1

g|Ðr` eoVr nÜXVr

à{ejU nwpñVH$m

** gmXaH$V} **

_hmamï´> Am°aJ°{ZH$ \$m{_ªJ \o$S>aoeZ, nwUo (_m°\$)

1038/11, âb°Q> Z§. 5, ~mbmOr {Zdmg, n{hbm _Obm,

H$m°g_m°g ~±H$ boZ, {Xn ~§Jbm Mm¡H$, _m°S>ob H$m°bZr,

nwUo - 411 016

\$moZ Z§. (020) 25659090 / 32907302

Email :- moffpune@gmail.com

Website :- www.moffindia.org

2

AZwH«$_m{UH$m

A.H«$. {df` nmZ Z§.

1 àñVmdZm 3

2 g|Ðr` eoVrMr à{Vkm 4

3 g|Ðr` eoVrMr _ybVËdo 5

4 g|Ðr` eoVrMo OmJ{VH$ ñWmZ 8

5 {nH$m§À`m gai, gwYmarV d g§{_l dmUm§Mr {ZdS> 11

6 Or.E_. {nHo$ - AZ¡g{J©H$ OZwH$ n[adVuV AÞ KmVH$ 15

7 {~`mUo / ~oUo / H§$X g§ñH$ma 19

8 noaUr - bmJdS> nÜXVr 23

9 g|Ðr` eoVrV Xoer JmB©Mo _hËd 30

10 nrH$ nmofU ì`dñWmnZ 33

11 Jm§Sy>i IV, Jm§Sy>i nmUr, Ordm_¥V, A_¥VnmUr, A°amoJ«rZ, gáYmÝ`m§Hw$a 42

12 ~hþJwUH$mar n§MJì`mMm dmna Amdí`H$ 48

13 H$sS> d amoJ ì`dñWmnZ 52

14 VUm§Mo ì`dñWmnZ 57

15 AmÀN>mXZ (Mulching) 61

16 ñd`§em{gV à_m{UH$aU nÜXVr (PGS) 63

17 g|Ðr` eoVr _mbmMo {dH«$s ì`dñWmnZ 70

3

àñVmdZm g|Ðr` eoVr hr EH$ OrdZ nÜXVr Amho. Ho$di {nH$m§Mo CËnÞ dmT>{dÊ`mnwaVr hr g§H$ënZm _`m©XrV Zmhr. `m_wio

g§nyU© _mZdOmVrbm `mMm \$m`Xm hmoUma Amho. „Ogm Amhma Vgm {dMma‟ AgVmo. gmpËdH$ AmhmamÀ`m godZmZo

Ë`m§Mm H$m¡Qw>§{~H$, Z¡VrH$, gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$ d _mZ{gH$ {dMma hmoUma Amho. Aem `m n{dÌ eoVr nÜXVrH$S>o EH$

^{º$nyU© ^mdZoZo nmhÿZ Ë`mMo Adb§~Z H$aÊ`mMr JaO Amho, OmJ{VH$ Vmn_mZdmT>, àXwfU, AÞgwajm `mgd©

àíZmda g|Ðr` eoVr nÜXVr hm AË`§V à^mdr Cnm` Amho. \$º$ Ë`mÀ`m emór` Ñï>rH$moZmVyZ Aä`mg

H$aÊ`mMr, H$mb~ÜX H¥${VH$m`©H«$_ AmIÊ`mMr d Ë`mMr à^mdr A_§b~OmdUr H$aÊ`mMr JaO Amho.

eoVH$-`m§Zr H$_r IMm©Mr, {~ZH$Om©Mr d emídV eoVr nÜXVr Zo_H$s H$er H$amdr ho {eHw$Z KoVbo nm{hOo d

J«mhH$ OZVoZo g|Ðr` AÞgodZmMo _hËd g_OyZ agm`Z_wº$ AÞmMr _mJUr Ho$br nm{hOo. amgm`{ZH$ eoVr

H$aUo gmoS>ë`mZ§Va n{hë`mM dfu nyduEdT>o {Zìdi CËnÞ {_idVm `oVo nU Ë`mgmR>r {nH$mMo Am`wî`, {d{dY

H$mbmdYrV bmJUm-`m _ybÐì`mMr JaO, H$sS> d amoJ àmXw^m©dmMr doi BË`mXr ~maH$mB©Zo Aä`mgyZ Ë`mda

doioda g|Ðr` nÜXVrMm dmna Ho$bm nm{hOo. ~hþg§»` eoVH$ar amgm`{ZH$ IVo d H$sS>ZmeHo$ dmnaUo gmoS>VmV d

g|Ðr` eoVr H$aVmo åhUVmV na§Vw Ooìhm CËnÞ H$_r {_iVo V|ìhm go§Ðr` eoVrbm Xmof XoVmV. Anwam Aä`mg d

_ohZVrMr H$_VaVm `m XmoZ JmoîQ>r `m_mJMo Iao H$maU AgVmV.

_hmamï> Am°aJ°{ZH$ \$m{_ªJ \o$S>aoeZ, nwUo `m amÁ`ñVar` g§ñWoZo Amnë`m AZw^dr eoVH$ar g^mgXmÀ`m

_XVrZo “ {dkmZmYmarV go§Ðr` eoVr nÜXVr” {dH$grV Ho$br Amho d Ë`mMm \$m`Xm àË`oH$ eoVH$-`m§n ©V

nmohmoM{dÊ`mMm g§H$ën gmoS>bm Amho. `m CÔoemÀ`m gXa „à{ejU nwpñVH$m‟ V`ma Ho$br Amho. gd© g|Ðr` ào_r

ì`º$s, à{ejH$ ñd§`godr g§ñWm, emók d J«mhH$m§Zm hr {ZpíMVnUo Cn`wº$ hmoB©b Agm {dídmg Amho.

ew^oÀN>mgh!

{dH«$_ ~moHo$ IPS (R )

AÜ`j, _m°\$

4

g|Ðr` eoVrMr à{Vkm

^maV _mPm Xoe Amho. gmao ^maVr` _mPo ~m§Yd AmhoV.

_mÂ`m eoVrda _mPo ào_ Amho.

_mÂ`m XoemVrb nwéf d {ó`m§Zm g_mZ h¸$ Agob.

_mÂ`m XoemVrb nma§nm[aH$ ~r-{~`mUo

Am{U {d{dYVoZo ZQ>boë`m g§ñH¥$VrMm _bm A{^_mZ Amho.

Ë`m nma§nm[aH$ ~r-{~`mUo d

g|Ðr` eoVrMo g§ajU H$aÊ`mMr nmÌVm _mÂ`m A§Jr `mdr åhUyZ

_r gX¡d à`ËZ H$arZ.

_r _mÂ`m eoVrVrb qH$dm AmOy~mOybm CnbãY Agboë`m

newnjr, dZñnVr, àmUr, gyú_OrdO§Vy d

g|Ðr` ~r-{~`mUo `m§Mo g§ajU H$arZ.

_r nmÊ`mMm `mo½` dmna H$arZ d ObMam§Mo g§dY©Z H$arZ.

_r g|Ðr` IVo d ~r-{~`mUo V`ma H$éZ Ë`m§MmM dmna H$arZ d

O{_Zrbm {Od§V R>odrZ.

_r _mÂ`m g|Ðr` eoVrV {dfmar Am¡fYr amgm`{ZH$ IVo VgoM

OrdZmË_H$ à{H«$`m Ho$bobo ~rO dmnaUma Zmhr d ~rO

à{H«$`ogmR>r Z¡g{J©H$ d nma§nm[aH$ nXmWm©MmM dmna H$arZ.

_mPr g|Ðr` eoVr d _mPo g|Ðr` eoVH$ar ~m§Yd `m§À`mer {Zð>m

amIÊ`mMr _r à{Vkm H$aV Amho. Ë`m§Mo H$ë`mU Am{U Ë`m§Mm

{dH$mg `mVM _mPo gm¡»` gm_mdbobo Amho.

gm¡OÝ` - J«m_n[adV©Z , nwUo

5

g|Ðr` eoVrMr _ybVËdo Amnbo AmOmo~m, nUOmo~m Á`m nÜXVrZo eoVr H$aV hmoVo. Ë`mbm nma§nm[aH$ eoVr qH$dm d{S>bmonm{O©V eoVr nÜXVr

åhUVmV. h[aV H«$m§VrÀ`m H$mimV AmYw{ZH$ eoVr nÜXVrMm Adb§~ H$amdm bmJbm. AÞYmÝ`mMr VËH$mbrZ

JaO ^mJ{dÊ`mgmR>r g§H$[aV {~`mUo, amgm`{ZH$ IVo d H$sS> / amoJZeHo$, VUZmeHo$ BË`mXtMm _moR>çm

à_mUmda dmna H$aÊ`mV Ambm d CËnmXZ àM§S> à_mUmV dmT>dÊ`mV Ambo. Ë`mgmR>r \$ma _moR>r qH$_V

_moOÊ`mV Ambr. O{_ZrMr gwnrH$Vm, Ord {OdmUw§Mm ~ir {Xbm Jobm. emók ho _mÝ` H$arV ZmhrV. na§Vw

Ë`mgmR>r O{_ZrMr gwnrH$Vm, Ord {OdmUw§Mm ~ir {Xbm Jobm. emók ho _mÝ` H$arV ZmhrV. O{_ZrMr H$_r

CËnmXH$Vm d {ZgJm©À`m Ag§VwbZm_wio CX^dUmao {nH$mdarb ZdrZ AmOma `mMoM ÚmoVH$ Amho ho _moR>çm _ZmZo

_mÝ` H$am`bm hdo. gZ 1960 n`ªVMm H$mi dmS>d{S>bm§À`m Z¡g{J©H$ / g|Ðr` eoVrMmM hmoVm. gZ 1960 Vo 1980

n`ªV AmYw{ZH$ amgm`{ZH$ eoVr nÜXVr pñdH$mabr Jobr. amgm`Zm§Mo {deofV: H$sS> d amoJZmeH$m§Mo Xwîn[aUm_

OmUdë`mZ§Va 1980 Vo 2000 H$mimV EH$mpË_H$ eoVrnÜXVr = amgm`{ZH$ + Am`.nr.E_. åhUOo EH$mpË_H$

H$sS>amoJ {Z`§ÌU nÜXVrÀ`m eoVrda ^a XoÊ`mV Ambm. åhUyZM Amåhr g|Ðr` eoVrbm

“{dkmZmY[aV g|Ðr` eoVr V§ÌkmZ ” Ago g§~moYVmo. `m nÜXVr_Ü`o dmS>d{S>bm§À`m „AW©nyU© ‟ nÜXVr d

AmYw{ZH$ _mZd d emókm§Zr bmdboë`m Cn`wº$ emoYm§Mm g§J_ gmYbm Amho. Ago emooY Oo {ZgJm©bm XwImdUma

ZmhrV, n`m©daU gwajrV R>odVrb, Z¡g{J©H$ g_Vmob / g§VwbZ gmYVrb VgoM _mZd, newnjr, O_rZ, hdm,

BË`mXr Cn`wº$ Ord {OdmUw§Zm hmZr nmohmoM{dUma ZmhrV Aem emoYm§Mm \$º$ ñdrH$ma Ho$bm Amho. Xmohm|À`m

g§J_mÀ`m nÜXVrbm „AË`mYw{ZH$ eoVr ‟ åhQ>bo Amho.

Definition of Organic Farming :-

“Organic agriculture is a holistic production management system which promotes & enhances

agro-ecosystem health including biodiversity, biological cycles & soil biological activitya. It

emphasizes the use of management practices in preference to the use of on farm inputs. This is

accomplished by using, where possible, agronomic, biological & mechanical methods, as

opposed to using synthetic materials to fulfil any specific function within the system.”

6

H$mi ~XbV Amho. F$VwMH«$ ~XbV AmhoV, AmVm OmJ{VH$ ~mOmanoR>oer g_W©nUo ñnYm© H$am`Mr Amho. AmnbrM

Zmhr Va nwT>rb {nT>rMrhr H$miOr H$am`Mr Amho, ñdV:Mo Amamo½` g§ mim`Mo Amho. Am{W©H$ n[apñWVrV gwYmaUm

H$am`Mr Amho d ^maVmbm OJmV gwnanm°da ~Zdm`Mo Amho. Ë`mgmR>r Zo_H$s nÜXV åhUOo {àgrOZ \$m_vJ

(Precision Farming Method) Mr {ZdS> H$am`Mr Amho. Imbrb 5 H$gmoQ>`mbm Iar CVaUmar H$moUVrhr eoVr

nÜXVr {ZdS>m _J Vr amgm`{ZH$ H$m AgoZm. Imbrb 5 H$gmoQ>`mbm CVaUmar H«$m§Vr gmÜ` Pmbr Va BpÀN>V

Ü`o`nyVu hmoB©b.

1. CËnmXH$Vm H«$m§Vr (Productivity Revolution) :- Aer eoVr nÜXVr {ZdS>br nm{hOr H$s Á`m_wio O{_ZrMr CËnmXH$Vm dmT>VM OmB©b, KQ>Uma Zmhr.

h[aVH«$m§VrÀ`m H$mimV Ë`m H$mimVrb ^wHo$À`m JaOo_wio d AÞYmÝ`m§À`m ñd`§nyU©VogmR>r O{_ZrMr CËnmXH$Vm

Jm¡U _mZyZ CËnmXZ dmT>dbo na§Vw AmVm ^{dî`mV O{_ZrMr àV, gwnrH$Vm, H$g, {Od§VnUm H$moUË`m nÜXVrZo

dmT>dVm `oB©b Vr nÜXVr ñdrH$mabr nm{hOo, Ë`mgmR>r {nH$m§Mo `mo½` dmU, {dfmar agm`Zmg _‚mmd, O¡{dH$

H$sS> d amoJ ì`dñWmnZ nÜXVrMm A§JrH$ma Ho$bm VaM O{_ZrMr CËnmXH$Vm dmT>Uma Amho. amgm`{ZH$ eoVr

nÜXVr Mmby R>odbr Va CËnmXH$Vm AmUIr KQ>Uma Amho. go§Ðr` nÜXVrZo Vr KQ>Uma Va ZmhrM na§Vw daModa

dmT>VM amhrb.

2. eoVr_mbmg CËH¥$ï> àV XoUmar H«$m§Vr (Qualitative Revolution ) :- àM{bV amgm`{ZH$ eoVr nÜXVr_Ü o gJù`m eoVr_mbmMo CËnmXZ ^anya {_iVo na§Vw Ë`mMr àV AË`§V {ZH¥$ï>

XOm©Mr AgVo, ÁdmarÀ`m XmÊ`mV nm¡{ï>H$Vm Zmhr, Md Zmhr, ^mOrnmbm Va gËdhrZ Amho, dm§Jo Q>mo_°Q>mo,

AmH$mamZo _moR>o na§Vw ~oMd, _mbmMo eooë\$ bmB©\$ H$_r, Ë`m_wio bm§~ A§VamÀ`m ~mOmanoR>oV nmR>{dÊ`mg A`mo½`,

dmQ>oVM _mb ZmgVmo. amgm`{ZH$ eoVr_mbmMr Md d nm¡{ï>H$Vm H$_r Agë`mZo Amamo½`mg hmZrH$maH$ Amho.

go§Ðr` eoVr nÜXVrZo AË`§V CËH¥$îQ> MdrMo, nm¡{ï>H$ d OmXm eooë\$ bmB©\$ AgUmam eoVr_mb {_iy eH$Vmo,

AmYw{ZH$ wJmV Xoe {dXoemVrb ~mOmanoR> H$m~rO H$aÊ`mgmR>r „ MdrMo d nm¡{ï>H$ AÞ‟ CËnmXrV H$amdoM

bmJob.

7

3. OmñV Z\$m {_idyZ XoUmar H«$m§Vr (Profitability Revolution) :- AmOÀ`m eoVr nÜXVr_Ü o CËnmXZ OmñV {_iVo na§Vw Ë`mgmR>r IM©hr A_mn H$amdm bmJVmo. Aem n[apñWVrV

{_iUm-`m {Zìdi Zâ`mMo à_mU Aën AgVo. Aemdoir Ë`m _mbmMo ~mOmamVrb ^md H$mogibo Va H$Yr H$Yr

Ho$bobm IM©hr naV {_iV Zmhr, Aer n[apñWVr \$io d ^mOrnmë`mÀ`m ~m~VrV OmñV AmT>iVo. eoVH$-`m§Zr

Aer eoVr nÜXVr {ZdS>mdr H$s Á`m_wio _m\$H$ IM© H$éZ OmñVrV OmñV {Zìdi Z\$m {_iy eHo$b. CXm.

Q>mo_°Q>moMo 70 hOma én o IMy©Z 1 bmI én`mMo CËnÞ {_idbo Va {Zìdi Z\$m \$º$ 30,000 é. {_iVmo.

Ë`mEodOr 50 hOma én`mMoM CËnÞ \$º$ 10 hOma én`o IMy©Z {_idbo Va {Zìdi Z\$m OmñV {_iy eH$Vmo.

{edm` ~mOmamV _mbmMo ^md CVabo Va go§Ðr` eoVH$-`mbm VwbZoZo H$_r ZwH$gmZ gmogmdo bmJob. _mZdmÀ`m

hmVr Zgboë`m Z¡g{J©H$ AmnÎmr CXm. Adoir nmD$g, JmanrQ>, W§S>rMr bmQ>, dmam BË`mXr_wio eoVH$-`m§Zm

Amnbm eoVr _mb KamV `oB©n`©V emídVr dmQ>V Zmhr. Voìhm ^a_gmR> d AZmdí`H$ IMm©Mr àMbrV amgm`{ZH$

eoVr nÜXVrM nwT>o Mmby R>odyZ YmoH$m KoV ahmdm H$m` ? `mda eoVH$-`m§Zr {dMma H$amdm. AmVm “Income Risk

Management Agricutlure Production System” Adb§~Uo hr H$mimMr JaO ~Zbr Amho. eoVH$-`mbm

CËnmXZ (yield ) {dH«$_r ZH$mo, Va CËnÞ (Net Profit) {dH«$_r hdo d go§Ðr` eoVrnÜXVr Vo XoÊ`mg gj_

Amho.

4. emídV H«$m§Vr (Sustainability Revolution) :- S>m°. Oo.Eg.P§da `m§Zr eoV O{_ZrMr ì`m»`m H$aVm§Zm åhQ>bo Amho H$s, “Soil åhUOo Soul of Infinite Life”.

H$moUVrhr eoVrnÜXVr {ZdS>m Or {MañWm`r, {MaH$mbrZ, pñWa, Aì`mhVnUo emídV CËnÞ Vwåhmbm XoV amhrb.

gÜ`mMr àM{bV amgm`{ZH$ eoVrnÜXVr EH$ qH$dm XmoZ h§Jm_ Mm§Jbo CËnmXZ XoVo na§Vw Vr MT>Ë`m H«$_mZo OmñV

CËnÞ, OmñV H$mbmdYrgmR>r, nwT>rb {nT>`m§gmR>r XoUma Zmhr `mMr à{MVr AmO gJi`m§ZmM Ambr Amho.

8

g|Ðr` eoVrMo OmJ{VH$ ñWmZ

g§nyU© OJmV g|Ðr` eoVr_Ü`o :-

H«$_m§H$ EH$da - Ý`y{Pb§S>, Am°ñQ´>o{b`m d Š`w~m

H«$_m§H$ XmoZ - `wamon Xoe

H«$_m§H$ VrZ - b°Q>rZ A_o[aH$m d

H«$_m§H$ Mmada - ^maV d BVa Xoe AmhoV.

CnbãY AmH$S>odmarZwgma ^maVmV 3 Xebj hoŠQ>a O{_Z g|Ðr` eoVrImbr Amho. na§Vw Ë`mVrb ~arMer

O§JbmV Am¡fYr dZñnVrÀ`m énmV Agë`m_wio àË`jmV 1 Xebj hoŠQ>a O_rZ g|Ðr` eoVrImbr Ambr Amho.

hr AmH$S>odmar Xadfu daModa dmT>VM Amho.

- g|Ðr` {nH$m§_Ü o àm_w»`mZo \$iPmS>o, Mhm, H$m°\$s,_gmbm {nHo$ d _Ü`àXoem§Vrb Am¡fYr dZñnVtMm

g_mdoe Amho.

- JwOamV_Ü o 30 Vo 45 hOma hoŠQ>a O_rZ g|Ðr` H$mnyg {nH$mImbr Amho

- Amo[agm d Am§Y«àXoemV Iyn _moR>o joÌ H$m°\$s bmJdS>rImbr Amho.

- CÎmam§Mb, {_Pmoa_,Amo[agm, Ho$ai, Vm{_iZmSy>, H$ZmQ>©H$ amÁ`m§Zr g|Ðr` eoVr YmoaUmMr AmIUr Ho$br

Amho.

- _hmamîQ>mV ZmJnya oWrb [aOZb ~m`mo\${Q>©bm`Pa S>oìhb_|Q> g|Q>aMo Zmd ~XbyZ [aOZb g|Q>a Am°\$

Am°aJ°{ZH$ \$m{_ªJ Ago Zm_H$aU H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho.

- ^maV gaH$maMm dm{UÁ` {d^mJ, AnoS>m d H¥${f {d^mJ g§ wº$nUo g|Ðr` eoVr {dH$mgmgmR>r à`ËZerb

AmhoV.

- A_o[aH$m d BVa XoemV 30 XeAãO S>m°bg© {H$_VrÀ`m g|Ðr` _mbmMr _mJUr Amho. g§nyU© OJmVrb

ZmJarH$ {df_wº$ AÞ ImÊ`mg àd¥Îm hmoV AmhoV d Ë`m_wio Xadfu g|Ðr` AÞYmÝ`mÀ`m _mJUrV 25 Vo

30 % Zr dmT> hmoV Amho.

- OJmV gdm©V OmñV g|Ðr` eoVr_mbmMr {Z`m©V ZoXab±S>, S>oÝ_mH©$ d ~opëO`_hÿZ hmoVo, Va Am`mV B§½b§S>

d ~opëO`__Ü`o hmoVo.

9

- ~opëO`__Ü`o 350 Img g|Ðr` XwH$mZo AmhoV Ë`mV {df_wº$ ^mOrnmbm, AÞ, _m§g, XyY, \$io,

AmB©gH«$s_ BË`mXr nXmW© {dH«$sgmR>r R>odbo OmVmV. H$mo[a`m XoemV 30 % joÌ eoVrImbr Amho. VoWrb

bmoH$g§»`m d joÌhr H$_r Amho. Ë`m XoemV 40 hOma g|Ðr` eoVH$ar AmhoV.

MrZ Xoe :- A\$mQ> bmoH$g§»`m Agboë`m MrZ XoemZo g|Ðr` eoVr_Ü`o Iyn àJVr Ho$br Amho. Ë`mgmR>r H¥${f {d^mJmbm

Green Food Policy V`ma H$aÊ`mMr {Oå_oXmar {Xbr Amho. J«rZ \y$S> H$mnm}aoeZÀ`m emIm XoemV

gJirH$S>o {ZKmë`m AmhoV. J«rZ \y$S> ñQ>moAg©_Ü`o gd© àH$maMm g|Ðr` eoVr_mb {dH«$sgmR>r R>odbm OmVmo.

MrZ_Ü`o g|Ðr` eoVrImbr 3 bj hoŠQ>a joÌ Amho. VoWrb n`m©daU {d^mJmZo Organic Food

Development Corporation (OFDC) bm {dXoemV eoVr_mb nmR>dÊ`mgmR>r {Z`_mdbr V`ma H$am`bm

gm§{JVbo Amho. OFDC OmJ{VH$ à_m{UH$aU §ÌUm åhUyZ H$m`© H$aVo. MrZ XoemV Green Food Mo J«oS>tJ

Imbrbà_mUo Ho$bo OmVo.

{hado AÞ :- 100 % g|Ðr` _mÝ`Vm 3 dfm©Z§Va àXmZ Ho$bobr

A loUr :- amgm`{ZH$ IV d H$sQ>H$ZmeH$ dmna Zmhr.

~ loUr :- WmoS>ogo IV dmnabo na§Vw A{O~mV H$sQ>H$ZmeH$ Zmhr

H$ loUr :- Amamo½`mÀ`m hmZrH$maH$ nmVirnojm H$_r _mÌoV IV d H$sQ>H$ZmeH$ dmnabobo

(Below harmful limits)

- g|Ðr` eoVrÀ`m Am§VaamîQ>r` ñnY}V OJmVrb Xoe ~-`mdmB©Q> _mJm©Mm Adb§~ H$éZ Amnbo {hV

gmYV AgVmV. àË`oH$ Xoe {deofV: A_o[aH$m Ë`m§À`m XoemVrb eoVH$-`m§Mo {hV gm§^miÊ`mgmR>r

Imbrb {Z`_, {Z{_Îmo d ~§YZmMm AmYma KoD$ Xwg-`mMm _mb `oD$ XoV ZmhrV d Amnë`m

eoVH$-`m§Mo ZwH$gmZ hmoD$ XoV ZmhrV.

1. Q>°ar\$ ~°[a`a :-

Am§VaamîQ>r` H$m`ÚmZwgma H$moUVmhr Xoe Am`mV hmoUm-`m eoVr_mbmda 300 % n`©V Am`mV H$a bmdy

eH$Vmo. VodT>r S>çwQ>r ^éZ _mb {dH$Uo Hw$Umbmhr nadS>V Zmhr.

10

2. Zm°ZQ>o[a\$ ~°[a`a :-

_mbmMr Am`mV {d{eï> XoemVyZ hmoVo ho {Z{_Îm H$éZ ZmH$mabo OmVo. CXm _mb H$mù`m bmoH$m§À`m

XoemVbm Amho dJ¡ao

3. ¸$m{bQ>r ~°[a`a :-

Am`mV IaoXrXmam§À`m _Ouda Adb§~yZ Amho. BÀN>m d JaO Agob VaM _mb KoVbm OmVmo. AÝ`Wm

Ë`mbm Amamo½`mbm hm{ZH$maH$ (un-hygienic), Phytosantiory {Z`_ AWdm _mZdm{YH$mamMo {Z{_Îm

(CXm. ~mbH$m_Jmam§Zm dmnéZ CËnm{XV Ho$bobm _mb Amho ho {Z{_Îm H$éZ _mb ZmH$mabm OmVmo. CXm.

^maVmVbo XyY, {~S>`m BË`mXr).

11

{nH$m§À`m gai, gwYm[aV d g§{_l dmUm§Mr {ZdS>

h[aVH«$m§VrMr gwédmV g§H$[aV {~`mUo dmnaÊ`mnmgyZ Pmbr. g§H$[aV dmU IVm{edm` dmT>V ZmhrV.

Ë`mda Iyn H$sS> d amoJ `oVmV Oo \$dmaUr{edm` {Z`§ÌUmV `oV ZmhrV d Ë`m_wio {~`mUo, IVo d Am¡fYo `m

{Z{dð>mda IM© Pmë`mZo eoVr nadS>V Zmhr. Ë`m{edm` g§H$[aV dmUm§À`m CËnmXZmg Md Zmhr, XOm©

{ZH¥$ð> Amho, nmofH$ _ybÐì`m§Mm A^md Amho. AmH$mamZo _moR>r \$io / ^mOrnmbm, na§Vw ~oMd bdH$a Iam~

hmoUmao (Shelf life short), bm§~daÀ`m dmhVwH$sbm A`mo½` BË`mXr H$maUm§_wio g§H$[aV dmU ZwH$gmZH$maH$

AmhoV.

g|Ðr` eoVr_Ü`o {nH$m§À`m gai qH$dm gwYm[aV qH$dm g§{_l dmUmMr {ZdS> H$aUo hm _hËdmMm ^mJ Amho.

