Government of Eritrea

United Nations Development Programme

ENABLING ACTIVITIES FOR THE PREPARATION OF ERITREA’S SECOND NATIONAL COMMUNICATION TO THE UNFCCC

Brief description

This project enables Eritrea to prepare its second national communication to the Conference of the Parties (COP) of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The main components of the project are: (a) an update and inventory of greenhouse gases following the guidelines adopted by the COP; (b) an analysis of potential measures to abate the increase in greenhouse gas emissions and to adapt to climate change; (c) an assessment of potential impacts of climate change; (d) GHG Mitigation analysis (e) preparation of a national action plans to address climate change; and (f) preparation of the second national communication of Eritrea to the COP. Beside the preparation of the second national communication, the project is expected to improve the information gaps, uncertainties and understanding of issues reported under initial national communication on the basis of new approaches. It is expected to introduce new areas of work seeking for a ground as a foundation for development of additional national strategies and action plans. The project is also expected to enhance knowledge and general awareness on climate change related issues in Eritrea, and to strengthen the dialogue, information exchange, cooperation, coordination among all relevant stakeholders including governmental, non-governmental, academic, and private sectors.

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Table of Contents Page

1. Elaboration of the Narrative…………………………….................. 4

1.1 Situation Analysis……………………………………………………. 4

1.2 Strategy…………………………………………………………….. 5

1.3 Management Arrangements………………………………………… 5,49

1.4 Monitoring and Evaluation………………………………………….. 5

1.5 Legal Context……………………………………………………….. 7

2. Total Budget……………………………………………………….. 8

3. Appendices…………………………………………………… 10

Appendix A Summary report of the self-assessment exercise…………….. 10

Appendix B Technical components of the project proposal……………… 26

Appendix C Terms of Reference…………………………………………. 53

Appendix D Endorsement letters………………………………………….. 64

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Lists of Acronyms

CC Climate Change

CoP Conference of the Parties

ESTs Environmental Sound Technologies

GCM Global Circulation Models

GEF Global Environmental Facility

GHG Greenhouse Gas

IGAD Intergovernmental Agency for Development

IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

LDCs Least Developed Countries

LUCF Land USE Change and Forestry

MDGs Millennium development Goals

MEAs Multilateral Environmental Agreements

MOP Montreal Protocol on Substances that deplete the Ozone Layer

NBSAP National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan

NAP National Action Plan to Combat desertification and Mitigate the effect of Drought

NAPA National Adaptation Program of Action

SD Sustainable Development

UN United Nations

UNCBD United Nations Convention on Biodiversity

UNCCD United Nations Convention to Combat desertification

UNDAF The UN Development Assistance framework

UNDP United Nations Development Program

UNEP United Nations environment Program

UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

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1. Elaboration of the Narrative

1.1 Situation Analysis

Eritrea is among the most vulnerable group of countries to the adverse effects of climate change, mainly because of its least adaptive capacities and geographical location in the arid and semi-arid region of the sahalian Africa. The country faces alarming capacity limitations in implementing its national strategies (see section 1.2) in terms of financial, institutional, technical and human resource capacities, which is extremely lacking in Eritrea. For this reason Eritrea acceded to the common but differentiated responsibility of UN Framework Convention on Climate Change on 25 March 1995. Besides the efforts to mitigate the adverse impact of climate change, the government of Eritrea integrates relevant MDGs as part of its national developmental goals to the extent possible.

Department of Environment (DOE), of the Ministry of Land, Water and Environment is responsible for co-coordinating environmental actions in Eritrea. In addition, there are several Ministries that deal with climate related issues such as the Ministry of Energy and Mines, the Ministry of Agriculture, the Ministry of Trade and Industry, the Ministry of Transport and Communication, the Ministry of Fisheries, etc in Eritrea.

A National Project Steering Committee has been established under the auspices of the Department of Environment. This committee will provide policy guidance for the implementation of the project. The Committee is composed of representatives from:

DOE, the Ministry of Land, Water and Environment (Chair) The Ministry of Energy and Mines (Secretary) The Ministry of Agriculture (member) The Ministry of Trade and Transport (member) The Ministry of Fisheries (member) The Ministry of Transport and Communication (member) Asmara University (member)

The project will enhance the capacity of the Government of Eritrea and other participating institutions to better analyze the various aspects of CC and potential response measures to be undertaken in Eritrea. It will also strengthen the capacity of Eritrea to contribute on the ongoing international consultations related to CC. Since CC is a global concern, the target beneficiaries must be seen in a global context. By implementing a measure to fulfill the commitments of Eritrea to the UNFCCC, the project will contribute to the global effort to address CC and its adverse impacts.

1.2 Strategy

Eritrea being a developing country and also one of the least developed countries (LDCs), of the world, the achievement of food security, poverty reduction and /or alleviation and sustainable development remain the preoccupation of the country. Government polices reflect these concerns at all times. All adaptation strategies to climate change should therefore fit in with this objective.

In the context of global environmental protection, the Government of Eritrea made its commitment by signing 11 environmental conventions which also assist Eritrea in achieving its national strategies of poverty reduction, conservation and sustainability use of the environment.

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As a country with least capacity in terms of financial, human resource and institutional framework, the commitment would not take place without the assistance of the various entities of UN including UNEP, UNDP, GEF and others.

The project will implement activities needed to enable the Government of Eritrea to prepare its Second National Communication (SNC) in accordance with Article 12 of the UNFCCC, and following the guidelines adopted by the COP for the preparation of national communication from Parties not included in Annex I. The project outputs including GHG inventories, GHG mitigation strategies, and adaptation strategies for the various economic sectors, national strategy action plan, national plan for systematic observation, national plan for synergy of CC issues and the second national communication itself among others are ideal experiences for the success of national and global strategies.

As an implementing agency for GEF, UNDP has played the primary role in the development and management of policy issues, capacity building and technical assistance for projects funded by GEF. Through its global network of field offices, UNDP is in an excellent position to assist the countries in developing, implementing and sustaining enabling activities of this type to ensure long-term results.

1.3 Management Arrangements

Please, see Management Arrangements in Appendix B, section 5, Page 49.

1.4 Monitoring and Evaluation

Monitoring responsibilities and events

A detailed schedule of project reviews meetings will be developed by the project management, in consultation with project implementation partners and stakeholder representatives and incorporated in the Project Inception Report. Such a schedule will include: (i) tentative time frames for Steering Committee Meetings, (or relevant advisory and/or coordination mechanisms) and (ii) project related Monitoring and Evaluation activities.

Day to day monitoring of implementation progress will be the responsibility of the Project Coordinator, Director or CTA (depending on the established project structure) based on the project's Annual Work plan and its indicators. The Project Team will inform the UNDP-CO of any delays or difficulties faced during implementation so that the appropriate support or corrective measures can be adopted in a timely and remedial fashion.

Periodic monitoring of implementation progress will be undertaken by the UNDP-CO through quarterly meetings with the project proponent, or more frequently as deemed necessary. This will allow parties to take stock and to troubleshoot any problems pertaining to the project in a timely fashion to ensure smooth implementation of project activities.

Project Monitoring Reporting

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The Project Coordinator in conjunction with the UNDP-GEF extended team will be responsible for the preparation and submission of the following reports that form part of the monitoring process.

(a) Inception Report (IR)

A Project Inception Report will be prepared immediately following the Inception Workshop. It will include a detailed First Year Work Plan divided in quarterly timeframes detailing the activities and progress indicators that will guide implementation during the first year of the project. The Report will also include the detailed project budget for the first full year of implementation, prepared on the basis of the Annual Work Plan, and including any monitoring and evaluation requirements to effectively measure project performance during the targeted 12 months time-frame.

The Inception Report will include a more detailed narrative on the institutional roles, responsibilities, coordinating actions and feedback mechanisms of project related partners. In addition, a section will be included on progress to date on project establishment and start-up activities and an update of any changed external conditions that may effect project implementation.

When finalized the report will be circulated to project counterparts who will be given a period of one calendar month in which to respond with comments or queries. Prior to this circulation of the IR, the UNDP Country Office and UNDP-GEF’s Regional Coordinating Unit will review the document.

(b) Quarterly Progress ReportsShort reports outlining main updates in project progress will be provided quarterly to the local UNDP Country Office and the UNDP-GEF regional office by the project team. (c) Technical Reports Technical Reports are detailed documents covering specific areas of analysis or scientific specializations within the overall project. As part of the Inception Report, the project team will prepare a draft Reports List, detailing the technical reports that are expected to be prepared on key areas of activity during the course of the Project, and tentative due dates. Where necessary this Reports List will be revised and updated, and included in subsequent APRs. Technical Reports may also be prepared by external consultants and should be comprehensive, specialized analyses of clearly defined areas of research within the framework of the project. These technical reports will represent, as appropriate, the project's substantive contribution to specific areas, and will be used in efforts to disseminate relevant information and best practices at local, national and international levels.

Audit ClauseThe Government will provide the Resident Representative with certified periodic financial statements, and with an annual audit of the financial statements relating to the status of UNDP (including GEF) funds according to the established procedures set out in the Programming and Finance manuals. The Audit will be conducted by the legally recognized auditor of the Government, or by a commercial auditor engaged by the Government.

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1.5 Legal Context

This Project Document shall be the instrument referred to as such in Article I of the Standard Basic Assistance Agreement between the Government of Eritrea and the United Nations Development Programme, signed by the parties on June 18, 1994. The host country implementing agency shall, for the purpose of the Standard Basic Assistance Agreement, refer to the government co-operating agency described in that Agreement.

UNDP acts in this Project as Implementing Agency of the Global Environment Facility (GEF), and all rights and privileges pertaining to UNDP as per the terms of the SBAA shall be extended mutatis mutandis to GEF.

The UNDP Resident Representative is authorized to effect in writing the following types of revision to this Project Document, provided that he/she has verified the agreement thereto by GEF Unit and is assured that the other signatories to the Project Document have no objection to the proposed changes:

a) Revision of, or addition to, any of the annexes to the Project Document;b) Revisions which do not involve significant changes in the immediate

objectives, outputs or activities of the project, but are caused by the rearrangement of the inputs already agreed to or by cost increases due to inflation;

c) Mandatory annual revisions which re-phase the delivery of agreed project inputs or increased expert or other costs due to inflation or take into account agency expenditure flexibility; and

d) Inclusion of additional annexes and attachments only as set out here in this Project Document.

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2. Total Budget and Work PlanAward Id: 00037244Award Title: PIMS 3347 CC EA: Enabling activity for the Preparation of Eritrea’s second National Communication to the UNFCCCProject ID: 00040749Project Title: PIMS 3347 CC EA: Enabling Activity for the Preparation of Eritrea’s second National Communication to the UNFCCC

GEF Outcomes/Atlas Activity

Responsible Party

Planned Budget (US $)Source of Funds

AtlasCode

BudgetDescription

2007 2008 2009 2010 Total Budget

Outcome 1: NationalCircumstances

MLWE GEF Trustee 71300 Local consultants 1,000 4,000 4,000 1,000 10,000

Subtotal 1,000 4,000 4,000 1,000 10,000Outcome 2: National GHG Inventories

MLWE GEF Trustee 71300 Local consultants 15,000 10,000 10,000 5,000 40,00071200 Regional/

International consultants

3,000 3,000 1,000 1,000 8,000

71600 Travel 2,000 2,000 0.00 0.00 4,000Subtotal 20,000 15,000 11,000 6,000 52,000

Outcome 3: Programs Containing measures to facilitate adequate adaptation to CC

MLWE GEF Trustee 71300 Local consultants 20,000 30,000 30,000 10,000 90,00072100 Contractual

services0 5,000 5,000 5,000 15,000

71200 Regional/ International consultants

2,000 5,000 2,000 2,000 11,000

71600 Travel 2,000 2,500 4,500 0 9,000Subtotal 24,000 42,500 41,500 17,000 125,000

Outcome 4: ProgramsContaining measures toMitigate CC

MLWE GEF Trustee 71300 Local consultants 0 10,000 10,000 10,000 30,000

72100 Contractual services

0 3,000 2,000 2,000 7,000

71200 Regional/ International consultants

0 5,000 2,000 2,000 9,000

71600 Travel 0 2,000 2,000 0 4,000

Subtotal 0 20,000 16,000 14,000 50,000

Outcome 5: Other relevant information (e.g., research and systematic observation, technology transfer, public awareness, capacity building

MLWE GEF Trustee 71300 Local consultants 0 10,000 10,000 10,000 30,000

Subtotal 0 10,000 10,000 10,000 30,000Outcome 6: Constraints & gaps; related financial, technical &

MLWE GEF Trustee 71300 Local consultants 0 2500 11,000 2500 16,000

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capacity needsSubtotal 0 2500 11,000 2500 16,000

Outcome 7: technical assistance MLWE GEF Trustee 71200 Regional/ International consultants

5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 20,000

Subtotal 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 20,000Outcome 8: Compilation, production of communication, including Executive Summary & its translation

MLWE GEF Trustee 71300 Local consultants 0 0 2,000 5,000 7,000

74200 Printing and publication

0 0 2,000 2,000 4,000

74500 Miscellaneous 0 500 2,000 500 3,000

Subtotal 0 500 6,000 7,500 14,000

Outcome 9: Project management MLWE GEF Trustee 71400 Contractual services (individuals)

13,000 15,000 15,000 5,000 48,000

72200 Equipment 2,000 3,000 1,000 1,000 7,00072500 supplies 3,000 3,000 3,000 3,000 12,00074500 Miscellaneous 1,000 1,000 2,000 2,000 6,000

Subtotal 19,000 22,000 21,000 11,000 73,000Outcome 10: Monitoring & Reporting

MLWE GEF Trustee 74100 Management & reporting

2,000 3,000 5,000 5,000 15,000

Subtotal 2,000 3,000 5,000 5,000 15,000GRAND TOTAL 71,000 124,500 130,500 79,000 405,000

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3. Appendices

Appendix A: Summary report of the self-assessment exercise

A. Description of the process and approach adopted for the self-assessment exercise

The self-assessment exercise made up of stocktaking and stakeholder consultation processes. Various processes and approaches were used to carry out these processes including establishing institutional mechanism, reviewing existing literatures, surveying of ongoing and planned projects, interviewing relevant experts, stakeholder assessment, organizing a national workshop and lesson from the preparation of project document for SNC from other similar countries.

