") b!$ce ,#ic# c!$ be

i(e$"i'ie( b "!ll clo)(s& #e!0 !i$ !$( "#)$(e !$( li%#"$i$% . 5ostthunderstorms 'o / !lo$% "#e e(%es o' col( ' o$"s .

A #) ic!$e is l! %e " opic!l s"o / "#!" is 'o /e( i$ ,! / ,!"e s .2t has #ery high winds and hea#y rainfall . T#e ce$" e o' ! #) ic!$eis c!lle( "#e 7e e8 . This area has calm winds. Howe#er0 the windsaround the eye are #ery powerful.

A "o $!(o is ! s/!ll ')$$el o' 9)ic1l spi$$i$% !i . To $!(os ! e'o /e( o$ l!$(. This is the most dangerous storm which lasts for onlya few minutes. The winds are more powerful than the winds of ahurricane. Tornados often form during #iolent thunderstorms. T#e! e !lso e'e e( "o !s c clo$es !$( ,!"e spo)"s (epe$(i$% o$,#e e "#e 'o /.


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"afety Precautions +uring a "tormA1. $emain indoors. #oid small buildings that are isolated from other

buildings.2. +o not touch electrical outlets0 telephones with cords e8cept for

emergencies/0 faucets or plumbing pipes.3. f you are out in the open0 lie flat.!. +on9t ta%e shelter under a tree.&. "tay out of water.(. "ecure any loose ob ects outdoors that can become missiles.*. 5a%e sure you ha#e medical supplies0 canned food0 water0

flashlights0 candles0 a radio and batteries.

,. "ecure your property especially those that are on the outside.


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T#)$(e s"o /s

W#!" is ! "#)$(e s"o /?

thunderstorm is a storm with lightning and thunder. ts produced bycumulonimbus cloud0 usually producing gusty winds0 hea#y rain andsometimes hail.

W#!" c!)ses ! "#)$(e s"o /?

The basic ingredients used to ma%e a thunderstorm are moisture0

unstable air and lift. ou need moisture to form clouds and rain. ouneed unstable air that is relati#ely warm and can rise rapidly. Finally0 you need lift. This can form from fronts0 sea bree:es or mountains.

W#e$ ! e "#)$(e s"o /s /os" li1el "o occ) ?Thunderstorms can occur year=round and at all hours. ;ut they aremost li%ely to happen in the spring and summer months and during the

afternoon and e#ening hours.

Ho, /!$ "#)$(e s"o /s ! e "#e e e0e (! ?t is estimated that there are around 10,DD thunderstorms that occur

across our planet e#ery day.

A e "#)$(e s"o /s (!$%e o)s?

es0 despite their small si:e0 all thunderstorms are dangerous. -#erythunderstorm produces lightning0 which %ills more people each yearthan tornadoes.


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W#!" is li%#"$i$%?

)ightning is a bright flash of electricity produced by a thunderstorm.

ll thunderstorms produce lightning and are #ery dangerous. f youhear the sound of thunder0 then you are in danger from lightning.)ightning %ills and in ures more people each year than hurricanes ortornadoes6 between *& to 1DD people.

W#!" c!)ses li%#"$i$%?

)ightning is an electric current. 7ithin a thundercloud way up in thes%y0 many small bits of ice fro:en raindrops/ bump into each other asthey mo#e around in the air. ll of those collisions create an electriccharge. fter a while0 the whole cloud fills up with electrical charges.The positi#e charges or protons form at the top of the cloud and the

negati#e charges or electrons form at the bottom of the cloud. "inceopposites attract0 that causes a positi#e charge to build up on theground beneath the cloud. The grounds electrical charge concentratesaround anything that stic%s up0 such as mountains0 people0 or singletrees. The charge coming up from these points e#entually connectswith a charge reaching down from the clouds and = :ap = lightningstri%es


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H) ic!$es

W#!" is ! #) ic!$e?

hurricane is a huge storm t can be up to (DD miles across and ha#estrong winds spiraling inward and upward at speeds of *& to 2DD mph.

-ach hurricane usually lasts for o#er a wee%0 mo#ing 1D=2D miles perhour o#er the open ocean. Hurricanes gather heat and energy throughcontact with warm ocean waters.

-#aporation from the seawater increases their power. Hurricanes

rotate in a counter=cloc%wise direction around an eye. The center ofthe storm or eye is the calmest part.

t has only light winds and fair weather. 7hen they come onto land0the hea#y rain0 strong winds and large wa#es can damage buildings0trees and cars.