H$mhr nma§narH$ {~`mÊ`m§nmgyZ AmOhr CÎm_ àVrMo Mm§Jbo CËnmXZ {_iVo. Ë`mda VwbZoZo H$sS> d amoJmMm

àmXw^m©d H$_r Amho. XwX¡dmZo OwÝ`m {~`mÊ`m§Mo g§dY©Z (Seed Bank) `mo½` V-hoZo hmoV Zmhr. _hmamï´>mVrb

H¥${f {dÚmnrR>m§Zr {deofV: _amR>dmS>m H¥${f {dÚmnrR>, na^UrZo {nH$m§À`m AZoH$ CÎm_ gai dmUm§Mm emoY

bmdbm Amho. ho gai, gwYm[aV dmU gH$[aV dmUm§À`m VmoS>rMo CËnmXZ XoVmVM na§Vw Ë`m§Mr àV / Md CÎm_

AgVo. Ë`m§À`m CËnmXZm_Ü`o gmVË` AgVo. (Consistency in yield) ImOJr {~`mUo H§$nÝ`m ZdrZ

g§H$[aV d g§emoYZ dmU ~mOmamV {dH«$sg Xadfu AmUV AmhoV. AmH$f©H$ \$moQ>mo Amë~_ d 1-2 eoVH$-`m§Mo

AZw d nona, _m{gH$mV à{gÜX H$éZ gm_mÝ` eoVH$-`m§Zm Vo AmH¥$ï> H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmV. Ë`m

dmUmÀ`m CËnmXZmV gmVË` (Stability) Zgë`mZo CËnÞmV gmVË` amhV Zmhr. n{hë`m dfu {_iUmao

CËnmXZ Xwg-`m {Vg-`m dfu VodT>o {_iV Zmhr. CbQ> H$sS> d amoJm§Zm Vo OmñV ~ir nS>VmV. Z§Va Vo

~mOmamVyZ AÑí` hmoVmV d Ë`mMr OmJm Xwgao g§H$[aV / g§emoYrV dmU KoVmV. 1-2 dfm©À`m h§Jm_mV Ë`m§Mo

gd© n¡go dgyb hmoVmV na§Vw eoVH$ar _mÌ \$moQ>mo d àMmambm ~ir nS>Vmo. _hmamï´>mVrb 3 H¥${f {dÚmnrR>m§Zr

g§emo{YV d {e\$mag Ho$boë`m 21 à_wI {nH$m§Mo gai / gwYm[aV / g§{_l dmU, eoVH$-`m§À`m _m{hVrgmR>r

{Xbo AmhoV. Ë`mM dmUm§Mr {ZdS> H$amdr d ImgJr H§$nÝ`mÀ`m _mohH$ Om{hamVrbm ~ir nSy>Z \$gy Z`o.

12

{nH$m§Mo gai / gwYm[aV / g§{_l dmU g|Ðr` eoVr H$aVmZm g§H$[aV, OZwH$ namdVuV (Or.E_) d ImOJr {~`mUo H§$nÝ`mMo g§emoYrV dmU dmné

ZH$m. Ë`mEodOr H¥${f {dÚmnrR>m§Mr Imbrb dmU dmnamdr.

A.H«$. nrH$ gai / gwYm[aV / g§{_l dmU

1 Ádmar nr.ìhr.Ho$. 400, 801, 809 Eg.nr.ìhr - 669 (ImoS>dm)

àmYmÝ` :- nr.ìhr.Ho$. 801, 809 `emoXm, _mD$br, dgwYm

aã~r nr.ìhr. Ho$.H«$m§Vr (2004) gr.Eg.ìhr - 18, gr.Eg.ìhr - 665

2 H$mnyg nr.Ho$.ìhr. aOV

EM.Ho$.EM. 081 A§Obr Oo.Eb.E. 794 (2003)

àmYmÝ` :- {dZm`H$, AZwg`m (EZEM 615)

nr.EM. 348, (`_wZm), EZ.EM. 545, Vwam~ (nr.ìhr. 255) {dZm`H$

(nr.E. 402)

3 ~mOar g§nXm, g_¥ÜXr, g~war, (E_.nr.ìhr.Ho$)

àmYmÝ` : g~war

4 ^mV gwJ§Ym, A{dîH$ma, namJ, à^mdVr, VoaUm, nr.ìhr.Ho$.JUoe (2003)

àmYmÝ` :- gwJ§Ym, \w$bo g_¥Üxr

\w$bo amYm (2004)

^moJmdVm (2004)

5 _yJ ~r.E_. 2002-01 (2004) d

\w$bo, E_ 9393 d¡^d (2001)

àmYmÝ` :- ~r.nr.E_. Ama - 145, ~r-4

~r.nr.E_.Ama 145 (2000)

nr.Ho$.ìhr, _yJ (2000)

a~r - Q>r.E.Ama.E_ - 1, 2

CÝhmir - nwgm d¡emIr,

Q>r.E. w 1, 2 (Q>r 9 nojm Mm§Jbo)

~r.S>rEZ 9-3 {dnwbm Q>r. 9230

6 CS>rX ~r.S>r. y. 1 (2001), E.Ho$.ìhr. 158, (nr.Ho$.ìhr 15), àmYmÝ` : ~r.S>r.`w - 1, Q>r.E.`y 1

Q>r.E. y 1,2 (Q>r 9 nojm Mm§Jbo)

~r.S>r.EZ 9-3, {dnwbm Q>r. 9230

7 Vya ~r.Eg.E_.Ama - 736, 853

~r.S>r.EZ. 708, (A_mob) (2003)

àmYmÝ` :- ~r.Eg.E_ Ama 736, 853

{dnwbm Q>r 9230

13

8 ^wB©_yJ Q>r.E.Or. 24, Q>rOr 26, Q>rOr 526, Oo.Eb. 220 (\w$boì`mg)

àmYmÝ` :- \w$bo CZn (286)

Q>rEOr 24, Q>rOr - 26

\w$bo CZn 286 (2004), Q>rEbOr 45 (2003) bmVya, Q>rnrOr 41 (2001) _. \w$bo {dÚmnrR>

9 gmo m~rZ E_.E. w.Eg 81, E_.E.`y.Eg- 71, O.Eg. 335, Q>r.E.E_. Eg 98-21 (2003)

E_.E_.Eg - 71, 81, Q>r.E.E_.Eg 38

àmYmÝ` E_.E.`w. - 71, 81 Q>r, E.E_. Eg 38

Q>r.E.E_.Eg - 38 (2003), \w$bo H$ë`mUr (S>rEg 228)2003

10 gy ©\y$b Eb,Eg-11 ({gÜXoída),

àmYmÝ` :- \w$bo, a{damO, E_.Eg. 56

E_.Eg. - 56, nr.Ho$.ìhr.Eg, E\$ - 27

11 Jhÿ E_grEg 2496, 2846, 2694 / n§MdQ>r,

Í`§~H$, bmoH$dZ

àmYmÝ` :- Hw$XaV-17, 27, Í`§~H$

Hw$XaV ( lr. aKwd§er, E_.nr.)

12 ha^am nr.Ho$.ìhr. - 2, {demb, ídoVm, ~r.S>r.EZ. - 797,

àmYmÝ` :- nr.Ho$.ìhr - 2, Oo.Or. 11

\w$bo 942525 ({X½drO`),

{dhma (2002)

13 H$aS>r nr.~r.EZ.Eg. - 12, (Hw$gy_, na^Ur) E.Ho$.Eg - 207 (2004)

àmYmÝ` : E.Ho$.Eg. 207, nr.~r.EZ.Eg. - 12 d 40

Or.Eb.Eg.E\$ - (\w$bo Hw$gy_)

14 D$g gr.Amo. 86032 (Zram), gr.Amo. 94012(2004)

àmYmÝ` :- H$mo, ìhr.Eg.Am` 9805 \w$bo 265

\w$bo 265, ìhr.Eg.Am` 9805

15 H$m§Xm \w$bo gwdUm©, nwgm aËZm, \w$bo g_W© (04)

àmYmÝ` : \w$bo g_W©

nr.ìhr.Ho$.{gboŠeZ (2004)

16 bgyU ídoVm, A°Jr\$mD§$S>

àmYmÝ` : ídoVm, JmoXmdar, `_wZm, g\o$X

Am`gr 49383

17 ^|S>r E.Ho$.Amo. ìhr. 97-16 (2004)

àmYmÝ` : \w$bo CËH$f©

\w$bo CËH$f© (2003), na^Ur _moVr AH$m© AZm{_H$m

18 dm§Jo nwgm h[aVm (2002) nwgm H«$m§Vr, d¡embr, àJVr

àmYmÝ` : H¥$îUm, `elr

H¥$îUm, `elr

14

19 Q>_mQ>o na^Ur `elr, amOlr, dgw§Yam AH$m©gm¡a^

àmYmÝ` : ^m½`lr, YZlr, amOlr

YZlr

20 hiX gob_, H¥$îUm, H$ñVwar

àmYmÝ` : \w$bo ñdénm, H¥$îUm

\w$bo ñdénm (2004) S>rQ>rEg (222)

21 {_aMr VoOg, \w$boÁ`moVr (1995) \w$bo gy ©_wIr

àmYmÝ` : \w$bo Á`moVr.

O`§Vr (E.Ho$.gr. 96- 39) 1996

22 T>mo~ir

{_aMr

AH$m© dg§V, AH$m© Jm¡ad, H°${b\$mo{Z©`m d§S>a

àmYmÝ` :- AH$m© A{^OrV, Jm¡ad

23 Mdir ~XZmnya - 2, \$mëJwZr, Xmo\$gbr

àmYmÝ` : \w$bo n§T>ar

H$moH$U gXm~hma

24 Ea§S>r S>rgrEg-1 Á`moVr, {JarOm, àmYmÝ` : Á`moVr

25 _mohar déUm (Q>r-59) aOZ, 5 Ho$.EZ 9 (eVmãXr) amohUr, d¡^d, H¥$îUm, Za|Ð

àmYmÝ` : gm¡a^, déUm

26 dmQ>mUm AmOu d|Oa, Ama.Ho$.Eg.gr.Or

àmYmÝ` : Odmha, aMZm

{gboŠeZ 93 (Odmha)

27 amO_m déU (E.gr.nr.Ama 94040) 2001 (dmamUer `y.nr.H$mZnya) , àmYmÝ` : gw e, déUm

gw e

{~`mUmgmR>r g§nH©$ :-

1. _hmamï´> Am°aJ°{ZH$ \$m{_ªJ \o$S>aoeZ, (_m°\$) - nwUo 1038/11, ~mbmOr {Zdmg, âb°Q> Z§. 5, H$m°g_m°g ~±H$ boZ, {Xn ~§Jbm Mm¡H$, _m°S>°b H$m°bZr, nwUo - 411 016, \$moZ Z§. (020) 25659090, 32907302, _mo. 9881497092

2. _amR>dmS>m H¥${f {dÚmnrR> - na^Ur \$moZ Z§. (02452) 223801, 223802, 223803

3. _hmË_m \w$bo H¥${f {dÚmnrR> amhþar - Ah_XZJa \$moZ Z§. (02426) 243227, 243355, 243861

4. S>m°. n§Om~amd Xoe_wI H¥${f {dÚmnrR> - AH$mobm \$moZ Z§. (0724), 258200 Vo 07

15

Or.E_. {nHo$ - AZ¡g{J©H$ OZwH$ namdVuV AÞ KmVH$

OZwH$ nardVuV (Genetically Modified) {nH$m§Mm {eaH$md ^maVmV 1997 nmgyZ gwê$ Pmbm. H$mnyg

{nH$m§_Ü`o ~r. Qr. H$mngmMo Or.E_. dmU eoVH$è`m§Zm A{YH$ CËnmXZ {_idyZ XoÊ`mÀ`m {dídmgmda {dVarV

H$aÊ`mV Ambo, na§Vw H$mbm§VamZo Ago {ZXe©Zmg Ambo H$s {dX^m©Vrb AmË_hË`m Ho$boë`m eoVH$è`m§n¡H$s 97%

eoVH$ar ~r. Q>r. H$mnyg CËnmXH$ hmoVo. hoM àbmo^Z XmIdyZ emgZ AmVm OZwH$ namdVuV dm§Jo {nH$mMo dmU

àgmarV H$arV Amho. Or.E_ {nH$m§_wio {ZgJ©, n`m©daU, H¥${f, newnjr d _mZd OmVrÀ`m Amamo½`mda

XwînarUm_ hmoVmV ho Am§Vaamï´>r` nmVirda {gÜX Pmbo Amho d ømMr A{YH¥$V Zm|X J«rZdm°M (U.K) d J«rZnrg

B§Q>aZ°eZb g§ñWmZr g§H$brV “Or. E_. H$m°ÝQ>°{_ZoeZ a{OñQ>a”_Ü o H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho.

OZwH$ nardVuV AÞ (G.M Food) H$m ZH$mo ?

1. AZ¡g{J©H$ V§ÌkmZ :- ^maVr` eoVH$è`m§gmR>r OZwH$ namdVuV V§ÌkmZ (Genetically Modified

Technology) ho daXmZ Amho. Ë`m_wio ^anya CËnÞ dmT>ob Ago emók d emgZmV\}$ ^mgdbo OmVo. ho

AgË` AgyZ `mCbQ> Aem Or.E_. AÞ godZm_wio _Zwî` d newàmÊ`m§À`m Amamo½`mda AË`§V {dnarV

n[aUm_ hmoVmo ho gà`moJ {gÜX Pmbo Amho. ho V§ÌkmZ _wimVM AZ¡g{J©H$ d AKmoar Amho. CXm.

H$mngmdarb ~m|S> Air {Z`§ÌUmgmR>r O{_ZrVrb {OdmUy§Mo OZwH$ {~`mÊ`mV dmnaUo, ^mVm_Ü o

OrdZgËd A dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r _mgo _Yrb OZwH$ dmnaUo, Q>mo_°Q>moMo gmb (H$mVS>o)OmS> H$aÊ`mgmR>r

Sw>H$amMo OZwH$ dmnaUo, _Š`m_Ü o gmnmMo OZwH$ dmnaUo, eoirMo XwYdmT>rgmR>r H$moir (Spider) Mo

OZwH$ dmnaUo. BË`mXr _mJm©Zo {ZgJ© {Z`_m{dê$ÜX V`ma Ho$boë`m Aem {nH$m§_wio EH$Va eoVmVrb

{nH$mdarb H$sS> d amoJm§Mo à_mU dmT>bo Amho. {edm` Or. E_. AÞ godZmZo _mZd OmVr_Ü`o AZoH$

AmOma d A°bOuMo à_mU dmT>bo Amho. nwamVZ H$mimV ^JdmZ am_ bú_Um§Zm ewÜXrda AmUÊ`mgmR>r

dra hZw_mZmZo Or g§OrdZr ~wQ>r dZñnVr AmUyZ `eñdr CnMma Ho$bo hmoVo.

Ë`m dZñnVrda g§emoYZ Ho$bo Va Vo AZ¡g{J©H$ hmoUma Zmhr. hr dZñnVr Q>o[aS>mo\$m`Q>m

(Pterydophyta)åhUOo \$Z© Hw$imVrb AgyZ {VMo emór` Zmd Silaginella bryopleris Amho.

nmÊ`mMm àM§S> VmU ghZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r j_Vm AgUmè`m øm dZñnVrVrb OZwH$, ^mV d Jìhmgma»`m

16

{nH$m§_Ü`o dmnabo Va {~ZnmÊ`mMm Jhþ d ^mVmMo nrH$ eoVH$è`m§Zm KoVm oB©b. AWm©V EH$ dZñnVrMo

OZwH$ Xwgè`m dZñnVrV dmnaUo gwÜXm {ZgJ© {Z`_m{dê$ÜXM Amho. H$maU ho Z¡g{J©H$ CËH«$m§Vr {dê$ÜX

Amho. Varhr H$mimMr JaO åhUyZ ho dmnaVm oB©b Ë`mnmgyZ {ZXmZ nydu Z_yX Ho$boë`m CXmhaUmà_mUo

^`mZH$ Xwîn[aUm_ Var hmoUma ZmhrV.

2. Or.E_ {nH$m§nmgyZ n[agamVrb {ZgJ© g§nÎmrda {dnarV n[aUm_ hmoVmo. {dX^m©V OwZr dS>, qnni, qb~,

B. d¥j dmi>V AmhoV. ^mOrnmbm AÞ {nH$m§À`m \$iYmaUoda A{Zð> n[aUm_ hmoV Amho. d Z§nwgH$Vm

{Z_m©U hmoV Amho.

3. Or. E_. {nH$m^modVr 5 {H$bmo _rQ>a n[agamVrb H$moUË`mhr CËnmXrV eoVr_mbmMo g|{Ð` à_m{UH$aU

naXoemV pñdH$mabo OmV Zmhr.

4. nydu nr. Eb 480 H$amamÝd`o ^maVmV Am`mV Pmboë`m ÁdmarVyZ JmOa JdVmÀ`m (H$m±J«og JdV)

{~`mÊ`m§Mm {eaH$md Pmbm hmoVm. AmVm Or. E_ {~`mUm§Ûmao gr. E,E_.ìhr - 35 (CaMV-35)

Q>{_©ZoQ>a à_moQ>a OrZMm ^maVmV àdoe Pmbm Amho. Ë`m_wio AÝ` {nH$m§_Ü`o ZnwgH$Vm (Sterility) `oV

Amho d AmVm ~r.Q>r. dm§½`mVrb A°{Q>~m`moQ>rH$ ao{PñQ>§Q> _mH©$a OrZ_wio _mZdmMr amoJ à{VH$ma eº$s

H$_r hmoUma Amho.

5. A_o[aHo$V Or. E_ AÞmÀ`m godZmZo BgmoZo\o${b`m _m`bo{O`m qgS>mo_ (EMS) `m aº$XmofmMm {dH$ma

hmodyZ 1989 _Ü o 36 ZmJarH$ _¥Ë`w_wIr nS>bo d 500 hÿZ A{YH$ bmoH$ H$m`_Mo An§J Pmbo.

6. g|Q>a \$m°a goë wba d _m°boŠ`wba ~m`mobm°Or h¡Ðm~mX (Am§Y«àXoe)À`m g§emoYZmZwgma Or.E_

V§ÌkmZm_wio H°$Ýga hmoVmo hr e§H$m Amho. na§Vw ^maVmV n[ajUmgmR>r AmYw{ZH$ gmo d à`moJemim

CnbãY Zgë`mZo naXoemV nS>VmiUr hmoV Amho.

7. àË`oH$ {nH$mMo _mV¥Xoe doJdoJio AmhoV. _mV¥Xoe Agboë`m MrZZo Amnë`m gmo m~rZda, noê$ Zo

~QmQ>çmda ,_opŠgH$moZo _H$m {nH$mdarb Or. E_ V§ÌkmZmbm {damoY Ho$bm Amho.

8. ~m`a H§$nZrZo g§emo{Yboë`m ZdrZ ~r. Q>r H$mnyg dmU LL 25 ({b~Q>u qbH$ - 25){nH$m§À`m

àgmaUmbm X{jU Am{\«$Ho$À`m H$_mo{S>Q>r H$å w{ZQ>rZo {damoY Zm|Xdbm Amho. H$maU gaH$sVrb

Jm°grnm°bMo à_mU 0.05 Vo 0.01 % EodOr 0.5 % Amho. Aer gaH$s n|S> OZmdam§Zr Im„r Va Ë`m§Zm

d§Ü`Ëd `oVo d AÝ` AmOma hmoVmV. VgoM Aem H$mnyg {nH$mMm nmbmnmMmoim O{_Zrda nS>ë`mZ§Va

17

O{_ZrVrb {OdmUy d Q>mÝgOo{ZH$ S>r. EZ.E Mm g§`moJ hmodyZ hm°arPm±Q>b OrZ Q´>mÝñ\$a (HGT)hmoVmo d

ZdZdrZ amoJm§Mr CËnÎmr hmoVo Ago AmT>iyZ Ambo Amho.

9. Jm°grnm°b (Gossypol) KQ>H$mMo à_mU AgUmè`m ~r. Q>r H$mngmMr gaH$s n|S> OZmdam§Zm Imdy

KmVë`mg Ë`m§Zm ídmg KoÊ`mg H$ï> hmoVmV, Aeº$nUm `oVmo, g§S>mg bmJVo, d§YËd àmá hmoVo d ôX` d

`H¥$Vmda A{Zð> n[aUm_ hmodyZ _¥Ë y g§ dVmo.

10. amo_m{Z`m XoemZo Or. E_. _H$m (MON 810) dmU _mZd, newYZ d n`m©daUmgmR>r KmVH$ Agë`mMo

AmT>ië`mZo XoemZo 15 E{àb 2008 nmgyZ ~§Xr AmUbr Amho.

11. ImoS>{H$S>çmgmR>r à{V~§YH$ AgUmè`m Or. E_. _H$m {nH$m_wio dÝ`Ord,(Wildlife) H¥${f d

_mZdOmVrMo Amamo½` YmoŠ`mV Agë`mMo AmT>ië`mZo \«$mÝg, h§Joar, Am°ñQ´>r`m, nmob§S> , J«rg Xoem§Zr

~§Xr Ho$br Amho.

12. Or. E_ {nH$m§Mo Adeof O{_Zrda nSy>Z Ë`mVrb Q>m°ŠgrÝg (Toxins) O{_ZrV Imobda Joë`mZo Jm§Sw>io,

OrdO§Vy, _w§½`m, H$moir, \w$bnmIao , BË`mXrda à{VHw$b n[aUm_ hmoVmo ho gà`moJ {gÜX Pmbo Amho.

13. Or. E_. dmUmnmgyZ V`ma Ho$boë`m H$nS>çm_wio ËdMmamoJ hmoVmV ho {gÜX Pmë`m_wio Zm°Z Or.E_.

H$mngmMr _mJUr O_©Zr Xoem_YyZ _moR>çm à_mUmda hmoV Amho.

14. Or. E_ gmo m~rZ n|S>rÀ`m godZm_wio OZmdam§Zm AZoH$ Xmof hmoVmV ho _m{hV Agë`m_wio AZoH$ Xoem§Zr

CXmhaZmW© pìhEQ>Zm_, OnmZ, MrZ, X{jU H$moar`m, B§S>moZo{e`m, ~§mJbm Xoe, nm{H$ñVmZ `m§Zr

^maVmH$S>o Zm°Z Or. E_ gmo`m~rZgmR>r _mJUr Ho$br Amho.

15. naXoemVrb à`moJ -

Or. E_. ~Q>mQ>o Imdy KmVboë`m C§Xam§Mr 3 _{hÝ`mZo _|XyMr AYuM dmT> Pmbr d amoJ à{VH$maH$eº$s hr H$_r Pmbr

Or. E_. _H$m Imdy KmVboë`m gemÀ`m earam_Yrb BZQ>© Or. E_. ìhm`ag nwÝhm {Od§V hmodyZ Ë`mbm H°$ÝgaZo nN>mS>bo.

MrZ_Yrb gmg© amoJ Or. E_. gmo`m~rZMo godZ ~§X Ho$ë`mZo bJoM {Z`§ÌUmV Amë`mMo AmT>ibo.

\«$mÝg_Ü o Or. E_ _H$m MON 863 C§Xam§Zm Imdy KmVë`mda Ë`m§Mo `H¥$V d _wÌqnS> {~KS>ë`mMo AmT>ibo.

18

Or. E_. AÞ godZm_wio g§nyU© Ordg¥ï>r d _mZd OmVrÀ`m Amamo½`mda A{Zð> n[aUm_ hmoVmo ho {Z{d©dmXnUo

{gÜX Pmbo Amho . H|$Ð emgZ ^maVr` eoVH$è`m§Mo {hV d ZmJ[aH$m§À`m Amamo½`mnojm {dXoer ~hþamï´>r`

H§$nÝ`mÀ`m {hVmMrM A{YH$ H$miOr H$arV Amho ho ñnï> Amho. AmVm Or. E_. dm§Jo {nH$mMm àdoe hmoV Amho.

Ë`mÀ`m bmJdS>r_wio dm§Jo {nH$m§Mo BVa Xoer dmU Zm_eof hmoÊ`mMm YmoH$m Amho. g§nyU© OJmV ^maVmEdT>çm

dm§½`mÀ`m {d{dY OmVr H$moUË`mM XoemV ZmhrV. ^maV gaH$maZo ~hþamï>r` H§$nÝ`m§Mo {hVg§~§Y OnÊ`mgmR>r

Or. E_. {nH$m§Mm ^maVmV àdoe A{YH$ gwH$a d ËdarV ìhmdm åhUyZ nmD$bo CMbbr AmhoV.

Or. E_. {damoYr A{^`mZmgmR>r lr. {dH«$_ ~moHo$ (_m°\$), lr. _°Ï y (gr.dm`.S>r.E), lr. ^dmZr Xmg

({ñdgES>), lr_Vr. H${dVm Hw$aJw§Q>r (gr. Eg. E. h¡Ðm~mX), S>m°. Šbm°S> Aëìhmarg (Amo\$m` Jmodm),

lr. XÎmm nmQ>rb ( wdm, ZmJnya), g§ñH¥$Vr _oZZ (CEE nwUo), Or.E_. \«$s B§{S>`m H$moEA{beZ, h_mam ~rO

A{^`mZ, J«m_n[adV©Z BË`mXr g§KQ>Zm BË`mXr OmoaXma à`ËZ H$arV AmhoV. Or. E_. H$mngm_mJmo_mJ

^{dî`mV H«$_mZo Or. E_.dm§Jo, ^|S>r, ^mV, Vya d Q>mo_°Q>mo BË`mXr H«$_mZo 56 {nHo$ àgmarV hmoUma AmhoV. Ë`m_wio

AmVmM àIa H$aUo JaOoMo Amho.

h[aVH«$m§Vr H$mimV amgm`{ZH$ IVo d Am¡fY dmnamMm A{VaoH$ Pmë`mMo Amnë`mbm C{eam H$m hmoB©Zm bjmV

Ambo d AmVm hiyhiy Ë`mMo à_mU H$aUo Amnë`m hmVmV Var Amho. na§Vw Or. E_. {nHo$ EH$Xm ^maVmV Ambr H$s

Ë`mMm {eaH$md Wm§~dUo _mZdmÀ`m hmVmV amhUma Zmhr. Vw_Mr {H$Vrhr B©ÀN>m Agbr Var Vwåhr Vo Wm§~dy eH$Uma

Zmhr. H$maU ho V§ÌkmZ Anamd¥Îmr` (Irreversible) Amho ømMr Jm§^r`m©Zo gdmªZr Zm|X KoUo JaOoMo Amho.

A_o[aHo$Zo ~hþamï´>r` YZmT²>` H§$nÝ`mÛmao ^maVm{dê$ÜX nwH$mabo ho O¡d wÜX (Biowar) Amho. ho gdmªZr bjmV

KoVbo nm{hOo. Or. E_. dm§Jo godZm_wio nwT>rb qnT>r§À`mhr em[aarH$ , ~m¡ÜXrH$ d _mZ{gH$ dmT>rda A{Zð>

n[aUm_ hmoUma Amho. ZmJ[aH$m§À`m Amamo½`mer Ioi H$aUmè`m `m amï´>Ðmohr H¥$Vrbm g§nyU© g_mOmZo H$S>mSy>Z

{damoY Ho$bm nm{hOo d {ZXmZ Amnë`m AmJm_r {nT>rÀ`m H$ë`mUmgmR>r Var H|$ÐemgZmH$S>o {d{dY _mJm©Zo {ZfoY

Zm|XdUo JaOoMo Amho. àË`oH$ ZmJ[aH$m§Zr ^maVr` g§{dYmZ KQ>ZoÀ`m 21 H$b_mÝd`o Right of life dmnaÊ`mMr

doi AmVm Ambr Amho.

19

{~`mUo / ~oUo / H§$X g§ñH$ma

lr. _mohZ e§H$a Xoenm§S>o Ë`m§Zr „g§ñH$ma‟ hm A{Ve` `mo½` eãX {Xbm Amho, à{H«$`m {Z{O©dmda hmoVo, g§ñH$ma

gOrdmda hmoVmV ho åhUUo gmW© Amho. g|Ðr` eoVr_Ü`o 3 à_wI H$maUm§gmR>r {~`mUo / H§$X / ~oUo g§ñH$marV

H$amdo bmJVmV.

1. {~`mUo / H§$X / {~`mÊ`mMr CJdU Omo_Xma d bdH$a ìhmdr.

2. {~`mUo d amonm§Mo H$sS> d amoJmnmgyZ g§ajU ìhmdo

3. CJdUrZ§Va nmÊ`mMm g§^mì` VmU ghZ H$aÊ`mMr j_Vm `mdr.

eoVH$-`m§Zr `mo½` O_rZ d {nH$mÀ`m dmUmMr {ZdS> Ho$ë`mZ§VaMm H¥$Vr H$m`©H«$_ Imbr {Xbm Amho.

1. CJdU j_Vm VnmgUo :- EH$Xm noaUr Pmbr H$s amonm§Mr g§»`m {dai Pmbobr XmQ> H$aVm `oV Zmhr. na§Vw XmQ> noaUr Ho$br Va {daiUr

H$aVm oVo. XmoÝht ~m~VrV ZwH$gmZ Amho. PmS>mMr àVr h oŠQ>a g§»`m (Plant population ) H$_r Agob Va

CËnÞ KQ>Vo d OmñV Agbo Var CËnÞmda n[aUm_ hmoVmo. {edm` OmXm {~`mÊ`m§Mm AmJmdy IM© hmoVmo. hr

n[apñWVr Q>miÊ`mgmR>r eoVH$-`m§Zr 8 {Xdg noaUrAmYr {~`mÊ`mMr CJdU eº$s VnmgyZ nhmdr. hr

nÕV A{Ve` gmonr, Cn`wº$ d Ho$di 4 {Xdgm§V nyU© hmoUmar Amho. 6 nmZr dV©_mZnÌ nmÊ`mV ~wS>dyZ

H$mT>m. nyU© nmUr {ZWiy Úm. O{_Zrda Vo A§Wam. noaUr H$amd`mÀ`m {~`mÊ`mVyZ 100 XmUo _moOyZ ¿`m.