Department of Environment (DoE) of Ministry of Land, Water & Environment was delegated to coordinate the preparation of this project document. The focal point of DoE established country project team comprising the National Project Coordination Unit (NPCU) housed in the DoE and National Core Planning Team (NCPT) members drawn from six key stakeholders including the Ministry of Energy and Mines, Ministry of Health, Ministry of Transport and Communication, Ministry of Trade and Industry, Ministry of Fisheries and University of Asmara. Most of these members were working in the preparation of EINC. Thus, the preparation of this project document has capitalized on the expertise, institutions, experience and lesson learned from the process of EINC. Term of Reference (ToR) was prepared demonstrating the various roles and responsibilities of the members of the project team.

The process spans several materials for reviewing. The prioritized set included the Eritrean Initial National communication (EINC), action plans of Multilateral Environmental Agreements including UNCCD and UNCBD, sectoral policies, PRSP, NCSA, NAPA, various sustainable development strategy documents, UNDP-Eritrea’s United Nations Development Assistance framework (UNDAF), Common Country Assessment (2003-2007), Sub Regional Environmental Action Plan for East Africa (SREAP), Agenda 21 and Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) under the United Nations. Nonetheless, the main focus was EINC where the project team identified gaps, uncertainties and updates as a basis for the preparation of SNC. Decision 17/CP8, UNFCCC user manual and GEF operational procedures together with the UNDP guidance were followed for this purpose. Much time was spent on the substantive areas of work on GHG inventory, mitigation assessment, vulnerability and adaptation assessments, technology transfer, research and systematic observation, sectoral policies, education, awareness, training and synergies with related programs.

Surveying of ongoing and planned projects in the various development sectors was also another approach. Interviewing relevant experts in governmental, non-governmental, civic, academic and research institutions was useful to identify and evaluate ongoing and planned activities, integration of climate change concerns, level of human capacity in climate change. A total of 20 ministries, agencies and institutions involving several experts were consulted during the stocktaking and stakeholder consultations. This process was also useful to fill the data gaps especially those requiring scientific, technical and analytical skills. The questionnaires used for this purpose include issues related to Article 3, 4, 5, 6, 11, and 12 of the Convention. This process also enabled the project team to evaluate the level of awareness achieved to date about adaptation to the adverse effects of climate change including climate variability and extreme events. The project team observed a great deal of gaps in the designing of most of the ongoing projects in relation to adaptation to climate change. It learned that much work has to be done in the future to integrate climate change concerns both in the short-term planned projects and long-term national

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development planning process. The various coping strategies taking place in the past and currently were also identified in consultation with the ongoing NAPA process in the country.

Stakeholder assessment was conducted to identify and determine who should possibly be involved in a stakeholder consultation. The methodology involved was expert knowledge to construct a checklist or profile of major stakeholders. First, a list of stakeholder, their relevancy to climate change vulnerability and adaptation, skills, mission, and their potential roles was developed by conducting stakeholder analysis. Next, this initial list was discussed by the project team. This discussion led to prioritization of the key stakeholders to engage them in the various processes including the workshop for the finalization of project document. Finally, one national workshop was organized where these priority stakeholders commented, suggested, voiced their own ideas and validated the draft project document. Most of these stakeholders have also been identified as the potential actors during the preparation of SNC.

Lesson learned from other similar countries was also another approach used to formulate this project document. Experience from least developed countries, for example Samoa’s approach to prepare its SNC’s project document, was found to be relevant to address some institutional and other vulnerability and adaptation concerns of Eritrea.

B. Main outcomes of the stocktaking, including priorities identified

B.1 Work done, gaps, limitations in EINC and Priorities for SNC

This section follows the main sections of EINC in order to facilitate discussions on what to look for and how to use this information in the design of SNC proposal in reference to decision 17/CP.8 of the COP.

National Circumstances

In the EINC gaps, uncertainties and barriers have been identified in the Eritrean Initial National Communication (EINC) under national circumstances. Gaps related to waste, health, service sector, scientific and technical research institutions and information considered relevant by Eritrea related to Article 4.8, 4.9 and 4.10 of the Convention should be addressed.

Hence, the priority activities for the SNC are:

Establishment of an institutional framework for the preparation of SNC, such as National Climate Change Secretariat (NCCS), reformation of the existing National Core Planning Team (NCPT), establishing working groups, strengthening the focal point for climate change in terms of managerial, scientific, technical and international climate change negotiating issues.

Analyses of development priorities, objectives and national circumstances to address climate change;

Examine possibilities for integrating climate change concerns into national and/or regional development objectives, priorities and programs;

Update and improve information on climate, natural resources, socio-economic conditions; Develop narrative on waste, health, service sector, scientific and technical research

institutions and information considered relevant by Eritrea related to Article 4.8, 4.9 and 4.10 of the Convention;

Compilation of information from existing sources on preparation of SNC; and

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Organize training for NCCS, National Core Planning Team (NCPT), the various working groups and the focal point for climate change on managerial, scientific, technical and international climate change negotiating issues.

Inventory of Sources and Sinks of GHGs in Eritrea

Gaps, uncertainties and barriers have been identified in the Eritrean Initial National Communication (EINC) under Inventory of Sources and Sinks of GHGs in Eritrea. One of the main gap in the EINC is not benefited the advantages of the IPCC Good Practice Guidance (GPG) and Uncertainty Management and lack of institutional arrangement.

Hence, the priority activities for the SNC are: Formation of the thematic working group on GHG inventory and provide them training; Conduct training workshop on the use of IPCC technical guidelines, GPG, GPG for

LILUCF and how to develop national specific emission factors for key sectors such as agriculture, LUCF and Energy and apply them in the GHG inventories ;

Revise the input data for the first inventory, to facilitate the understanding of possible changes to the first inventory; and

Undertake national GHG inventory for the year 2000.

The revised IPCC 1996 (tier 1) guidelines will be complemented by the IPCC Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. The Good Practice Guidance on Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (GPG for LULUCF), accepted by the IPCC in 2003, will be used.

Vulnerability & Adaptation assessments

On a priority basis five sectors have been chosen for vulnerability and adaptation (V & A) assessment in the EINC. These are Agriculture, Water Resources, Forestry, Coastal environment and Human health sectors.

Gaps, uncertainties and barriers have been identified in the Eritrean Initial National Communication (EINC) under vulnerability and adaptation assessments. The main limitations of the vulnerability and adaptation assessments include methodological, institutional, technical, financial and lack of data and information. Moreover, the absence of environmental, socio-economic and sea-level scenarios increased uncertainties in the vulnerability and adaptation study results of all sectors. Additionally, the time horizon for the non-climatic scenarios should be linked to that of the climatic scenarios. The adaptation strategies and measures recommended in the EINC lacked evaluation and prioritization process. Integration of effects in all impact assessment in the five sectors lacked important sectoral linkages and associated effects.

Based on the stocktaking, stakeholder consultation, gaps identified, uncertainties and barriers for adaptation in the EINC, the following priority activities for SNC are identified:

Formation of the thematic working group on vulnerability and adaptation assessment; Develop environmental, socio economic and sea-level scenarios using models appropriate

to Eritrean conditions; Review the existing scenarios for climate change in Eritrea by applying the most recent

updated version of MAGICC-SCENGEN and examine climatic conditions for Eritrea; Organize training on how to develop climatic, environmental, sea-level and socio

economic scenarios for V & A working group;

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Update the vulnerability assessment of Barley and Sorghum to climate change carried out in EINC by using baseline environmental and socio-economic scenarios and integrated assessment;

Conduct vulnerability assessment on Livestock production at national level; Conduct vulnerability assessment on pearl millet to the adverse impact of climate change

in the highland and western lowlands; Organize training on approaches used to assess biophysical impacts including Agro

climatic indices and GIS, Statistical models and yield functions and Process-based models such as DSSAT, EPIC, WOFOST, CERES-Millet, RESCAP and CROPWAT;

Organize training on impact and adaptation frameworks including cross-sectoral and multisector integration methods for V & A working group;

Upgrade and strengthen the planning and management capacity of Land Resource & Crop Production Department including zoba officies in collection, processing, forecasting and presenting of agronomic information Geographic Information Systems (GIS);

Organize training for extension workers, agro- pastoralists, pastoralists and farmers to improve the existing traditional knowledge and skill on the state of cultivar, rangelands, livestock systems and management factors and vulnerability to climate change;

Assessment of the potential of underground water resources in Eritrea as a basis for vulnerability assessment on ground water quantity and quality ;

Assessment of the irrigation potential of Gash-Barka river basin as a basis for vulnerability assessment on the water irrigation potential of this basin;

Vulnerability assessment on the spatial and temporal distribution of summer rainfall to climate change;

Organize training for V & A working group, water resource planners, developers, managers, operators, policy makers and other related stakeholders including zoba offices on Integrated Water Resource Models (IWRMs) including watershed models, water planning models, water operations models and an economic optimization model;

Upgrade and strengthen the capacities of the meteorological and hydrological institutions in collection, processing, forecasting and presenting of hydro-met information;

Vulnerability assessment on the woodland ecosystem of the Southwestern lowland and Riverine forest ecosystem of Western lowland;

Improve the previous vulnerability assessment on the highland forest by modifying the existing model by incorporating natural classification schemes to suit the Eritrean environment;

Organize training for V & A working group on the use and application of the Holdridge Life Zone Classification as modified to fit the Eritrean situation, Forest Gap Model and General Circulation Models in the vulnerability assessment to climate change;

Organize training for V & A working group and other relevant actors on the use planning tools such as Environmental Impact Assessment, Geographical Information System (GIS) and remote sensing on planning and monitoring of development projects within and in buffer zones of forest and woodland ecosystems;

Organize training for extension workers, forest guards, communities and farmers to improve their knowledge and skill on wildlife and forestry management factors and their vulnerability to climate change and human made pressures;

Vulnerability assessment on marine ecosystem to the adverse effects of climate change including SLR;

Vulnerability assessment on freshwater resources to the adverse effects of climate change including SLR along the coastal area;

Organize training for V&A working group on Coastal Zone Integrated Assessment Models such as DIVA (Dynamic and Interactive Vulnerability Assessment);

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Organize training for V & A working group and other relevant actors on the use of planning tools such as Environmental Impact Assessment, Geographical Information system (GIS) and Remote Sensing on planning and monitoring of development projects in the coastal environment;

Improve the previous assessment of impacts climate change on malaria incidence and distribution using MARA/ARMA (Mapping Malaria Risk in Africa/Atlas du Risque de la Malaria en Afrique available at http://www.mara.org.za;

Assessment of impacts of climate change on dengue fever incidence and distribution DENSiM (Dengue Simulation Model) available at focks@gainsville.usda.ifl.edu;

Assessment of impacts of climate change on climate related measure diseases in Eritrea such as schistosomiasis, Diarrhea and Malnutrition;

Organize training on the various human health vulnerability assessment models including MARA/ARMA, MIASMA, DENSiM, and Comparative Risk Assessment methods;

Carry out Cost-effectiveness, Cost-benefit and Multi Criteria Analysis (MCA) of proposed adaptation measures; and

Develop national adaptation plan of action building NAPA;

Various methods/approaches, impact models and decision support tools will be used in the SNC for V & A assessments. In developing national scenarios, appropriate Baseline climatologies and climate change scenarios and Socio-economic scenarios will be used. In conducting vulnerability and adaptation assessment, appropriate impact and adaptation frameworks will be used.

