gps based total electron content (tec) anomalies and their...
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GPS based total electron content (TEC) anomalies and their association with large magnitude earthquakes occurred around Indian region
Vishal Chauhan1
O.P. Singh1, Birbal Singh2, 1. Department of Physics, Faculty of Engineering & Technology,
R.B.S. College, Bichpuri, Agra-283105, India2. Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering,
Faculty of Engineering & Technology, R.B.S. College, Bichpuri, Agra-283105, India
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• Brief description of experimental setup used for TEC measurement.
• Data and method of analysis
• Statistical methods for detection of anomalous values of TEC.
• Results
• (i) Study of seismic effects on TEC for the duration of thirty monthsbetween 01 January, 2009 and 30 June, 2011.
• (ii) Comparative study of GIM TEC and observed GPS TEC.
• (iii) Results of anomalies in observed GPS TEC and GIM TECcorresponding to Wenchuan Earthquake.
• Conclusion
Overview of presentation
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Experimental set up used at Agra for the measurement of TEC
Receiver: Novatel’s Euro-PAK 3M
GPS receiver system: GSV4004B
Antenna: Novatel’s GPS-702
The continuous observations are in progress since 24 June, 2006.
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Data and analysis procedure to obtained daily diurnal curves of TEC data
• The TEC measurements are being carried out through combined frequencies (L1/L2) pseudorange and carrier phase measurements. The GSV4004B measures TEC using pseudorange measurements on the L1 and L2 frequencies.
• The receiver internal biases are also taken care of prior to final TEC calculations. This can be seen in the formula given below;
TEC = [9.483*(PRL2-PRL1 - ∆C/A-P, PRN) + TECRX + TECCAL] TECU
where PRL2 is the L2 pseudo-range in meters, PRL1 is the L1 pseudo-range in meters, ∆C/A-P, PRN is the input bias between SV C/A- and P-code chip transition in meters. TECRX is the TEC result due to internal receiver L1/L2 delay and TECCAL is the user defined TEC offset.
Continued….
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•Obtained vaules of TEC are slant TEC which are converted into vertical TEC (VTEC) using expression given by Mannucci et al. 1993.
where RE is the mean radius of the earth in km, hS, the ionosphere (effective) height above the earth’s surface, z, the zenith angle and E, the elevation angle in degrees. The effective ionospheric height of 350 km is used for determination of IPP locations.
Continued….
To avoid the effect of multipath, troposcatter and water vapor at low elevation angles valuesof TEC are taken at higher elevation angles (>500).
Local Time (LT)=UT+0530 hrs
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• To detect anomalous variations in TEC data we applied the similar statistical procedures as adopted by earlier workers from Taiwan, Japan, etc. (Prof. Liu, Prof. Hayakawa, Prof. Hattori…..)
• 15 days backward running mean (m) and running standard deviationaround mean (m±2)
* The variation of VTEC is plotted between the curves of m ± 2. The values of VTEC crossing m ± 2 curves are said to be abnormal.
Statistical procedures to detect anomalous variations in daily diurnal curves of TEC data
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0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Data m+s m-s
Anomaly
m+2 m-2
VT
EC
Days
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differential TEC (dTEC)* dTEC = VTEC – 15 days backward running median of TEC at each epoch.* The variation of dTEC is plotted between it’s fix mean and standard deviation around.
mean (m ± 2). The values of dTEC crossing m+2 or m-2 lines are said to be abnormal.
-5-4-3-2-1012345
dTE
C m+2
m-2
m
Days
Enhanced anomaly
Depletions
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• Quartile-based statistical method
* At first a median (M) of every successive 15 days of TEC is computed to find the deviation on 16th day.
* Two quartiles, first (or lower) and third (or upper) are calculated which are denoted by LQ and UQrespectively. It has been shown by earlier workers (Klotz and Johnson, 1983; Liu et al., 2009) thatunder the assumption of a normal distribution with mean (m) and standard deviation () for GPSTEC, the expected values of M and LQ or UQ are m and 1.34 respectively.
• Finally, the lower bound (LB) and upper bound (UB) are calculated as;
LB=M - 1.5 (M - LQ),
UB= M + 1.5 (UQ-M).
• The values of TEC crossing these LB and UB are detected as abnormal variationin TEC data.