Ë`mVrb 10 XmUo nonaÀ`m EH$m ~mOybm Cä`m aofoV gmYmaU 3 g|_r. A§Vamda R>odyZ EH$ bhmZ KS>r H$éZ

PmH$m (diH$Q>r KmbVmZm n{hbr KS>r KmbVmV Ë`mà_mUo) Z§Va 50 XmUo Ë`mM nÜXVrZo A§WéZ Xwgar

KS>r Kmbm. `mà_mUo 10 KS>çm KmVë`mZ§Va nonaMr diH$Q>r nyU© hmoB©b. hr diH$Q>r EH$m ßb°pñQ>H$À`m

VwH$S>`mV Jw§S>miyZ KarM Q>o~bmImbr (CÝhmV ZH$mo) R>odyZ Úmdr, Mma {XdgmZ§Va H°$ar~°J H$mTy>Z diH$Q>r

gmdH$me CH$bm. _moS> Amboë`m geº$ amonm§Mr g§»`m _moOm. `mdéZ CJdU eº$sMo à_mU eoH$S>m {H$Vr

Amho Vo g_OVo. àË`oH$ {nH$mMr {H$_mZ CJdU eº$s {ZpíMV Ho$br Amho. CXm. Ádmar 75 %, H$mnyg 65 %,

Vya, _yJ, CS>rX 75%, gmo`m~rZbm 70 % CJdU hdr. Oa Amnë`m n[ajUmV gmo m~rZÀ`m 60 %

{~`mÊ`mbm Oa _moS> Ambo AgVrb Va {~`mUo noaVmZm 30 Vo 35 {H$bmo J«°_Zr noamdo

20

bmJVo. åhUOo hoŠQ>ar Ano{jV PmS>m§Mr g§»`m {_iob d CËnmXZhr Mm§Jbo oB©b. Amåhr a~r qH$dm CÝhmir

h§Jm_mV gmo`m~rZ noaVmo Ë`mMr CJdUeº$s 91 % {_iVo Ë`m_wio àVr 40 Ama 35 {H$bmo EodOr \$º$ 20

{H$bmo J«°_ {~`mUo bmJVo. {~`mÊ`mdarb IM© dmM{dUo, `mo½` Ë`m à_mUmVM {~`mUo noaUo d Ano{jV

PmS>m§Mr g§»`m àVr hoŠQ>ar R>odÊ`mgmR>r darb ~m~r AË`§V _hËdmÀ`m AmhoV.

2. {~`mUo / ~oUo / H§$X g§ñH$ma :-

Jhÿ, Ádmar, Vya, ^wB©_yJ, _yJ, CS>rX, H$mnyg, gy ©\y$b BË`mXr {~`mUo qH$dm Ho$ir, hiXrMo H§$X AWdm

D$gmMo ~oUo Agmo Ë`mbm `mo½` g|Ðr` {_lUm§Mo g§ñH$ma H$aUo JaOoMo Amho. g§ñH$ma H$éZ {~`mUo noabo

Va AënmdYrV Omo_Xma CJdVo. amoJ {H$S>rnmgyZ _wº$ amhVo. CJdë`mZ§Va Oa WmoS>mgm nmÊ`mMm VmU

nS>bm Var amono ghZ H$é eH$VmV. gd©gmYmaUnUo Imbrb {_lU g§ñH$mamgmR>r dmnamdo. Amnë`m

AZw dmdéZ eoVH$ar Ë`mV WmoS>m\$ma \$aH$ H$é eH$VmV Ë`m_wio ZwH$gmZ hmoUma Zmhr.

1. ~m§~wÀ`m _wi`m OdiMr / dméimMr / H$Sw>Cqb~m ImbMr / nm§XZrMr _mVr - 1 {H$bmo

2. Xoer JmB©Mo qH$dm Xoer ~¡bmMo eoU - 1 {H$bmoJ«°_

3. Xoer JmB©Mo _yÌ - 1 {bQ>a

4. Xoer JmB©Mo XyY - 100 {_br

5. H$irMm MwZm - 50 J«°_

darb {_lUmÀ`m (Entomopathophagus & nutritional property) _wio CJdU CÎm_, H$sS> amoJmbm

à{V~§YH$, nrH$ nmofUmg ghmæ`^yV d nmÊ`mMm VmU A§eV: ghZ H$aÊ`mMr eº$s àmá hmoVo. dméimÀ`m

_mVr_Ü`o Ag§»` ~°ŠQ>o[a`m d amoJZmeH$ ~waer AgVmV. ~m§~wÀ`m _wi`mOdirb _mVrV {gbrH$mMo àM§S> à_mU

AgVo.

Xoer Jm` g|Ðr` eoVrgmR>r gdm©Îm_ Agë`mZo Ë`m§MoM eoU_yÌ dmnamdo. Vo CnbãY Zgob Va Xoer ~¡b Mmbob.

{~`mUo / ~oUo / H§$X, darb ÐmdUmV ~wS>dmdo d gmdbrV dmidyZ bJoM noamdo. Ë`mVrb KQ>H$m§Mo à_mU {~`mUo /

~oUo g§ñH$mamÀ`m à_mUmZwgma H$_r OmñV H$amdo. Amåhr nydu {OdmUyg§dY©Ho$ darb {_lUmV {_giV hmoVmo na§Vw

AZw dmZo Ago {ZXe©Zmg Ambo H$s Mm§Jbo _wabobo eoUIV MmiyZ qH$dm Kar V`ma Ho$boë`m Jm§Sy>i IVm~amo~a

A°PmoQ>mo~°ŠQ>a - 250 J«°_ (EH$Xb {nH$mgmR>r), am`Pmo{Z`_ - 250 J«°_ (pìXXb {nH$mgmR>r),

21

nrEg~r - 1 {H$bmo, Q´>m`H$moS>_m© pìharS>r - AYm© {H$bmo (^mOrnmbm {nH$mgmR>r) {OdmUyg§dY©H$, 48 Vmg AmYr

{_giyZ Oa Vo nrH$ CJdyZ Amë`mda n{hë`m H$moinUrÀ`m doir gaË`mZo AmoirV noéZ {Xbo Va Vo OmñV

Cn`wº$ d n[aUm_H$maH$ AgVo. {~`mÊ`mbm {OdmUyg§dY©H$ bmdyZ noabo d noaUrZ§Va nmdgmMr CKS>rn Pmbr

Va O{_ZrMo Vmn_mZ dmT>Vo d Voìhm OrdmUy _aVmV Ë`m_wio H$moinUrÀ`m doir darb nÜXVrZo Vo noabo Va Ë`m

H$mimV O{_ZrVrb Vmn_mZ d AmЩVm {OdmUyg nmofH$ Agë`mZo Vo A{YH$ H$m`©j_nUo H$m © H$é eH$VmV.

noaUrZ§Va 10-15 {Xdgm§Zr Imbrb {_lU XmoZ AmoirV noamdo.

{_lUmMo à_mU à{V 40 Ama

1. Mmibobo eoUIV qH$dm Jm§Sy>iIV - 4 q¸$Q>b

2. A°PmQ>mo~°ŠQ>a {OdmUyg§dY©H$ - 250 J«°_

3. am`Pmo{~`_ {OdmUyg§dY©H$ - 250 J«°_

4. nrEg~r - 1 {H$bmo

5. Q´>m`H$moS>_m© pìharS>r - 500 J«°_

eoVH$-`m§Zr {OdmUyg§dY©Ho$ d O¡{dH$ ~waerZmeH$ dJiVm H$moUVrhr AÝ` {Z{dîR>m CXm. Jm§Sy>iIV, g|Ðr`

IV, g|Ðr` Am¡fYo ~mOmamVrb XwH$mZmVyZ {dH$V KoD$ Z`oV. {OdmUw g§dY©H$mMr JaOgwÜXm gwédmVrMo 1-2

df}M AgVo Ë`mZ§Va O_rZ {OdmUy§Zr g_¥ÜX Pmë`mda ^{dî`mV H$moUVohr {OdmUyg§dY©H$ dmnaÊ`mMr JaO

nS>V Zmhr. n{hë`mM dfu CËnÞ KQy> Z`o åhUyZ Vr gwédmVrMr 1-2 df}M dmnamdrV Ago Am_Mo _V Amho .

~mOmamVrb XwH$mZmV CnbãY AgUm-`m g|Ðr` IVo, Am¡fYo Jm§Sw>i IV, gyú__ybÐì`m§Mr {_lUo BË`mXr

{Z{dð>m§Mr àV d n[aUm_m{df`r H$moUVrhr ImÌr Zmhr. ZH$br, ^ogi d {ZH¥$ï> XOm©Mr g|Ðr` CËnmXZo

H$maImZXma {~Z{X¸$VnUo {dH$VmV. Aem àg§Jr eoVH$-`m§Zr Ë`m§À`mgmR>r V`ma Ho$boë`m Xwg-`m Omù`mV

AmnU AS>H$Uma Zmhr `mMr H$miOr ¿`mdr.

Q´>m`H$moS>_m© pìharS>r hr ~waer AgyZ Vr O{_ZrVrb d {nH$mdarb hm{ZH$maH$ ~waerMm Zme H$aVo. g|Ðr`

eoVr_Ü`o ho AË`§V ~hþJwUr Cn`wº$ O¡{dH$ ~waerZmeH$ {d{dY àH$mao dmnaVm oVo.

22

1. {~`mÊ`mbm bmdÊ`mgmR>r 1 J«°_ à{V {H$bmo {~`mUo

2. ^mOrnmbm amonmMm JmXrdm\$m qH$dm O{_Zrda qenÊ`mgmR>r 200 J«°_ à{V Mm¡. _rQ>a

3. ^mOrnmbm amono ñWbm§Vamnydu ~wS>dyZ bmdÊ`mgmR>r - 5 J«°_ àVr {bQ>a nmUr

4. {nH$mda \$dmaUr gmR>r 1 J«°_ à{V {bQ>a nmUr

eoVmV {d{dY a§JmMr _mVr AgVo àË oH$ a§JmMr WmoS>r WmoS>r _mVr Jmoim H$amdr d Ë`mV Xoer JmB©Mo eoU H$mbdmdo,

{~`mUo Q>mHy$Z Ë`mV Jmo_yÌmÀ`m gmømZo nyU© {^OV R>odmdo. _mVrÀ`m (^y_mVm) ^mdZm {Od§V {~`mÊ`mV

éOë`mZo amonQ>o CÎm_ CJdVo d nwT>o dmT>rb bmJVo.

Jhÿ d BVa {~`mÊ`mg 2 {H$bmo {Od§V dméimMr _mVr, 1 {H$bmo eoU, 1 {bQ>a Jmo_yÌ {_lUm§Mo g§ñH$ma Ho$bo Va

CJdUeº$s dmT>Vo, nrH$ CÎm_ `oVo Agm AZw^d Amho.

23

noaUr - bmJdS> nÜXV

àM{bV amgm`{ZH$ eoVr nÜXVr_Ü`o EH$M nrH$ noaÊ`mMr {e\$mag H$aVmV. qZXUo, \$dmaUr, H$mnUr

BË`mXr gmo rMo Agë`mZo Vr Ho$bobr AgVo. naXoemV _OwamMr H$_VaVm Agë`m_wio noaUr, \$dmaUr,

H$mnUr BË`mXr H$m_o `§ÌmÀ`m gmh`mZo Ho$br OmVmV. nmíMmË`mMr hrM nÜXV AmnU S>moio PmHy$Z CMbbr.

dmñV{dH$ nmhVm Amnbo nyd©O nÅ>m nÜXV, {_lnrH$, OmoS> Amoir BË`mXr OmUrdnyd©H$ H$arVM hmoVo. g|Ðr`

eoVrnÜXVrbm EH$ nrH$ nÜXVr _mÝ` Zmhr. ~hþnrH$ nÜXVrMr {e\$mag Imbrb hoVw gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r

Ho$br OmVo.

1. {nH$m§Mo `mo½` nmofU hmoVo (EH$Xb d pìXXb {nH$m§À`m Amoir)

2. H$sS> d amoJ ì`dñWmnZmg Cn`wº$ (gmnim {nHo$ B.)

3. H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ AmhmamÀ`m JaOm ^mJVmV. (V¥UYmÝ o, S>mir, Vob B)

4. Am{W©H$ ZwH$gmZ gwgh` hmoVo (Z¡g{J©H$ AmnÎmr, ~mOma^mdmV KgaU B.)

AmOH$mbMo A{ZpíMV nO©Ý`_mZ, ~XbVo dmVmdaU, Vmn_mZ, W§S>r, JmanrQ>, dmXi BË`mXrÀ`m nmíd©^y_rda

EH$ nrH$ nÜXVrV g§nyU© ZwH$gmZ hmoÊ`mEodOr ~hþnrH$ nÜXVr pñdH$maë`mg EH$Var nrH$ hmVr oD$Z eoVH$-

`mbm Am{W©H$ AmYma {_iVmo. Ë`m{edm` darb AÝ` \$m`Xohr {_iVmV. AmYw{ZH$ ^mfoV gm§Jm`Mo Pmë`mg

AmVm (Income Risk Management Agriculture Technique) hr H$mimMr JaO ~Zbr Amho.

_hmamï>mVë`m H¥${f {dÚmnrR>m§Zr {nH$mÀ`m gai dmUmMm emoY bmdyZ CËH¥$ï> H$m`© Ho$bo Amho. Ë`m~amo~aM

{nH$mÀ`m ghOrdZ nÜXVrda hr g§emoYZ Ho$bo Amho. EH$_oH$m§Zm nyaH$ AgUmar {nHo$, C§MrMm d dmT>rÀ`m doJmMm

n[aUm_, O{_ZrMr gwnrH$Vm dmT>{dÊ`mMr Cn`wŠÎmm BË`mXr ~m~t{df`r g§emoYZ H$éZ Imbrb Am§Va{nH$m§Mr

{ZdS> Ho$br Amho.

24

g|Ðr` eoVrgmR>r `mo½` Am§VanrH$ nÜXVr :-

A.H«$. {nH$m§Mo Zmd AmoitMr g§»`m

1 Ádmar / _H$m + gmo m~rZ

Ádmar + Vya

1:2, 4:2

3:3 qH$dm 4:2

2 Ádmar + _yJ$/ Mdir 3:3

3 Ádmar + CS>rX 3:3

4 a~r Ádmar + H$aS>B© 6:3

5 Iarn ^wB©_yJ + gy ©\y$b 6:2

6 Iarn ^wB©_yJ + Ádmar / _H$m 6:2

7 Iarn ^wB©_yJ + Vya / Ea§S>r 6:1, 3:1

8 Iarn ^wB©_yJ + H$mnyg 6:1

9 gmo m~rZ + Vri 6:1

10 gmo m~rZ + Vya 4:2, 2:1

11 H$mnyg + Mdir 1:3, 2:3

12 H$mnyg + gmo`m~rZ 1:1, 1:2

13 H$mnyg + CS>rX / _yJ 1:3

14 H$mnyg + _H$m / A§~mS>r / ^Ja / P|Sy>

15 H$mnyg + Ádmar + Vya + Ádmar 6:1, 2:1

16 ~mOar + Vya 3:3, 2:1

17 ~mOar + _Q>H$s 2:1

18 _yJ / CS>rX + Vya 3:1

19 Vya + Vri 1:2

20 Ea§S>r + YZo 1:2, 1:3

21 Ea§S>r + gmo m~rZ 1:1

25

22 H$aS>r + ha^am 3:3, 6:3, 2:1, 3:6

23 D$g + ~Q>mQ>m 1:2, 1:3

24 D$g + ha^am 1:3

25 ^|S>r + Mdir 1:2, 1:3

26 T>mo~ir {_aMr + _H$m / Ádmar 1:2, 1:3

27 H$mo~r + KodS>m / _mohar 1:1, 1:2

28 Q>mo_°Q>mo + H$mo~r / P|Sw> 2:2, 3:3

29 Q>mo_°Q>mo + {_aMr / H$mo~r 2:2, 3:3

30 _H$m + Vya 4:1

31 gy ©\y$b + Y|Mm 6:1, 9:1

32 Q>mo_°Q>mo / dm§Jo + _yim / H$moWt~ra 2:1, 3:2

33 Jhÿ + _mohar 4:2

34 Q>mo_°Q>mo + P|Sy> 2:1

35 Vya + _mohar / Odg / H$moWt~ra 2:1

36 ~mOar + _yJ$ / CS>rX 3:1

37 ~mOar + hþbJm 3:2

38 Vya + gy ©\y$b 4:2

39 H$mnyg + Vya 4:2

40 _H$m + ^wB©_yJ 2:1

41 _H$m + KodS>m + Mdir 2:2

42 nmZH$mo~r + Q>mo_°Q>mo 2:2

43 ~Q>mQ>o + H$m§Xo / KodS>m / gmo`m~rZ / Q>mo_°Q>mo / _H$m 4:2

44 _H$m + aVmir / {Iam H$mH$S>r 1:2

45 H$mH$S>r + _H$m 2:1

46 Q>a~wO + _H$m / ~mOar (1 _{hZm AmYr) 2:1

26

2. noaUr X{jUmoÎma H$amdr :-

eoVO_rZ MT>CVmamMr Agë`mg H§$Qy>a nÜXVrZo noaUr H$amdr. O_rZ g_nmVirV Agob Va X{jUmoÎma

noaUr H$amdr. Ë`m_wio Imbrb \$m`Xo hmoVrV.

{Xdg^amMr gy ©{H$aUo PmS>mÀ`m g§nyU© ^mJmda nS>Vrb d àH$me g§íbofU {H«$`m (Photosynethesis)

dmT>ë`mZo CËnmXZ dmT>ob. AmYw{ZH$ V§ÌkmZmV gy ©eº$sZo _hËd àm. Xm^moiH$a d Ë`mZ§Va Ë`m§Mo

{eî` lr. gwaoe XogmB© (~oiJmd) h`m§Zr nwaonya OmUbo. PmS>m§Zr OmñV gy ©eº$s IoMë`mZo CËnmXZ

dmT>Vo ho àm. Xm^moiH$agam§Zr gà_mU[aË`m Ðmj {nH$m§da XmIdyZ {Xbo Amho. nydu Ðmj bmJdS> B§J«Or

(T) nÜXVrZo A±Jb bmdyZ H$aV hmoVo. Ë`mZ§Va Ë`mV gwYmaUm H$éZ A°JbMm AmH$ma (Y) Pmbm d

nmZm§Zr AmUIr gy ©eº$s IoMyZ ¿`mdr åhUyZ Ë`mMm n¥ð>^mJ (Surface Area) dmT>dyZ {dñVmarV

„ `y ‟ åhUOo Agm Pmbm d Ho$di h`m nÜXVr_wio ÐmjmMo CËnmXZ 2 Vo 5 Q>Z àVr 40 Ama dmT>dyZ

XmIdbo. gy ©eº$sMo AZÝ` gmYmaU _hËd bjmV KoVm eoVH$-`m§Zr H$moUVohr {nH$ X{jUmoÎma noamdo d

Amnbo CËnmXZ dmT>dmdo.

{nHo$ amÌr H$m~©ZS>m`Am°ŠgmB©S> dm y dmVmdaUmV gmoS>VmV. Vmo dm y nyd©pßeM_ {XeoZo dmhUm-`m

dm-`m~amo~a eoVm~mhoa OmD$ Z`o åhUyZ noaUr X{jUmoÎma H$amdr. Ë`m_wio H$m~©Z S>m`Am°ŠgmB©S> dm y

eoVmVM amhVmo d àH$me g§íbofU {H«$ obm _XV H$aVmo. eoV _moR>o Agob Va X{jUmoÎma {XeoZo R>am{dH$

A§Vamda O¡{dH$ ~m§Y ( JOamO Amoi) KmVbo Va Co2 dm`y AS>ob d PmS>m§À`m dmT>rbm _XV H$aob.

lr. gwaoe XogmBªZr hr nÜXV {dH${gV Ho$br Amho. `mda emókm§Zr à`moJ H$éZ A{YH$ g§emoYZ

H$amdo.

{nH$m§Mr noaUr X{jUmoÎma Ho$ë`mZo CÎma d X{jU Y«wdmÀ`m Mw§~H$s` n[aUm_m§_wµio (Polar Magnetic

effect) {nH$mÀ`m dmT>rda AZwHy$b n[aUm_ hmoVmo. Mw§~H$s` bmQ>m§_wio (Magnetic resonance waves)

{nH$m§Mo CËnmXZ dmYVo, Agm emókm§Mm Xmdm Amho. åhUyZ eoVH$-`m§Zr gd© {nH$m§Mr noaUr / bmJdS>

X{jUmoÎma H$amdr.

27

3. noaUrMo A§Va :- H¥${f {dÚmnrR>m§Zr àË oH$ {nH$m§Mr noaUr {H$Vr A§Vamda H$amdr `mMo {ZX}e Ho$bo Amho. Ë`mV WmoS>m \$aH$

H$amdm bmJob. Q>moH$U nÜXVrZo bmJdS> H$aUm-`m {nH$m_Ü o (CXm. H$mnyg) XmoZ AmoitVrb A§Va XmoZ

PmS>mVrb A§Vamnojm 15 Vo 30 g|._r OmñV Agmdo. H$mnyg bmJdS> 90 ~m` 90 go_r, 60 ~m` 60 g|_r, 120

~m` 120 g|_r H$aVm 90 ~m` 60 g|_r qH$dm 60 ~m` 45 g|_r H$amdr. Amnbr O_rZ, _mJrb dfm©Mm AZw^d

bjmV KoD$Z A§Va {H$Vr R>odmdo hm {ZU© ñdV:bmM ¿`mdm bmJob. XmoZ AmoirVbo A§Va, XmoZ PmS>m§À`m

A§Vamnojm OmñV R>odë`mZo \$m`Xm hmoVmo. Q>moH$U Ho$boë`m {nH$mV C^r d AmS>dr Am§Va_emJV H$aVm oVo.

nrH$ dmT>ë`mZ§Va EH$ doi Aer `oVo H$s, \$º$ EHo$arM d {Vhr eodQ>Mr H$moinUr XoUo eŠ` AgVo. Ë`mdoir

dIamÀ`m \$mgmbm / nmoVo ~m§YyZ nmir {Xbr Va H$mngmÀ`m ~wS>mer OmñVrV OmñV _mVr bmJob Ë`m_wio

{nH$mÀ`m ~wS>m§er OmñV {Xdg Amobmdm {Q>Hy$Z amhrb d nmÊ`mMm VmU nS>ë`mda O{_Zrbm ^oJm nSy>Z

~m|S>mMr Ji hmoVo, Vr hmoUma Zmhr. gd©M {nH$m§À`m ~m~VrV ho V§Ì Adb§~mZo bmJob.

4. A°amoJ«rZMr noaUr :-

g|Ðr` eoVH$-`m§Zr noaUr H$aVm§Zm _ZmV Xwhoar hoVy R>odyZ {nH$m§Mr {ZdS> H$amdr. EH$Va Ë`m_wio nrH$

nmofUmg _XV hmoB©b VgoM H$sS> d amoJ ì`dñWmnZobm ghmæ`^yV hmoB©b. Am_Mo ñZohr lr. gwaoe XogmB©À`m

_Vo H$moUVohr nrH$ noaVm§Zm gmo~V ha^ao 2 {H$bmoJ«°_, YZo 500 J«°_, _oWr 500 J«°_ d Vri 100 J«°_ noamdo. hr

{nHo$ 2 _{hÝ`mMr Pmë`mda H$mnmdr d _w»` {nH$m§À`m AmoirV ngéZ Ë`mMo AmÀN>mXZ H$amdo. Ë`m_wio _w»`

{nH$mMo nmofU hmoVo VgoM H$sS> d amoJmnmgyZ g§ajU {_iVo.

5. {~`mUo EH${ÌV H$éZ noaUr :- lr. ^¡æ`mgmho~ Jmd§S>o am. Zm`Jmd, Vm. ~m^yiJmd, {O. `dV_mi (\$moZ (07232 / 272331)) d

lr. AÊUmgmho~ Zmam`Uamd ^mo a, am. Zma§JrZJa, Vm. {O. `dV_mi (\$moZ 07232 / 246984)

Ë`m§À`mH$S>o OdiOdi 40 hoŠQ>a O_rZ Amho. gZ 1910 nmgyZ XmoKohr Imbrb nÜXVrZo noaUr H$aVmV.

gmo m~rZ ho.Eg. 335 40 {H$bmoJ«°_, Vya (~rEgE_Ama 736) 4 {H$bmoJ«°_ d Ádmar (ídoVm 801) 250 J«°_ gd©

EH$Ì H$aVmV. {_gµiVmV d {V\$UrZo noaVmV. doJdoJi`m Amoir ZgVmV. H$moUVohr amgm`{ZH$ IV dmnaV

28

ZmhrV d H$moUVohr {dfmar H$sS>ZmeH$ dmnamV ZmhrV. {H$Vrhr H$sS> nS>bm Var \$dmaUr H$arV ZmhrV.

n{hbm ~hma Oar 100 % H$sS>J«ñV Pmbm Var Xwgam ~hma `oVmo d Xaå`mZ eoVmV {_Ì {H$S>r, namon{Odr

H$sQ>H$, na^jr {H$Q>H$, nmIao EdT>r dmT>VmV H$s Ë`m§Zm H$sQ>H$ZmeH$ Z dmnaVm CÎm_ nrH$ `oVo. Ë`m§Zm

gamgar gmo`m~rZMo 20 Vo 25 {¸$Q>§b, VwarMo 6 Vo 8 q¸$Q>b d ÁdmarMo 2.5 Vo 5 q¸$Q>b CËnmXZ à{V 40 Ama

{_iVo. Agm XmoKm§Mmhr AZw d Amho. BVa eoVH$-`m§Zrhr `mMr à{MVr ¿`mdr. lr. Jmd§S>o d lr. ^mo`a

`dV_mi) {nH$m§Mm \o$anmbQ> H$aÊ`mgmWr 10-10 hoŠQ>aÀ`m ßbm°Q>_Ü`o AmbQy>Z nmbQy>Z Imbrb {~`mÊ`m§Mo

{_lU noaVmV. CS>rX + Vya + _yJ, H$mnyg + Vri, _yJ + H$mnyg + _Q>H$s + Vri Ago {_lU noaVmV.

H$mnUrV Ìmg hmoV Zmhr Agm Ë`m§Mm AZw^d Amho.

gm§nim {nH$mMr noaUr :- gmnim nrHo$ :-

gmnim {nHo$ eoVmV bmdyZ {_Ì {H$S>rMr g§»`m dmT>dVm `oVo. Aer gmnim nrHo$ H$mnyg, Q>mo_°Q>mo d BVa ^mOrnmbm

{nH$mV bmdë`mg boS>r~S>© {~Q>b d H«$m`gmonmgmaIMr {_Ì{H$S>r dmT>VmV _wJ, CS>rX Mdir , gm`m~rZ , _H$m,

amim, P|Sy>, A§~mS>r, gw ©\y$b B. {nH$m§Mm Am§V^m©d Ho$ë`mg eoVmV {_Ì{H$S>r Am{U njm§Mr OmonmgZm hmoVo Ago

g§emoYZmZo d eoVH$è`m§À`m AZw dmZo {gÜX Ho$bo Amho.

gmnim {nH$mMo \$m`Xo :-

1. P|Sw>_wio {Z_°Q>moS> Am{U gyÌH¥$_rMo {Z`§ÌU hmoVo.

2. P|Sy>À`m \w$bmMo CËnÞ {_iVo.

3. _w»` {nH$mMo CáÞ KQ>ë`mg Mdir d _Š`mMo CËnÞ {_iVo. ~è`mM doim Q>mo_°Q>mo nojmhr Mdir d BVa

Am§Va {nH$mMo CËnÞ OmñV {_iVo Agm eoVH$è`m§Mm AZw^d Amho.

4. Mdirdarb {_Ì{H$S>r Ogo boS>r~S>© {~Q>b, _mdm , VwS>VwS>o d BVa eÌw{H$S>rMm \$S>em nmS>VmV.

5. _Š`mda H«$m`gmonm {h {_Ì{H$S> dmT>Vo, Or _mì`mMr EH$ hOmanojmhr OmñV A§S>r \$ñV H$aVo.

6. _Š`mÀ`m C§M {nH$mda njr ~gVmV d Vo nrH$m§darb Aù`m d {H$S>tZm ImVmV.

29

EH$mpË_H$ {H$S> {Z`§ÌU nÜXVrZo eÌw {H$S>rMm, {_Ì{H$S>rÛmao Zm`ZmQ> H$aVm oVmo. Xa 15 {Xdgm§Zr qZ~moir

AH©$ \$dmaUr H$am. Amdí`H$Vm ^mgë`mg XenUu AH©$ \$dmaUr H$ê$Z {H$S>r d gd© àH$maÀ`m Aù`m§Mo

{Z §ÌU H$aVm oVo.