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Ho, (o #) ic!$es 'o /?Hurricanes only form o#er really warm ocean water of ,DIF or warmer.The atmosphere the air/ must cool off #ery ?uic%ly the higher you go.

lso0 the wind must be blowing in the same direction and at the samespeed to force air upward from the ocean surface.

7inds flow outward abo#e the storm allowing the air below to rise.Hurricanes typically form between & to 1& degrees latitude north andsouth of the e?uator.

T#e Co iolis Fo ce is needed to create the spin in the hurricane and it

becomes too wea% near the e?uator0 so hurricanes can ne#er formthere.
http://www.weatherwizkids.com/Weather%20Words.htmhttp://www.weatherwizkids.com/Weather%20Words.htm


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To $!(oes

W#!" is ! "o $!(o?

"o $!(o is a #iolent rotating column of air e8tending from athunderstorm to the ground. The most #iolent tornadoes are capable oftremendous destruction with wind speeds of up to 3DD mph. They candestroy large buildings0 uproot trees and hurl #ehicles hundreds of

yards.. +amage paths can be in e8cess of one mile wide to &D miles long.

Ho, (o "o $!(oes 'o /?

5ost tornadoes form from thunderstorms. ou need warm0 moist airfrom the Gulf of 5e8ico and cool0 dry air from Canada. 7hen thesetwo air masses meet0 they create instability in the atmosphere. change in wind direction and an increase in wind speed with increasingheight creates an in#isible0 hori:ontal spinning effect in the loweratmosphere. $ising air within the updraft tilts the rotating air fromhori:ontal to #ertical. n area of rotation0 2=( miles wide0 now e8tendsthrough much of the storm. 5ost strong and #iolent tornadoes form

within this area of strong rotation.

funnel cloud is a rotating cone=shaped column of air e8tendingdownward from the base of a thunderstorm0 but not touching theground. 7hen it reaches the ground it is called a tornado.

.


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3LANETS

UNIVERSE AND THE SOLAR SYSTEM

Me c) has hardly any atmosphere at all. ts surface is co#ered withc !"e li%e -arth9s moon. t is co#ered with roc%li%e dust. The maingases are #eli)/& # ( o%e$ !$( o* %e$ .

"cientists thin% that Ve$)s has a roc%y core and surface. Pictures ofits surface show /o)$"!i$s& olli$% pl!i$s !$( ,#!" /! be !c"i0e0olc!$oes . There is no water on enus. The main gases are c! bo$(io*i(e !$( $i" o%e$.

M! s2 s) '!ce is co0e e( ,i"# e( ()s" . The atmosphere of 5ars isthin and consists mainly of c! bo$ (io*i(e %!s . 5ars also has0olc!$oes& c!$ o$s& c !"e s !$( s!$( ()$es .

@)pi"e 2s ,ell 1$o,$ 'e!") e is "#e G e!" Re( Spo" . This is belie#edto be a swirling storm in the atmosphere. Jupiter is made mainly of# ( o%e$ !$( #eli)/ %!ses .

S!") $2s i$%s ! e "#o)%#" "o be /!(e )p o' ice . The main gases in"aturn9s atmosphere are # ( o%e$& #eli)/ !$( /e"#!$e .

U !$)s is "#e pl!$e" "#!" o"!"es o$ i"s si(e . The atmosphereconsists of the gases hydrogen0 helium and methane.

Nep")$e is ! p!le bl)e pl!$e" ,i"# !$ !"/osp#e e o' /e"#!$e ( o%e$ !$( #eli)/ . The atmosphere has a G e!" D! 1 Spo" that isbelie#ed to be a huge storm system the si:e of earth.


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3l)"o& which is no longer considered to be a planet0 was recorded asbeing made /os"l o' ' o4e$ %!ses !$( "#e col(es" o' !ll "#e

pl!$e"s .

The atmosphere is thin and made of methane.

-arth9s atmosphere consists of about + < - 'o) 'i'"#s $i" o%e$ %!s!$( "#e e/!i$i$% o$e 'i'"# +=< - is /os"l o* %e$ %!s . -arth is theonly planet with that amount of o8ygen.

Oce!$s o' li9)i( ,!"e co0e $e! l "# ee 9)! "e s + < - o' "#e

s) '!ce o' e! "# . Clo)(s of tiny droplets of water or ice crystals hang abo#e -arth9ssurface. Ice co0e s "#e poles .