Mitigation Assessment

Gaps, uncertainties and barriers have been identified in the Eritrean Initial National Communication (EINC) under measures to mitigate climate change in the energy, transport, and LUCF sectors. The main gap of the assessments has been the absence of methods and models, including both Bottom-up and Top-down. In addition there are no elaborations of cost of implementation, mitigation potential, environmental and social benefits and constraints of implementation. Further, there is no information on the barriers and opportunities for implementation including financial support, assessment of technology options for different mitigation options, institutional capacity-building to sustain mitigation work, regulation policies and further improvements of the national decision framework.

Hence, the priority activities for the SNC are: Formation of thematic working group on Mitigation;

Organize training for Mitigation working group and other relevant actors in removing barriers for energy efficiency and energy conservation;

Organize training in environmental standards in the transport and energy sectors to develop technical capacity for monitoring and surveillance compliance;

Strengthening the capacity of the Energy Research and Training Center (ERTC) under the Ministry of Energy and Mines especially in the area of targeted research;

Organize training for Mitigation working group on STAIR, EM and MARKAL-MACRO and other mitigation assessment models;

Conduct macroeconomic assessment aiming to qualitative description of main macroeconomic impacts of national climate change mitigation strategies and assessment of key macroeconomic parameters;

Develop a series of mitigation scenarios to abate the increase of the GHG emissions in terms of sustainable development objectives with elaborations of cost of implementation,

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mitigation potential, environmental and social benefits and constraints of implementation; and

Develop national GHG mitigation plan.

Various appropriate methods / approaches, mitigation assessment models and decision support tools will be used in the SNC for mitigation assessments.

Others information considered relevant to the achievement of the objective of the convention

i) Technology transfer

Gaps, uncertainties and barriers have been identified in the Eritrean Initial National Communication (EINC) under Technology Transfer. Technology transfer has not been addressed adequately under the EINC.

Hence, the priority activities for the SNC are: Formation of research and systematic observation and technology transfer working group;

and Organize training for the research and systematic observation and technology transfer

working group on how to apply the Technology Needs Assessment (TNA) methodology developed by UNDP and the use of technology information databases such as the UNFCCC’s TT: CLEAR.

The Technology Needs Assessment (TNA) methodology developed by UNDP and the use of technology information databases such as the UNFCCC’s TT: CLEAR will be used to assess the technology needs for adaptation and mitigation of the adverse effects of climate change.

ii) Research and Systematic Observation

Gaps, uncertainties and barriers have been identified in the Eritrean Initial National Communication (EINC) under research and systematic observation. Most of the attributes such as the location, distribution, and type of instruments used in each of the existing meteorological and hydrological stations do not satisfy the requirements for a national observation network.

Hence, the priority activity for the SNC is: Conduct needs assessment to establish strong and efficient national observation system

including coastal zone monitoring system.

iii) Research to adapt to and mitigate Climate Change

Of particular note in connection with research to adapt to and mitigate climate change are two research centers in the country. These are the Energy Research and Training Center (ERTC) and the National Agricultural Research Institute (NARI). The ERTC is involved in the installations, repair and maintenance of Renewable Energy Technologies (RETs), training of technicians and extension activities. The NARI is conducting a research on different agronomic crops including breeding for drought and diseases resistant cultivars.

Hence, the priority activity for the SNC is: Organize training for ERTC and NARI research centers in their areas of interest to adapt

to climate change.

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iv) Education, training and public awareness

In reference to promoting education, training and public awareness on climate change, Eritrea has made considerable progress. But certain gaps, uncertainties and barriers have been identified in the Eritrean Initial National Communication (EINC) under promoting education, training and public awareness on climate change.

Hence, the priorities for the SNC are: Formation of Education, Training and Public awareness, Capacity building and

Information and Networking working group; and Conduct public awareness campaign focused on sensitizing public sectors, policy and

decision makers on the existing climate stress and climate change impact on key socio-economic sectors.

v) Constraints and gaps, and related financial, technical and capacity needs

Pursuant to article 4.7 of the Convention, the full participation of developing country Parties, including Eritrea, in implementing the Convention will depend on the financial resources and technology transfer requirements provided by developed country Parties. These include financial, institutional, technical, technological and human resource capacities. Eritrea needs capacity development in these areas to capitalize on the opportunity presented by Article 4.7. The capacity gaps to be addressed include support to institutionalize preventive measures including planning preparedness of disaster relating to climate change and develop national climate and resource information system critical for early warning system.

Finally, there is a need to establish Compilation of National Communication Working Group which will be responsible for integration and sustainable development issues.

Hence, the priorities for the SNC are: Support to institutionalize preventive measures, including planning preparedness of

disaster relating to climate change and develop national climate and resource information system critical for early warning system; and

Formation of Compilation of National Communication Working Group.

Criteria for selection of Eritrea’s priority activities in the SNC

The financial, technical and institutional capacities of Eritrea do not allow it to carry out all the identified activities in the self assessment exercise. List of activities were identified during the stocktaking. However, only those high priority activities agreed upon through stakeholder consultation were qualified for SNC. Prioritizing criteria were developed for this purpose during stocktaking assessment. These criteria were consulted and validated in the stakeholder meeting. These include country-driven ness of the activity, degree of impact, cost-benefit, synergy with UNCCD and UNCBD, easiness of implementation and compatibility with national policies.

C. Main lessons learned of the Self-assessment exercise

The self-assessment exercise composed of stocktaking and stakeholder consultation processes. The main focus of the self- assessment exercise was the components of the EINC including National circumstances, GHG inventory, Mitigation of GHGs, vulnerability and adaptation assessments, technology transfer, systematic observation, training, education and public awareness. The studies

16

and results made under these components in the EINC have not yet been comprehensive and require further treatment to come up with better profiles of vulnerabilities of livelihoods, sectors, communities, regions and key climatic hazards in Eritrea. There have also been several mitigation and adaptation measures recommended in the EINC under each component. However, efficient assessments and implementation of results require strong institutional set up, human resource, financial and infrastructure capacities. Therefore, successful subsequent preparation of national communications requires capacity building initiatives in the above areas as a prerequisite towards fulfilling the commitments under the Convention. Hence, by taking lesson from this process, most of activities identified and proposed for SNC are training and capacity building in the respective areas based on the existing gaps, uncertainties and barriers. The other lesson learned is that education, training and public awareness are indispensable to implement the Convention at all levels of the national communication. These are very important to promote public participation, public access to information and international cooperation.

The stocktaking and stakeholder consultation have also been built on other similar initiatives including mainly National Capacity Self Assessment (NCSA), National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP) of UNCBD, National Action Program (NAP) of UNCCD, Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP), National Environmental Management Plan for Eritrea (NEMP-E), United Nations Development Assistance Framework (UNDAF) for Eritrea, National Report to the World Summit on Sustainable Development, National Adaptation Programs of Action (NAPA), etc.

NCSA has already identified the major capacity requirements of Eritrea in the three main environmental agreements including UNCBD, UNCCD and UNFCCC. Adaptation and capacity building are considered in NCSA project as being cross cutting issues that would promote synergy between and among the UNFCCC and UN Convention on Biological Diversity (UNCBD) and the UN Convention on Combating Desertification (UNCCD). The NCSA may help identify key deficits in institutional capacity and institutional linkages, and may aid the process of creating synergies.

The UNCBD has many direct, potential linkages to climate change, including its topical foci (e.g. ecosystem vulnerability), its policy recommendations (e.g., maintaining ecosystem resilience and adaptive capacity), and its participating institutions at the national and international level. For each of these areas, there are strong potential synergies with the adaptation recommendations identified in the EINC. Similarly, the UNCCD has many potential linkages to climate change, including its topical foci (e.g., ecosystem vulnerability), its policy recommendation (e.g., improved natural resource management), and the overlap in participating institutions. For each of these areas, there are strong potential synergies with the adaptation recommendations identified in the EINC. Identifying possible synergies among multiple environmental conventions may likely be done effectively through active and consistent stakeholder involvement, since local communities and other major group actors frequently work on environmental issues that transcend specific sectors.

Poverty reduction is intimately linked to climate change adaptation. In the sustainable livelihoods school of thought, for example, poverty is equated with vulnerability to shock; thus, efforts to reduce poverty also reduce vulnerability to climate variability and climate change. The draft Strategy Paper for promoting development and Poverty reduction paper in Eritrea lays out a comprehensive strategy for responding to the development needs of Eritrea’s overwhelmingly poor population. Numerous components of the strategy are aimed at increasing the resilience of vulnerable people to cope with shocks.

National Environmental Management Plan for Eritrea (NEMP-E) has many direct linkages to climate change adaptation. Most specific among these, promotion of new and renewable energy systems are presented among the policy’s chief priorities; within this discussion, objectives such as capacity

17

building to improve environmental management in the energy sector and increased renewable energy use are outlined. Environmental policy has been taking shape over the past decade under the auspices of Department of Environment of Ministry of Land, Water and Environment. Its aim is to provide the country with a framework for achieving environmental sustainability.

United Nations Development Assistance Framework (UNDAF) for Eritrea is intended to “collaboration and coherence in the UN programs of assistance”, an endeavor which will include a range of climate change adaptation and adaptation-relevant activities. In achieving its overarching goal of contributing to the reduction in absolute poverty in Eritrea, UNDAF will pursue activities in six major areas including the highly relevant areas of food security and sustainable agricultural development.

National Report to the World Summit on Sustainable Development: Eritrea’s assessment on national progress on sustainable development is highly relevant to climate change adaptation, particularly in that it creates an informative snapshot of the country’s policy and programmatic successes, upon which an adaptation strategy might be built, as well as its persistent and emerging areas of unsustainable development and vulnerability.

There is close linkage between initial national communication and NAPA, in terms of content as well as capacity building. Eritrea used the output of climate change enabling activities in NAPA, and in turn the preparation of NAPA also contributes to building capacity for the formulation of SNC. For example, the “introduction and setting” part of the Eritrean NAPA document build on relevant material in the “national circumstances” part of the initial national communication, and vice versa for subsequent national communications. The same example applies to work related to vulnerability and adaptation for purposes of the national communication. Existing climate change committee operational for the preparation of EINC in Eritrea serves well as the basis for the NAPA process. This committee has widened to include the local community and wider stakeholder participation and examine ways to make use of the various participatory tools. Active and consistent stakeholder involvement, especially local communities, ensure that NAPA is consistent with development plans and longer-term visions, as well as other national policy statements and international obligations such as national biodiversity strategies, and other documents. The experience gained by Eritrea in adapting to present climate change and extreme climatic events will also enable Eritrea to develop its long-term capacity to adapt to climate change. There are also many specific issues that bring together NAPA and SNC, for example, Decision making tools such as Cost Benefit analysis (CBA), Cost Effectiveness Analysis (CEA), Multi Criteria Analysis (MCA), Risk assessment and Sensitivity analysis of results were used in prioritization of adaptation activities in NAPA. Similar procedure will be followed to evaluate adaptation measures in SNC. The various coping strategies taking place in the past and currently were also identified in consultation with the ongoing NAPA process in the country. The coping strategies will also be useful in coming up with tested and cost-effective adaptation options. Many of the issues, concerns and needs identified in the NAPA process could be further elaborated in the preparation of second national communication.

D. Stakeholder Consultation

A stakeholder analysis for the identification of priority participants for the preparation this project document has been conducted. A list of stakeholder and their potential roles has been developed (Table 2). Consultation with these priority stakeholders validated the various desk-based activities proposed for SNC. The consultation process also helped determine who should be involved in the SNC project and how to involve each stakeholder. This consultation was essential to ensuring that the process to prepare the SNC is appropriate, and that there will be widespread

18

ownership over the main products. It helped design and validate the institutional arrangements and coordination mechanism during the preparation of SNC.

19

Table 2. Stakeholders and institutions consulted for the preparation of project document for SNC

No Institution Stakeholder interests, official position or mandate Reasons for inclusion Role in the self-assessment processGovernmental Institutions1

Min

istry

of L

and,

Wat

er &

Env

ironm

ent (

MLW

E)

Operational Focal Point of the GEF, along with the UNFCC, UNCBD, NAPA, MOP, etc. Design, Develop and manage policies related to Land, Water & Environmental Projects.

Responsibilities:-Monitoring of the state of environment;-Coordinating the implementation, monitoring and evaluation of MEAs;-liaising with relevant regional and international bodies to ensure that the representation of Eritrea at any meeting concerning a Convention is informed and effective;-Managing or participating in any project, or part of a project, aimed at implementing any aspect of a Convention;-Disseminating information to local stakeholders and creating public awareness on the provisions of the Conventions;-Preparing any necessary report, and reporting on a regular basis to the Minister and Cabinet in relation to the implementation of any Convention;-Preparing information and otherwise providing such cooperation as is required by a Convention recommending that any law be amended or enacted in order to effectively implement any requirement of a Convention;- Doing any other act in conjunction with any other relevant government department or agency to implement any obligation under a Convention;-Nothing in this section shall affect or restrict the role of any other government department or agency in relation to a Convention to which this section applies.