1. g|Ðr` nÜXVrZo H$mnyg bmdVm§Zm {nH$m^modVr 2 Amoir _H$m {nH$m§À`m Q>moH$mì`mV. H$mngmÀ`m

àË`oH$ 10 AmoirZ§Va EH$ Amoi bmb A§~mS>rMr (Hibiscus subdariffa) \w$brda Q>mH$mdr.

H$mngm§À`m AmoirV 10 g|_r. A§Va R>odyZ ng-`m OmVrMr Mdir (Tendril OmñV Agbobo)

noamdr. H$mngmÀ`m \w$brda MwŠ`mÀ`m (Zm§Jo) {R>H$mUr ^Ja, P|Sw>, amZdm§Jo bmdmdoV. H$mngmMo

g§nyU© nmofU d H$sS> / amoJmMo ì`dñWmnZ hmoB©b.

2. AmOH$mb gd©gmYmaUnUo gd©M {nH$m§Zm A_o[aH$Z ~m|S>mirMm Ìmg hmoVmo. nydu ha^am \$º$

ImUmar. hr KmQ>oAir AmVm {Za{Zami`m 140 dZñnVrda Amnbr CnOr{dH$m H$aVo. Á`m

{nH$mda `m AirMm àmXw^m©d Amho Ë`m {nH$m^modVr 2 Amoir _H$m qH$dm ÁdmarÀ`m noamì`mV.

Ádmar, _Š`mÀ`m \w$bmda _mì`mMo d ~m|S>AirMo eÌy{H$S>o CXm. Q>m`H$moJ«m_m, H«$m`gmonm, boS>r~S>©,

~rQ>b B. dmT>VmV d Ë`m_wio O¡{dH$ ì`dñWmnZ hmoVo.

30

g|{Ð` eoVrV Xoer JmB©Mo _hËd àmMrZ gwObm_ gw\$bm_ g_¥ÜX ^maVmMm H¥${f g§ñH¥${V hr Jmog§ñH¥${V hmoVr. O_rZ hr AÞnyUm© hmoVr H$maU

g|Ðr` eoVr nÜXVr_wio {VMr gwnrH$Vm Omonmgbr OmV hmoVr Am{U g|{Ð` eoVrMm _wi nm`m ^maVr` Xoer

Jmod§e KmbV hmoVm Am{U åhUyZM àË`oH$ eoVH$è`mH$S>o _w~bH$ newYZ Agm`Mo. H$mimÀ`m AmoKmV

amgm`{ZH$ eoVrMm àMma d àgma H$aVm H$aVm Ë`m§Mm A{VaoH$s dmna hmoV Jobm Am{U Am_À`m ~iramOmMo

newhr Jobo Am{U new~amo~a Ë`mMo YZhr Jobo. AmnUmg JV d¡^d nwÝhm àmá H$am`Mo Agob Va g|{Ð`

eoVrg n`m© Zmhr Am{U ^maVr` d§emÀ`m Xoer JmB©{edm` `eñdrnUo g|{Ð` eoVr H$aUo eŠ` Zmhr. øm

àH$aUmV AmnU g|{Ð` eoVrV Xoer JmB©Mo _hËd ho g_OmdyZ KoUma AmhmoV.

g|{Ð` eoVrV Xoer Jm`M H$m ?

Xoer Jm` ídgZmdmQ>o OodT>m Am°ŠgrOZ KoVo Ë`mn¡H$s H$mhr Am°ŠgrOZ _wº$ ñdê$nmV ~mhoa gmoS>Vo.

åhUyZ nydu Q>r.~r. À`m amo½`mbm JmB©À`m JmoR>çmV R>odV hmoVo.

à`moJm§Vr {gÜX Pmbo H$s eoVrbm Cn`moJr nS>Umè`m OrdmUy§Mr g§»`m Ogu, hmoëñQ>oZ JmB©À`m

eoUmnojm Xoer JmB©À`m eoUmV H¡$H$ noQ>rZo OmñV AgVo.

Jm`rÀ`m ImÊ`mV MwHy$Z Oar {dfmar nXmW© Ambm Va Ë`mMm A§e XyY , _yÌ d eoUm_Ü`o `ooV Zmhr.

Xoer JmB©Mo qeJ, nmR>rMm H$Um d dqeS> `m§Mo Img d¡{eï> åhUOo gw ©{H$aUm§Mo XyYm_Ü o

ñdU©jm§a H$aÊ`mMo AgVo åhUyZ Jm`rÀ`m XyYm VynmMm a§J {ndiga AgVmo.

Xoer Jm`rMo eoU , Jmo_yÌ d VohVrg H$moQ>r Xod :-

Jmo_`o dgVo bú_r Ago åhUVmV. `mMm AW© Jm`rÀ`m eoUmV bú_rMm dmg AgVmo. bú_r åhUOo

Jmo_`mV (Jm`rÀ`m eoUmV ) AgUmao AãOmdYr , AZ§V H$moQ>r d AZ§V àH$maMo OrdmUy øm OrdmUy§Mr

noaUr Ordm_¥VmÀ`m ê$nmVyZ O{_ZrV {daOU åhUyZ Q>mH$m`Mo AgVo. Am{U åhUyZM EH$M Xoer Jm`

nmiyZ AmnUmg 20 Vo 30 EH$a eoVr ghO g|{Ð` eoVr nÜXVrZo H$aVm `oVo. AmíM`© dmQ>Vo Zm AmOM

gwê$ H$am d ImÌr H$ê$Z ¿`m.

31

OoWo dñVy Amho VoWo JVr AmhoM OoWo JVr Amho VoWo e{º$ Amho. JVr_wioM eº$sMr {Z{_©Vr hmoVo. eº$sMr

AZoH$ ê$no AmhoV. àË`oH$ e{º$bm AmnU Xodê$n _mZVmo. eº$s Añî` _J Xod Var Ñí` ñdê$nmV

{Xgob H$gm AmnU \$º$ e{º$Mo àVrH$ åhUyZ Xodm§À`m à{V_m _mZVmo. Aem VohVrg àH$maÀ`m e{º$Mo

dgVrñWmZ Jm`r_Ü`o AgVo. WmoS>Š`mV Jm`rÀ`m Jmo_wÌm_Ü`o VohVrg àH$maÀ`m dñVy AgVmV. H$moQ>rMm

gai AW© àH$ma Agm Amho. VohVrg àH$maÀ`m e{º$Mm Cn`moJ Jm`rÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ _mZdmbm hmody

eH$Vmo. åhUyZ Jm` n{dÌ d {VÀ`mV VohVrg H$moQ>r Xodm§Mr dgVr. WmoS>Š`mV Jm` A{V n{dÌ Am{U

g|{Ð` eoVrÀ`m Ñï>rZo Jm` hr Iar H$m_YoZyM Amho.

Jmo_yÌmÀ`m dmnamZo amoJ d H$sS> {Z §ÌU :-

Jmo_yÌ Xoer Jm`rMoM hdo Ago Zmhr Va Xoer Jmod§em_Yrb H$moUmMohr _yÌ MmbVo. Jm` bhmZ, _moR>r

åhmVmar Agbr Var MmbVo, nmS>m, ~¡b Agbm Var MmbVmo. nU Ë`mÀ`m _yÌmMr Vrd«Vm OmñV Agë`mZo Vo

H$_r à_mUmV dmnamdo bmJVo. XyY XoUmar Jm` Agbr Va Ë`m Jmo_yÌmV b°ŠQ>moO Agë`mZo A{YoH$

\$m`Xm hmoVmo. Xoer Jm`rMo Jmo_yÌ {_idV AgVmZmgwÜXm Vr Jm` 24 Vmg JmoR>çmV ~m§Ybobr Zgmdr. Vr

_moH$ù`m dmVmdaUm_Ü`o Hw$aUm_Ü o dZm_Ü`o MaUmar Agmdr. Jm^U Jm` Agob Va {VÀ`m

Jmo_yÌm_Ü`o hm_m}Ýg AgVmV. Ë`mÀ`m_wio dZñnVr {ZamoJr amhÊ`mg _XV hmoVo.

Jmo_yÌ H$go hdo :-

Jmo_yÌ gmR>dV AgVmZm Vo H$mS>r H$Mam , eoU {_{lV Zgmdo, ñdÀN> \$S>Š`mVyZ JmiyZ R>§odmdo. Jmo_yÌ

OwZo {VVHo$ Mm§Jbo Vo pñQ>b qH$dm YmVyÀ`m ^m§S>çm_Ü o R>ody Z`o. nmaXe©H$ H$mMoÀ`m qH$dm _mVrÀ`m

_S>Š`m_Ü`o PmHy$Z R>odmdo.

{nH$m§Zm {H$S> d OrdmUyOÝ` AmOma hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm AgVo. Ë`mda Jmo_yÌmMm dmna hm am_~mU Cnm`.

`oWo VohVrg H$moQ>r Xod Jmo_yÌm_Yrb VohVrg àH$maMo KQ>H$ H$m`©aV hmoVmV. Ë`mMm n[aUm_ åhUyZ {H$S>r,

~waerOÝ` d {dfmUyOÝ` amoJ niyZ OmVmV. gd© AÞmMo `mo½` [aË`m ÁdbZ H$ê$Z e{º$ {Z_m©U

H$aÊ`mMr j_Vm Jmo_yÌm_Ü`o Amho.

Jmo_yÌm_Ü`o J§YH$ AgVo.

ZÌ, ñ\w$aX, nmbme, bmoh, H°$pëe`_, gmo{S> _ BË`mXr nXmW© AgVmV. Vo dZñnVrbm {ZamoJr

Am{U geº$ R>odÊ`mg _XV H$aVmV.

32

_°JZrO d H$m~m}{bH$ A°{gS> Jmo_yÌm_Ü`o AgVo. Ë`m_wio Vo {H$Q>H$ZmeH$mMo H$m_ H$aVmV d {H$S> {Z{_©Vrhr Wm§~Vo. Jmo_yÌm_Ü`o Vm§~o AgVo. ho Vm§~o VrZ àH$maMo H$m_ H$aVo. gOrdmMo M`mnM`m_Ü`o {Z_m©U Pmbobo Vm§~o d¡{eîQ>`nyU© AgVo.

Vm_« wº$ Jmo_yÌ _moaMyXmMo {H$Q>H$ZmeH$mMo H$m_ H$aVo.

gd© {dídm_Ü o {dÚwV Mw§~H$s` bhar AgVmV. Vm§ã`mÀ`m JwUY_m©_wio Ë`m bhatMm pñdH$ma dZñnVrH$Sy>Z _moR>çm à_mUmV hmoVmo. Ë`m_wio dZñnVrbm e{º$ {_iVo. dZñnVr geº$ d {ZamoJr amhVo.

dZñnVr_Ü oM Ë`m Vm§ã`mMo ê$nm§Va ñdU©jmam_Ü`o Ho$bo OmVo. Ë`m ñdU©jmam_wioM dZñnVr VoobXma {ZamoJr amhVo.

Jmo_yÌ dmnamdo H$go :-

Jmo_yÌ Xoer Jm`rMoM hdo. Oa Vo Xoer Jm`rMo Agob Va 15 {bQ>a nmÊ`mÀ`m n§nm_Ü`o 100 Vo 150 {_.br. Jmo_yÌ {_giyZ Am¡fY \$dmaVmV Î`mà_mUo n§nmZo \$dmamdo. EH$ EH$a joÌmgmR>r Mma Vo nmM n§n bmJVmV.

Jmo_yÌ \$dmaÊ`mMr doi gH$mir 10 nwdu d g§Ü`mH$mir 4 Z§VaMr eŠ` Pmbo Va Agmdr.

Xoer ~¡bmMo Jmo_yÌ Agob Va 70 Vo 100 {_.br. àË`oH$ 15 {bQ>a nmÊ`m_Ü o {_gimdo.

Xa AmR> {Xdgm§Zr \$dmaÊ`mMo gmVË` amIbo Va Ho$irMr H°$Ýga g_Obm OmUmam nU©JwÀN> nyU©nUo Zmhrgm hmoVmo.

\$iPmS>m§_Ü`o \w$bmoam oÊ`mnydu Am{U Amë`mZ§Va hr dmnaë`mZo \$bYmaUm {dnwb hmoVo. \$º$ dmnaÊ`mV gmVË` hdo.

Xoer d g§H$arV JmB©À`m eoUmÀ`m JwUdÎmoMm Aä`mg Pmbm Amho Vmo nwT>rbà_mUo :-

Xoer d g§H$arV JmB©À`m eoUmMr JwUdÎmm

A.H«$. KQ>H$ g{hdmb Jm` ({_.J«° / {H$bmoJ«°_)

g§H$[aV Jm` ({_.J«° / {H$bmoJ«°_)

1 bmoh 102.63 64.06 2 OñV 10.66 10.64 3 H$m°na 2.66 2.41 4 _°¾o{e`_ 2764.83 2942.46 5 H°$pëe`_ 1276.67 833.23 6 nmoQ>°{e`_ 1583.75 1663.69

(g§X © :- ^m^m A°Q>mo_rH$ [agM© g|Q>a, _w§~B©)

33

nrH$ nmofU ì`dñWmnZ

{nH$m§À`m `mo½` dmT>rgmR>r d g§nyU© n[anmofU hmoÊ`mgmR>r Imbrb KQ>H$m§Mm g_mdoe nm{hOo. ~mOmamVyZ H$mhrhr

{dH$V Z AmUVm KarM V`ma Ho$bobo, CnbãY Agbobo KQ>H$ dmnamdoV.

1. {nH$mÀ`m gai / gwYmarV / g§{_l dmUm§Mr noaUr :-

darb dmUm§À`m nrH$nmofUmgmR>r _m\$H$ nrH$nmofH$ Ðì`m§Mr JaO bmJVo. g§H$arV {nH$m§Mr yH$ d JaO _mÌ

àM§S> AgVo. Ë`m_wio gai dmU WmoS> m nmofUmZo Mm§Jbr dmT>VmV.

2. {_lnrH$ / Am§Va {nH$m§Mr noaUr :-

dZñnVtZm gmhM © AmdS>Vo. EH$M nrH$ Z bmdVm _Ü`o 2-3 doJdoJir {nHo$ bmdmdrV. `mVyZ hmoUmam

\$m`Xm åhUOo {_l {nH$m§Mo CËnmXZ Va {_iVoM nU _w»` nrH$hr H$sS> amoJm§nmgyZ _wº$ amhVo. CXm.

Q>mo_°Q>mooÀ`m 4-5 AmoirZ§Va P|Sw>Mr amono bmdmdrV. VgoM H$mhr amono H$m§ÚmMr nU bmdmdrV. g§nyU© ßbm°Q> ^modVr

P|Sy> bmdmdm, H$mo~r d âbm°da_Ü`o nmMdr Amoi _mohar bmdmdr âbm°da H$mo~rdarb H$mir Air _moharMr nmZoM

ImV ~gob d _w»` nrH$ gwajrV amhrb. Ðmj {nH$m§_Ü o H$m§Xm bgyU bmdbm Va ^wamar àmXw^m©d H$_r amhVmo.

H$mnyg {nH$m_Ü o Mdir d A§~mS>r bmdÊ`mMr nÜXV AmVm Mm§JbrM éOV Amho. {_l {nH$m§Mr _m{hVr

{_iÊ`mgmR>r AmVm B§Q>aZoQ>da www.ourworldcompuserve.com hr do~gmB©Q> hr gwé Pmbr Amho.

3. {~dS> :- Ho$di `mo½` {~dS>da g|Ðr` eoVr `eñdr H$éZ XmIdUmao Ag§»` eoVH$ar AmhoV. Vo

Jm§Sy>iIV, eoUIV, Jmo_yÌ B. E_ dJ¡ao H$mhrM Z dmnaVm \$º$ {~dS> nÜXVrZo {nHo$ KoVmV. gmo`m~rZ

Z§Va Jhÿ H$mhrhr IV Z Q>mH$Vm CÎm_ oVmoM. Ho$ir, hiX, {_aMrZ§Va, KoVbobo H$moUVohr nrH$ CÎm_ `oVo.

Ë`m_wio g|Ðr` eoVr_Ü o nyduMo nrH$ H$moUVo hmoVo Vo nmhÿZ `mo½` {nH$m§Mr {ZdS> H$amdr. EH$Xb Z§Va

pìXX²>b qH$dm CWi _wi`m§À`m {nH$mZ§Va Imob _wi`m§Mo nrH$ ¿`mdo. OwZo bmoH$hr hrM nÜXV Adb§~V

hmoVo.

34

4. {hadirMo nrH$ / A°amoJ«rZ :- {hadirMo nrH$ CXm. Y¢Mm, ~é, p½bar{gS>r`mMr nmZo BË`mXr dmnéZ

O_rZ / g_¥ÜX Ho$ë`mZ§Va Ho$ir, D$g, hiXrgmaIo nrH$ ¿`mdo. lr. gwaoe XogmBªZr {e\$mag Ho$bobo

ha^am 2 {H$bmo, YZo 500 J«°_, _oWr 500 J«°_ d Vri 100 J«°_ H$moUË`mhr {nH$mgmo~V noabo Va {nH$m§Zm

bmJUmao gd© nmofH$ Ðì`o nwadbr OmVmVM na§Vw Ë`m {nH$m§Mo H$sS> d amoJmnmgyZ g§ajU {_iVo. lr.

XogmB©Mo Xwgao YmÝ`mMo (A°amoJ«rZ) {_lU nwT>o g{dñVa {Xbo Amho. {hadirMo nrH$ åhUyZ AmVm EH$M

nrH$ noaÊ`mEodOr darb {_lUmMo {~`mUo noéZ 2.5 _{hÝ`mZo H$mnyZ H$mnyg B. {nH$m§À`m AmoirV

AmÀN>mXbo Va CÎm_ nrH$ `oVo hm ~-`mM eoVH$-`m§Mm AZw^d Amho.

5. {OdmUyg§dY©Ho$ :- g|Ðr` eoVr gwé H$aUm-`m gd© eoVH$-`m§Zr n{hë`m dfu hm KQ>H$ dmnaUo AË`§V

_hËdmMo Amho H$maU h`m§M nÜXVr_wio gyú_{OdmUy§Mo à_mU dmT>ob d Mm§Jbo CËnÞ `oB©b. 2-3 dfm©Z§Va

H$moUVohr KQ>H$ Z dmnabo Var MmbVo. A°Pm oQ>mo~°ŠQ>a, am`Pmo{~`_, nrEg~r, {~`mÊ`mbm bmdyZ d Z§Va

Jm§Sy>i IVmV {_giyZ O{_ZrV noéZ {Xbo Va gyú_{OdmUy bdH$a dmT>VmV. {OdmUy§Mo {daOU åhUyZ

hr {OdmUyg§dY©Ho$ dmnamdr bmJVmV. EH$Xb Agmo H$s$pìXXb nrH$ Agmo gd©M {nH$mÀ`m {~`mUmbm

A°PmoQ>mo~°ŠQ>a, am`Pmo{~`_, nrEg~r, Q>m`H$moS>_m© pìharS>r dmnaUo Amdí`H$ Amho. Ago ZdrZ g§emoYZ

gm§JVmV.

6. eoU, Jmo_yÌ, dméi_mVr, A_¥VnmUr, ~rOm_¥V, Ordm_¥V BË`mXr :- dméimMr _mVr ~rO g§ñH$mamgmR>r

dmnamdr. eoU, Jmo_yÌ, Jyi, XmirMo nrR> dmnéZ Ord_¥V V`ma H$amdo d {nH$m§Zm Úmdo. eoU, _Y, Vyn

`m§Mo A_¥VnmUr {~`mbm d Z§Va {nH$m§Zm AmoirV qenyZ qH$dm nmÊ`mÀ`m nmQ>m_Ü`o gmoSy>Z Úmdo.

gdm©~Ôb g{dñVa {ddoMZ {Xbo Amho. n`m©`g_moa AmhoV. à`moJerb eoVH$-`m§Zr VnmgyZ nhmdoV.

7. VmÁ`m eoUmMo nmUr :- Jwam§Mo gd© eoU gmR>dyZ OmñVrV OmñV 20 {Xdg PmHy$Z R>odmdo d eoVmVrb

H$moUË`mhr {nH$m§Zm eoUmMo nmUr Amoir_Ü o O{_Zrda \$S> mZo qenS>mdo Ë`m_wio gwú_{OdmUy dmYVmV.

eoUmÀ`m 3 AdñWm AgVmV. VmOo eoU 20 {Xdgm§À`m AmVrb d PmHy$Z R>odbobo, Ë`mV àM§S> à_mUmV

Cn`wº$ gyú_OrdmUy d nrH$ nmofU Ðì`o AgVmV. Ë`mZ§VaÀ`m AdñWobm pñZ½Ymåb AdñWm (Fatty

acid stage) åhUVmV. øm_Ü`o hmZrH$maH$ {OdmUy dmT>VmV. Cn`wº$ {OdmUy§Mo à_mU H$_r AgVo.

Ë`mZ§VaÀ`m AdñWobm {_WmoOo{ZH$ (Methodgenic) AdñWm åhUVmV. eoUmVrb {_WoZ dm`y {ZKyZ

OmVmo. {OdmUy H$_r AgVmV na§Vw n[anmofH$ Ðì o, h`y_g ^anya AgVo. gyú_{OdmUMo à_mU gdm©V

OmñV VmÁ`m eoUmV AgVo Ë`m_wio Vo dmnamdo. Vo O_bo Zmhr Va eodQ>Mr AdñWm ~m`moJ°g ñbardmQ>o

35

nmofH$ Ðì`o {nH$m§Zm XoD$ eH$Vmo. gd© gmYmaUnUo, AmnU Agob VodT>o eoU nmÊ`mV H$mbdyZ {nH$m§Zm

XoV am{hbo Va AÝ` H$mhrhr H$amdo bmJUma Zmhr BVHo$ Vo n[aUm_H$maH$ Amho. Jhÿ 21 {XdgmMm

Pmë`mda eoUmMo nmUr nmQ>mÀ`m nmÊ`mgmo~V {Xbo Va 3-4 {XdgmV Jìhmbm `w[a`m {Xë`mà_mUo a§J d

H$im oVo. H$mio nmoVo qH$dm ~maXmÝ`mV VmOo eoU ^éZ nmÊ`mÀ`m Xm§S>mV R>odyZ {Xbo Va eoUmMo nmUr

nmoË`mVyZ {PanyZ nmÊ`mdmQ>o eoVmV ngaob.

8. Jm§Sy>i IV :- eoVH$-`m§Zr eoVmdaM gmÜ`m PmonS>çmV CnbãY Agbobm H$mS>rH$Mam dmnéZ \$º$

n{hë`m dfu Jm§Sy>i H$ëMa {dH$V AmUyZ Jm§Sy>i IV {Z{_©Vr Mmby H$amdr. Jm§Sy>i IV ^anya à_mUmV

{nH$m§Zm {Xbo Va BVa H$mhrhr H$aÊ`mMr JaO nS>V Zmhr Jm§Sy>im§Zm gd© {OdmUy§Mm (M.D.) åhUOo

_°ZoqOJ S>m`aoŠQ>a åhUVmV Omo gd© `§ÌUm {Z`§{ÌV H$aVmo. `m~m~V g{dñVa _m{hVr nwT>o {Xbr Amho.

9. Jm§Sy>µµi nmUr (d_udm°e) :- Jm§Sy>io ËdMoZo ídmg KoVmV. Ë`m§Mr ËdMm Zoh_r Amobga AgVo. O{_ZrV

daImbr OmÊ`mMr gd` Agë`mZo d§JUmà_mUo Ë`m§Mo Amobo eara H$m_ H$aVo. Ë`m§À`m earamìXmao

gmoS>bobm Ðd nXmW© d Jm§Sy>i IVmMm AH©$ Jmoim Ho$bm OmVmo d Ë`mbm d_udm°e åhUVmV. H$moUVohr {nHo$

\w$bmo-`mV Amë`mda d_udm°eMr \$dmaUr Ho$br Va \$bYmaUm dmT>Vo. _Y_mem, Cn`wº$ {OdmUy _aV

ZmhrV. Jm§Sy>inmUr åhUOo CÎm_ g|Ðr` Ðì` Amho. d_udm°e V`ma H$aÊ`mMr nÜXV nwT>o {Xbr Amho. Vo

dmnamdo Ago _bm dmQ>Vo. EH$Xm O_rZ g_¥ÜX Pmbr H$s BVa H$mhr dmnaÊ`mMr JaOhr nS>V Zmhr.

10. {Za{Zamù`m n|S>r / T>onr :- Amnë`m XoemV ImÚ d AImÚ àH$maÀ`m Vob{~`m KoVmV. Ë`m§Mo Vob H$mTy>Z

KoVë`mZ§Va Or n|S> amhVo. Ë`m§Mm g|Ðr` IV åhUyZ dmnaVmV. Ea§S>r, H$a§O, H$Sw>qb~, _hþAm `m AImÚ

Vob{~`m§À`m noS>r IV åhUyZ dmnaVmV. `m gd© n|S>rV darb n[afmofH$ Ðì`o AgVmV. eoUIV AWdm

H§$nmoñQ> IVmÀ`m VwbZoV n|S>rV AÞm§emMo à_mU A{YH$ AgVo. qZ~moir , H$a§O, Ea§S>r, H$aS>r, gaH$s ,

e|JXmUo, Vri, Odg, gy ©\y$b n|S>r nrH$nmofUmgmR>r dmnaVmV. nrH$nmofUmgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgUmar

_ybÐì`o n|S>r / T>onr nwadVmV. H$aS>r n|S> ~waerZmeH$ Amho Va H$a§O n|S> ìhm`magamoYH$ Amho. qZ~moir

n|S>rZo gyÌH¥$_r (Nematodes) Xya niVmV. eoUIV + n|S>r + Q´>m`H$moS>_m© + (EM-2){_lU {Xbo Va

O_rZ gwYmaVo.

11. H§$nmoñQ> , eoUIV,Z°S>on IV :- Z°S>on IV {Z{_©VrgmR>r {dQ>H$a, {g_o§Q>, Jd§S>r, ~m§YH$m_ bmJVo. Ë`mMr

JaO dmQ>V Zmhr. H§$nmoñQ> qH$dm eoUIV Mm§Jbo MmiyZ Ë`mV {OdmUyg§dY©Ho$ {_giyZ {nH$m§Zm noéZ

{Xbo Va CÎm_ n[aUm_ {_iVmV. AmnU eoUIV, H§$nmoñQ> Z°noS>IV V`ma H$aVm§Zm eoU, H$Mam, YgH$Q>o

36

H§$XmS>o, JdVmMo nw§OmUo BË`mXr dmnaVmo. _mÂ`m _Vo g|Ðr` eoVH$-`m§Zr eoUIV qH$dm H§$nmoñQ> IV

V`ma Z H$aVm. eoVmVrb g§nyU© àH$maÀ`m g|Ðr` nXmWmªMm Cn`moJ 3 nÜXVrZo H$amdm. eoUIVmÀ`m

I>S>çmbm Q>mHy$ Z`o.

12. g|Ðr` H$M-`mMo {Z`moOZ :-

Q´>m`H$moH§$nmoñQ>tJ :- _moR>o YgH$Q>, nmMQ>, Ho$ir H§$XmS>o BË`mXr _moR>m H$Mam Vmo Am¡Vmbm

noaUrdoir qH$dm Am§Va_emJVrbm AS>MUrMo AgVmo Vo gd© OdiÀ`m Yw-`mda O_m H$amdm d

Ë`mV Xa AmR>dS>çmbm eoU, Jmo_yÌ, nmUr d Q´>m`H$moS>_m© pìharS>r ho O¡{dH$ ~waerZmeH$ dmnamdo

d T>rJ PmHy$Z R>odmdm. Xa 15 {Xdgmbm Vo hmbdmdo åhUOo 3 _{hÝ`mVM CÎm_ IV V`ma hmoVo.

d_uH§$nmoñQ>tJ :- darbnojm bhmZ AmH$mamÀ`m g|Ðr` nXmWm©Mm dmn Jm§Sy>iIV {Z{_©Vr

àH$ënmV dmâ`mda Q>mH$Ê`mgmR>r H$amdm.

AmÀN>mXmZ :- XmoÝhrnojm doJim Agbobm gd© H$Mam AmÀN>mXZ åhUyZ {nH$mÀ`m AmoirV qH$dm

\$iPmS>mÀ`m Ami`mV AmÀN>mXZ åhUyZ dmnaVm `oVmo. Aem VrZ nÜXVrZo g|Ðr` nXmW©

Cn`moJmV AmUbo Va Vo eoUIVmÀ`m I>S>çmV Q>mH$Ê`mnojm OmñV Can`moJr hmoVmV.