Mo)$"!i$s& 0!lle s !$( (eep c!$ o$s are found on -arth. -arth seemsto be the only planet that has li#ing things on it.


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EX3LORING THE UNIVERSE AND SURVIVING IN S3ACE

UNIVERSE AND THE SOLAR SYSTEM

T#e s")( o' ob5ec"s i$ sp!ce is !s" o$o/ . A scie$"is" ,#o s")(iesob5ec"s i$ sp!ce is !$ !s" o$o/e . stronomers use de#ices0 includingtelescopes to study distant ob ects in space.

A "elescope is ! (e0ice "#!" /!1es ob5ec"s "#!" ! e '! !,! &!ppe! close . "ome telescopes collect more light than the unaidedeye can see. li%#" "elescope collec"s 0isible li%#" !$( )ses i" "o'o / i/!%es o' (is"!$" ob5ec"s.


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sp!ce s"!"io$ is a spacecraft in space at all times. This is wherescientists li#e while wor%ing in space.

The two countries that ha#e done the most wor% in space are theU.S.A. !$( R)ssi! .


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3HYSICAL SCIENCETopics

Properties and Changes in 5atter

15. PH " C ) P$


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3# sic!l 3 ope "ies !$( C#!$%es

3 ope "ies !$( C#!$%es i$ M!""e

All s)bs"!$ces #!0e ce "!i$ c#! !c"e is"ics c!lle( p ope "ies . 3 ope "ies c!$ be p# sic!l o c#e/ic!l . A p# sic!l p ope " is ! 'e!") e "#!" c!$ be obse 0e( o/e!s) e( ,i"#o)" c#!$%i$% "#e s)bs"!$ce o !$ o' "#e /!"e i!ls i" is /!(eo' .

Physical properties that can be obse 0e( are colo) & s#!pe& si4e& l)s"e !$("e*") e. Physical properties that can be /e!s) e( are (e$si" & #e!"& le$%"#ei%#"& ,i("# !$( "#ic1$ess . "ome p# sic!l p ope "ies s)c# !s /el"i$% poi$"&boili$% poi$" !$( colo) (o $o" c#!$%e .

W#e$ ,e c#!$%e "#e p# sic!l p ope "ies o' ! s)bs"!$ce& "#is is c!lle( ! p# sic!l c#!$%e . -8amples of physical changes i$cl)(e s#! pe$i$% ! pe$cil& % !"i$% coco$)"& c)""i$% p!pe !$( /el"i$% ,!* . lthough change too% place0the properties of each substance remained the same.

C#e/ic!l p ope "ies (esc ibe #o, p! "icles ! e e6! !$%e( ,#e$ o$es)bs"!$ce e!c"s ,i"# !$o"#e s)bs"!$ce .

W#e$ ",o s)bs"!$ces e!c" !$( ! $e, s)bs"!$ce is p o()ce(& ,#ic# is )$li1eei"#e o' "#e o i%i$!l s)bs"!$ces )se(& ! c#e/ic!l c#!$%e #!s "!1e$ pl!ce.

new substance is formed during a chemical change. "ome substances e!c"?uic%ly while others react slowly. Co/b)s"io$ +b) $i$%- !$( (eco/posi"io$+ o""i$% - ! e " pes o' c#e/ic!l e!c"io$s.

"ome chemical changes gi#e off energy. -.g . b) $i$% co!l ele!ses #e!" !$( li%#"e$e % . "ome changes re?uire the addition of heat energy. -8amples of these arethe chemical changes that cause food to spoil or iron to rust.

'aturally occurring chemical changes can be harmful. To a#oid the effect ofnaturally occurring chemical changes0 we can resort to ' ee4i$% o ( i$% topreser#e food. Tools c!$ be 1ep" ,ell6oile( "o p e0e$" )s"i$% . R)s"i$% "!1es

pl!ce ,#e$ c#e/ic!ls e!c" ,i"# o* %e$ . S)bs"!$ces "#!" p e0e$" co osio$+ )s"i$%- ! e c!lle( !$"io*i(!$"s.


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Co/p! i$% !$( Me!s) i$% M!""e

3 ope "ies !$( C#!$%es i$ M!""e

M!$ p# sic!l p ope "ies c!$ be /e!s) e( ,i"# i$s" )/e$"s . 5ass isone of those properties. M!ss is "#e !/o)$" o' /!""e i$ !$ ob5ec" . golf ball has more mass than a table tennis ball0 but to find the e8act

mass of each ball0 it must be measured with a balance.