National Climate Change Secretariat will be established under Department of Environment, within MLWE;

National Core Planning Team is established under the auspices of the MLWE with administrative and management support from Climate Change Secretariat;

Responsible for preparation of the INC and its submission to CoP;Responsible for NAPA preparation in collaboration with other relevant agencies;

Responsible for NCSA preparation in Collaboration with other relevant agencies;

Responsible for Stockholm Convention (POPs), Vienna Convention and Montreal Protocol (ODS), PIC, CMS, Biosafety, Basel Convention, etc.

Responsible for preparation of National Environmental Management Plan for Eritrea;Responsible for preparation of the National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan under CBD;

Responsible for the preparation of National Environmental Impact Assessment Procedures and Guidelines

Designated institution for the preparation of project proposal for SNC;

Organize workshop for stakeholder consultation for the preparation of the project proposal for SNC;

Identify gaps, uncertainties and new activities to be addressed in the SNC;

Consultation with government institutions, agencies, NGOs and CBOs in the self assessment exercise for the preparation of project proposal for SNC;

-Consultation on vulnerability and adaptation assessment on Land, water and environment;

Consultation with UNDP-Eritrea and Ministry of National Development of the proposal of the SNC in terms of technical issues, opportunities for synergy among various national projects, policies and institutional arrangements;

Regular consultation with national consultants on the needs and priorities for Capacity-building in the NCSA project;

20

Institution Stakeholder interests, official position or mandate Reasons for inclusion Role in the self-assessment process

2

M

inis

try o

f Fis

herie

s

--The ministry performs activities related to fisheries and coastal environments;

-It is responsible for development of fisheries both for export and domestic consumption;

-Promoting and encouraging development of fisheries and coastal environment;

-Regulate and control fishing an coastal environment;

-Consultation with relevant agencies on issues relating to fisheries and coastal environment development, policies and their implementation

-Define policy and strategies in the fisheries and coastal environment as they relate to vulnerability and adaptation assessments;

-Focal point to Eritrean Coastal, Marine and Island Biodiversity project (ECMIB);

-Member of the National Core Planning Team;

- Member of the V & A working group

Consultation with reference to the issue of fisheries and coastal environment in the self assessment exercise;

Consultation on the provision of climate data, training, and capacity building needs for fisheries and coastal environment in relation to V &A assessment;

Consultation on the needs of education, training and public awareness on fisheries and coastal environment;

Consultation on the issues relating to technology transfer and research and systematic observation in the coastal environment;

3.

M

inis

try o

f Ene

rgy

& M

ines

Responsible for supplying power to commercial and residential sectors -Member of the National Core Planning Team (NCPT);-Implementer of RET projects in Eritrea;-Member of the GHG inventory working group;-Member of the Mitigation and V&A assessments working group;- Researcher in energy efficiency , energy conservation including RETs and potentially on emission factors in the energy sector;Dependent on the use of fossil-fuel (diesel and petroleum products) and consumer of imported fuel;

Consultation on data needs for energy inventory , mitigation, vulnerability and adaptation assessments (especially biomass consumption);Consultation on issues relating to technology transfer (ESTs including RETs);Consultation on the needs for capacity building, training and research;Consultation on the needs for education and public awareness

21

Institution Stakeholder interests, official position or mandate Reasons for inclusion Role in the self-assessment process

4

Min

istry

of

Tran

spor

t &

Com

mun

icat

ion

Responsible for issuing identification documents for vehicle, vessel and communication equipment owners and performing inspection over land and marine transport and communication sectors.

-In charge of sustainable transport policies and preparation of standards for efficient transport;-Member of NCPT;-Member of GHG inventory working group

-Consultation on data needs for transport energy GHG inventory;-Consultation on the needs of education , training and public awareness;-Consultation on the needs for capacity building & transport sector abatement strategy ;

5

Min

istry

of A

gric

ultu

re

The Ministry performs activities related to agriculture, forestry and wild life.

-To define policy and strategy in the agriculture, forestry and wildlife;-Member of the NCPT;-Member of GHG inventory and V&A assessment working groups

-Consultation with regard to the issues of crop production, livestock production, forestry and wildlife;-Consultation on data needs for LUCF GHG inventory and V&A assessment regarding crop and livestock production, forestry and wildlife;-Consultation on technology transfer, research and systematic observation;-Consultation on the provision of climate data and information on the needs for capacity building, training and research;-Focal point for UNCCD & CITES

6

Min

istry

of

Hea

lth

Responsible for surveillance and early warning for vector-borne and water-borne diseases

-To define policy and strategy in the human health;-Member of the NCPT;-Member of the V&A working group;-Study the relationship between climate change and the incidence of vector and water-borne diseases

-Consultation with regard to priority human health issues n relation to climate change;-Consultation on information, data and models needs for V&A assessments;-Consultation on capacity building, education and public awareness issues

7

Min

istry

of

Trad

e an

d In

dust

ry

Responsible for trade and industry issues in Eritrea Member of the NCPT;Member of the GHG inventory working group

Consultation on effects of climate change on trade (export & imports) and also on trade statistics relating to GHG inventory

22

Institution Stakeholder interests, official position or mandate Reasons for inclusion Role in the self-assessment process

8

Min

istry

of

Tour

ism

Responsible for tourism in Eritrea -To define policy and strategies in sustainable tourism

-Consultation on its role on environmental action plan for tourism;-Consultation on its role on education, training, research and public awareness;- Consultation on its role on technology transfer and capacity building

9

Min

istry

of E

duca

tion Responsible for education in Eritrea Responsible for education curriculum

development which includes subjects relating to climate change, climate variability and Sea level rise;- Member of NCPT;-Member of Education, training and public awareness, Capacity building and information and Networking working group

-Consultation on its role in education, training and public awareness;-Consultation on its role in capacity building and information and Networking;

10

Min

istry

of

Publ

ic

Wor

ks

Responsible for design and development of infrastructure for public works, coastal zone management and implementation and management of “code of environmental practices”

-Undertake environmental impact assessment;-Member of NCPT;-Member of V&A assessment working group

-Consultation on the application of code of environmental practice and construction of Seawalls and community involvement in redesigning roads

11

Min

istry

of L

abor

an

d H

uman

wel

fare Responsible for Labor and Human welfare in Eritrea -Undertake environmental impact

assessment of Returnees and IDPs resettlement in Eritrea;-Responsible for formulation of environmental guidelines for resettlement of returnees and IDPs;- Member of V&A assessment working group

-Consultation on its role on Environmental action plan for returnees and IDPs;- Consultation on its role on education, training and public awareness;-Consultation on its role on capacity building

23

Institution Stakeholder interests, official position or mandate Reasons for inclusion Role in the self-assessment process

12.

Min

istry

of

Nat

iona

l D

evel

opm

ent

Responsible for Macroeconomic policy, national development and international economic relation.

-Focal point for MEAs in Eritrea;- Member of NCPT;

-Consultation on integrating climate change concern in the national development policies;

13.

Min

istry

of

Fina

nce

Responsible for National planning processes in Eritrea -To define policy issues in the national planning

-Consultation on the current status of national planning in reference to climate change

14.

Min

istry

of

In

form

atio

n

Responsible for National & International Information -Promote climate change public awareness through media;-Member of Education, training and public awareness, Capacity building and information and Networking working group

-Consultation on its role in promoting climate change public awareness

15

Min

istry

of

Just

ice

Responsible for endorsing sectoral policies and proclamation -Endorse setctoral polices and legislation as related to climate change and environment-Avoid inconsistencies among sectoral proclamation

-Consult on its role in promoting adaptation related sectoral polices and legislations

16

Zoba

A

dmin

istra

tion

Responsible for mobilizing local communities -Mobilize communities for different environmental protection and conservation activities;-Member of Education, training and public awareness, Capacity building and information and Networking working group;-Member of NCPT

- Consult on its role on Youth mobilization for conservation activities, public awareness, training and capacity building of local communities

24

Institution Stakeholder interests, official position or mandate Reasons for inclusion Role in the self-assessment process

Community Based, Public and Academic Institutions

17

Nat

iona

l U

nion

of

Eritr

ean

Wom

en

-Responsible for mobilizing Women -Mobilize Women for different environmental protection and conservation activities;-Member of Education, training and public awareness, Capacity building and information and Networking working group;-Member of NCPT

Consult on its role on Women mobilization for conservation activities, public awareness, training and capacity building of local communities

18

Nat

iona

l Uni

on o

f Er

itrea

n Y

outh

&

stud

ents

-Responsible for mobilizing Youth & Students -Mobilize Youth for different environmental protection and conservation activities;-Member of Education, training and public awareness, Capacity building and information and Networking working group;-Member of NCPT

Consult on its role on Youth mobilization for conservation activities, public awareness, training and capacity building

19.

Cha

mbe

r of

Com

mer

ce

Responsible for Commercial activities -Potential for funding climate change related activities

-Consult on its role and potential for strengthening local funding for climate change adaptation activities and institutional strengthening

20.

Uni

vers

ity o

f A

smar

a

Education, research and training - Member of NCPT;- Partcipated in the preparation of INC;- Started environmental education in its curriculum;- Member Education, training, public awareness… working group

-Consultation on education, research, training and capacity building needs in the area of research , technology transfer and systematic observation

25

Appendix B: Technical Components of the Project Proposal

1. Background /Context

Eritrea is an arid to semi-arid country located in the Horn of Africa. It became independent on May 24, 1991 after a protracted war which lasted over three decades. Bordering the Red Sea, Eritrea has a land area of about 122,000 square km. Of the total land area, about 12,000 square Km. is categorized as crop land, and 49,000 square km. is categorized as grazing land.

Present estimates place the population at anywhere between 3 to 3.6 million. The urban population is about 700,000 and the average rate of population growth is estimated to be around 2.7 to 3 percent per year. Per capita income has been estimated at between U.S. $ 130 and $ 150. Average life expectancy is around 46 years and infant mortality is around 135 per 1000 live births. Nearly 80 percent of the population above the age of 15 is illiterate.

Agriculture accounts for 16 % of the GDP, suggesting both its undeveloped nature and its low productivity. Only between 3 to 5 percent of the land is under cultivation. In rural areas, agriculture is a dominant source of income and growth, attracting 80% of the population. Industry accounts for about 20 % of GDP and the balance of the national income is accounted for by the service sector.

The 1997 energy balance of Eritrea indicates that approximately 77.3% of the total energy supply (TFES) is met from biomass. Actual consumption of biomass for energy in 1997 was circa 1,989 thousand tones, of which fuel wood accounted for 71%, charcoal 6%, animal dung 20%, and agri-residues 3%.21.3% of the TFES is accounted for by oil products. 14% of the TFES is met from electricity. This estimates of biomass consumption not only has implications for global climate change and but also has directly contributed to a drastic loss in vegetative cover, and the over all degradation of Eritrea’s terrestrial environment.

There are no definitive studies indicating the extent and scope of land use change and it is therefore difficult to offer an indication of the impact of land use change on the environment. Urban expansion and the changes in agricultural land due to urbanization are key aspects of this issue. According to the National Environmental Management Plan (NEMP-E 1995) urban population grows between 5 -7 percent per annum.

The process of the preparation of Initial National Communication in Eritrea has enabled the various relevant stakeholders to come together and act according to Eritrea’s commitment to the UNFCCC- common but differentiated responsibility. This experience will be a foundation for the preparation of additional climate communications. A national Project Steering Committee has been established under the auspices of the Department of Environment. This committee will provide policy guidance for the implementation of the project.

26

2. Project’s Development and Main Objective

2.1 Project Development Objective

The project will strengthen technical and institutional capacity to assist Eritrea mainstream climate change concerns into sectoral and national development priorities.

The project will also contribute to the global effort to get a better understanding of the sources and sinks of GHGs, potential impacts of climate change, and effective response measures to achieve the ultimate objective of the UNFCCC which is “to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system”.

2.2 Project Immediate Objective

The project will enable Eritrea to prepare and submit its Second National Communication to the UNFCCC and meet its Convention obligations.

3. Project Strategy

The project will implement activities needed to enable Eritrea to prepare its Second National Communication in accordance with Article 12 of the UNFCCC, and following the guidelines adopted by the COP for the preparation of national communications from Parties not included in Annex I.

The project will involve best expert institutions in Eritrea to implement the project. In this line, the existing Project Steering Committee is noteworthy. The necessary external support will be provided by strengthening the information exchange between the national and relevant regional and international expert institutions, and, if seen necessary, by organizing separate training workshops or hiring short-term international consultants.