13. JmB©À`m qeJmMo IV (~m`moS>m`Zm{_Šg) :- ~m`moS>m`Zm_rH$ nÜXVrÀ`m dmnam_wio {ZîH¥$ï> XOm©À`m

O{_ZrMr gw{nH$Vm dmT>Vo. H$maU h`m nÜXVrÀ`m dmnam_wio O{_ZrMo ñdmñ` gwYmaÊ`mH$arVm O{_ZrV

H$mhr {H«$`m§Zm gwédmV Ho$br OmVo. H$mhr ~m`moS>m`Zm_rH$ nÜXVr H$sS> {Z`§ÌUmgmR>r dmnaë`m OmVmV.

Ë`m nÜXVrMm Adb§~ Ho$ë`mg O{_ZrV H$mhr {d{eï> àH$maÀ`m Z¡g{J©H$ à{H«$`m gwé hmoVmV.

OoUoH$éZ _mVr qH$dm O_rZ EdT>r g§doXZerb hmoVo H$s A§V[ajmVyZ n¥ÏdrH$S>o `oUm-`m gOrd

àdmhmbm nyU©nUo AmË_gmV H$é eH$Vo.

~m`moS>m`Zm{_H$ nXmW© OrdemómÀ`m Ñï>rZo M¡VÝ`erb nXmW© AmhoV. AdH$memVrb {Xì` eº$sÀ`m

gm_Ï`m©Mm AmnU nyU©nUo \$m`Xm H$éZ KoD$ eH$Vmo.

gÜ`mÀ`m n[apñWVrV EH§$XarV d ~m`moS>m`Zm_rH$ gwÌo (Formulations) {dH$grV Ho$bobr AmhoV.

CXm. 500, 501, 502, 503, 504, 505, 506, 507, 508 Ë`mn¡H$s n{hbo gyÌ 500 JmB©À`m qeJmMo IV d

gyÌ 501 qeJ{gbrH$m gÜ`m OmñV àMbrV AmhoV d ~aoM g|Ðr` eoVr H$aUmao eoVH$ar `mMm dmna nU

37

H$arV AmhoV. \$m°å`w©boeZ 502 Vo 507 ho H§$nmoñQ> g_¥ÜXrgmR>r dmnaVmV. Va \$m°å`w©boeZ 508 ho

~waerZmeH$ åhUyZ dmnaVmV.

~m`moS>m`Zm_rH$ \$må° w©boeZ 500 -(BD 500) :-

(JmB©À`m qeJmMo IV)

JmB©À`m qeJmMr {ZdS> H$aUo :- JmB©Mo qeJ _¥V JmB©nmgyZ KoVbo OmVo. qeJmMm ImbMm ^mJ H$mnyZ

AmVrb ^mJ H$mTy>Z ¿`mdm Z§Va Ho$di Q>a\$b qH$dm daMo H$dM amhrb. ho H$dM ñdÀN> YwdyZ ¿`m d

CÝhmV Mm§Jbo dmiy Úm. OoUoH$éZ Ë`mMm dmg `oUma Zmhr. qeJmMr {ZdS> H$aVm§Zm Á`m JmBªZr

OrdZ^amV 2-3 dmgam§Zm OÝ_ {Xbm Agob Ë`m§MoM qeJ {ZdS>mdo. qeJmÀ`m H$dMmda H$moUË`mhr

àH$maMo {N>Ð qH$dm \$Q> Agy Z`o. Oa qeJmda n|Q> bmdbobo Agob Va Vo Ho$am{gZÀ`m ghmæ`mZo H$mTy>Z

Q>mH$mdo.

JmB©À`m eoUmMr {ZdS> :-

{ZamoJr, XyY XoUm-`m d {haì`m Mm-`mda MaUm-`m JmB©Mo eoU Jmoim H$amdo. h`m JmBªZm 15 {Xdg

AmYrÀ`m H$mimV H$moUVohr Am¡fY qH$dm g§{OdHo$ {Xbobo Zgmdo.

IÈ>m V`ma H$aUo :-

Mm§Jë`m gwnrH$ O{_ZrV 40 go._r Imob IÈ>m IUmdm. Ë`mV 5 go_r Mm Mm§Jë`m _mVrMm (daÀ`m

^mJmVrb _mVr) Wa Úmdm. I>È>>çmMr bm§~r d é§Xr Amdí`H$VoZwgma R>odmdr.

\$m°å`w©boeZ H$go V`ma H$amdo :- VmOo eoU Mm§Jbo KmoQy>Z Ë`mMm Mm§Jbm _D$ bJXm V`ma H$amdm.

[aH$må`m qeJmÀ`m H$dMmV hm bJXm ^amdm. qeJmMo H$dM nyU©nUo KÅ> ^amdo. Hw$R>ohr hdm amhUma Zmhr

`mMr H$miOr ¿`mdr. Z§Va hr ^abobr qeJmMr H$dMo IÈ>`mV R>odmdr. OoUoH$éZ AmUrXma ~§X Agbobo

Q>moH$ da Agob. IÈ>`mV Mm§Jë`m à{VMr _mVr d H§$nmoñQ> (25:1) h`m à_mUmV ^amdo IÈ>`mV Mmahr

H$mon-`mda ~m§~y bmdmdo. OoUoH$éZ IÈ>m Agë`mMo bjmV `oB©b. IÈ>`mVrb _mVr Zoh_r Amobga R>odUo

Amdí`H$ Amho.

38

qeJmMo H$dM {H$Vr doi nwéZ R>odmdo d H$Yr H$mT>mdo ?

^maVr` M§Ð {XZX{e©H$mà_mUo (Am°ŠQ>mo - Zmoìh§o) ZdamÌr IÈ>`mV qeJmZm nwaÊ`mgmR>r `mo½` doi Amho.

hr qeJo OdiOdù 6 _{hZo nwéZ R>odbo OmVmV d M¡Ì ZdamÌ (_mM© - E{àb) À`mdoir H$mT>Ê`mV

`oVmV.

qeJmMo H$dM H$mTy>Z gmR>dyZ R>odUo :- `mo½` doir qeJmMo H$dM IÈ>`mVyZ ~mhoa H$mTy>Z ¿`mdo d

Ë`mVrb ~r.S>r. 500 H$nmoñQ>Mm dmna H$aon`ªV Ë`mMm gmR>m _mVrÀ`m ^m§S> mV H$amdm. gmR>m H$aVodoir

H§$nmoñQ> Zoh_r Amobga Agmdo. {edm` Ë`mV `mo½` à_mUmV hdm OmD$ Úmdr. _mVrMo ^m§S>o W§S> {R>H$mUr

qH$dm AY©dQ> _mVrV JmSy>Z R>odmdo.

dmna :- ~r.S>r. 500 H§$nmoñQ> {nH$m§da XmoZ doim dmnamdo. n{hbm hám noaUrÀ`m EH$ {Xdg AmYr Úmdm d

Xwgam hám amonQ>o {ZKmë`mÀ`m 20 {XdgmZ§Va Úmdm. Mm§Jë`m n[aUm_mgmR>r nyU© M§Ð AgVmZmÀ`m doir

h`m H§$nmoñQ>Mm hám Úmdm.

dmnaÊ`mÀ`m nÜXVr :- 13 {bQ>a {dhrarÀ`m nmÊ`mV qH$dm nmdgmÀ`m nmÊ`mV 30 J«°_ ~rS>r 500 {_lU

{_giyZ {_lU H$amdo. ho {_lU hmVmZo 1 Vmg Kmoimdo. ho {_lU KmoidVm§Zm EH$mM {XeoZo hmVmZo

{\$admdo OoUoH$éZ danmgyZ Imbn`ªV JmiUr qH$dm MmS>r V`ma hmoB©b Z§Va VgoM CbQ> {XeoZo Kmoimdo

Z§Va ho {_lU nmR>rdarb n§nmÀ`m ghmæ`mZo \$dmamdo. ~r.S>r 500 Mo {_lU EH$Xm V`ma Ho$ë`mZ§Va 1

VmgmV dmnamdo. ho {_lU gy m©ñVmÀ`m doir dmnaUo Mm§Jbo g_Obo OmVo. ~rS>r 500 À`m dmnamZo

O{_ZrVrb \$m`Xoera {OdmUy§À`m g§» oV d¥ÜXr hmoVo. VgoM Jm§Sy>imMr g§»`m dmT>Vo d _wim§Mr g§»`m d

nH$S> Mm§Jbr hmoVo. O{_ZrMr O¡{dH$ H$m ©j_Vm dmT>Vo.

~m`moS>m`Zm_rH$ \$m°`w©boeZ 501 (BD 501) :-

h`m nÜXVr_Ü`o {gbrH$mMro ~marH$ nmdS>a [aH$må`m qeJmÀ`m H$dMmV ^amdo, CÝhmim gwé AgVm§Zm

_mVrV 8 _{hZo nwéZ R>odmdo. ~rS>r 501 ho {nH$mda \$dmaÊ`mgmR>r dmnabo OmVo. Ë`m_wio {nH$m§Mr àH$me

g§ûcofUmMr H$m`©j_Vm dmT>Vo. Ë`m_wio PmS>m§Mr Mm§Jbr dmT> hmoVo d {nH$m§Mr qH$dm \$imMr àV Mm§Jbr

hmoVo.

39

~rS>r 501 V`ma H$aÊ`mMr nÜXV :- {gbrH$mMr nmdS>a V`ma H$aUo - {gbrH$m`wº$ I{ZO ñ\${Q>H$

Jmoim H$amdo. Ë`m§Mo N>moQ>oN>moQ>o VwH$S>o H$amdo. Ë`mVyZ XJS> aoVr d BVa AZmdí`H$ gm_wJ«r H$mTy>Z Q>mH$mdr

Ë`mMr M¸$sÀ`m ghmæ`mZo {nR>mgmaIr ~marH$ ^wH$Q>r V`ma H$amdr.

qeJmMo H$dM ^aUo :- {gbrH$mÀ`m nmdS>aMo Q>çy~ dob qH$dm nmdgmÀ`m nmÊ`mV {_lU V`ma H$amdo d

Ë`mMm Jmoim V`ma H$amdm. hm Jmoim [aH$må`m qeJmÀ`m H$dMmV ^amdm. ho H$dM qeJmMo AmUrXma Q>moH$

daÀ`m {XeoZo amhrb Ago 2 Vmg R>odmdo. {gbrH$mda Ambobo OmñVrMo nmUr H$mTy>Z Q>>mH$mdo d qeJm_Ü o

daÀ`m q~Xwn`ªV {gbrH$mÀ`m Jmoim ^amdm. Z§Va ho qeJmMo H$dM ~rS>r 500 nÜXVrV {Xë`mà_mUo

IÈ>`mV nwéZ R>odm.

qeJmbm {H$Vr doi nwéZ R>odmdo d H$Yr H$mT>mdo :- ~rS>r 500 nÜXVrÀ`m AJXr CbQ>, {gbrH$mZo ^abobo

qeJ _mM© - E{àb _Ü o (M¡Ì ZdamÌ) nwaVmV d Am°ŠQ>mo, Zmoìh §o _Ü o ~mhoa H$mT>VmV. ~rS>r 501 IV

Jmoim H$aUo d Ë`mMm gmR>m H$aUo, `mo½` doir hr {gbrH$m qeJ IS>`mÀ`m ~mhoa H$mT>mdr d H$dMmVyZ

{gbrH$mMr nmdS>a ~mhoa H$mT>mdr. CÝhm_Ü o H$moaS>o H$éZ H$mMoÀ`m ~mQ>brV qH$dm {ga°_rH$À`m ^m§S>`mV

gmR>dyZ R>odmdr. h`m ~mQ>ë`m hdoera d D$Z bmJob Aem {R>H$mUr R>odmì`m.

dmnaÊ`mMr nÜXVr :- 40 Ama O{_ZrgmR>r 1 J«°_ ~r.S>r 501 IV nwaogo AgVo. 13 {bQ>a nmÊ`mV 1 J«°_

~r.S>r 501 IV Q>mH$mdo d Mm§Jbo ~rS>r 500 _Ü o {bhrë`mà_mUo Mm§Jbo {_lU V`ma H$amdo. ho {_lU

eoVmV \$dmamdo. ho H$m`© gH$mir qH$dm nhmQ>oÀ`m doir H$amdo H$maU nhmQ>oÀ`m doir _§X_§X hdm gwé

AgVo Ë`m_wio {gbrH$m \$dmaë`mZ§Va 2 hßË`mV 30 {Xdgm§À`m A§VamZo \$dmamdo. ho {_lU H$sS> {Z`§ÌU

H$aÊ`mgmR>r _XV H$aVo.

H$mD$ n°Q> nrQ> (gr.nr.nr.) H$ëMa V`ma H$aÊ`mMr nÜXV :- O{_ZrMm nmoV Mm§Jbm {Q>H$dm`Mm Agob

Va g|Ðr` H$~© _w~bH$ à_mUmV AgUo Amdí`H$ Amho. g|Ðr` H$~m©Mo à_mU dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r O{_ZrV

g|Ðr` nXmW© Ogo eoUIV, H§$nmoñQ> IV, {hadirMo IV B. {_giUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. g|Ðr`

nXmW©{edm` {OdmUy§§À`m g§»`m_Ü`o dmT> hmoV Zmhr.

O{_ZrV {OdmUy§Mr g§»`m nwaoem à_mUmV Agë`m{edm` {nH$m§Zm Ë`m§Mo AÞ emofyZ KoVm oV Zmhr.

eoUIV, H§$nmoñQ> IV V`ma hmoÊ`mgmR>r OdiOdi 10-12 _{hZo bmJVmV, na§Vw gÜ`m H$mhr eoVH$ar

40

eoVmVrb H$mS>rH$Mam d eoUmMm `mo½` dmna H$éZ AS>rM Vo VrZ _{hÝ`mV CËH¥$ï> XmUoXma

~m`moS>m`Zm{_H$ IV {Z_m©U H$arV AmhoV. ~m`moS>m`Zm{_H$ IV V`ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r gr.nr.nr. ho H$ëMa

bmJVo. gr.nr.nr. Amnë`mbm KaÀ`m Kar df©^amV Ho$ìhmhr V`ma H$aVm `oVo gr.nr.nr. V`a

H$aÊ`mgmR>r ~r.S>r. àonaoeZ doJdoJù`m dZñnVtZm Hw$OdyZ V`ma Ho$bo OmVo. `m àonaoeZ_YyZ

{dñVmVrV H$ëMa V`ma Ho$bo OmVo, `mbmM gr.nr.nr. åhQ>bo OmVo. `m gd© dZñnVr \$º$ {h_mb`

nd©VmÀ`m nm`Ï`mer CnbãY hmoVmV.

H$mD$ n°Q> nrQ> (gr.nr.nr) V`ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r bmJUmao gm{hË` :-

1. 60 {H$bmo JmdamZ Xw Ë`m JmB©Mo eoU,

2. 200 J«°_ A§S> mMo nm§T>ao H$dM

3. 500 J«°_ ~ogmëQ> IS>H$mMm Mwam qH$dm ~moAadobMr _mVr

4. 200 J«°_ JwimMo nmUr

5. ~r.S>r. àonaoeZ 502 Vo 506 {_lUmMo XmoZ g§M Am{U ~r.S>r. àonaoeZ507 Vo 20 {_.br. ÐmdU

gr.nr.nr. V`ma H$aÊ`mMr nÜXV :-

1. O{_ZrV VrZ (bm§~r) XmoZ (é§Xr) EH$(Imobr) \y$Q> AmH$mamMo {dQ>m§Mo Hw§$S> V`ma H$éZ O{_ZrÀ`m da

AYm© \y$Q> d O{_ZrÀ`m AmV AYm© \y$Q> C§MrMo ~m§YH$m_ H$éZ gd© ~mOy§Zr eoU_mVrZo qbnyZ ¿`mdo.

2. 60 {H$bmo JmdamZ Xw Ë`m JmB©Mo eoU Am{U 200 J«°_ JwimMo nmUr `m§Mo {_lU 10 Vo 15 {_ZrQ>o EH$Ord

H$éZ ¿`mdo.

3. eoUm_Ü o 200 J«°_ A§S>çmÀ`m H$dMmMr nmdS>a Am{U 500 J«°_ ~ogmëQ> XJS>mMm Mwam qH$dm ~moAadobMr

_mVr {_gimdr.

4. gd© {_lU IÈ>`mV Q>mHy$Z eoUmÀ`m Wamda XmoZ AmoirV ~moQ>mZo {N>Ð H$éZ ~r.S>r. àonaoeZ 502 Vo 506

Mo XmoZ g§M {_gimdoV Am{U ~r.S>r. àonaoeZ 507, 20 {bQ>a nmÊ`mV 15 {_ZrQ>o Mm§Jbo KmoiyZ Vo eoUmda

qenS>mdo.

5. Z§Va IÈ>`mbm Amoë`m ~maXmZmZo PmH$mdo.

6. IÈ>`mVrb {_lUmbm àË oH$ AmR> {Xdgm§Zr nëQ>r ¿`mdr

7. 45 Vo 60 {XdgmV EH$m Hw§$S>mVyZ 30 {H$bmo XmUoXma gr.nr.nr. H$ëMa V`ma hmoVo.

41

~r.S>r - 508 ÐmdU V`ma H$aUo :-

ZoMo n[admamVrb EH$ dZñnVr gmé - KmoS>`mÀ`m eonQ>mgmaIr {XgVo. Equesetum arvense {Vbm

H°$Á`yarZm åhUyZhr AmoiIVmV. `m dZñnVrV {gbrH$mMo à_mU ^anya AgyZ ~waerOÝ` amoJm§da _mV

H$aÊ`mgmR>r dmnaVmV. `m dZñnVrMr 1 {H$bmo nmZo 10 {bQ>a CH$iË`m nmÊ`mV Q>mH$mdrV. Mhm H$aVmo

Ë`mà_mUo ho ÐmdU CH$imdo, Z§Va JmiyZ ¿`mdo `mn¡H$s 50 {_br Xhm {bQ>a nmÊ`mV KoD$Z {nH$m§da qH$dm

O{_Zrda \$dmaUr H$amdr.

42

Jm§Sy>i IV, Jm§Sy>i nmUr, Ordm_¥V, A°amoJ«rZ, gáYmÝ`m§Hw$a

1. Jm§Sy>i IV {Z{_©Vr nÜXV :-

90 g|._r. ê§$XrMo dm\$m d CnbãY OmJoZwgma {H$Vrhr bm§~rMo 1 qH$dm 2 dm\o$ H$amdoV. 15 go._r Imob IÈ>m

H$amdm d Ë`mV O{_ZrÀ`m n¥ð>^mJmn ªV {dQ>H$arMo VwH$S>o, OmS> dmiy, ZmaimÀ`m H$mÏ`m A§Wamdo. Ë`mda 15

go._r. Mm§Jë`m Hw$Oboë`m eoUIVmÀ`m qH$dm ~m`moJ°g ñbarMm Wa Úmdm. Ë`mda `wS>rbg qH$dm Am`go{Z`m

OmVrMr Jm§Sy>io 1 {H$bmo J°«_ àVr 30 Mm¡. \y$Q> AmH$mamÀ`m dmâ`mda Q>mH$mdrV. H¥${f {dÚmnrR>, VmbwH$m

~rOJwUZ H|$Ð, ImOJr Jm§Sy>io H$ëMa g|Q>ahÿZ Jm§Sy>io AmUmdrV. Ë`mZ§Va Ë`mda 15 go._r. C§MrMm, AY©dQ>

Hw$Oboë`m eoU H$mS>rH$Mè`mMo {_lU Q>mH$mdo. `m Wamda VmÁ`m eoUmMo Q>monbo WmoS>o A§Va R>odyZ nmbWo

Q>mH$mdoV d eodQ>r nyU© ~oS> ~maXmZo, nmMQ> qH$dm H$mS>r H$Mè`mZo PmH$mdo nmUr Q>mHy$Z ~oS> Zoh_r Amobo R>odmdo

bmJVo. gmYmaUnUo 30 Mm¡. go._r. ~oS>da 5 {bQ>a nmUr bmJVo. Jm§Sy>io ËdMoZo œmg KoVmV d nmÊ`mVyZ qH$dm

hdoVyZ Am°ŠgrOZ emofyZ KoVmV. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Zm Zoh_r W§S> Amobga R>odmdo bmJVo. ~oS>_Ü`o 60 %$Vo 70

%$Amobmdm AgUo Amdí`H$ Amho. Jm§Sw>io H$mM, bmoI§S>, ßb°pñQ>>H$ d XJS> , {dQ>H$a gmoSy>Z BVa gd© nXmW©

ImVmV. dmibobo (Amobo Zìho) H$m±J«og JdV Ë`m§Zm Iyn AmdS>Vo. qZXbobo nw§OmUo dmië`mZ§Va ~oS>da

eoUmgh Q>mH$bo Va Jm§Sy>io ImdyZ \$ñV H$aVmV. Jm§Sy>imÀ`m ~oS>Mr C§Mr 45 Vo 60 go._r da Omdy Xody Z`o.

gmYmaU 3x1 _rQ>a AmH$mamÀ`m Jm§Sy>imÀ`m ~oS>da Imbrb nÜXVrZo H¥$Vr H$amdr :-

1 bm {Xdg - 200 {H$bmo J«°_ eoU H$mS>rH$Mè`mMo {_lU d 1 {H$bmo Jm§Sy>io dmnê$Z ~oS> V`ma H$amdo.

10 dm {Xdg - ~oS>da VmÁ`m eoUmMo Q>monbo T>rJ nÜXVrZo Q>mH$m.

20 dm {Xdg - ~oS> hdoera amhÊ`mgmR>r Imbr da hbdm.

30 dm {Xdg - ~oS>da MhmnÎmrgmaIo IV V`ma hmoVo Ë`mdoir nmUr Q>mH$Uo ~§X H$am.

40 dm {Xdg - ~oS>da Amobmdm H$_r Pmë`m_wio Jm§Sy>io ~wS>mbm OmVmV. daModa Jm§Sy>i IV MmiyZ ¿`mdo d

Ë`mM {Xder Xwgao ~oS> V`ma H$ê$Z Ë`mda Mmibobr Jm§Sy>io Q>mH$mdrV.

Jm§Sy>imÀ`m {dï>oVyZ ~mhoa nS>Umè`m _mVrV 4 nQ> Zm`Q>moOZ, 7 nQ> ñ\w$aX d 11 nQ> nmbme d 1 H$moQ>r

gwú_{OdmUy à{VJ«°_ AgUmao CÎm_ àVrMo Jm§Sy>i IV {_iVo. `m Jm§Sy>i IVmV 250 J«°_ A°PmoQ>mo~°ŠQ>a,

43

250 J«°_ am`Pmo{~`_ d 1 {H$bmo J«°_ nrEg ~r OrdmUy g§dY©Ho$ {_giyZ 48 Vmg AmYr _wadyZ Z§Va {nH$m§Zm

noê$Z AWdm \$iPmS>m§Zm Amio H$ê$Z {Xbo Va nrH$ Omo_Xma dmT>VmV. Ë`m§À`m_Ü`o amoJà{VH$maeº$s V`ma

hmoVo. 3 Vo 6 _{hZo H$mbmdYrMo nrH$ Agob Va 2 Vo 3 q¹$Q>b à{V 40 Ama Jm§Sy>i IV H$_rV H$_r Úmdo. Kar

V`ma Ho$bobo Jm§Sy>i IV Oa 1 Q>Z à{V 40 Ama Xody eH$bmo Va {dH«$_r CËnmXZ {_iVo. \$iPmS>m§Zm

d`mZwgma 1 Vo 5 {H$bmo J«°_ Jm§Sy>iIV àVr PmS> Amio H$ê$Z Úmdo d Z§Va Amio nyU©nUo g|{Ð` nXmWm©Zo

PmHy$Z nmUr Úmdo.

A. AmÀN>mXZ

B. VmÁ`m eoUmMo Q>monbo

C. AY©dQ> 1 {H$bmo J°«_ /30 Mm¡. \y$Q>

F, D. Hw$Odbobo eoUIV / ~m`moJ°g ñbar

E. hiy Hw$OUmam nmbm nmMmoim

G. {dQ>H$a OmS> dmiy nmVirn`ªV (ßb°pñQ>H$ - ZH$mo)

44

Jm§Sy>i IVmVrb KQ>H$ :- KQ>H$ à{V J«°_

1. g|{Ð` H$~© - 20 Q>¸o$

2. H$~© ZÌ - 16:1

3. ZÌ - 1 Vo 1.5 Q>¸o$

4. ñ\w$aX - 0.5 Vo 0.8 Q>¸o$

5. nmbme - 0.4 Vo 0.8 Q>¸o$

6. øw_g - 5 Vo 8 Q> o$ EHy$U gyú_ O§Vy g§»`m

7. [OdmUy (Q>r.E_.gr. )1 H$moQ>r

(Total microbial count)

8. AmX©Vm - 15 Vo 30 Q>¸o$

9. gm_w (nr.EM) -6.5 Vo 7.2

10. B.gr. (Bbo H$ÝS>ŠQ>rìhrQ>r )- 0.4 Vo 0.6 (mmhos / cm)

2. Jm§Sy>i nmUr (d_udm°e) {Z{_©Vr :-

eoVH$è`m§Zr eoVmdarb eoU H$mS>rH$Mè`mnmgyZ Jm§Sy>i IV {Z{_©Vr àH$Án Mmby Ho$ë`mda Jm§Sy>inmUr

(d_udm°e) {Z{_©Vrhr Mmby H$amdr. H$maU Ë`mMr nÜXV gmonr Amho.

Jm§Sy>imÀ`m A§Jmdarb AmobganUm d Jm§Sy>i IVmMm AH©$ BË`mXtMo {_lU `m nÜXVrZo Ðd ê$nmV {_iVo.

Ë`mbmM Jm§Sy>inmUr qH$dm d_udm°e åhUVmV. d_udme_Ü`o {O~«o{bH$ A°{gS>, gm`Q>moH$m`ZrZ, A°Pmo d AÝ`

{OdmUy g§dY©H$ AgVmV.

nrH$ dmT>rÀ`m H$mimV \w$b d \$i bmJë`mda d_udm°eMr \$dmaUr Ho$br Va bjUr` \$mæXm hmoVmo. \w$bo OmñV

bmJVmV, \$bYmaUm OmñV hmoVo. _mbmMr àV CÎm_ hmoVo. _Y_mem qH$dm AÝ` {_Ì{H$S>tZm Anm` hmoV Zmhr.

ZdrZ \w$Q> `oVmZm qH$dm nrH$ \w$bmda AgVmZm 100 {bQ>a nmÊ`mV 2 {bQ>a d_udm°e \$dmamdo. {H$S> d amoJ

ì`dñWmnZmgmR>r 100 {bQ>a nmÊ`mV 5 Vo 10 {bQ>a d_udm°e {_giyZ \$dmamdo. d_udm°e CKS>o R>ody Z`o. XrS>

_{hÝ`mÀ`m AmV Vo dmnamdo bmJVo. d_udm°e _Ü`o 5 Q>¸o$ qb~moir AH©$ d B. E_ 2 {_giyZ \$dmabo Va {Vhoar

\$m`Xm hmoVmo.

45

Jm§Sy>i nmUr d_udm°e dmnaÊ`mMr nÜXV :-

ZdrZ \w$Q> `oÊ`mgmR>r d {nH$ \w$bmoè`mV AgVmZm - 2 Q> o$ \$dmaUr

H$sS> d amoJ ZmeH$ dmnamgmR>r - 5 Vo 10 Q>¸o$ \$dmaUr

\$iPmS>mÀ`m ~wS>mbm - 2 {bQ>a d_udm°e àVr 10 {bQ>a nmÊ`mV {_giyZ \$dmaUr

1 {bQ>a d_udm°e _Ü`o 5 {bQ>a nmUr {_giyZ \$dmam.

d_udm°e 1 / 2 _{hZm CKS>o R>odyZ gmR>dVm oVo. hdm ~§X R>ody ZH$m.

nrH$dmT>rÀ`m H$mimV \y$b d \$i YmaUodoir \$dmaë`mg CËnÞ dmT>Vo.

Ordm_¥V JmiyZ Ë`mV 4 {bQ>a d_udm°e 200 {bQ>a nmUr {_giyZ 40 Ama {nH$mda \$dmamdo

qH$dm qenS>mdo.

3. Ordm_¥V :-

lr. gw^mf nmioH$am§Zr {e\$mag Ho$bobo Ordm_¥V gd© {nH$m§À`m dmT>rgmR>r AË §V Cn`wº$ Amho. Ordm_¥V V`ma

H$aÊ`mMr nÜXV Imbrbà_mUo

1. Xoer JmB©Mo eoU - 10 {H$bmo

2. Xoer JmB©Mo Jmo_yÌ - 10 {bQ>a

3. Jyi - 2 {H$bmo

4. {ÛXb YmÝ`mMo nrR> - 2 {H$bmo (ha~am CÎm_)

5. nmUr - 200 {bQ>a

{_lU 5-6 {Xdg Am§~dyZ 15 {Xdgm§À`m A§VamZo AmoirV / ~wS>mbm/ nmÊ`mdmQ>o Úmdo. 7 {Xdgmnojm OwZo

Ordm_¥V dmnê$ Z`o.