De$si" y is a property that is related to mass. De$si" is "#e /e!s) eo' "#e /!ss o' ! ce "!i$ 0ol)/e o' ! s)bs"!$ce . "uppose that twosubstances ha#e the same mass but that one ta%es up more space. The

one that ta%es up more space has the lower density.

T#e !/o)$" o' sp!ce "#!" /!""e "!1es )p is c!lle( 0ol)/e . Me!s) i$% c)ps !$( spoo$s ! e )se( "o /e!s) e 0ol)/e . "cientistsmeasure #olume with a bea%er or a % !()!"e& ! "!ll c li$(e withmeasuring mar%s on the side.


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Mo"io$ !$( Fo ces

Fo ces !$( E$e %

Mo"io$ is !$ c#!$%e o' posi"io$ . To obser#e motion0 an ob ect9sposition must first be determined.

3osi"io$ is !$ ob5ec"2s pl!ce o loc!"io$ . f an ob ect9s position isc#!$%i$%& "#e ob5ec" is i$ /o"io$ . f the ob ect is s"ill& i" is !" es" .


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Si/ple Elec" ic Ci c)i"

Fo ces !$( E$e %

A 'lo, o' elec" ic c#! %es is c!lle( !$ elec" ic c) e$" . ,i e& !b)lb !$( ! b!""e are needed to ma%e a path in which negati#echarges could flow. This path is called a ci c)i" . T#e b!""e is !$elec" ic cell ,#ic# s)pplies e$e % "o /o0e c#! %es "# o)%# "#eci c)i" .

The electric wire is made of metal0 mainly coppe . T#is ,i e is "#eco$()c"o "#!" !llo,s c) e$" "o p!ss "# o)%# i" e!sil . The plastic

co#ering the wire is called an i$s)l!"o . I$s)l!"o s (o $o" !llo,c) e$" "o p!ss "# o)%# "#e/ e!sil .

A s,i"c# is )se( "o ") $ !$ elec" ic c) e$" o'' o o$ . 7hen theswitch is on0 the path is complete. Then the light bulb comes on.+Close( ci c)i"-. 7hen the switch is off0 the path is bro%en ope$ci c)i"-. The light bulb would be off.


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F ic"io$

Fo ces !$( E$e %

F ic"io$ is "#e 'o ce "#!" esis"s "#e /o0e/e$" o' o$e ob5ec"!%!i$s" !$o"#e ,#e$ ob5ec"s "o)c#. F ic"io$ e$!bles o) "o p)s#!%!i$s" "#e % o)$( !$( /o0e o) bo( 'o ,! ( . Friction is in#ol#edin the most ordinary actions of your daily life.

Al"#o)%# ' ic"io$ is $ee(e( "o p o()ce /o"io$& i" is !lso $ee(e( "oe()ce /o"io$ . .e.' ic"io$ be",ee$ $!ils !$( ,oo( ,ill #ol( "#e

,oo( "o%e"#e -.

t times0 friction is not useful "oo /)c# ' ic"io$ c!$ p e0e$" /o0i$% p! "s o$ ! /!c#i$e "o s"op ,o 1i$%-. t c!)ses ,e! !$( "e! i$clo"#i$%& "e$$is !$( s#oes . The amount of friction can be changed byusing different materials.


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3)lle s !$( W#eel !$( A*el

Fo ces !$( E$e %

Wo 1 is (o$e o$ !$ ob5ec" ,#e$ ! 'o ce /o0es "#e ob5ec" "# o)%#! (is"!$ce . People ha#e made some machines to ma%e wor% easier.

p)lle is one such machine. I" is /!(e )p o' ! ope o c#!i$ !$( !,#eel ! o)$( ,#ic# "#e ope 'i"s . 7hen you pull down on one ropeend0 the wheel turns and the other rope end mo#es up. A p)lle "#!"s"! s i$ o$e pl!ce is c!lle( ! 'i*e( p)lle . t is used to raise andlower something lightweight0 such as a flag or a small sail.

T#e o"#e 1i$( o' p)lle is c!lle( ! /o0e!ble p)lle . t is free tomo#e up and down.


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Co$se 0!"io$ o' E$e %

Fo ces !$( E$e %

Li1e /!""e & e$e % c!$$o" be c e!"e( o (es" o e( .

grade six science curriculum 2011 and beyond (1)

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