The components of the project will be updating of the initial GHG inventory for the base year 1994, undertaking new GHG inventory for the year 2000 and assessment of potential impacts of climate change. Building on the results of these studies, the options to mitigate climate change by addressing GHG emissions or facilitating adaptation to climate change will be analyzed and, in consultation with the relevant stakeholders, a national action plan to address climate change and its adverse impacts will be prepared. Finally, the information gained will be communicated to the COP in the form of the Second National Communication.

The project will be executed by Department of Environment of Ministry of Land, Water and Environment and in consultation with the National Core Planning Team (NCPT). Project Coordinator has been identified to work full time for the project. The NCPT will be chaired by the focal point of UNFCCC. The NCPT will finalize the project work plan and delegate responsibility for project’s activities. In addition, the NCPT will:

Give guidance and monitor the implementation of the project; Coordinate cooperation and communication with international organizations; Provide continuing interagency coordination on climate change issues in Eritrea; and Ensure and support a smooth transition from enabling activities to the implementation of the

identified response measures.

4. Project’s Activities

27

4.1 National Circumstances

This section highlighted priority national development objectives, socio-economic states and environmental concerns. These include geographical setting, climate and agro-ecological zones, historical background, population and economy.

Gaps, uncertainties and barriers have been identified in the Eritrean Initial National Communication (EINC) under national circumstances. There is a need to update all information because there might be potential changes in the socio-economic and environmental circumstances of the country since reporting of the EINC. Gaps related to waste, health, service sector, scientific and technical research institutions and information considered relevant by Eritrea related to Article 4.8, 4.9 and 4.10 of the Convention should be addressed. A strategy (institutional arrangement) for the preparation of continuous National communications was not addressed in the EINC. There is a need to establish National Climate Change Secretariat (NCCS). The existing National Core Planning Team (NCPT) drawn from six relevant government institutions for the preparation of the EINC was not efficient. There is a need to establish and strengthen new NCPT involving strong participation of wide range of both vulnerable and skilled stakeholders in adaptation including government at all levels, national organizations, civil society, NGOs, women group and the private sector, as appropriate. Establishing working groups for executing each component of the SNC under the auspices of the National Climate Change Secretariat (NCCS) is also identified to be critical. Nonetheless, the capacities of the NCCS, the existing National Core Planning Team (NCPT), the various working groups and the focal point for climate change have to be strengthened in terms of managerial, scientific, technical and international climate change negotiating issues.

Hence, the priority activities for the SNC are:

Establishment of an institutional framework for the preparation of SNC;

Analyses of development priorities, objectives and national circumstances to address climate change;

Examine possibilities for integrating climate change concerns into national and/or regional development objectives, priorities and programs;

Update and improve information on climate, natural resources, socio-economic conditions;

Develop narrative on waste, health, service sector, scientific and technical research institutions and information considered relevant by Eritrea related to Article 4.8, 4.9 and 4.10 of the Convention;

Compilation of information from existing sources on preparation of SNC; and

Organize training for NCCS, National Core Planning Team (NCPT), the various working groups and the focal point for climate change on managerial, scientific, technical and international climate change negotiating issues.

28

4.2 Inventory of Sources and Sinks of GHGs in Eritrea

In the INC, an inventory of GHG emissions by sources and removals by sinks of GHGs not controlled by the Montreal Protocol has been carried out for the base year 1994 based on the IPCC revised 1996, tier 1, guidelines for National GHG Inventories.

Source categories addressed include Energy, Transport, Agriculture, Land Use Change and Forestry (LUCF), Commerce and Household, Industry and Municipal Solid Waste. The main GHG emitting source categories, as identified in the inventory, were Land Use Change and Forestry (biomass use), Energy and Transport sectors (fossil fuel combustion). The major GHGs addressed in this study were Carbon dioxide (CO2), Methane (CH4) and Nitrous oxide (N2O). Other GHGs, included were Carbon monoxide (CO), Nitrogen Oxides (NOx), Non-Methane Volatile Compounds (NMVOCs) and Sulphur dioxide (SO2). Emissions from international aviation and marine bunker were also made reported. Nonetheless, these emissions were not included in the national total.

Gaps, uncertainties and barriers have been identified in the Eritrean Initial National Communication (EINC) under Inventory of Sources and Sinks of GHGs in Eritrea. The first inventory had not been benefited the advantages of the IPCC Good Practice Guidance (GPG) and Uncertainty Management. This would have helped the GHG inventory in selecting appropriate methods and emission factors, in quantifying and analyzing uncertainty, in determining key source categories, in recalculating emissions data, and in setting up quality assurance and quality control plans. Because of data limitation (activity data and emission factors), lower level or tier 1 methodology of IPCC, or default, was used in the EINC. The default IPCC methodology was not appropriate for Eritrea as proved in EINC and entailed uncertainty. There is a need for institutional arrangement such as the formation of GHG inventory working group in order to sustain the process of data collection and archiving. This will help make the inventory preparation a continuous process. There is training need for the GHG inventory working group on the IPCC GHG inventory guidelines and the IPCC GPG as well as how to develop country driven emission factors.

Hence, the priority activities for the SNC are:

Formation of the thematic working group on GHG inventory;

Conduct training workshop on the use of IPCC technical guidelines, GPG, GPG for LILUCF and how to develop national specific emission factors for key sectors such as agriculture, LUCF and Energy and apply them in the GHG inventories ;

Revise the input data for the first inventory, to facilitate the understanding of possible changes to the first inventory; and

Undertake national GHG inventory for the year 2000.

The latest version (i.e. Revised 1996) of the IPCC Guidelines will be used along with the inventory software developed for use in calculating and estimating emissions. These Guidelines will be complemented by the IPCC Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. The Good Practice Guidance on Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (GPG for LULUCF), accepted by the IPCC in 2003, will be used.

At the end of the assessment, a workshop will be held to review the results of GHG inventory. Policy makers and other stakeholders will be invited to participate in the workshop, so as to enhance their awareness on the importance of GHG inventory, which should be taken into consideration in national development planning. Long-term program on the improvement of future GHG inventories will be developed.

29

4.3 Programs containing measures to facilitate adequate adaptation to climate chnage

4.3.1 Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessment

On a priority basis five sectors have been chosen for vulnerability and adaptation (V & A) assessment in the EINC. These are Agriculture, Water Resources, Forestry, Coastal environment and Human health sectors. In order to carry out the V & A assessments, national scenario for the possible range of climate change was developed as a first step. The Global Circulation Model (GCM) method was used in Eritrea. Nonetheless, there is a need to establish environmental and socio-economic scenarios. A mechanism is also needed to improve GCMs’ reliability in reference to topographic features. Training is also necessary for V&A working group how to develop scenarios.

4.3.1.1 Agriculture

Two staple crops, namely, sorghum and barley and three growing sites were selected for vulnerability study in the Agricultural sector. The potential impact of climate change was examined with special reference to CERES-Barley and CERES-Sorghum model outputs and climate scenarios derived from three general circulation models (CCCM, GFDL and UK89).According to GCMS simulation of future scenarios under climate change, growth, duration, and yield of barley are projected to decrease both under rain fed and irrigated conditions whereas that of sorghum are projected to increase in both cases. Several adaptation options were suggested including institutional set up, policy intervention, promoting awareness, strengthening the information base and improvement of existing crops, technologies and traditional knowledge systems and protection and sustainable use of natural resource bases.

4.3.1.2 Water Resources

Vulnerability assessment in the water resources sector was carried out on one river catchment, namely, the Mereb-Gash basin. The vulnerability assessment of this river was accomplished by establishing a rainfall / runoff relationship using a water balance model which its result calibrated and validated using observed climate and hydrology data. Climate change scenarios of 2xCO2 were developed using UK89 GCM. The modeled runoff after temperature and rainfall data were adjusted for 2xCO 2 scenario, the result showed that there would be a decrease in run-off by 29.5 % as oppose to observed data. The result of the work indicates that the basin in particular and the water sector in general is highly vulnerable to climate change. Several adaptation options were suggested including construction of dams, assessment of groundwater potential, establish and strengthen hydrological and meteorological stations, introduce policy on sound water management practices and develop a national disaster management strategy.

4.3.1.3 Forestry

Future forest distribution of the country as a result of climate change was predicted with integrated approach using the Holdridge life zone classification, Forest Gap Model and three general circulation models namely: the Geographical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Canadian Climate Change and the United Kingdom Metrological Office. The study areas were localized to Semenawi Bahri and Debubawi Bahri (Mount Bizen) where the remaining highland forest is available. The results of this study showed that there would be a significant change in the Eritrean forest types. Several adaptation options were suggested inter allia afforestation, promoting community involvement in forestry conservation and private reforestation schemes, re-establishment of wild life habitats, design of fuel wood collection management practice, promote efficiency of wood energy conversion and utilization or substitution of wood fuels by alternative energy sources, lowering of the number of livestock and introduce proper land use planning.

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4.3.1.4 Marine and Coastal Environment

Climate change vulnerability and impact assessment in the Coastal Environment Sector was carried out in the Red Sea region. The Massawa port area and its environs were selected for study site for reasons of technical data limitation in the other part of the Red Sea. Current climate and socio-economic data was used in the analysis including economic valuation of infrastructure. A 1m and 0.5 Sea Level Rises (SLRs) of the IPCC are used in the vulnerability assessment of infrastructure. The UK89 model is used for the analysis of vulnerability of coastal ecosystems, habitats, fisheries, livelihoods and associated population to the adverse effect of climate change. Analytical approach known as the Common Methodology, one of the IPCC developed methodologies was used to evaluate the extent of the impact of sea level rise on infrastructure and human settlement at risk in the study site. The vulnerability assessment on infrastructure was quantitative. The study on the vulnerability to the impact of Sea Level Rise (SLR) had identified significant potential damage on important infrastructures and Scio-economic activities. If no action is taken 50 % of Massawa city and many islands will be at risk as simulated by GIS for various extents of SLR. A number of adaptation options were suggested including employing the retreat, accommodation and protection methods, constructing two meters high and 25 km long seawall protection to the hinterland where economic activities are being carried out, the development of an Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plan (ICZMP), promote coastal vegetation, particularly mangroves and development of appropriate institutional and technical capacities for the establishment of comprehensive ecological, oceanographic and meteorological information system. Nonetheless, this study did not address vulnerability assessment on the impact of climate change on coastal ecosystem, fisheries and associated socio-economic activities.

4.3.1.5 Human Health

The vulnerability assessment in the Human Health Sector addressed two key issues including estimating the current distribution and burden of climate sensitive diseases and the future health impacts attributable to climate change. Malaria was the main concern of this quantitative study. GCMs were used to project the case of malaria during climate change. Other models related to malaria in relation to climate change were not applied in this study. Thirteen study sites were selected representing four agro-ecological zones out of six in the country. The results of the studies showed that Malaria is an endemic health problem in these areas, becoming an epidemic at times. Plasmodium falciparum parasite affects all age groups but is more serious in age group 5 years and above. The highest risk areas of malaria are observed in western and southwestern lowlands while the lowest is in the central highlands. The appearance of malaria at altitudes close to 2000 meters will be a new phenomenon in the country. A number of adaptation options were suggested under broad headings. These broad headings were Environmental Control Option, Biological Control Option and Socio-economic Control Measures.

4.3.1.6 Gaps, Updates, Uncertainties, Barriers and Priorities in the V & A assessments

Gaps, uncertainties and barriers have been identified in the Eritrean Initial National Communication (EINC) under vulnerability and adaptation assessments. The main limitations of the vulnerability and adaptation assessments include methodological, institutional, technical, financial and lack of data and information. Methodologically, impact assessments in the five sectors applied climate scenarios, technical guidelines for assessing climate change impacts and adaptations, General Circulation Models (GCMs) and impact models. However, the absence of environmental, socio-economic and sea-level scenarios increased uncertainties in the vulnerability and adaptation study results of all sectors. The uncertainties should be stressed with all of these scenarios. Additionally, the time horizon for the non-climatic scenarios should be linked to that of the climatic scenarios. The adaptation strategies and measures recommended in the EINC lacked evaluation and prioritization process. Evaluating and prioritizing adaptation options in terms of costs, practicability, environmental and cultural appropriateness is critical. Integration of effects in all impact

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assessment in the five sectors lacked important sectoral linkages and associated effects. Integration of effects helps achieve a better understanding of indirect and cumulative effects. There is a need for institutional arrangement such as the formation of vulnerability and adaptation assessment working group in order to sustain the process of vulnerability and adaptation assessments. This will help make the V & A assessments a continuous process. The technical capacity of this working group should be strengthened so as to manipulate climate change and socio-economic scenarios, impact and adaptation frameworks as well as applying the various impact models and decision making tools. Important sectors significant for the livelihood of the population and the economy including terrestrial and marine ecosystems, human settlements, infrastructure, industry, energy, livestock, etc have not been covered by V & A assessments due to financial limitation. There are still chronic data and information gaps in the five sectors covered by V & A assessments. In all these sectors, there are several barriers to implement the adaptation options identified including legal arrangements, institutional management, financial and technological aspects. Opportunities include policies and plans. There has been no follow-up work since the submission of the EINC on the priorities identified especially those on the adaptation measures. Identified barriers to implement adaptation options include legal, institutional, financial, low level education and lack of information.