4. A_¥VnmUr :-

lr. _mohZ e§H$a Xoenm§S>o `m§Zr F$fr V§Ì gm§{JVbo Amho. Ë`m§Zr A§Jmam, ~rOg§ñH$ma, A_¥VnmUr d AmÀN>mXZ `m

Mma gyÌr H$b_mMm ~è`mM eoVH$è`m§Zm Mm§Jbm AZw^d Amho dS>mImbMr _mVr 10-15 {H$bmo J«°_ à{V 40 Ama

joÌmda Q>mH$Uo, A_¥VnmÊ`mZo ~rOg§ñH$ma d {nH$m§Zm qenSy>Z Awdm nmÊ`mdmQ>o XoUo d H$mS>rH$Mè`mMo AmÀN>mXZ

{nH$mÀ`m AmoirV H$aUo hr Mma gyÌr hmo`. A_¥VnmUr V`ma H$aVmZm Imbrb nÜXVr Adb§~br OmVo. àVr 40

Ama joÌmgmR>r gm{hË` :-

46

1. Xoer JmB©Mo eoU - 10 {H$bmo J«°_

2. Xoer JmB©Mo Vyn - 250 J«°_

3. _Y - 500 J«°_

4. nmUr - 200 {bQ>a

gdm©V AmYr 10 {H$bmo J«°_ eoUmV nmd {H$bmo J«°_ Vyn EH$Ord Ho$bo OmVo. Ë`mZ§Va Ë`mV _Y {_giyZ ho

{_lU 200 {bQ>a nmÊ`mV EH$Ord H$ê$Z bJoM {nH$m§Zm AmoirV qenSy>Z qH$dm nmÊ`mÀ`m nmQ>mV Yma gmoSy>Z

40 Ama joÌmV {Xbo OmVo. 3 Vo 6 _{hZo H$mbmdYr AgUmè`m {nH$m§Zm 2-3 doim Va 12 _{hZo H$mbmdYrÀ`m

{nH$m§Zm 3-4 doim {Xbo OmVo. H¥${f {dkmZ _§S>i, Zm§XoS> `oWo gmo`m~rZ {nH$mgmR>r Vo n[aUm_H$maH$ OmUdbo

Va {ZgJ© eoVr _§S>i, Om_Zoa {O. OiJmd `oWo lr. nÙmH$a qMMmob d Ë`m§À`m ghH$mè`m§Zm Ho$ir d BVa

{nH$m§da Mm§Jbm n[aUm_ {Xgbm. _V^oXmMo _wÔo ~mOybm R>odyZ eoVH$è`m§Zr à`moJerb amhÿZ ñdË: AZw^d

KodyZ _V R>admdo. A§Jmam, A_¥VnmUr AmVm {H«$ñQ>b ñdê$nmV {dH«$sbm AmUbo Amho d Ë`mMo noQ>§Q>hr KoÊ`mV

Ambo Amho.

5. A°amoJ«rZ :-

lr. gwaoe XogmB© , ~oS>{H$hmi, Vm. {M¸$moS>r, {O. ~oiJmd (H$Zm©Q>H$) \$moZ. 08338/262056,

_mo. 09480448256 øm§Zr A°amoJ«rZ nÜXVrZo H$moUË`mhr {nH$mMo nmofU H$aVm oVo Agm {gÜXm§V _m§S>bm Amho.

amgm`{ZH$ IVm§Mr {nH$m§Zm JaO Zmhr. Ë`mEodOr A°amoJ«rZ nÜXVr ñdñV, gmonr, à^mdr d nrH$nmofUm~amo~a

H$sS> amoJmMo ì`dñWmnZmgmR>r `mo½` Amho.

A°amoJ«rZ KQ>H$ :-

CnbãY AgUmao ñdñV XamMo Imbrb {nH$m§Mo {~`mUo {_idmdo d EH$Ì H$ê$Z H$moUË`mhr {nH$mV XmoZ AmoirV

noamdo.

1. VmJ 7 {H$bmo

2. ha^am 5 {H$bmo

3. YZ 1 {H$bmo

4. Vri 200 J«°_

5. H$maim 200 J«°_

47

6. amO{Jao 100 J«°_

7. {_aMr 100 J«°_

8. A§~mS>r 100 J«°_

9. _yJ 500 J«°_

10. Ádmar 500 J«°_

11. Jhÿ 1 {H$bmo

12. _oWr 500 J«°_

13. Mdir 500 J«°_

A°amoJ«rZ {_lUmV EH$Xb, {ÛXb, Vob{~`m, VmJ Am{U Am¡fYr dmUm§Mo {~`mUo EH$Ì Agë`mZo àË oH$mMo

doJdoJio JwUY_© d \$m`Xo AmhoV. Oo nrH$ nmofUmgmR>r VgoM H$sS> d amoJ ì`dñWmnZmgmR>r Cn wº$ AmhoV.

A°amoJ«rZMo {_lU , H$moUVohr OmñV H$mbmdYrMo nrH$ CXm. hiX, D$g , Ho$ir bmdÊ`m AmYr noamdo d 2-2.

1 /2 _{hÝ`m§Z§Va H$mnyZ Q>mH$mdo. XmoZ {nH$m§À`m AmoirV daModa A°amoJ«rZ {_lU noê$Z Ë`mM nÜXVrZo H$mnyZ

noaë`mg nrH$ CÎm_ `oVo.

6. gáYmÝ`m§Hy$a :-

{nH$m§Zm Amdí`H$ AgUm-`m gd© gyú_ _ybÐì`mMr nwadR>m Imbrb g|Ðr` nÜXVrV H$aVm oVmo.

gàYmÝ`mHw$amMm dmna H$aÊ`mgmR>r Imbrb KQ>H$ hdoV :-

1.CS>rX 2. _yJ 3. Vya 4. Jhÿ 5. Vri

6. ha^am 7. Mdir qH$dm _Q>H$s

àË`oH$s 100 J«°_ ¿`mdo. Ë`mbm EH$Ì H$éZ Amoë`m \$S>Š`mV 1-2 {Xdg R>odyZ Mm§Jbo Q>mHy$Z {_ŠgaÀ`m

ghæ`mZo Ë`mMm AH©$ (nmUr) H$mSy>Z Vo 100 {bQ>a nmUr {_giyZ {nH$mda \$dmaÊ`mg gd©M gyú_ _yë`Ðì o

{_iy eH$VmV.

48

~hþJwUH$mar n§MJì`mMm dmna Amdí`H$ H$moSw>_wS>r (BamoS> {Oëhm) Vm{_iZmSy> `oWrb e§H$amÀ`m XodimV 1995 gmbr _hm{edamÌrÀ`m {Xder S>m°.

ZQ>amOZ Jobo hmoVo. Ë`m§Zm àmW©ZoZ§Va n§MJì`mÀ`m VrW©àgmX XoÊ`mV Ambm. S>m°ŠQ>am§Zr Hw$VwhbmZo nwOm-

`m§Zm {dMmabo Or, n§MJì`mbm X¡dr H$m g_OVm? Am{U àgmX åhUyZ Vo H$m XoVm? nwOm-`mZo CÎma {Xbo

H$s n§MJì`m_wio earamVrb Agboë`m ì`mYr ~-`m hmoVmV d nwT>o `oUm-`m AmOmam§nmgyZ g§ajU

{_iVo. `m CÎmam_wio S>m°. ZQ>amOZ ho A§V_w©I Pmbo. JmB©À`m Am§~dboë`m _b_yÌmnmgyZ _mUgmVrb

amoJmda H$go Am¡fY V`ma H$aVm `oB©b `mMm {dMma gwé Pmbm. Ë`mZ§Va gbJ 3 df} n§MJì` `m g|Ðr`

nXmWm©da Vo à`moJ H$aV am{hbo. Ë`m§Zr dZñnVr_Ü`o n§MJì`m_wio dmT> CÎmoOH$ d à{VO¡{dH$ CÎmoOH$

H$go CËnÞ hmoVmV `mda Aä`mg Ho$bm. `mM H$mimV ~|Jbmoa `oWrb H¥${f {dÚmnrR>mVrb S>m°. am_M§Ð aoÈ>r

`m§Zr g§emoYZ H$éZ ~m{dñQ>rZ d n§MJì` `m§À`m ~waerZmeH$ JwUY_m©Mm VwbZmË_H$ Aä`mg Ho$bm.

n§MJì`mbm Ë`m§Zr nmM ~S>o (High Five) Ago Zmd {Xbo. n§MJì`m_wio dZñnVtMr à{VH$maeº$s

dmT>Vo d dmT> Mm§Jbr amhVo hr Ë`m§Mr {Z[ajUo AmhoV.High Five hm boI 20 gßQ>|~a 1996 bm

{X„rVyZ àH$m{eV hmoUm-`m „ S>mD$Z Qy> AW© ‟ `m _m{gH$mV à{gÜX Pmbm Amho. n§MJì`mbm O¡{dH$

CËàoaH$ hr åhUVm oB©b. Vo dmT> CËàoaH$ (75%) d à{VH$maeº$s (25%) dmT>dUmar åhUyZhr H$m ©

H$aVo. Ë`m_wio g|Ðr` eoVr_Yrb Zo_H$s H$_VaVm Xya hmoD$Z CËnmXZmV KQ> `oD$ XoV Zmhr. n§MJì`

H$sS>, ~waer{déÜX à{VH$maj_Vm dmT>dVo. Jmo_yÌm_wio à{VH$maeº$s CËàoaH$Vm d Jmo_`m_Yrb dmT>

H$aÊ`mÀ`m j_Vo_wµio CËnmXZ dmT>hr {_iVo. _hËdmMo åhUOo eoVH$ar eoVmda CnbãY AgUm-`m

JmoîQ>rnmgyZ Vo ~ZdyZ dmné eH$Vmo. S>m°. ZQ>amOZ ho éab H$å`w{ZQ>r A°ŠeZ g|Q>aMo AÜ`j AmhoV. d¥j

Am`wd}XmV n§MJì` ~Z{dÊ`mÀ`m nÜXVr {Xë`m AmhoV. S>m°. ZQ>amOZ `m§Zr Ë`m§À`m ^mJmVrb g§emoYH$

eoVH$-`m§À`m ghH$m`m©Zo Ë`mMo WmoS> m doJi`m nÜXVrZo à_mUrH$aU (Standardisation) Ho$bo

Amho.

n§MJì` V`ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r Xoer JmB©MoM nmMhr nXmW© dmnamdoV. dqeS> d qeJo hr ^maVr` JmB©À`m

AmoiIÊ`mÀ`m IwUm AmhoV. dqeS> ho A§V[aj bharZm AVr g§doXZerb AgVo, Va qeJo hr H$moUË`mhr

àH$maÀ`m bhar d H§$nZm§Zm à{V~§Y H$aVmV. XmoÝhtMm EH${ÌV n[aUm_ åhUyZ JmB©_Yrb A§V[aj

49

bhatMo oUo OmUo {Z`§{ÌV hmoVo. ^maVr` d§emÀ`m JmB© Am{U ~¡b Ë`m§Mo dqeS> hmVmZo Xm~bo Va Ë`m

JwS>Ko Q>oH$VmV. IƒrH$aU Ho$ë`mZ§Va ~¡bmMr àOZZ j_Vm Zï> hmoVo d dqeS>mMm AmH$ma bhmZ hmoVmo.

Ë`m§Mo dqeS> d àOZZ j_Vm `m_Ü o H$mhrVar g§~§Y Agbm nm{hOo ho {gÜX hmoVo.

n§MJì` ~ZdÊ`mMr nÜXV :-

n§MJì`m_Ü`o JmB©nmgyZ {_iUmao nmM nXmW© AmhoV. Ë`mMr V`ma hmoÊ`mMr JVr dmT>dUo, Ë`m_Yrb

Am§~dÊ`mÀ`m {H«$ oMm doJ dmT>dUo d Ë`mMm J§Yhr Mm§Jbm Agmdm `mgmR>r à`moJ H$aV Ë`m_Ü o BVa

H$mhr nXmW© {_igÊ`mV Ambo. AmVm n§MJì` V`ma H$aUoMo gdm©Îm_ Ago gyÌ nwT>rbà_mUo Amho.

n§MJì`mgmR>r bmJUmao KQ>H$ :-

Jmo_` (VmOo) 5 {H$bmo

Jmo_yÌ 3 {bQ>a

JmB©Mo XyY 3 {bQ>a

JmB©À`m XyYmMo Xhr 2 {bQ>a

JmB©Mo Vyn 1/2 {H$bmo

D$gmMm ag 3 {bQ>a

ehmi`mMo nmUr 3 {bQ>a

{nH$bobr Ho$ir 12 ZJ

VmS>r ({_iV Agë`mg) 2 {bQ>a

EHy$U 20 {bQ>a

`mMr gmYmaU ~mOma^mdmà_mUo qH$_V 40 é. àVr {bQ>a hmoVo. n§MJì` V`ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r Jmo_`mÀ`m EodOr Jmo~a J°g ñbarhr dmnaVm `oVo. Ë`m_wio Am§~Ê`mMr {H«$`m

A{YH$M doJmZo hmoD$Z n§MJì` V`ma hmoÊ`mMm H$mbmdYr H$_r hmoD$ eH$Vmo. nU gd©gmYmaUnUo Ago

ZgVo. Jmo~aJ°g ßb°Q>_Ü`o H$moUË`mhr àmÊ`m§Mr {dîR>m, (_mUyg, åh¡g, ~¡b, eoir B) {_gibr OmVo d

J°g OmXm {_imdm åhUyZ H$m|~S>r {dîR>m, YmÝ`m§Mr nmdS>a, _moJbr Ea§S> gma»`m Vob {~`m§Mmhr dmna

hmoVmo. Ë`m_wio JmB©Mo VmOo eoUM n§MJì` H$aUogmR>r dmnamdo. n§MJì`mMr Am§~dÊ`mMr {H«$`m J{V_mZ

50

H$aUogmR>r ½bwH$moO, gwH«$moO, _°ZmoO gmaIm JmoS> nXmW© JaOoMm Amho. D$gmMm ag hm Vo H$m`© doJmZo

H$aVmo. g|Ðr` Jyi CnbãY Agob Va Vmo nmÊ`mV {daKiyZ KoVbm Var n[aUm_ Mm§Jbm {_iVmo.

{nH$boë`m Ho$i`m§_wio gwú_ Ordm§Mr dmT> hmoVo.

VmS>r :-

n§MJì`mVrb Am§~dÊ`mÀ`m {H«$`o_wio XwJ©Y oVmo nU VmS>rMo dmnamZo `m KmU dmgmda ~-`mn¡H$s

{Z §ÌU R>odVm `oVo. Xwgao åhUOo VmS>r_wio Am§~Ê`mÀ`m {H«$`oMr JVr dmT>Vo.

ehmi`mMo nmUr :-

ehmi`mMo nmÊ`mV gm`Q>moH$m`ZrZ ho dmT> CËàoaH$ AgVo. ehmi`mMo nmÊ`mZo Am§~Ê`mÀ`m {H«$`oV

dmT>M hmoVo d ho \$dmaUrVyZ OmÊ`mZo PmS>m§Mo \w$Q>do `oÊ`mÀ`m {H«$`oV dmT> hmoVo.

n§MJì` V`ma H$aUoMr H¥$Vr :

Xoer JmB©Mo VmOo eoU 5 {H$bmo, Jmo_yÌ 3 {b. d 3 {b. nmUr EH$m _moR>`m Vm|S>mÀ`m {g_|Q> AJa ßb°ñQ>rH$Mo

hm¡XmV EH$Ì {_gimdo. Ë`m_Ü`o Vyn KmbyZ ^anya T>dimdo. 3 {Xdg ho T>diV ahmdo. 3 {Xdgm§Zr ~mH$s

gd© nXmW© (XyY, Xhr, D$gmMm ag, Ho$ir, VmS>r) Ë`m_Ü`o AmoVmdo. hm¡X gmdbrV R>oD$Z amoO gH$mi

gm §H$mir ^anya T>dimdo. ho 16 {Xdg H$aV ahmdo. 17 do {Xder åhUOoM gwédmV Ho$ë`mnmgyZ 20 do

{Xder ho n§MJì` V`ma hmoVo n§MJì`m_Ü`o gd© KQ>H$ Xoer JmB©À`mM dmnamì`m. gmYmaUnUo

n§MJì`mÀ`m CËnmXZ IM© 40 é. à{V {bQ>a `oVmo.

Oa D$gmMm ag CnbãY Zgob V 50 J«°_ g|Ðr` Jyi 3 {bQ>a nmÊ`mV {daKiyZ KoD$Z dmnamdm. VgoM

Oa VmS>r CnbãY Zgob Va 100 J«°_ ~oqH$J `rñQ> nmdS>a d 100 J«°_ g|Ðr` Jyi d 2 {bQ>a Ja_ nmUr

(gmYmaU 60 g§o.) EH$Ì {_gimdo d AYm© Vmg ho {_lU T>diyZ _J n§MJì` ÐmdUmV BVa

nXmWm©~amo~a {_gimdo.

51

dmnaUoMr nÜXVr d à_mU :-

1. \$dmaUr :- n§MJì` d nmUr `m§Mo 3 % Mo à_mU A{Ve` `mo½` AmT>ibo Amho. åhUOoM 3

{bQ>a n§MJì` 100 {bQ>a nmÊ`mV {_giyZ \$dmaUr H$aUog dmnamdo. Vo gd©M {nH$m§Zm `mo½`

R>aVo. \$dmaUr H$aVm§Zm _moR> m AmH$mamMo \$dmaUr ZmoPb dmnamdo qH$dm n§MJì` H$mnS>mVyZ

JmiyZ KoD$Z dmnamdo.

2. nmÊ`m~amo~a XoUo :- n§MJì` EH$ar 20 {bQ>a `mà_mUo, {nH$mg nmUr XoVm§Zm nmÊ`m~amo~a Úmdo.

3. ~rO d amon g§ñH$ma :- n§MJì`mMo 3 % Mo nmÊ`mVrb ÐmdU ~rO g§ñH$mamgmR>r qH$dm amonm§Mo

_i`mgoh AmoVÊ`mgmR>r dmnamdo. hiX, Ambo, H§$X, D$gmÀ`m {Q>n-`m n§MJì`mÀ`m 3 % À`m

ÐdUmV AYm© Vmg ~wS>dyZ bmdUr H$amdr.

4. ~rOgmR>r T>dU H$aUogmR>r - n§MJì`mZo 3 % ÐmdUmV gmR>dU H$am`Mo ~r {^OdyZ 15

{_ZrQ>m§Zr H$mTy>Z Mm§Jbo dmidmdo d Z§Va gmR>m H$amdm.

n§MJì`mÀ`m \$dmaUrMm H$mi :-

1. _moha qH$dm \w$bo oÊ`mnydu (qH$dm amono bmJUrZ§Va 20 {Xdgm§Zr ) - 15 {XdgmVyZ EH$ doi

\$dmaUr (Aem XmoZ \$dmaÊ`m {nH$mMo H$mbmdYr Zwgma)

2. \w$bo AgVm§Zm qH$dm bhmZ \$io AgVm§Zm - 10 {XdgmVyZ 1 \$dmaUr (Aem XmoZ \$dmaÊ`m)

3. \$io qH$dm e|Jm n¹$ hmoÊ`mMr doi - 1 \$dmaUr

n§MJì`mMr gmR>dU :-

n§MJì` V`ma Ho$ë`mda Vo amoO 2 doim T>diyZ 6 _{hÝ`mn`©V Amho Vgo {Q>H$dVm `oVo. ~mînr^dZm_wio Vo KÅ>

hmoD$ bmJbo Va Ë`mV Ho$di nmUr Kmbmdo d T>dimdo.

gm¡OÝ` :- n§MJì` - AZwdmXH$ lr. O`§V ~d}

52

H$sS> d amoJ ì`dñWmnZ Am{W©H$ ZwH$gmZrMr nmVir (ETL - Economic Threshold Limit) :-

H¥${f {dÚmnrR>mVrb emókm§Zr {nH$mdarb H$sS> d amoJmda ^anya g§emoYZ Ho$bo Amho. {d{dY {nH$mdarb H$sS> d

amoJ, `m§Mm OrdZH«$_, ZwH$gmZrMr nÜXV, nwZê$ËnmXZ doJ BË`mXr ~m~tMm gImob Aä`mg Ë`m§Zr Ho$bm Amho.

{nH$m§da {Za{Zamù`m H$sS> d amoJm§Mm àmXw^m©d hmoVmo. Ë`m§Zm eÌy H$sS> /amoJ åhUVmV. {ZgJm©V `m eÌy H$sS>/

amoJmda Cn{O{dH$m H$aUmao, Ë`m§Zm ImdyZ Q>mH$Umao, gyú_, A{Vgyú_, H$sS> / amoJ O§Vy AgVmV. Ë`m§Zm

namonOrdr d na^jr {H$Q>H$ (Parasites & predators) åhUVmV. Vo Amnbo {_Ì AmhoV. {ZgJm©V `m XmoÝhr

eÌy d {_Ì H$sS> amoJmMo R>amdrH$ g§VwbrV à_mU AgVo. Ooìhm eÌw{H$S>tMo à_mU {_Ì {H$S>rnojm dmT>Vo d {_Ì

{H$S>r Ë`m§Zm AmQ>moŠ`mV R>odÊ`mgmR>r Ag_W© hmoVmV. Ë`mMdoir H$sS> amoJ ì`dñWmnZogmR>r _mZdr hñVjonmMr

Oê$ar ^mgVo. Ë`mdoir H¥${Ì_ Cnm`m§Zr eÌw {H$S>tZm AmQ>moŠ`mV AmUmdo bmJVo. na§Vw Ë`mdoir {_Ì{H$S>tZmhr

BOm hmoUma Zmhr `mMrhr H$miOr ¿`mdr bmJVo. _mZdr hñVjonmMr doi H$moUVr ho R>a{dUo AË §V _hËdmMo

Amho. `m {d{eîQ>> doiobm Am{W©H$ ZwH$gmZrMr nmVir åhUVmV. (Economic Threshhold limit) hr

R>amdrH$ nmVir Amobm§S>o n`ªV {ZgJm©Vrb {_Ì {H$S>r {nH$m§darb eÌw {H$S>rMm g_mMma KoÊ`mg g_W© AmhoV Ago

g_Omdo. ~hþg§»` eoVH$ar øm nmVirMm {dMma Z H$aVmM \$dmaÊ`m H$aVmV d ZH$iV {_Ì{H$S>tMmM g§hma

H$aVmV. Ë`m_wio eÌw{H$S>r dmT>Ê`mg dmd {_iVmo d {nH$m§Mo A{YH$ ZwH$gmZ hmoVo. eoVH$è`m§Zr Amnë`m Cä`m

{nH$mV gJirH$S>o {\$ê$Z {_Ì {H$S>r d gwÌ{H$S>tMo {Z[ajU H$amdo d Ë`mMo à_mU Zm|XdyZ ¿`mdo. Ë`mZ§Va nwT>rb

H$moï>H$mV XmIdë`mà_mUo {H$S>rZo Am{W©H$ ZwH$gmZrMr nmVir Amobm§S>br H$s Zmhr ho Z¸$s R>admdo d Ë`mZ§Va

\$dmaUr H$aÊ`mMr JaO Amho H$s Zmhr `mMm {ZU© ¿`mdm. Aën à_mUmV Air, {H$S>r {XgV AgVrb Va

H$miOr H$ê$ Z o.

g|{Ð` eoVrnÜXVr_Yrb H$sS> d amoJ ì`dñWmnZmVrb KQ>H$ :- g|{Ð` eoVr nÜXVr_Ü`o {ZgJm©bm Z XwImdVm, n`m©daUmMm {dMma H$ê$Z AË`§V H$_r IMm©V à^mdr

ì`dñWmnZmgmR>r {Za{Zamù`m KQ>H$mMm dmna H$aVm `oVmo. `m KQ>H$m§Mm doJim qH$dm EH${ÌV dmna Ho$ë`m_wio

Amnbm CÔoe g\$b hmoVmo. H$moUË`m KQ>H$m§Mm dmna H$moUË`m H$maUmgmR>r d Ho$ìhm H$amdm øm~m~V eoVH$è`m§Zr

53

à`moJerbVm R>odyZ ñWm{ZH$ n[apñWVr d {nH$m§À`m JaOoZwgma {ZU©` ¿`mdm. EH$M \$m°_w©bm gJirH$S>o bmJy

hmoB©bM ho gm§JVm oV Zmhr. Ë`m n[agamVrb {_Ì{H$S>tMo à_mU Ë`m O{_Zrdarb nydu dmnaboë`m amgm`{ZH$

IVmMo à_mU, {nH$m§Mr AdñWm, Vmn_mZ, AmX©Vm BË`mXr AZoH$ ~m~tda dmnaboë`m KQ>H$mMm n[aUm_ Adb§~yZ

Amho. g|{Ð` eoVr nÜXVr emómoº$nUo {dH$grV H$aÊ`mgmR>r H¥$fr {dÚmnrR>mVrb emók nr.EM.S>r. nXdrgmR>r

{dÚmÏ`mªZm EHo$H$ KQ>H$ R>odyZ gImob Aä`mg H$adyZ KoÊ`mMr JaO Amho. na§Vw gÜ`mÀ`m n[apñWVrV g|{Ð`

eoVr H$aUmè`m eoVH$è`m§À`m ñdmZw^dmda AmYmarV H$mhr {d{eï> KQ>H$mMr `mXr, Ë`m dmnaÊ`mMr {d{eï>

nÜXV, à_mU BË`mXr _m{hVr g§H$brV H$ê$Z gmXa Ho$br Amho. Aä`mgy eoVH$è`m§Zr Ë`mVrb __© d _hËd

OmUyZ Amnë`m ~wÜXrZo Ë`mMm dmna H$amdm Ago gwMdmdogo dmQ>Vo. {dkmZ {ZË`ZyVZ Agë`mZo Xadoir Ë`mV

_mobmMr ^a nS>VM OmUma Amho. H$sS> d amoJ ì`dñWmnZmgmR>r Imbrb KQ>H$m§Mm doJim qH$dm EH${ÌV dmna

H$aVm `oB©b. qH$~hþZm Ë`m KQ>H$m§Mm doJim qH$dm EH${ÌV dmna H$amdm.

1. {nH$mMo gai / gwYmarV/ g§{_l dmU

2. {~`mUo / H§$X / ~oUo g§ñH$ma

3. {_lnrH$ / gmnim nrH$ nÜXVrZo noaUr

4. O¡{dH$ H$sS> d amoJ ì`dñWmnZ

5. dZñnVrOÝ` Am¡fYm§Mm dmna

6. njr Wm§~o (Bird perches)

7. {MH$Q> gm§nio / a§JrV gmnio

8. àH$me gmnio

9. qbJ gmnio (\o$amo_rZ Q´>°ßg)

10. BVa (CXm. Jmo_yÌ XyY, doI§S>, [aR>m, dmdqS>J, Jyi B. )

1. njr Wm§~o :- eoVmVrb {nH$m§da amgm`{ZH$ IVo d agm`Zm§Mm dmna dmT>ë`mZo {d{dY njm§Mo dmñVì` H$_r Pmbo Amho. g|{Ð`

eoVr gwê$ Ho$ë`mda agm`Zo dmnaUo ~§X H$amdo bmJVo. Ë`mdoir njm§Mo eoVrV AmJ_Z AmnmoAmn gwê$ hmoVo. EHy$U

njm§n¡H$s 80 Q> o$ njr _m§gmhmar AmhoV. Vo eoVmVrb O{_Zrdarb d {nH$mdarb H$sQ>H$, _w§½`m, Aù`m, _mdm

BË`mXrda Cn{O{dH$m H$aVmV. Ë`m§Zm eoVm_Ü o Aml`ñWmZ hdo. Ë`mda Vo ~gyZ ^modVmbÀ`m n[agamVrb

54

{nH$mdarb Aù`m d H$sQ>H$ doMyZ Imdy eH$Vrb. Ë`mbm njr Wm§~o åhUVmV. {_l nrH$ noaUr nÜXVrV C§M d

~wQ>Ho$ nrH$ AmnU {ZdS>Vmo Ë`m_wio nmIam§Zm C§M ~gyZ {ZarjU H$aÊ`mMr g§Yr {_iVo d CnÐdr H$sQ>H$, Aù`m

{XgVmM Vo doMyZ ImVmV. _w»` {nH$mnojm 60 go._r. C§M H$mR>r amodyZ AmS>dr H$mR>r ~m§Ybr Va Ë`mda Vo ~gy

eH$VmV. H$mnyg, Vya, ha^am, Jhÿ, _yJ, CS>rX, hiX BË`mXr {nH$m§_Ü`o Ago njr Wm§~o hoŠQ>ar 10 C^o Ho$ë`mg

{Od§V Aù`m, _mdm, ZmH$VmoS>o BË`mXr Vo doMyZ ImVmV. Jìhm_Ü o amÌr Aem Wm§ã`mda Kw~S>o, {n§Jim ~gyZ

didi H$aUmè`m C§Xam§Zm nH$S>VmV d ImVmV hr A{Ve` gmonr d à^mdr Cnm``moOZm OdiOdi gd©M

{nH$mV H$aVm `oVo.