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Results
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Locations of the epicenters of earthquakes occurred around Indian region(01 January, 2009 – 30 June, 2011)
AFGANISTAN
BANGLEDESH
BHUTAN
BURMA
CHINA
INDIA
KYRGYZSTAN
NEPAL
OMAN
PAKISTAN
TAJIKISTAN
THA
TURKMENISTAN
60 E 70 E 80 E 90 E 100 E
10 N
20 N
30 N
40 N
Agra
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Date: 07 November, 2009
Magnitude = 5.5
Lat.=29.490NLong.=86.010E
Distance from Agra=831 km
Depth=5 km
AFGANISTAN
BANGLEDESH
BHUTAN
BURMA
CHINA
INDIA
KYRGYZSTA
NEPALPAKISTAN
TAJIKISTAN
THA
60 E 70 E 80 E 90 E 100 E 10 N
20 N
30 N
40 N
Agra
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Day of the earthquake:07 November, 2009
23 Oct - 22 Nov, 2009
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
GPS-TEC
M=5.6
23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
Days
TEC
U
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Day of the earthquake:07 November, 2009
*To investigate the seismic effect on TEC we omitted the disturb days from all the data
23 Oct - 22 Nov, 2009
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
GPS-TECM=5.6
23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
Days
TEC
U
m+2m+2
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Date: 08 December, 2010
Magnitude = 5.5
Lat.=39.360NLong.=72.860E
Distance from Agra=1450 km
Depth=10 km
AFGANISTAN
BANGLEDESH
BHUTAN
BURMA
CHINA
INDIA
KYRGYZSTAN
NEPALPAKISTAN
TAJIKISTAN
THA
60 E 70 E 80 E 90 E 100 E 10 N
20 N
30 N
40 N
Agra
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Day of the earthquake: 08 December, 2010
Days of December, 2010
TEC
U
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Data
01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15
M=5.5VTEC
01 December – 15 December, 2010
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0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35Data M+2Sig M-2Sigm+2 m-2VTEC
Days of December, 2010
TEC
U
M=5.5
01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15
Day of the earthquake: 08 December, 2010
01 December – 15 December, 2010
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0
2
4
6
01.12.11 04.12.11 07.12.11 10.12.11 13.12.11
01 December – 15 December, 2010
M=5.5
Days of January, 2011
TEC
UVariation of VTEC at 0600 hrs local time
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0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
01.12.11 04.12.11 07.12.11 10.12.11 13.12.11
0000 hrs2300 hrs2200 hrs2100 hrs2000 hrs1900 hrs
Variation of VTEC in nighttime sector
01 December – 15 December, 2010
M=5.5
Days of January, 2011
TEC
U
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Date: 27 January, 2011
Magnitude = 6.2
Lat.=28.190NLong.=59.010E
Distance from Agra=1875 km
Depth=12 km
AFGANISTAN
BANGLEDESH
BHUTAN
BURMA
CHINA
INDIA
KYRGYZSTAN
NEPAL
OMAN
PAKISTAN
TAJIKISTAN
THA
TURKMENISTAN
60 E 70 E 80 E 90 E 100 E
10 N
20 N
30 N
40 N
Agra
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0
5
10
15
20
25
Day of the earthquake: 27 January, 2011
Days of January, 2011
TEC
U
20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
M=6.2
20 January – 31 January, 2011
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0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Days of January, 2011
TEC
U
20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
M=6.2
Day of the earthquake: 27 January, 2011
20 January – 31 January, 2011
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0
1
2
3
4
5
20.01.11 22.01.11 24.01.11 26.01.11 28.01.11 30.01.11
M=6.2
20 January – 31 January, 2011
Days of January, 2011
TEC
U
Variation of VTEC at 0600 hrs local time
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05
1015202530354045
20.01.11 23.01.11 26.01.11 29.01.11
0000 hrs
2300 hrs
2200 hrs
2100 hrs
2000 hrs
1900 hrs
Variation of VTEC in nighttime sector
Days of January, 2011
TEC
UM=6.2
20 January – 31 January, 2011
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Study of GIM-TEC data and its comparison with GPS-TEC data
at Agra
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May, 2009
0510
15202530
354045
GIM-TECGPS-TEC
An example of the diurnal variation of GIM-TEC and GPS-TEC data
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12 May, 2009-Q1
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0 10 20 30
Corr. Co.=0.992892
08 May, 2009-D1
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
0 10 20 30 40
Corr. Co.=0.991487
An example of the correlation betweenGIM-TEC and GPS-TEC data
Quiet Day Disturb Day
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Mar, 2009
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 Q9 Q10
May, 2009
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
D1 D2 D3 D4 D5
An example of the correlation betweenGIM-TEC and GPS-TEC data
Quiet Days
Disturb Days
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Wenchuan Earthquake (M=7.3)
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1. The GPS based TEC measurements are analyzed for the period of 30 months from 01 January, 2009 to 30 June, 2011 in the light of magnetic storms and earthquakes. The large magnitude earthquakes (M≥5.5) which occurred within an epicentral distance of 2000 km from the observing station Agra are considered for this study.
2. Anomalous variations in TEC, in the form of enhancements and depletions, are observed in almost all the cases of earthquakes examined with precursory period lying between 0 and 10 days.
3. The GPS-TEC data obtained at Agra station are also compared with global ionospheric maps (GIMs) of TEC and a very good correlation is found between the two. .
4. The GPS-TEC data and GIM TEC data at five different locations are analysed corresponding to the Wenchuan earthquake (M=7.9) occurred on 12 May, 2008 in China region. The anomalies in TEC data are investigated by using quartile based statistical method. It has been found that TEC data obtained at Agra and other locations show anomalous depletions 02 to 13 days before and anomalous enhancements 03 to 10 days prior to the occurrence of earthquake. It has also been found that the level of anomalies are more distinct near the epicenter than at the Agra station and they appeared earlier at the location near the epicenter than other locations.
3. Since to investigate the seismic effects on TEC data the data on disturebed days are omitted hence the observed anomalies in TEC data may be due to the considered seismic events.
Conclusion
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