Prepare project proposals on adaptation and mitigation for funding;

Based on the stocktaking, stakeholder consultation, gaps identified, uncertainties and barriers for adaptation in the EINC, the following priority activities for SNC are identified:

Formation of the thematic working group on vulnerability and adaptation assessment;

Develop environmental, socio economic and sea-level scenarios using models appropriate to Eritrean conditions;

Review the existing scenarios for climate change in Eritrea by applying the most recent updated version of MAGICC-SCENGEN and examine climatic conditions for Eritrea;

Organize training on how to develop climatic, environmental, sea-level and socio economic scenarios for V & A working group;

Update the vulnerability assessment of Barley and Sorghum to climate change carried out in EINC by using baseline environmental and socio-economic scenarios and integrated assessment;

Conduct vulnerability assessment on Livestock production at national level;

Conduct vulnerability assessment on pearl millet to the adverse impact of climate change in the highland and western lowlands;

Organize training on approaches used to assess biophysical impacts including Agro climatic indices and GIS, Statistical models and yield functions and Process-based models such as DSSAT, EPIC, WOFOST, CERES-Millet, RESCAP and CROPWAT;

Organize training on impact and adaptation frameworks including cross-sectoral and multisector integration methods for V & A working group;

Upgrade and strengthen the planning and management capacity of Land Resource & Crop Production Department including zoba officies in collection, processing, forecasting and presenting of agronomic information Geographic Information Systems (GIS);

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Organize training for extension workers, agro- pastoralists, pastoralists and farmers to improve the existing traditional knowledge and skill on the state of cultivar, rangelands, livestock systems and management factors and vulnerability to climate change;

Assessment of the potential of underground water resources in Eritrea as a basis for vulnerability assessment on ground water quantity and quality ;

Assessment of the irrigation potential of Gash-Barka river basin as a basis for vulnerability assessment on the water irrigation potential of this basin;

Vulnerability assessment on the spatial and temporal distribution of summer rainfall to climate change;

Organize training for V & A working group, water resource planners, developers, managers, operators, policy makers and other related stakeholders including zoba offices on Integrated Water Resource Models (IWRMs) including watershed models, water planning models, water operations models and an economic optimization model;

Upgrade and strengthen the capacities of the meteorological and hydrological institutions in collection, processing, forecasting and presenting of hydro-met information;

Vulnerability assessment on the woodland ecosystem of the Southwestern lowland and Riverine

forest ecosystem of Western lowland;

Improve the previous vulnerability assessment on the highland forest by modifying the existing

model by incorporating natural classification schemes to suit the Eritrean environment;

Organize training for V & A working group on the use and application of the Holdridge Life

Zone Classification as modified to fit the Eritrean situation, Forest Gap Model and General

Circulation Models in the vulnerability assessment to climate change;

Organize training for V & A working group and other relevant actors on the use planning tools

such as Environmental Impact Assessment, Geographical Information System (GIS) and remote

sensing on planning and monitoring of development projects within and in buffer zones of forest

and woodland ecosystems;

Organize training for extension workers, forest guards, communities and farmers to improve their knowledge and skill on wildlife and forestry management factors and their vulnerability to climate change and human made pressures;

Vulnerability assessment on marine ecosystem to the adverse effects of climate change including SLR;

Vulnerability assessment on freshwater resources to the adverse effects of climate change including SLR along the coastal area;

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Organize training for V&A working group on Coastal Zone Integrated Assessment Models such

as DIVA (Dynamic and Interactive Vulnerability Assessment);

Organize training for V & A working group and other relevant actors on the use of planning

tools such as Environmental Impact Assessment, Geographical Information system (GIS) and

Remote Sensing on planning and monitoring of development projects in the coastal environment;

Improve the previous assessment of impacts climate change on malaria incidence and distribution using MARA/ARMA (Mapping Malaria Risk in Africa/Atlas du Risque de la Malaria en Afrique available at http://www.mara.org.za;

Assessment of impacts of climate change on dengue fever incidence and distribution DENSiM (Dengue Simulation Model) available at focks@gainsville.usda.ifl.edu;

Assessment of impacts of climate change on climate related measure diseases in Eritrea such as schistosomiasis, Diarrhea and Malnutrition;

Organize training on the various human health vulnerability assessment models including

MARA/ARMA, MIASMA, DENSiM, and Comparative Risk Assessment methods;

Carry out Cost-effectiveness, Cost-benefit and Multi Criteria Analysis (MCA) of proposed

adaptation measures;

Identify high priority adaptation strategies and measures; and

Synthesize information and prepare a national adaptation plan of action building NAPA

The fact that much of the country’s priorities are V & A assessments indicates that adaptation to the adverse effects of climate change is the single most priority of Eritrea as a Least Developed Country with least adaptive capacity.

Various methods/approaches, impact models and decision support tools will be used in the SNC for V & A assessments. The sectors to be covered in the SNC will be similar to that of the EINC except the addition of livestock sector in the SNC. In developing national scenarios, appropriate Baseline climatologies and climate change scenarios and Socio-economic scenarios will be used. The regional climate models and integrated models such as MAGICC/SCENGEN http://www.cgd.ucar.edu/cas/ACACIA/publications/magicc.html, MAGICC/SCENGEN Workbook (Wigley et al., 2004), PRECIS http://www.metoffice.com/research/hadleycentre/models/PRECIS.html, Statistical Down Scaling Model (SDSM) (R.Wilby et al., 2000) will be used for climate scenarios. The Guidance Materials on Spatially Distributed Socio-economic Projects of Population and GDP per Unit Area (S.Gaffin, G.Yeman., A.Mellinger, CIESIN, 2002) will be used for Socio-economic Scenarios. In conducting vulnerability and adaptation assessment, appropriate impact and adaptation frameworks will be used in the SNC. These options include the UNEP Handbook on Methods for Climate Impact Assessment and Adaptation Strategies ( Feenstra, J.F., I.Burton, J.B. Smith, R.S.J.Tol, 1998), An Adaptation Policy Framework: (UNDP-GEF, 2004), Methodologies and Tools to Evaluate Strategies for Adaptation to Climate Change (UNFCCC, 2000), Annotated guidelines for the preparation of national adaptation programmes of action http://unfccc.int/text/program/sd/idc/documents/annguide.pdf, Integrated modeling system for climate change impact and adaptation assessment (IGCI) http://www.waikato.ac.nz/igci/modelling/modelling1.html, Multi Criteria Analysis (MCA), the Risk Decision Support Methodology, Sensitivity analysis of results and Compendium of Decision Tools to Evaluate Strategies for Adaptation to climate Change

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(www.unfccc.int/issues/meth_tools.html. Specific impact models will be used for sectoral impact analysis (please see the individual proposed activities) as appropriate.

At the end of the assessment, a workshop will be held to review the results of the adaptation options and strategies. Policy makers and other stakeholders will be invited to participate in the workshop, so as to enhance their awareness on the various adaptation options, which should be taken into consideration in national development planning.

4.3.2 Programs containing measures to mitigate climate change

The EINC highlighted that GHG emission is not a priority for Eritrea as it is still in its early stage of developing its economy. Nonetheless, if some mitigation options could help its sustainable development objectives then Eritrea would exploit such opportunities. Pursuant to the national inventory of GHG, relatively high emissions originate from the burning of biomass related issues, including LUCF, and the consumption of fossil fuel in the energy and transport sectors. In relation to these sectors and analysis of the existing social, economical and environmental circumstances, some mitigation options were identified.

Gaps, uncertainties and barriers have been identified in the Eritrean Initial National Communication (EINC) under measures to mitigate climate change in the energy, transport, and LUCF sectors. The main gap of the assessments has been the absence of methods and models, including both Bottom-up and Top-down. There have been no elaborations of cost of implementation, mitigation potential, environmental and social benefits and constraints of implementation. Because mitigation assessment may include a detailed evaluation of specific programs and policies, the steps taken should be well elaborated and should include the description of the social and economic development framework for climate change mitigation and the main national economic and social development trends including expected GHG emissions in the various development sectors. The assessment did not also include information on the barriers and opportunities for implementation including financial support, assessment of technology options for different mitigation options, institutional capacity-building to sustain mitigation work, regulation policies and further improvements of the national decision framework. There is a need to update the mitigation assessments made in the EINC by using bottom-up and top-down models such as STAIR, EM and MARKAL-MACRO as appropriate. There is also a need for institutional arrangement such as the formation of mitigation assessment working group in order to sustain the process of mitigation assessments. This will help make the mitigation assessment a continuous process. Technical and institutional capacity building is needed to plan, design, implement, and monitor the mitigation options identified. Training should be organized for the mitigation assessment working group on the use of methods and models for mitigation assessment.

Hence, the priority activities for the SNC are:

Formation of thematic working group on Mitigation;

Organize training for Mitigation working group and other relevant actors in removing barriers for energy efficiency and energy conservation;

Organize training in environmental standards in the transport and energy sectors to develop technical capacity for monitoring and surveillance compliance;

Strengthening the capacity of the Energy Research and Training Center (ERTC) under the Ministry of Energy and Mines especially in the area of targeted research;

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Organize training for Mitigation working group on STAIR, EM, MARKAL-MACRO, ENPEP, LEAP and other mitigation assessment models;

Conduct macroeconomic assessment aiming to qualitative description of main macroeconomic impacts of national climate change mitigation strategies and assessment of key macroeconomic parameters; and

Develop a series of mitigation scenarios to abate the increase of the GHG emissions in terms of sustainable development objectives with elaborations of cost of implementation, mitigation potential, environmental and social benefits and constraints of implementation; and

Prepare National GHG Mitigation Plan.

Various appropriate methods/approaches, mitigation assessment models and decision support tools will be used in the SNC for mitigation assessments. These options include Market Allocation macro-economic model (MARKAL) (http:/www.ecn.nl/unit_bs/etsap/markal), Energy and Power Evaluation Program (ENPEP) (http://www.dis.anl.gov/CEEESA/ENPEPwin.html), Long-range Energy Alternatives Planning system (LEAP) (http://forums.seib.org/leap/) and “Tecnologies, Policies and Measures for Mitigating Cliamte Change”, IPCC Technical Paper I, 1996 (http://www.ipcc.ch/pub/techrep.htm.

At the end of the mitigation assessment, a workshop will be held to review the results and the draft national mitigation Strategy for GHG Emission reduction. Policy makers and other stakeholders will be invited to participate in the workshop, so as to enhance their awareness on the importance of GHG emission reduction, which should be taken into consideration in national development planning.

4.3.3 Others information considered relevant to the achievement of the objective of the convention

4.3.3.1Technology transfer

Though technology transfer has not been addressed adequately under the EINC, the outcomes of the self assessment exercise in the other sections show that there are mitigation and adaptation technology needs in all key sectors. The SNC will design a strategy to address the basis for technology needs assessment of the country in the implementation of Article 4, par 5, of the convention.

Gaps, uncertainties and barriers have been identified in the Eritrean Initial National Communication (EINC) under Technology Transfer. Technology transfer has not been addressed adequately under the EINC. The SNC will design a strategy to address these technology needs assessment of the country to the extent possible in the implementation of Article 4, par 5, of the convention. There is a need for institutional arrangement such as the formation of research and systematic observation and technology transfer working group in order to sustain the process of technology and research need assessments. This will help make technology and research need assessments a continuous process. There is the need to train the research and systematic observation and technology transfer working group on how to apply the Technology Needs Assessment (TNA) methodology developed by UNDP and the use of technology information databases such as the UNFCCC’s TT: CLEAR and any relevant information provided by the Center for Technology Information.

Hence, the priority activities for the SNC are:

Formation of research and systematic observation and technology transfer working group;

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Organize training for the research and systematic observation and technology transfer working group on how to apply the Technology Needs Assessment (TNA) methodology developed by UNDP and the use of technology information databases such as the UNFCCC’s TT: CLEAR;

Assess the technology needs including barriers for adaptation and mitigation as well as their social, economic and environmental impacts for adaptation and mitigation; and

Promote public awareness programs focusing on the benefits of ESTs (e.g., CFL rather than incandescent lights, eco-labeling, use of “star-rated” consumer appliances, etc) and a number of demonstration technology projects will be implemented in communities/villages;

The Technology Needs Assessment (TNA) methodology developed by UNDP and the use of technology information databases such as the UNFCCC’s TT: CLEAR will be used to assess the technology needs for adaptation and mitigation.