2. gmnio :-

1. {nH$m§Mo gmnio :-

{ZgJm©V AZoH$ dZñnVr AmhoV. Ë`mVrb H$mhr dZñnVr Amnë`m {d{eï> JwUm§À`m AmYmao Amnë`m {nH$m§À`m

H$sS> d amoJ ì`dñWmnZo_Ü o ~hþ_mob _XV H$aVmV. H$mhr dZñnVr gmnim {nHo$ (Trap plants) {H$S>r amoJm§Zm

AmH${f©V H$aUmè`m, H$mhr namd¥Îm H$aUmè`m dZñnVr (repellent) AgVmV.

P|Sy>À`m _wù`mVrb Wm`mo\o$Z _wio gyÌH¥$_r H$_r hmoVmV. _moharÀ`m _wù`mVyZ ódUmam nXmW© (Am`gmWmgmogm`)

Isothiocynides _wiohr gwÌH¥$_r Xya OmVmV. VwierÀ`m PmS>mV {_WmB©b (MethylUgenol) `wOoZm°b Ðì` Amho.

Ë`m_wio \$i_merÀ`m ì`dñWmnZog _XV hmoVo.

bgyU, {_aMr, V§~mIy, grVm\$i, doI§S>, Xod Zmi, {ndir H$Ýhoa, O_mbJmoQ>m,{Zb{Jar, nnB©, Q>mo_°Q>mo, YmoVam,

Ea§S>r, _mohar, JdVr Mhm, {gQ´>moZobm, _moh qH$dm _hþAm, _opŠgH$Z gy ©\y$b, gmZoVmJ, Jwidob, _moJbr Ea§S>,

{ZaJwS>r, Am{\«$H$Z P|Sy>, Vwig, H$a§O, H$X©i, {Zgi, {ZdSy>§J, H$Oam, AmSy>>igm, {_ar, H$maQ>o, H$Ýhoa, I¡a,

{g§Xr, nw{XZm, XdZm, bmbA§~mS>r, eodJm, _|Xr, ~moa, eVmdar, bmOmiy BË`mXr Cn`wº$ dZñnVr AmhoV.

2. {MH$Q> gmnio / a§JrV gmnio :-

H$mngmÀ`m _mì`m§Zm d nm§T>ar _metZm {ndù`m a§JmMo AmH$f©U AgVo. Ë`m_wio eoVmV dmè`mÀ`m {XeoZo {ndù`m a§JmÀ`m {MH$Q>nQ>çm eoVmV bmdë`m Va _mdm `oÊ`mMr gyMZm {_iVo. {ndù`m nÍ`m§Zm J«m°g bmdbo Va Ë`mda nm§T>è`m _mí`m {MH$Q>VmV d _aVmV. doJdoJù`m àH$maMo {H$S>o doJdoJù`m a§JmZm AmH${f©V hmoVmV. ho gmnio {nH$m§nojm 30 go._r. C§Mmda bmdmdo bmJVmV. Ë`m_wio e|Xar ~m|S>AirMo nV§J AmH${f©H$ hmoVmV d {MH$Q>VmV. MrZ OnmZ V¡dmZ_Ü`o Ðmjmdarb AirgmR>r eoVH$ar hr nÜXV dmnaVmV.

55

3. àH$me gmnio :- (Light traps)

{dÚwV ~ë~, H§$Xrb, noQ´>mo_°Šg qH$dm ImOJr H§$nZrMo ~Zdb obo àH$me gm§nio bmdbo Va {ZemMa

(Nocturnal) JQ>mVrb nV§JdJu` H$sQ>H$ (Lepidopterous) àH$memH$S>o AmH${f©bo OmVmV. d ~ë~mImbr

R>odboë`m am°Ho$b`wº$ nmÊ`mV nSy>Z _aVmV. _mXr nV§J _aU nmdë`m_wio Vo A§S>r Q>mHy$ eH$V Zmhr. Ë`m_wio ^mdr

ZwH$gmZ Q>iVo. amÌr 8 dmOon`ªV àH$me gmnio Mmby R>odmdoV Z§Va ~§X H$amdoV H$maU Ë`mZ§Va {_ÌH$sS>rMo nV§J

AmH${f©V hmoVmV d _aU nmdVmV. noê$, _mog§~r, S>mit~ d BVa \$iPmS>mdarb \$i_mer (Lemon

butterlly) Ho$di `mM Cnm`mZo n[aUm_H$maH$[aË`m AmQ>moŠ`mV AmUVm `oVo. dm§Jo, Q>mo_°Q>mo BË`mXr

^mOrnmë`mdarb Amù`m§Mo nV§Jhr AmH${f©bo OmVmV.

4. qbJ gmnio (\o$ao_moZ Q>°ßg) :-

\o$amo_moÝg hr EH$ àH$maMr {d{eï> agm`Zo qH$dm agm`Zm§Mr {_lUo AgVmV. hr agm`Zo H$sQ>H$ Amnë`m

àOmVrÀ`m H$sQ>H$m§er g§~§Y àñWmnrV H$aÊ`mgmR>r qbJ {df`H$ \o$amo_moÝgMm \$maM Cn`moJ hmoVmo. \o$amo_moÝgMo

H$m`© AË §V d¡{eï>nyU© AgyZ Ë`m§À`m n[aUm_ \$º$ ñdOmVr` d b¡{JH$j_ H$sQ>H$mdaM hmodyZ Vo `mo½` {dê$ÜX

qbJ H$sQ>H$m§H$S>o AmH${f©bo OmVmV. `mMmM \$m`Xm H$sQ>H$m§Mo {Z`§ÌUmgmR>r H$aÊ`mV `oV Agë`mMo {ZîH$f© nwT>o

Ambo AmhoV.

Cn`moJ :- 1. gmnù`mÛmao {H$S>tMo à_mU bjmV `oUo

2. _moR>çm à_mUmda {H$S>rMo nV§J gmnù`mV nH$S>Uo

3. H$sQ>H$m§À`m _rbZmV AS>Wim {Z_m©U H$aUo.

4. {H$S>tMr Am{W©H$ ZwH$gmZrMr nmVir R>a{dÊ`mgmR>r _XV hmoVo.

\o$amo_moZ gmnim _O~yV H$mR>rÀ`m EH$m Q>moH$mbm ~m§YyZ H$mR>r {nH$m§nojm 60 Vo 90 go._r C§Mrda amhrb `m nÜXVrZo

amodmdr. Ë`mV AS>H$bobo nV§J amoO H$mTy>Z _mê$Z Q>mH$mdoV. gd}jUmgmR>r hoŠQ>ar 5 gmnio bmdmdoV. XmoZ

gm§nù`mdarb A§Va 30 _rQ>a Agmdo. gmnù`m_Yrb àbmo Zo (lure) 2-3 AmR>dS>çm§Zr ~Xbmdr H$mngmdarb

~m|S>AirMo nV§J amoO gamgar 8 Vo 10 nV§J gVV 3-4 {Xdg oV Agë`mg Am{W©H$ ZwH$gmZrMr nmVir

Amobm§S>br Amho Ago g_Omdo d `mo½` Cnm``moOZm H$amdr.

56

XenUu AH©$ :-

1. H$Sw>qZ~ nmbm - 5 {H$bmo

2. {gVm\$i nmbm - 2 {H$bmo

3. H$a§O nmbm - 2 {H$bmo

4. {ZaJwS>r nmbm - 2 {H$bmo

5. Q>UQ>Ur nmbm - 2 {H$bmo

6. _moJbr Ea§S> nmbm - 2 {H$bmo

7. ~oea_ nmbm - 2 {H$bmo

8. YmoVam nmbm - 2 {H$bmo

9. H$aS>r nmbm - 2 {H$bmo

10. Jmo_yÌ - 5 {bQ>a

11. JmB©Mo eoU - 3 {H$bmo

12. {hadr {_aMr - 2 {H$bmo

13. bgyU - 500 J«°_

14. nmUr - 2 {bQ>a

darb {_lU ßbm°pñQ>H$ Q>mH$sV 25 Vo 30 {Xdg gSy> Úmdo. Z§Va Ë`mVrb 2 Vo 5 {bQ>a ÐmdU KodyZ 200 {bQ>a

nmÊ`mV {_giyU H$sS> {Z`§ÌUmgmR>r dmnamdo, AH©$ 4 _{hÝ`mn`ªV dmnaVm oVmo.

57

VUm§Mo ì`dñWmnZ

eoVH$è`m§Mm eoVr H$aVmZm Imbrb 4 à_wI KQ>H$m§da IM© hmoVmo :-

1. g§H$arV {~`mUo

2. amgm`{ZH$ IVo

3. H$sQ>H$ d amoJZmeHo$

4. _Owar, g|{Ð` eoVr nÜXVr_Ü o `m gdmªda hmoUmam IM© dmM{dbm Amho VUm§À`m ì`dñWmnZm~Ôbhr

A{Ve` doJim Ñ{ï>H$moZ R>odÊ`mMr JaO Amho. emóm§kmgh gdmªMm Agm Xmdm Amho H$s, VU hr {nH$m§À`m

AÞÐì`m§er ñnYm© H$arV Agë`mZo Vr g_yi Zï> H$amdrV d eoV Zoh_r VU{dahrV d ñdÀN> Agmdo. VU

AZmddí`H$ dZñnVr AgyZ Vr dmTy> Xody Z`o. „VU ImB© YZ‟ Agm g§Xoe {Xbm Amho. H¡$. àm. Xm^moiH$a

gam§Zm _mÌ VU XoB© YZ Agm boI {bhÿZ R>odbm Amho. d EH$ ZdrZ g§H$ënZm gdmªg_moa _m§S>br Amho. VUo hr

{nH$m§gmR>r, O{_ZrgmR>r {H$Vr Cn`wº$ AmhoV Ë`mMo g{dñVa {ddoMZ Ho$bo Amho. gd©gmYmaUnUo H$moUË`mhr

{nH$m§À`m gwê$dmVrÀ`m EH$ Vo XrS> _{hZm H$mbmdYrV VUo AÞÐì`, gw ©àH$me d Amobmì`mgmR>r _w»`

{nH$m§er ñnYm© H$aVmV. Ë`mZ§Va VU {H$Vrhr dmT>bo Var Ë`mMm CËnÞmda H$mhr n[aUm_ hmoV Zmhr. VUm§Mo

ì`dñWmnZ H$aVmZm emókm§Zr AZoH$ à`moJ Ho$bo d àË`oH$ {nH$mMo Am{W©H$ ZwH$gmZ Ho$ìhm hmody eH$Vo hm

H$mbmdYr {ZpíMV Ho$bm Amho. `m H$mbmdYrV {nH$m§_Ü`o VU ZH$mo Ë`mZ§Va VU {H$Vrhr dmT>bo Var

CËnmXZmda n[aUm_ hmoV Zmhr. lr. gw^mf nmioH$am§À`m _Vo ~hþg§»` VU Aënm`wfr d CWi _wù`m§Mr

Agë`mZo Vr C§M Agboë`m d Imob _wù`m AgUmè`m {nH$m§er AÞÐì`m§gmR>r A{O~mV ñnYm© H$arV ZmhrV.

AmnUmg hdr Agbobr _wbÐì`o Vr dmVmdaUmVyZM IoMyZ KoVmV. O{_ZrV Amobmì`mer Vo ñnYm© H$aVmV.

amgm`{ZH$ IVo dmnaUo ~§X Ho$bo H$s AmnmoAmn VUm§Mm àmXw m©d H$_r hmoVmo hm Amåhm gdmªMm AZww^d Amho.

AmXaUr` Jwê$d`© lr. ^mñH$a gmdo Jwê$OtÀ`m _Vo VUo hr O{_ZrMr g»Ir _wbo AmhoV d Amnbr {nHo$

gmdÌ _wbo, O{_Zrbm g»Ir _wb A{YH$ {à` AgUmaM Ë`m_wio Amnbo noabobo {~`mUo CJdÊ`mAmYr VU

CJdbobo AmnU Zoh_r nmhVmo. VUm§Mo {Z_y©bZ, {Z`§ÌU, g_yi CƒmQ>Z Zï> H$ê$ ZH$m. Ë`mEodOr Ë`mMo

`mo½` ì`dñWmnZ Adb§{~bo nm{hOo. VU CnQy>Z Z Q>mH$Vm Vr H$mnyZ AmÀN>mXZ åhUyZ dmnam. VUm§Mr C§Mr

58

_w»` {nH$mÀ`m C§Mrnojm OmñV hmoUma Zmhr `mMr \$º$ XjVm ¿`m. {ZgJ© {d{eï> àH$maÀ`m VUm§Mr dmT>,

{d{eï> H$mimVM, {d{eï> à_mUmVM (H$_r A{YH$) {Z`moOZnyd©H$ H$arV AgVmo. Z¡g{J©H$ g§VwbZ

amIÊ`mgmR>r Vgo Ho$bo OmVo. O{_Zrdarb {e{eï> _ybÐì`m§Mr H$_VaVm (deficiency) Xya H$aÊ`mgmR>r

{d{eï> VUm§Mr dmT> {ZgJ© H$arV AgVmo. åhUyZ eoVH$è`m§Zm Agm AZw^d Ambm Amho H$s, EImmÚm dfu

Kmoi (Portualaca) VUm§Mm EH$m dfu Va VamoQ>m, JmoIê$, H$m±J«og BË`mXr VUm§MmM àmXw^m©d H$Yr H$Yr

_moR> m à_mUmV Pmë`mMo OmUdVo. Kmoi VUm§_wio O{_ZrVrb _°¾o{e`_ YmVy§Mr H$_VaVm Xya hmoVo. _moharZo

OñVmMr Va amO{Jam {nH$m§_wio bmohmMr H$_VaVm ^ê$Z {ZKVo.

VUm§À`m ì`dñWmnZoVrb Am{W©H$ ZwH$gmZrMr nmVir

A. H«$ nrH$ Am{W©H$ ZwH$gmZrMr nmVir

(VU_wº$ {Xdg)

1 Ádmar 14 - 45

2 ~mOar 15 - 30

3 Vya 20 - 60

4 gy ©\y$b 25 - 50

5 gmo m~rZ 20 - 45

6 ^|S>r 30 - 60

7 {_aMr 40 - 60

8 H$mo~r, \w$bH$mo~r 50 - 60

9 dm§Jr 30 - 40

10 Q>mo_°Q>mo 30

11 H$m§Xm 40

{ZgJ© {d{eð> {H$S>tÀ`m AmJ_ZmAmYr {d{eï> dZñnVr dmT>dyZ à{VamoYH$mMr {Z{_©Vr H$aVmo. O{_ZrV

VUm§À`m _wù`m§À`mÛmao agm`Zo ódbr OmVmV. d Ë`m_wio gwÌH¥$_rgma»`m {H$S>tZm AQ>H$md hmoVmo. CXm. P|Sy>

Aer AZoH$ CXm. kmV d AkmV AmhoV Ë`m_wio Ago dmQ>Vo H$s, _mZdmZo Amnbr Aën~wÜXr bmdyZ gagH$Q>

VUm§Mo CƒmQ>Z Z H$aVm {ZgJm©Mo d VUm§À`m {Z{_©Vr_mJMo à`moOZ OmUyZ ¿`mdo. Aä`mgmdo d Ë`mZwgma

59

H¥$Vr H$amdr. VUo åhUOo Amnë`m S>moŠ`mdaMo Ho$g AmhoV Ago g_Omdo. Ho$gm§_wio Amnë`m S>moŠ`mMo

CÝhmnmgyZ g§ajU hmoVo. Vmn_mZ g§Vw{bV R>odÊ`mg _XV hmoVo. Ho$g OmñV dmT>bo Va AmnU Ë`m§Zm H$mnyZ

KodyZ _`m©{XV R>odVmo. CnQy>Z Q>mH$sV Zmhr. Ver VUo {Z`§ÌrV R>odmdrV, H$mnyZ Ë`mMo O{_ZrdaM AmÀN>mXZ

H$amdo d Ë`m_wio AZoH$ \$m`Xo hmoVmV. AmÀN>mXZm~m~V nwT>rb àH$aUmV A{YH$ _m{hVr {Xbr Amho.

H$mhr VUo ÌmgXm`H$ AgVmV. CXm. hamir, Hw§$Xm, bìhmim (ZmJa_moWm) Á`m eoVmV hamirMm àmwX^m©d

OmñV Amho. Ë`m eoVmV amO{Jam noamdm d Vmo 2 _{hÝ`m§Mm Pmë`mda H$mnyZ Ë`mMo AmÀN>mXZ hairda Q>mH$m.

1-2 dfm©V Ho$di AmÀN>m{XV O{_Zr_wio d amO{Jè`mVrb amgm`{ZH$ Ðì`m_wio hamirMo à_mU Iyn H$_r

hmoB©b. bìhmim qH$dm ZmJa_moWm VU OmñV AgUmè`m eoVrbm nmUr {Xë`mÀ`m Xwgè`m {Xder dm\$gm

`oÊ`mnyduM _Oya bmdyZ Amoë`m O{_ZrVrb ZmJa_moÏ`mÀ`m PmS>m§Zm ~moQ>m§À`m {M_Q>rV Yê$Z _wù`mgh

JÈ>`mgh CnQy>Z ¿`m. Ë`mZ§Va O{_Zrda bJoM CnbãY H$mS>rH$Mam / ~m`mo_mgMo AmÀN>mXZ H$am.

gy ©àH$memA^mdr bìhmim dmT>Uma Zmhr. 1 Vo 2 df© Ago Ho$ë`mg ZmJa_moÏ`mMm Ìmg H$_r hmoVmo.

VUo gy ©eº$sMm dmna H$ê$Z Amnbr dmT> H$ê$Z KoVmV. VUm§Zr Amnë`m earamV gmR>{dbobr hr gw ©eº$s d

D$Om© VUo H$mnyZ Ë`mMo AmÀN>mXZ H$ê$Z O{_Zrbm naV Ho$br Va Ë`m D$O}Mm dmna O{_ZrVrb gyú_

OrdmUy H$ê$Z KoVmV d O{_Z A{YH$ {Od§V d gH$g ~ZÊ`mg _XV hmoVo. Ë`m_wio AmnU noabobr {nHo$

Omo_mZo dmT>VmV d ^anya CËnÞ XoVmV. Ë`mgmR>r VUm§Mo `mo½` ì`dñWmnZ hr H$bm A{YH$ Aä`mgyZ /

emókm§Zr eoVH$è`m§Zm {eH$dmdr.

VUm§Mo O¡{dH$ ì`dñWmnZ :-

O¡{dH$ Cnm`m§Zr VUm§Mo ì`dñWmnZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r OJ^amVrb emók AmO à`ËZerb AmhoV. CXm.

ZmJ\$Ur VUm§gmR>r H$moMrZb ^w§Jo, JmOa JdVmgmR>r Pm`JmoJ«_m, dm`H$mobmoamQ>m, w§Jo, KmUoar nmZo ImUmao

{Q>br AmoZo_rZ ñHy«$, ^mVImMamVrb VUm§gmR>r Q>mS>nmob l«rß_(_mgo)gmoS>VmV. ObHw§$^rgmR>r {ZAmoMoQ>tZm

BH$mo[aZr ~«Mmo ^w§Joao gmoSVmV.

VUm§Mo \$m`Xo >:-

1. _w»` {nH$m§Zm n[anmofH$ _ybÐì`o nwadVmV (CXm. {ÛXb VUo)

2. O{_Zrdarb _mVrMo g§ajU H$aVmV.

60

3. O{_ZrV Amobmdm {Q>H$dyZ R>odÊ`mg _XV H$aVmV. (AmÀN>mXZm_wio)

4. O{_ZrV hdm IoiVr R>odÊ`mg _XV H$aVmV (aeration)

5. H$mhr VUo ÌmgXm`H$ VUmMo gmR>r dmT>amoYH$ åhUyZ H$m_ H$aVmV. (growth inhibitors)

6. VUm§Mm AmÀN>mXZ åhUyZ dmna Ho$ë`mg O{_ZrV dmT>Umè`m gyú_ {OdmU§yZm nmofH$ Vmn_mZ, AmЩVm d

g|{Ð` ImÚ {_iVo.

7. VUm§À`m AmÀN>mXZm_wio O{_Zrda gy m©Mr A{VZrb {H$aUo (ultra violet rays) gyú_OrdmUy§À`m

A§Jmda WoQ> Z nS>ë`mZo gyú_ OrdmUy§Mo g§ajU hmoVo.

8. VUo _oë`mZ§Va _w§½`m, Jm§Sy>io d {OdmUy§gmR>r ImÚ åhUyZ dmnabr OmVmV.

9. H$mhr VUo ÌmgXm`H$ VUm§À`m nwZê$ËnmXZmg ~mYm AmUVmV. (Reproductive inhibitors )

10. H$mhr VUm§Vrb Ðì`m_wio H$sS> d amoJm§Mo O§Vy Odi {\$aH$V ZmhrV. (Repellent)

61

AmÀN>mXZ (Mulching)

^y_mVobm g|{Ð` nXmWmªMo dó AË`mdí`H$ AmhoV. Ë`mbmM AmÀN>mXZ åhUVmV. {nHo$ Ho$di

gyú_OrdmUy§À`m A{ñVËdm_wioM dmT>VmV d Ë`m§Zm gVV ImÚ {_imbo VaM Vo dmT>V OmVrb d {nH§$mZm

Amdí`H$ AgUmar _ybÐì o nwadrV amhUma Ë`m_wio {OdmUy§Mo ImÚ g|{Ð` nXmW© gVV O{_Zrbm nwa{dUo

_hËdmMo Amho. {nH$mÀ`m Adeof§mÀ`m nyZdm©na nÜXVr_wioM MrZ_Yrb g|{Ð` eoVr `eñdr Pmbr Amho.

(Recycling). „Dirty farming is best farming and clean farming is worst farming‟.

eoVmV CnbãY AgUmam gd© H$mS>rH$Mam, nmbmnmMmoim, {nH$m§Mo Adeof, YgH$Q>o, VU, dmibobr nmZo,

Ho$irMo H§$XmS>o (N>mQ>bobr), CgmMr nmMQ> BË`mXr ~m`mo_mgMo AmÀN>mXZ {nH$m§À`m AmoirV qH$dm dmâ`mV ,

\$iPmS>m§À`m Amù`mV g§nyU©nUo A§Wamdo _moH$ir O_rZ R>ody Z`o. {nH$m§Mo Cabobo Adeof, H$Mam H$Yrhr

Omiy Z`o. Ywè`mda {ZXbobo JdV CMbyZ Z Q>mH$Vm {nH$mVM AmoirV ~wS>mbm ngê$Z Q>mH$mdo. ho gd©

gyú_{OdmUy§Mo ImÚ Amho. Imbrb àH$maÀ`m g|{Ð` nXmWm©Mm AmÀN>mXZmgmR>r dmna H$amdm.

3. OmñV H$~© / ZÌ JwUmoÎma (150:1) AgUmao g|{Ð` nXmW© CXm. nmMQ> ^wgm, nèhmQ>r VwH$S>o ~J°g.

4. _Ü`_ H$~© / ZÌ JwUmoÎma (50:1) AgUmao g|{Ð` nXmW© CXm. {hadm nmMmoim, JdV, {hadirMo JdV

5. H$_r H$~© - ZÌ JwUmoÎma (25:1) AgUmao g|{Ð` nXmW© CXm. eoU, _b_yÌ B. darb {VÝhr àH$maÀ`m

g|{Ð` nXmWm©Mo {_lU O{_Zrda A§Wê$Z AmÀN>mXZ Ho$bo Va gd©M àH$maMo gyú_OrdmUy (AënOrdr,

XrK©Ordr) _moR>çm à_mUmda dmT>VmV d Vr (Theory of transmutation) AmYmao {nH$m§Zm

O{_ZrVyZ hdo Voìhm, hdo {VVHo$, hdo Ë`m à_mUmV Amho Ë`mVyZM nm[anmof _yë`$ Ðì`o CnbãY H$ê$Z

XoVmV.

62

AmÀN>mXZmMo \$m`Xo :-

1. gy ©àH$memVyZ {ZKUmè`m A{V{Zb {H$aUm§_wio (ultra violet)O{_Zrdarb EH$noer` (single

celled) {OdmUy qH$dm ~°ŠQ>o[a`m _aVmV. {nH$m§V g|{Ð` nXmWm©Mo AmÀN>mXZ Ho$bo Va gy ©{H$aUm§nmgyZ

{OdmUy§Mo g§ajU hmoVo. Vo _aV ZmhrV, CbQ> dmT>VmV.

2. AmÀN>mXZmgmR>r dmnaboë`m g|{Ð` nXmWmªMo {dKQ>Z hmodyZ g|{Ð` IV åhUyZ Cn`moJ hmoVmo. Ë`m_wio

{OdmUy§Mr g§»`m dmT>Vo.

3. VUm§Zm gy ©àH$me _`m©{XV {_imë`mZo VU à_mUm~mhoa CJdV ZmhrV d CJdbo Var dmao_mn dmT>V

ZmhrV.

4. O{_Zrdarb nmÊ`mMo ~mînr^dZ H$_r Pmë`m_wio nmUr H$_r bmJVo. VgoM O{_ZrVrb jma,

n¥ð>^mJmda oÊ`mMo à_mU Wm§~Vo. Ë`m_wio O{_Zr jma`wwº$ hmoV ZmhrV.

5. g|{Ð` H$~m©Mo à_mU dmT>Ê`mg _XV hmoVo.

6. AmÀN>mXZm_wio O{_Zrdarb Vmn_mZ d AmX©VoMo à_mU gyú_ OrdmUy§Zm AË`§V nmofH$ à_mUmV amhVo.

7. g|{Ð` nXmWm©Mo AmÀN>mXZ Agë`mZo O{_ZrMr hdoVrb ~mîn emofyZ KoÊ`mMr j_Vm dmT>Vo d Ë`m_wio

{nH$m§Zm H$_r nmUr bmJVo.

8. gyú_OrdmUy§Mr H$m`©j_Vm dmT>Vo.

9. O{_ZrVrb Jm§Sy>im§Zm / gyú_OrdmUy§Zm ImÚ d g§ajU {_iVo.

63

PGS - Participatory Guarantee Scheme

( ñd`§emgrV à_m{UH$aU nÜXVr) g|Ðr` eoVr nÜXVr hr H$_r IMm©Mr, {~ZH$Om©Mr d emídV CËnÞ XoUmar Agë`mMo ~-`mM eoVH$-`m§Zm

g_Obo Amho. hr nÜXVr pñdH$maUm-`m eoVH$-`m§nwT>o g|Ðr` eoVr / _mbmMo à_m{UH$aU d Z§Va `mo½`

~mOmanoR> H$er {_idmdr hm `e àíZ nS>bm Amho. gÜ`mMr àM{bV à_m{UH$aU nÜXV IMuH$ d ~-`mM

H$mJXnÌm§Mo {bImU JaOoMr AgUmar Amho. Ë`m_wio bhmZ d Aën yYmaH$ g|Ðr` eoVH$ar à_m{UH$aUmnmgyZ

d§{MV hmoVo. Aem doir Ë`m§Zm Jmd / VmbwŠ`mÀ`m H$m`©joÌmVM Amnbm à_m{UV Z Ho$bobm _mb Ho$di

{dídmgmÀ`m AmYmamda {dH$mdm bmJV hmoVm. Aem n[apñWVrV Xoem§VJ©V Hw$R>ohr _mb {dH$Ê`mMr A{YH¥$V

nadmZJr AgUmar “ñd`§emgrV à_m{UH$aU nÜXVr (PGS ) ” eoVH$-`m§_Ü`o AmVm bmoH${à` hmoV Amho. `m

`moOZoMm bm^ _hmamï´>mVrb gd© g|Ðr` eoVH$-`m§Zr ¿`mdm Aer _m°\$Mr {dZ§Vr Amho.

g|Ðr` eoVr H$aUm-`m àË`oH$ eoVH$-`m§Zr 6 OUm§Mm 1 JQ> H$éZ _m°\$H$S>o g§nH©$ gmYmë`mg Ë`m§Mr eoVr

à_m{UV H$aÊ`mgmR>r Amåhr à`ËZ H$é. eoVH$-`m§Zm nr.Or.Eg. nÜXVr~m~V _m{hVr Imbrbà_mUo :-$

1. 2004 _Ü o ~«mPrb_Ü o International Federation on Organic Agriculture Movement

(IFOAM) d ñWm{ZH$ MAELA g§ñWoV nr.Or.Eg. ~m~V gd© àW_ MMm© gwé Pmbr.