At the end of the assessment, a workshop will be held to review the results of technology needs assessment. Policy makers and other stakeholders especially those having linkage with Small and Medium Scale Industries (S / MSIs) will be invited to participate in the workshop, so as to enhance their awareness on the importance of technology transfer, which should be taken into consideration in national development planning. Long-term program on technology transfer and information will be developed. Technology needs assessment will serve as important inputs for both the National Adaptation Program of Action and the National mitigation Plan.

4.3.3.2 Research and Systematic Observation

The Ministry of Transport and Communications, the Ministry of Land, Water and Environment and the Ministry of Agriculture have each established many of meteorological stations at selected sites for their own operational purposes.

Gaps, uncertainties and barriers have been identified in the Eritrean Initial National Communication (EINC) under research and systematic observation. Most of the attributes such as the location, distribution, and type of instruments used in each of the existing meteorological and hydrological stations do not satisfy the requirements for a national observation network. To date, there is no coastal zone monitoring system in the country. There are needs to establish strong institution to manage a national observation system, develop human resources capacity, introduce communication and information technology and investment to support these and related efforts.

Hence, the priority activity for the SNC is:

Review needs and priorities for research and systematic observation (RSO) building on existing studies.

At the end of the proposed activities, a workshop will be held to review the results and outcomes, including the draft synthesis report on research and systematic observation, with the participation of stakeholders from the public and private sectors, including NGOs, communities and civil societies.

4.3.3.3 Research to adapt to and mitigate Climate Change

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Of particular note in connection with research to adapt to and mitigate climate change are two research centers in the country. These are the Energy Research and Training Center (ERTC) and the National Agricultural Research Institute (NARI). The ERTC is involved in the installations, repair and maintenance of Renewable Energy Technologies (RETs), training of technicians and extension activities. The NARI is conducting a research on different agronomic crops including breeding for drought and diseases resistant cultivars.

There is a need to support these centers to provide the theoretical framework and data required for the development of indigenous energy resources and crop varieties. There is also an additional need to train the staff members of ERTC on the development of emission factors and emission ratios in the energy, forestry and LUCF sectors.

Hence, the priority activity for the SNC is:

Organize training for ERTC and NARI research centers in their areas of interest to adapt to climate change.

4.3.3.4 Education, training and public awareness

In reference to promoting education, training and public awareness on climate change, Eritrea has made considerable progress.

Environmental issues in general and Climate change in particular have been integrated in the national educational curriculum at primary and secondary schools. The College of agriculture and Aquatic Sciences has opened a new department, namely the Department of Land Resources and Environment. The Ministry of Land, Water and Environment and the University of Asmara are in the process of discussing the issue of institutionalizing environmental issues in the University, by establishing a separate environmental institute in the University.

Gaps, uncertainties and barriers have been identified in the Eritrean Initial National Communication (EINC) under promoting education, training and public awareness on climate change. There is a need to continue these efforts at the community and national level where relevant networking and information exchange mechanisms should be explored. There is also a need to establish Education, Training and public awareness, Capacity building and Information and Networking working group. There is a training need for this working group on climate change issues. This thematic working group will also have linkage with National Capacity Self Assessment (NCSA) Team.

Hence, the priorities for the SNC are:

Formation of Education, Training and Public awareness, Capacity building and Information and Networking working group;

Compile and analyze information on activities relating to the implementation of Article 6 of the Convention and the New Delhi work program;

Compile and analyze information on capacity-building activities building on the results of NCSA project and UNFCCC’s capacity building framework; and

Conduct public awareness campaign focused on sensitizing public sectors, policy and decision makers on the existing climate stress and climate change impact on key socio-economic sectors.

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Public awareness campaign focused on sensitizing public sectors, policy and decision makers on the existing climate stress and climate change impact on key socio-economic sectors will be conducted through national media such as national papers, radio and Tele vision.

4.3.3.5 Improved Information Technology

Access to and the use of information technology will be important to secure efficient exchange and sharing of information both within and outside Eritrea. Information networking is an important activity in any project cycle. However, during the INC, acquisition of computers and access to Internet has been limited due to financial constraints.

Hence, the priorities for the SNC will be:

Establishment of list serve for various thematic working groups to facilitate information networking;

Participation and contribution to sub-regional and regional information networks on climate change, especially those relating to national communications;

Provision of a list of national experts, including their expertise, who have participated in the preparation of the SNC;

Assessment of current capacity in information communication technologies; and

Institutional strengthening, including human resources development, technical and technological capabilities on the use of information technology for climate change information sharing;

4.3.3.6 Capacity-building

The process of the preparation of EINC has highlighted limited human, scientific, technical, technological organizational, and institutional and resources capabilities in Eritrea for fulfilling its commitments, including the reporting requirements. Based on the results of assessment in the EINC, capacity building needs have been identified in the EINC.

Hence, the priorities for the SNC will be:

Within the constraint of limited financial resources, this proposal aims to address the specific needs that have been identified in the EINC, taking into account of decision 2/CP.7, which provides that “ Capacity building is a continuous, progressive and iterative process, the implementation of which should be based on the priorities of developing countries.”

As far as capacity building is concerned, it would be appropriate to maximize the synergies for implementing the UNFCCC and other global environmental agreements, such as UNCCD and UNCBD. The NCSA would provide a good basis for such synergies.

Every effort will be made to address some of the priority areas relating to the preparation of national communication (all of its components) as identified in the initial scope of the capacity building framework of the UNFCCC.

4.3.4 Constraints and gaps, and related financial, technical and capacity needs

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Pursuant to article 4.7 of the Convention, the full participation of developing country Parties, including Eritrea, in implementing the Convention will depend on the financial resources and technology transfer requirements provided by developed country Parties. These include financial, institutional, technical, technological and human resource capacities, which is extremely lacking in Eritrea.

Pursuant to article 4.7 of the Convention, the full participation of developing country Parties, including Eritrea, in implementing the Convention will depend on the financial resources and technology transfer requirements provided by developed country Parties. These include financial, institutional, technical, technological and human resource capacities, which is extremely lacking in Eritrea. However, the efforts and coordination made to date to implement this article both by Eritrea and developed nations including bilateral and multilateral organs are below the minimum requirement. Eritrea needs capacity development in this area to capitalize on the opportunity presented by Article 4.7. The capacity gaps to be addressed include support to institutionalize preventive measures including planning preparedness of disaster relating to climate change and develop national climate and resource information system critical for early warning system.

Finally, there is a need to establish Compilation of National Communication Working Group which will be responsible for integration and sustainable development issues.

Hence, the priorities for the SNC are:

Support to institutionalize preventive measures, including planning preparedness of disaster relating to climate change and develop national climate and resource information system critical for early warning system;

Support to institutionalize NCCS;

Prepare an analysis of financial, technical and capacity needs while undertaking the activities, measures and programs to implement the Convention and improve the national communication on the continuous basis;

Compile and analyze information on financial and technical resources or other in-kind contributions made available by Eritrea for the preparation of SNC;

Compile and analyze information on financial resources and technical support provided by GEF, Annex II Parties, bilateral/multilateral institutions, for activities related to climate change;

Prepare project proposals on adaptation and mitigation for funding;

Prepare proposals for pilot demonstration projects on adaptation focusing on barriers and ways to overcome them;

Compile and assess information on technology and local know-how development needs; and

Formation of Compilation of National Communication Working Group.

Regional support may come from a planned a clearinghouse mechanism for climate change, which will be hosted at the Department of Environment. The clearinghouse and technical support will include support for capacity building, education, training and public awareness, technology transfer, research and systematic observation. Additionally, a Regional Climate Center with the help from WMO could enhance

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capacity building in climate science and its related fields to support in-country activities on climate change.

UNDP, as the GEF Implementing Agency for this SNC preparation, will be consulted on all aspects during the execution of the project. It will be fully informed of all activities and invited to participate in all technical and policy workshops related to the project, so that it can provide useful inputs and contributions to ensure the successful implementation of the project.

Technical assistance from other national, regional and international organizations, consultants and experts will be sought where and when necessary and appropriate.

Outputs and Indicators in the SNC

The principal outputs and indicators for the achievement of proposed Outputs in the SNC will be:

Set up of institutions arrangement for national communications; Thematic working group formulated in all components of the SNC; Improved GHG inventory for 2000; Baseline scenarios including Population, GNP, Technology, Institutions and Environment; Simulated current climate on 5 X 50 grids; Assumptions about changes in climate variability and extremes including drought, flood, etc; Interannual variability changes; Improved results of impact assessments in all sectors as compared to that of EINC; Simulated wide range of conditions; and Monthly, daily and sub-daily climate scenarios; Strengthened human, technical and institutional capacities to develop national communications; Baseline scenario and updated climate scenarios report to communicate to the CoP of UNFCCC;

New and updated V& A assessment report to communicate to the CoP of UNFCCC in the Agricultural, water resource, forestry, coastal environment and human health sectors;

Participation in the sub-regional, regional and international workshops on scenario development and V& A assessments;

Improved knowledge on the vulnerability of agricultural, water resource, forestry, coastal environment and human health sectors the adverse effects of climate change including climate variability and extreme events in Eritrea;

Improved human and institutional capacity to undertake vulnerability and adaptation assessments in the agricultural, water resource, forestry, coastal environment and human health sectors;

Increased national capacity to adapt to the adverse effects of climate change, climate variability and extreme events;

Policy options for adequate adaptation for climate change impacts will be identified for the agricultural, water resource, forestry, coastal environment and human health sectors;

Recommendation on areas of targeted research to improve future V & A assessments in the agricultural, water resource, forestry, coastal environment and human health sectors;

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Cost-benefit analysis, MCA, evaluation and prioritization of the various adaptation options including least-cost adaptation options and technologies will be identified for the agricultural, water resource, forestry, coastal environment and human health sectors;

A wide range of stakeholders will be involved in the vulnerability and adaptation assessments of agricultural, water resource, forestry, coastal environment and human health sectors;

Additional activities, gaps, constraints, financial, technical, institutional and research needs for capacity-building will be identified for agricultural, water resource, forestry, coastal environment and human health sectors; and

The review workshop report for baseline scenario and improved climate scenario will be prepared and presented;

The review workshop report for V &A assessments in the agricultural, water resource, forestry, coastal environment and human health sectors will be prepared and presented;

National adaptation plan of action building NAPA prepared;

Series of mitigation scenarios to abate the increase of the GHG emissions in terms of sustainable development objectives identified;

Environmental standards in the transport and energy sectors identified;

National GHG Mitigation Plan prepared;

Technology needs in the key socio-economic sectors for adaptation and mitigation identified; Needs and priorities for research and systematic observation (RSO) identified;

Information on capacity-building activities compiled in relation to NCSA project and UNFCCC’s capacity building framework;

Public awareness campaign focused on sensitizing public sectors, policy and decision makers on climate change impacts successfully conducted;

Project proposals on adaptation and mitigation for funding prepared;

Proposals for pilot demonstration projects on adaptation focusing on barriers and ways to overcome them prepared;

Information on technology and local know-how development needs compiled;

Information networks and regular exchange of information among thematic working groups and between other countries of the region;

Strengthened human, scientific, technical and institutional capacity in information networking;

Status of the constraints and gaps (technical, institutional, methodological, financial, capacity) from previous studies in the EINC;

Constraints and gaps (institutional, financial, capacity) related to Article 6 activities, which are crosscutting the NC preparation exercise and elaborate needs to overcome and fill them; and

New constraints and gaps ( technical, institutional, methodological, financial, capacity), if any related to each thematic area ( inventory, abatement analysis, V&A, etc) and elaborate needs to overcome and fill them;

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Steps taken to integrate Climate Change in Eritrea

After the submission of EINC, the government has carried out several activities in all socio-economic sectors which have linkage with the mitigation and adaptation options to climate change. Adaptation must be viewed in the context of development. It cannot meaningfully be addressed in isolation.

The energy sector has taken some measures of GHG mitigation which contributed to adaptation to climate change. Commissioning of new power station and transmission lines has the potential of reducing 45,000 tones of CO2 per year. Rehabilitation and voltage conversion in Asmara and Massawa has the potential of reducing losses by 50% and CO2 of 21,000 tones per year. Efficiency improvement of traditional woodstoves is promising. Each improved stoves reduces fuel wood consumption by 50% and 0.6 ton of CO2 per year. Renewable energy resource assessment and pilot project are in progress.

A new agricultural strategy and policy has been drafted. Regarding improvements of existing crops, technologies and traditional knowledge systems, the national agricultural research institute (NARI) is conducting a research on different agronomic crops including breeding for drought and diseases resistant cultivars. For example, pearl millet development program, Hagaz Research Station gave a result to new early maturing variety (70-76 days) and yield between 12-15 Quintals/ha on farmers field. Sorghum and pearl millet varieties were yielded 20-25 and 12-15 Quintals/ha respectively have been released from Hagaz Research Station and have been distributed to farmers. Regarding protection and sustainable use of natural resource base on which agriculture depends, different drought resistant Wheat and Barley varieties including adaptive to climate change impacts have been collected and added to the gene bank. Several NGOs and CBOs (Community Based Organizations) including government (MoA) through Warsai-Ykalo National Development Program are active in soil and water conservation and raising awareness and training programs.