2. ~«mPrb, w.Eg.E.,Ý y{Pb§S> _Ü`o eoVH$-`m§V bmoH${à`.Pmë`mZo 3 gßQ>o~a 2006 _Ü`o ^maVmV :-

- Ministry of Agriculture {Z`moOZ Am`moJ

- AÞ d H¥${f g§KQ>Zm E\$.E.Amo. (`w.EZ.) d

- Am°aJ°{ZH$ \$m{_ªJ Agmo{gEeZ Am°\$ B§{S> m (Amo\$m`) `m§Zr ~¡R>H$ KoVbr d nr.Or.Eg.

^maVmV gwé H$aÊ`mMo R>adbo.

- nr.Or.Eg. à_m{UV g|Ðr` eoVr _mbmg ^maVmVrb gd© amÁ`mV {dH$Ê`mg \$m`Xoera

_mÝ`Vm Amho. Z{OH$À`m H$mimV {Z`m©VrgmR>rhr nadmZJr {_iob.

64

àMbrV WS>© nmQ>u gQ>u{\$Ho$eZ àUmbmVrb Xmof :-

1. ewëH$ Iwn OmñV, bhmZ eoVH$-`mMo CËnÞhr \$sg EdT>o {ZKV Zmhr.

2. nona dH©$ Iyn AdKS>, pŠbñQ> d ^anya

3. 200 - 400 hoŠQ>a Am§~m, Mhm _io, Contract Farming qH$dm _moR> m eoVH$-`m§Zm 1-2 {nH$m§gmR>r d

Export gmR>r nadS>Vo. bhmZ eoVH$ar Omo. 4 EH$a _Ü`o 10-13 {nHo$ KoVmo. Ë`mg àË oH$mMo doJio aoH$m°S>©

R>odUo AdKS> Amho.

4. ~mhoarb Inspector Mo ahmUo, ImUo, dmhZ gmo , AmkmnmbZ, _Ou amIUo BË`mXr Jar~ eoVH$-`mbm

nadS>V Zmhr.

nr.Or.Eg. Mr d¡{eï>`o :-

1. bhmZ eoVH$-`m§gmR>r Cn wº$

2. _m°\$ AmOrd g^mgX ewëH$ 1,000 /- + ñQ>oeZar BË`mXr é. 200 /- Ago EHy$U é. 1,200 /- à{V

eoVH$ar \$º$ IM© `oVmo.

3. {bImU H$_r, gwQ>gwQ>rV d gmono / nona dH©$ H$_r

4. 3 dfm©nmgyZ g|Ðr` eoVr H$aUm-`m eoVH$-`mg n{hë`mM dfu à_m{UH$aU {_iÊ`mMr gmo`

(3 df© Wm§~m`Mo H$m_ Zmhr)

5. ñdV:Mr nañna {dídmgmda eoV VnmgUr (Y§XodmB©H$ {V-hmB©H$mZo `oD$Z Inspection

H$aÊ`mMr JaO Zmhr.)

6. ñWm{ZH$ {nH$ n[apñWVr d hdmZm_mer AZwén d gwg§JV AgUmar nÜXV Amho (Xwg-`mZo Z

bmXbobr)

7. 1,2,3 d Ë`mhÿZ A{YH$ H$mimnmgyZ g|Ðr` eoVr H$aUm-`m§gmR>r à_mUnÌ {_iÊ`mMr gmo Transition

/ fully organic certificate àË`oH$mbm {_iob.

65

_hËdmMr ~m~ / \$m`Xo :- 1. _moR>o \$m_© d eoVr_mbmÀ`m {Z`m©VrgmR>r Third party certification Amdí`H$ Amho d bhmZ

eoVH$-`m§gmR>r nadS>Umar nro.Or.Eg. nÜXVrhr Amdí`H$ Amho. Ë`m_wio ^maVr` eoVH$-`m§gmR>r XmoÝhr

`§ÌUm§Zr Parallel `§ÌUm åhUyZ H$m_ H$am`Mo Amho. nr.Or.Eg. hr `§ÌUm Complementary åhUyZ H$m_ H$aob

(J[a~m§gmR>r).

2. nr.Or.Eg. nÜXVrV eoVH$-`m§Mm bhmZ JQ> Agë`mZo EH$Ì ~¡R>H$m, MMm©, AZw dm§Mr XodmU KodmU,

Ë`mZwgma MwH$m§Mr gwYmaUm, EH$Ì {Z{dîR>m CËnmXZ, _mbmMo _mH}$§Q>rJ BË`mXrgmR>r _XV hmoVo.

3. g|Ðr` Midi Grassroot level nmgyZ da n`ªV dmT>Ê`mg _XV hmoVo.

4. bhmZ eoVH$-`m§Zm ^maVmV Hw$R>ohr A{YH¥$V d ImÌrMm åhUyZ eoV_mb {dH$Vm oB©b d n¡go OmñV {_idVm

`oVrb.

5. gÜ`m nr.Or.Eg. à_m{UV _mbmMr Xoem§VJ©V {dH«$s H$aÊ`mg nadmZJr Amho. na§Vw H$mbm§VamZo {Z`m©VrgmR>r

nadmZJr {_imë`mg A{YH$ g§Yr àmá hmoB©b.

6. _hmamï´>mgmaIo nr.Or.Eg. J«wn H$Zm©Q>H$, Am§Y«àXoe, CÎmaàXoe, Vm{_iZmSy>, Amo[agm, CÎmamMb, JwOamV,

npíM_ ~§Jmb d n§Om~_Ü`o AmhoV Ë`m§À`m ghH$m`m©Zo Amnë`m _mbmMo Processing & Marketing

H$aÊ`mgmR>r ghH$m`© KoVm `oB©b.

7. 50 EH$a dmë`mZo Third party certificate Ho$bo d Ë`mÀ`mH$S>o H$mnyg 20 EH$a, Vya, _yJ, CS>rX, gmo`m~rZ,

^wB©_yJ 30 EH$a Agob Va Ë`mMm H$mnyg \$º$ EŠgnmoQ>©gmR>r _m{JVbm OmVmo d ~mH$s _mb Ë`mbm bmoH$b

_mH}$Q>bm {dH$mdm bmJVmo - Third party certification dmë`m§Zm export _Ü oM OmñV interest Amho åhUyZ

~mH$s _mbmgmR>r ñdV: à`ËZ H$amdo bmJVmV. Ë`mgmR>r nr.Or.Eg.Mr Amdí`H$Vm Amho.

8. JQ>mVrb eoVH$ar gj_ d AmË_{Z^m©a hmodyZ Ë`m§À`mV AmË_{dídmg {Z_m©U hmoVmo.

Imbrb 15 g§ñWm ^maVmV nr.Or,Eg gmR>r H$m ©aV AmhoV :-

1. Amo\$m` - Jmodm

2. The Covenant Centre for Development (CCD) _XwamB©

3. Timbuktu Collectives, Chittoor, A.P.

4. Institute of integrated Rural Development, Aurangabad

66

5. MOFF, Pune (Maharashtra Organic Farming Federation)

6. Inhere, Uttaranchal

7. Samoha, Karnatak

8. Chitna Vikas, Wardha

9. Chetna Organic - Karminagar, A.P.

10. CPMP in Rajastan,

11. Kuchch Sajiv Kheti Manch - Gujarat

12. Keystone, Nilgiris - Tamil Nadu

13. Janhit Foundation - U.P.

14. Resource service centre, West Bengal

15. Sambandh, Orissa.

nr.Or.Eg. Mr H$m`© nÜXVr :-

EHy$U Mma ñVa :-

1. Farm family

2. Local group

3. MOFF PGS Organic facilitating centre (PGSOFC)

4. National Council

n{hbm ñVa Farm family :- (O~m~Xmar)

1.Organic Standard Mr _m{hVr H$éZ ¿`mdr bmJob.

2. Farm Practices {e\$magrZwgma H$aÊ`mMr V`mar hdr

3. enW ¿`mdr bmJob.

4. EH$_oH$m§er eoVr VnmgVmZm ghH$m © H$amdo bmJob.

5. Field training _Ü`o gh^mJr KoÊ`mMr V`mar hdr

6. Local group À`m ~¡R>H$sbm {Z`{_VnUo CnpñWV amhUo, EH$_oH$m§À`m AZw^dm§Mr XodmUKodmU H$aUo d

Ë`mZwgma eoVr nÜXVrV gwYmaUm H$aÊ`mMr V`mar hdr.

7. g|Ðr` ì`mnm-`m§Zm / J«mhH$m§Zm eoV nhm`bm ghH$m © H$amdo bmJob.

8. é. 1,000 /- é. ewëH$ ^éZ _m°\$ g§ñW|Mm AmOrd g^mgX ìhmdo bmJob.

67

Xwgam ñVa Local group :- (O~m~Xmar) 1. EH$mM JmdmVrb qH$dm Odi AgUm-`m JmdmVrb EH$_oH$m§Zm AmoiIUmao eoVH$ar H$_rVH$_r 6 d

OmñVrV OmñV {H$Vrhr eoVH$-`m§Mm bmoH$b J«wn H$aVm `oB©b na§Vw Manage hmoÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo 15-20

À`m da eoVH$ar gXñ` ZH$moV.

2. 1 df©, 2 df©, 3 df© qH$dm Ë`mhÿZ H$mimnmgyZ g|Ðr` eoVr H$aUmam gXñ` hmody eHo$b.

3. SHG, ~MV JQ>, Regional NGO bmhr J«wn H$aV oVrb

4. eoVH$ar _m{hVr nwpñVH$m, \$moQ>mo, enW BË`mXr _m{hVr ^éZ Úmdr bmJob.

5. J«wn_Yrb H$_rVH$_r 3 OUm§À`m g{_VrÀ`m Q>r_ Zo àË`oH$mMr eoV VnmgUr H$amdr bmJob _mÌ ñdV:Mr

eoV VnmgUr H$aVm§Zm Vmo VnmgUr g{_Vr gXñ` Zgmdm.

6. JQ> à_wImZo BVa gXñ`m§À`m A{^àm`mZwgma Hw$Umbm certificate Úm`Mo Amho qH$dm Zmhr `mMm {ZU©

¿`m`Mm Amho.

7. Regional Council Zo gwM{dboë`m ÌwQ>rMr d {e\$maerMr nyV©Vm H$éZ ¿`mdr bmJob.

8. AÚmdV _m{hVrMr ~m°Šg \$mB©b V`ma H$amdr bmJob d àË`oH$ JQ>mg ñdV§Ì H$moS> Z§. CXm. MH 01 005

- Zm|Xdmdm bmJob.

9. JQ>mVrb EImÚm eoVH$-`mZo ImoQ>r _m{hVr XoD$Z \$gdUyH$ d {Xem^yb Ho$br Va Ë`m g§nyU© JQ>mMr

_mÝ`Vm aÔ hmoUma Amho `mMr OmUrd àË`oH$mbm Úmdr bmJob.

10. JQ>mVrb gXñ`mZo H$moUVm g|Ðr` _mb {H$Vr à_mUmV CËnmXZ Ho$bm d Vmo {dH$ë`m_wio {H$Vr Am{W©H$

\$m`Xm Pmbm `mMr Zm|X JQ> à_wImZo R>odyZ Ë`mMr àV PGSOFC / _m°\$H$S>o Úmdr bmJob.

11. 3 dfm©nmgyZ g|Ðr` eoVr H$aUm-`m d H$mJXnÌo d AQ>tMr g_mYmZH$maH$ nyV©Vm H$aUm-`m eoVH$-

`m§Zm 1 df© d¡YVm AgUmao certificate XoÊ`mV `oB©b. Xwgao dfu Vo reinspection hmodyZ Ë`mMo

ZyVZrH$aU H$aÊ`mMr gw{dYm Amho.

12. eoVH$-`mg à_mUnÌ XoUo Z XoUo `mMm A{YH$ma _m°\$bm ZgyZ Vmo Ho$di JQ> à_wImbm Amho `mMr

OmUrd R>odmdr bmJob.

68

{Vgam ñVa MOFF (PGS organic facilitating council - PGSOFC) :- (O~m~Xmar)

1. National council Zo _mÝ`Vm {Xbobr Agmdr.

2. PGSOIC Participatory Guarantee Scheme Organic India Council H$moS> àË`oH$ nr.Or.Eg.

JQ>mbm Úmdm bmJob.

3. gd© JQ>mMr Zm|X R>odUo. JQ>mZo gd© H$mJXnÌm§Mr nyV©Vm Ho$br H$m nmhUo d gd© amoH$m°S>© AÚmdV R>odÊ`mMr

O~m~Xmar Agob.

4. nr.Or.Eg. nwpñVH$m _amR>rV ^mfm§Va H$éZ amÁ`mV eoVH$ar à~moYZ H$éZ JQ> {Z{_©VrV àmoËgmhZ

XoUo.

5. JQ>mZo nmR>dbobm Ahdmb VnmgUo, ÌwQ>rMr nyV©Vm H$éZ KoUo d gË`Vm {Oëhm à_wIm hñVo d BVa gd©

_mJm©Zo VnmgyZ KoUo.

6. JQ>mVrb eoVH$ar gXñ`mbm ñdV§Ì Treatment Z XoVm g§nyU© JQ>mgmR>r EH$ YmoaU R>admdo bmJob JQ>mg

recognize / derecognize H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma Agob.

7. nr.Or.Eg. g|Ðr` à_mUnÌ XoUo

8. nr.Or.Eg. JQ> H$gm ~Zdmdm, Peer Appraisal Report (VnmgUr Ahdmb) H$gm V`ma H$amdm `mMo

à~moYZ H$aUo.

9. JQ>mnwT>rb Vm§{ÌH$ AS>MUr gmoS>dUo, e§H$m g_mYmZ H$aUo, ÌwQ>tMr nyV©Vm H$adyZ KoUo.

10. àË`oH$ JQ>mVrb gXñ` eoVH$-`m§_Ü`o nañna {dídmg d ghH$m`m©Mr ^mdZm dmT>dUo d AmË_{dídmg

dmT>dÊ`mgmR>r ghH$m`© H$aUo.

11. JQ>mÀ`m g|Ðr` _mbmMm ~mOmanoR>ogmR>r `mo½` _mJ©Xe©Z H$aUo

MdWm ñVa National council :- 1. Training workshop KoUo

2. Regional council bm _mÝ`Vm XoUo

3. nr.Or.Eg. nÜXVrgmR>r bmJUmao gd© {bImU, gm{hË` d _m{hVr Regional council bm nwadUo

69

4. National practices for organic production (NPOP) standard Mm AmYma KoD$Z “ Basic

organic standard” V`ma H$aUo d update H$aUo.

5. JQ>m§Zm nr.Or.Eg. H$moS> XoÊ`mg _XV d _mJ©Xe©Z H$aUo

6. H$m`© à^mdr hmoÊ`mgmR>r nm°{bgr_Ü`o doimodoir XwéñË`m H$aUo

7. Marketing gmR>r SMS, Internet À`m ghmæ`mZo database V`ma H$aUo Consumers, Media À`m

_XVrZo organic marketing gmR>r à`ËZ H$aUo.

8. gd© nr.Or.Eg. JQ>mMr Internet traceability & database V`ma H$aUo.

9. APEDA d Third party certification agency Mo ghH$m`© KoD$Z nr.Or.Eg. JQ>mÀ`m _mH}$Q>tJgmR>r

g§Yr emoYUo.

10. eoVr _mbmMo Random sample KoD$Z pesticide residue testing H$aUo.

11. National Council _Ü o J«mhH$ qH$dm Buyer group KoVm `oB©b nU Ë`m§Zm _VXmZmMm h¸$ amhUma

Zmhr `mMo XjVm KoUo.

12. PGSOFC _m°\$bm emgZmH$XyZ Am{W©H$ _XV d ghH$m © {_idyZ XoÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZ H$aUo.

A{YH$ _m{hVrgmR>r H¥$n`m _m°\$bm g§nH©$ gmYmdm hr {dZ§Vr.

_hmamï> Am°aµJ°{ZH$ \$m{_ªJ \o$S>aoeZ

1038 / 11, ~mbmOr {Zdmg, âb°Q> Z§. 5, H$m°g_m°g ~±H$ boZ,

{Xn ~§Jbm Mm¡H$, _m°S>ob H$m°bZr, nwUo - 411 016

\$moZ Z§. +91 20 25659090 / 32907302

Email :- moffpune@gmail.com

Website :- www.moffindia.com

70

g|{Ð` eoVr _mbmMo {dH«$s ì`dñWmnZ

H$moUË`mhr eoVr_mbmÀ`m {dH«$s ì`dñWmnZmMo emó _J Vmo amgm`{ZH$ Agmo AWdm g|{Ð` _mb Agmo, Vr

gmaIrM H$bm Amho.

AmnU ñdV: Amnë`m Hw$Qw>§{~`mgh ~mOmamV Joë`mda H$moUVr dñVw H$er {ZdS>Vmo d H$moUË`m ^mdmZo {dH$V

KoÊ`mMo ng§V H$aVmo hr H$ënZm Ho$br H$s _J {dH«$s ì`dñWmnZmMr `moOZm Ë`mà_mUo AmIUo gmono OmVo.

g|{Ð` eoVr_mbmÀ`m {dH«$s ì`dñWmnZm~m~V A{YH$ gImob {bImU Z H$aVm \$º$ _wÔogyX {ddoMZ

H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm Amho.

1. g|{Ð` eoVr gwê$ H$aUmè`m eoVH$è`m§Zr ñdV:À`m Hw$Qw>§{~`mgmR>r {df_wº$ AÞ Amnë`mgmR>rM CËnmXrV

H$am`Mo Amho hm CÔoe g_moa R>odmdm. Ë`mZ§Va Amnë`m H$m°bZr_Ü`o Z§Va ñdV:À`m JmdmV, VmbwŠ`mV,

{Oëh`mV d OmXm _mb CËnm{XV hmoV Agob Va Amnë`m {Oëh`m~mhoa ehamV {dH$Ê`mMo C{Ôï>> R>odmdo.

eoVr nmgyZ {dH«$sMo ñWi OgOgo bm§~V OmB©b VgVgo dmhVwH$ d BVa IMm©_wio _mb {dH$Uo I{M©H$

hmoV OmVo. Amnë`m ^maVmVrb Xoe~m§Ydm§Zm {df_wº$ AÞ XodyZ AJm_r {nT>r g_¥ÜX d ~bdmZ

H$aÊ`m{df`r àmYmÝ` Úmdo d Var _mb {e„H$ amhV Agob VaM Vr naXoemV {Z`m©V H$amdm. OmXm ^md

{_iVmo åhUyZ Kar Cnmer, amoJr amhÿZ naH$s`m§Zm ~bdmZ H$aUo `mo½` Zmhr.

2. nmM _hËdmÀ`m (P) H$S>o Aä`mgnyd©H$ bj {Xbo Va Vwåhr AË`§V `eñdr {dHo«$Vo hmody eH$Vm.

1. (Product) - g|{Ð` eoVr_mb

2. (Price) - qH$_V

3. (Place) - {dH«$sMo ñWi

4. (Promotion)- àMma

5. (Packaging) - doï>Ur H$aUo

71

1. (Product) - CËnmXrV eoVr_mb :-

Amnbm g|{Ð` eoVr_mb _J Vmo S>mir, Vm§Xwi, Jhÿ, {VIQ>, Agmo d \$io, ^mOrnmbm qH$dm

à{H«$`m wº$ bmoUMo BË`mXr Agmo, Vmo ñdÀN>, CËH¥$ï>> àVrMm, MdrMm, àm_m{UH$nUo CËnm{XV

Ho$bobm g|{Ð`M AgUo JaOoMo Amho. ~mOmamVrb Amnë`m ZmdmMr à{Vð>m àXrK© H$mimn ªV

{Q>H$dyZ {dH$m`Mm Agob Va øm ~m~r Amdí`H$ AmhoV.

2. (p – Price ) :-

g|{Ð` _mbmMr qH$_V ^a_gmR> Agy Z`o. AmnU ñdV: ~mOmamV EImXr dñVy IaoXr H$aVmZm Jobmo

Va Mm§Jbr d ñdñV dñVy KoÊ`mMm Amnbm H$b AgVmo. Ë`mÑï>rZo ~mOmamV Agob Vmo ^md qH$dm

Ë`mnojm \$º$ 10 Vo 15 Q>¸o$ OmXm qH$_V AmH$mamdr. eoVH$è`m§Zr eoVmVyZ WoQ> XwH$mZmV _mb

{dH«$sgmR>r AmUbm Va Ë`mMr Xbmbr, {~OH$ _mH}$Q, nmoñQ>oQ>,> Q>°Šg BË`mXr IM© dmMVmo d {hemo~

Ho$bm Va _mH}$Q> `mS>m©V ZodyZ {dH$ë`mda OodT>o n¡go {_imbo AgVo Ë`mnojm A{YH$ n¡go WoQ> XwH$mZmV

{dH$bo Va {_iVmV Agm AZw^d Amho. g|{Ð` _mbmbm XwßnQ>, {VßnQ> ^md {_iVmo åhUyZ g|{Ð`

eoVr H$am Agm nydu {Xbobm MwH$sMm d {Xem^yb H$aUmam Amho. {dHo«$Vo AmnUM AmhmoV d J«mhH$hr

AmnUM AmhmoV Agm {dMma Ho$bm nmhrOo åhUOo Hw$Umdahr AÝ`m` hmoUma Zmhr. {df_wº$ _mbmZo

AmOmar hmoUma Zmhr. S>m°ŠQ>ada hmoUmam IM© dmMob BË`mXr _wÔo {dMmamW© AmhoVM. na§Vw J«mhH$

{IemVyZ ghOmghOr n¡go ~mhoa H$mT>rV ZgVmo. hr _mZ{gH$Vm {dH«o$Ë`mZo bjmV ¿`m`bm hdr.

Amnë`mbm Amnbm _mb Am_ OZVobm {dH$m`bm Amho \$º$ _moOŠ`m J ©lr_§Vm§Zm Zìho. Am_

OZVobm {df_wº$ AÞ XoÊ`mMo Ü o` Amnë`mnwT>o Amho ho bjmV ¿`m. AWm©V `m~m~rda _V^oX hmoD$

eH$VmV. nU XrK© H$mimn ªV Y§Xm H$amd`mMm Agob Va darb ~m~r `mo½` Amho Ago gdmªMo _V

hmoB©b.

72

3. (Place) - {R>H$mU / ñWi :- g|{Ð` eoVr_mb {dH«$s H$aÊ`mMo ñWi ehamV _w»` añË`mda, ghO OmÊ`mÀ`m {R>H$mUr, bmoH$m§Zm oUoOmUo

gmoB©Mo R>aUmao hdo. emoYyZhr nÎmm gmnS>V Zmhr Aem {R>H$mUr {H$Vrhr CËH¥$ð> _mb R>oD$Z à`ËZ Ho$bm Va

{dH«$s hmoUma Zmhr. Ë`m {R>H$mUr \$moZ, B©_ob BË`mXr Amdí`H$ AmhoV. H§$nÝ`m§Zr J«mhH$ emoYÊ`mgmR>r

IoS>monmS>çmV àdoe Ho$bm Amho. bhmZ bhmZ nm°dyM_Ü`o nmZQ>narda, T>mã`mda, {H$amUm XwH$mZmV _mb ZoD$Z

{dH$V AmhoV. Voìhm {dH«o$Ë`mZo H$moUË`m {R>H$mUr _mb {dH$mdm ho bjmV KoUo JaOoMo Amho.

4. (Promotion)- àMma :-

Vw_À`m _mbmbm à{gÜXr, Zgob Va bmoH$m§Zm H$go g_OUma H$s A_yH$ {R>H$mUr A_yH$ _mb Amho. _mbmMr

Om{hamV, ñWm{ZH$ dV©_mZnÌo, nmoñQ>g©, nm°åßboQ> Ûmao AmH$f©H$ nÜXVrZo ìhm`bm hdr. dV©_mZnÌ dmQ>Umar

_wbo, XwYdmbo, OodUmMo S>~o nwadUmao bmoH$ øm§À`m _m\©$V _m{hVr nÌHo$ J«mhH$m§Zm KanmoM XoVm `oVrb. lr.

JUoe åhmÌo, am. {XJ«g {O. `dV_mi `m§À`m H$S>o 80 EH$a Amdim Amho. nydu Vo {H$bmoZo Amdim {dH$V hmoVo.

Agm Ë`m§Zr Amdù`mnmgyZ _ZwH$m, H|$S>r, _wa§~m V`ma Ho$bm Amho. `dV_mi_Ü`o dV©_mZnÌ dmQ>Umè`m

_wbm§Zm H±$S>r / _ZwH$mMo g±nb, _m{hVrnÌH$mgh nonagmo~V {JèhmBªH$m§Zm KanmoM Úm`bm gm§{JVbo. KamoKar

_mb Jobm. Á`m§Zm AmdS>bm Ë`m§Zr g§nH©$ gmYbm. dV©_mZnÌ dmQ>Umè`m _wbm§Zm Am°S>©a {Xbr. _wbm§Zr 15 Q>¸o$

H${_eZ KodyZ lr. åhmÌ|Mm _mb OZVon`ªV {dH$Ê`mMo H$m_ Ho$bo.

lr. Ama.nr. H$X_, qb~Jmd, {O. Zm§XoS> ho H¥$îUm Á yg B§S>ñQ´>rO_YyZ _mog§~r {MHy$, H$moa\$S> Á yg, Oobr

BË`mXr CËnmXZ H$aVmV. øm§Zr Zm§XoS> ehamV nhmQ>o 5-6 dmOVm Om°JtJ d _m°Zt©J dm°H$ H$aUmè`m nwê$f d

_{hbm `m§Zm Amnë`m CËnmXZmMr _m{hVrnÌHo$ dmQ>br. Ë`m_Ü o no m§Mr Am¡fYr JwUY_© d Cn`wº$Vo~Ôb

_m{hVr N>mnbr hmoVr. nhmQ>o _m°{ZªJ dm°H$ d Om°qJJbm OmUmar _mUgo ~hþVoH$ hmQ>© ~r.nr. S>m`~o{Q>O noe§Q>

qH$dm bÇ> AgVmV. Ë`m§Zr _m{hVrnÌH$mdarb {Xboë`m \$moZdê$Z g§nH©$ gmYyZ CËnmXZm§Mr Am°S>©a {Xbr.

nhmQ>o [\$am`bm OmUmao ehadmgr` ~hþVoH$ Amamo½`m{df`r OmJéH$ AgVmVM Voìhm Ë`m§À`mn`ªV nmohmoMUo

\$º$ _hËdmMo Amho.

Amnë`m _mbmMm àMma g§ñWm_m\©$V, _§{XamV q^VrnÌH$mÛmao, _oimdo KodyZ OZOmJ¥Vr H$ê$Z H$aVm oVmo.

73

5. (Packaging) - doï>UrH$aU :-

Amnbm g|{Ð` _mb Vya, S>mi, Vm§Xwi, Jhÿ BË`mXr nmoË`mV ^ê$Z R>odbo Va Vmo Hw$Ur {dH$V KoUmao Zmhr. Ë`m

_mbmMo 2-2 {H$bmoMo gw§Xa n°qH$J, bo~qbJ qH$_V {bhÿZ {dH«$sg R>odbo Va bmoH$ bJoM {dH$V KoVrb. J«mhH$

AmYr S>moù`m§Zo ImVmo. MdrZo Z§Va ImVmo. nmhVm jUr Ë`mZo AmH${f©V ìhmdo Ago n°qH$J, bo~btJ Agob

nmhrOo.g|{Ð` \$im§Mr {dH«$s H$aVmZm Ë`m§Mr `mo½` àVdmar H$ê$Z AmH$mamZwgma `mo½` _m§S>Ur H$amdr.

AmH$f©U doï>UmV, a§JrV H$mJXm_Ü`o Ë`m§Mo J«|S>rJ Zwgma àVdmar H$éZ doJio ~m°Šg Ho$bo Va J«mhH$mbm Vo

ñdÀN>, gw§Xa d Amamo½`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo hm`OoZrH$ dmQ>ob. _mbmda _mem Yyi ~gV AgVrb Va H$moU _mb

KoB©b. AmnU ñdV: J«mhH$ AmhmV Ago g_Om d _mbmMr n°H$s¨J d AmIUr H$am. gJim _mb VgmM {dH«$sg

Z R>odVm Ë`m§Mr àVdmar Ho$ë`mZo \$m`Xm hmoVmo.