To facilitate the implementation of “National Integrated Water Resources Planning, Development and Management Strategy”, a set of management tools, and polices and legislatives guidelines, taking account of climate change concerns, are prepared in a draft forms including water policy paper of Eritrea, Eritrean water law, Eritrean water quality standards, directives and guidelines for rain water harvesting and directives on groundwater works. Regarding increasing availability of water supply, several works integrating climate change concerns have been done including many rural water supply projects, improvement and upgrading of urban water supply systems, construction of ponds and small dams, construction of stream diversions, introduction of regulations, codes and standards regarding design, construction and management of rural water supply. Communities are constructing terraces, check dams, and tree planting to conserve soil and water that stabilizes catchments, increases soil fertility and enhance groundwater recharges. Recycling of the Asmara waste water is under the design stage . Regarding good water management, in areas where there are water supply shortage communities start to introduce water rationing, water tariffs and water tracking. Reduction of livestock population according to the available grazing area and water has been practiced in the highland where overgrazing is a problem. Change in land use that is short season vegetables are replacing long season or perennial crops mainly in the irrigated agriculture fields of the highland. This is mainly to cope up with seasonal groundwater level fluctuation and minimize risk.

Regarding forestry policy, the Ministry of Agriculture, in consultation with all relevant stakeholders, has prepared a draft policy. This draft has integrated many climate change adaptation issues. This draft is an integral part of the overall National Agricultural Development Strategy and Policy document. Regarding rehabilitation of the deforested sites by afforestation, enrichment planting and area closure, a painstaking works have been conducted through food-for-work, cash-for-work, student summer campaign, private initiatives etc. on different sites such as dam catchments, roadsides, school compounds, sacred areas,

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cemeteries, parks, river banks, homesteads and the like. On the issue of fire wood conservation, substantial efforts have been made to introduce improved wood stoves in the rural households by different Governmental and NGOs. In the area of research, the Forestry Research Unit of the National agricultural research Institute has conducted many works. These include: species elimination trials in various research sites, evaluation of several Eucalyptus species and provenance in some research sites, fodder species trial with Glircidia sepium, Leucaena leucocephala, etc. at different sites, agro forestry research/ demonstration trial, adaptation potential of tree planting on field boundaries.

The Government of the State of Eritrea has developed an Interim Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper in 2004. Among others, this document recognizes the negative impact of environmental degradation. For example, in order to prevent further deterioration of forests / woodlands, and to restore the forest resources, this paper identified modalities of implementation of the strategy.

Regarding Marine and Coastal Environment policy, Ministry of Fisheries developed fisheries

proclamation. This document has put climate change adaptation issues in the first place.

In the Health sector, the use of Insecticide Treated Nets (ITNs) have been shown to reduce malaria transmission by as much as 90% and to reduce all-cause child mortality by as much as one third and have been shown to remain effective under field conditions. In the Ministry of Health a Nutrition Unit has been established with an aim to promote knowledge and preparation of policy and strategy on malnutrition. The ongoing projects on nutrition under five age and pregnant and lactating mothers financed by Aid Agencies such as UNICEF, WFP, Catholic Relief Services (CRS), Concern, Lutheran World Federation, etc. are promising. The National HAMSET project supports the health sector with emphasis on mobilizing communities to utilize health services. Community awareness which have led to the success of ITN, indoor residual spraying (IRS), environmental control such as controlling mosquito breeding sites are the major activities practiced at the community level. The National Malaria Control Program has put great emphasis on conducting operational research and using the results to develop draft health sector policies and programs.

Many sectors have drafted or developed their own Environmental Impact Assessment Procedures and Guidelines that integrate climate change issues. These include Ministry of Public works, Ministry of Agriculture and Ministry of fisheries.

These and other adaptation and mitigation of climate change related activities will be reported in the SNC.

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5. Institutional Framework for Project Implementation

The NCPT, the National Climate Change Secretariat (NCCS) providing the National Climate Change Coordinator (NCCC) and the thematic working Groups will form the project management team for the preparation of SNC. This project management arrangement worked well for the preparation of EINC. However, it is now improved by far. The project Management Team (PMT) will work and undertake its tasks under the auspices of the DoE in consultation with other relevant government departments, the private sector, and NGOs.

The following thematic working group will be formed to assist with the preparation of various components of the national communication: (i) National Greenhouse Inventory, (ii) Vulnerability and Adaptation, (iii) Mitigation, (iv) Technology transfer, Research and systematic observation, (v) Education, training, public awareness and information and networking and Capacity-building, and (vi) Compilation of national Communication and integration. Each thematic working group will comprise of a number of experts drawing from public and private sectors, communities, and NGOs, as appropriate.

The NCPT will provide technical and policy oversight to the project, facilitated by the NCCC who will be assisted by one secretarial support. The NCCC will report to the focal point of the UNFCCC and be responsible for the operational program of project implementation and will be located in the DoE. The project management Unit (Focal point of UNFCCC (Director of DoE), NCCC, Secretary) will have adequate and appropriate computer and telecommunication facility, including Internet, to enable them to effectively and efficiently undertake their activities.

The SNC preparation will be executed by the DoE, with the support of various government ministries: Agriculture, Industry and Trade, Energy and Mines, Finance, National development, Ministry of Works, University of Asmara, Ministry of Tourism, Ministry of Health, Transport and Communication, Ministry of Education, Women and Youth Organizations, Ministry of Fisheries, NGOs, etc

The NCPT will meet on a bi-monthly basis to review project implementation and provide scientific, technical, policy and strategic guidance. The minutes of these meetings will be shared with all participant institutions.

There is significant difference between the institutional framework of the initial National Communication and the proposed framework for the Second National Communication. There were no accesses to internet, thematic working groups, NCCS and Secretary for national coordinator in the previous national communication. The existence of these two elements is crucial for the sustainability and continuity of national communications in the future.

6. Assessing Project Impact

The project’s goals and objectives include development and expanding technical and scientific capacity to allow Eritrea to fulfill its obligations under the Convention, including adaptation to climate change; to make the public and decision makers more aware and informed about climate change and global warming issues; and to mainstream climate change into the national development process. The assessment of the impacts of the project will be done against this background. Baselines will be established and targets set for evaluation to determine progress towards project goals and objectives.

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The project’s impact will be assessed mainly with reference to capacity building, public awareness and education, mainstreaming CC into national development mechanisms and technology transfer and information technology.

Capacity building

To what extent has the climate change office been established and is functioning efficiently? What is the level of the government support, including personnel, towards the implementation of

the project? Are trained personnel still in place and functioning with the climate change program?

Public awareness and education

What is the level of public understanding and involvement in the CC activities? Have public awareness and education materials been produced and disseminated? To what extent are training programs developed and implemented by the project?

Mainstreaming CC into national development mechanisms

What policies and strategies have been adopted at the national, local or sectoral levels as a result of national communication processes?

What institutional, legal or policy changes have been made at different government levels to address CC issues?

Technology transfer and Information technology

What is the level of participation and contribution to sub-regional and regional information networks on climate change?

What is the level of institutional, human resource, technical and technological capabilities on the use of information technology for climate change information sharing?

What is the level of dissemination and development of Environmental Sound Technologies (ESTs) and Renewable Energy Sources?

7. Budget

The total requested funding of US $ 405,000.00 is shown in Table B-1 reflects the adaptation needs to the adverse effects of climate change of Eritrea. The Government of Eritrea will provide in kind contribution which will include personnel for the project, Project Coordinator, and office and office equipment for facilitation of the project.

As a country “with areas liable to drought and desertification, arid and semi-arid areas, low-lying coastal areas, area prone to natural disasters and economies dependent on consumption of fossil fuels and associated energy products” (Article 4.8 (b,c,d ,e and h, respectively) and being least developed country (Article 4.9), Eritrea deserves special consideration under including necessary actions related to funding, insurance and the transfer of technology, to meet its specific needs and concerns arising form the adverse effects of CC. The proposed budget for each activity has been estimated and thoroughly reviewed by UNDP and the NCPT before endorsed by the focal point of the UNFCCC and the national GEF operational focal point.

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A significant portion of the funding requested would be used for human and institutional capacity building or strengthening, with the aim of building up gradually the technical team that would be responsible for preparing subsequent national communications.

8. Detailed Work Plan

The project is expected to commence in January 2007 and end in January 2010. It will take three years. The detailed work plan for each component will be prepared by the National Coordinator in consultation with the NCPT after the approval of the project, with the guidance and assistance of UNDP. Table B-2 shows the schedule of the SNC preparation process.

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8. Work plan

Table B-2: SNC Preparation Project – Schedule of Activities

Outputs/ Activities under SNC Year 1 Year 2 Year 31st Q 2nd Q 3rd Q 4th Q 1st Q 2nd Q 3rd Q 4th Q 1st Q 2nd Q 3rd Q 4th Q

1. National Circumstances1.1 Establish an institutional framework for SNC1.2 Analyses of development priorities for integrating CC

concerns into development1.3 Examine possibilities for integrating CC concerns into

national/ regional priorities1.4 Update information on National circumstance1.5 Develop narrative on waste, health, scientific, and technical

research institutions and Article 4.8 and 4.10 of the Convention

1.6 Compile information from existing sources for SNC1.7 Organize training for NCCS, NCPT, Working groups and

focal point on managerial, scientific, technical & international negotiating issues on CC

1.8 Preparation of ToRs1.9 Hiring the national consultants / subcontracts1.10 Conduct project initiation workshop

2. National GHG Inventory2.1 Formation of working Group on GHG inventory2.2 Conduct training on the use of IPCC guidelines, GPG, GPG

for LULUCF and how to develop country specific emission factors

2.3 Revise the input data for the first inventory, to facilitate the understanding of possible changes to the first inventory

2.4 Identify key- source categories of emissions and sinks of GHG

2.5 Gather available data from national sources to fill inventory data gaps and identify and develop methods for overcoming inventory data gaps if there is no available data

2.6 Undertake national GHG inventory for the year 20002.7 Describe procedures and arrangements undertaken to

collect and archive data for the preparation of GHG inventories, and efforts to make this a continuous process, including information on the role of the institutions involved

2.8 Organize workshop for presentation and discussion on the results obtained from the GHG inventory

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2.9 Prepare final GHG Inventory following the UNFCC guidelines

3. Programs containing measures to facilitate adequate adaptation to CC3.1 Formation of Working Group for V & A assessments3.2 Improve the existing climate scenario using MAGICC-

SCENGEN regional model3.3 Develop environmental, socio-economic and sea level

scenarios using appropriate models3.4 Organize training on how to develop various scenarios3.5 Update the V & A assessments of Barely & Sorghum in

the EINC using improved data & information3.6 Conduct V & A assessment on the Livestock sector3.7 Conduct V & A assessment on pearl millet production3.8 Organize training on the use of impact & adaptation

frameworks including cross-sectoral and multisector integration methods

3.9 Organize training on approaches used to assess biophysical impacts including Agro climatic indices and GIS, Statistical models and yield functions and Process-based models such as DSSAT, EPIC, WOFOST, CERES-Millet, RESCAP and CROPWAT

3.10 Upgrade and strengthen the planning & management capacity of Land Resource & Crop Production Department including zoba offices in collection, processing, forecasting and presenting of agronomic information Geographic Information systems (GIS)

3.11 Organize training for extension workers, agro-pastoralists, pastoralists and farmers to improve the existing traditional knowledge and skill on the state of cultivar, rangeland, livestock systems and management factors and vulnerability to climate change

3.12 Conduct assessment of the potential of underground water resources in Eritrea for vulnerability assessment on the ground water quantity & quality

3.13 Conduct assessment of the irrigation potential of Gash-Barka river basin as a basis for vulnerability assessment on the water irrigation potential of this basin

3.14 Conduct Vulnerability assessment on the spatial & temporal distribution of summer rainfall to climate change

3.15 Organize training for water resource planners, developers, managers, operators, policy makers and other related stakeholders including zoba offices on Integrated

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Water Resource Models (IWRMs)3.16 Upgrade and strengthen the capacities of the

meteorological and hydrological institutions in collection, processing, forecasting and presenting of hydro-met information

3.17 Conduct vulnerability assessment on the woodland ecosystem of the Southwestern lowland and Riverine forest ecosystem of western lowland

3.18 Improve the previous vulnerability assessment on the highland forest

3.19 Organize training on the use and application of the Holdridge Life Zone Classification model

3.20 Organize training on the use of planning tools such as EIA, GIS and Remote Sensing on planning and monitoring of development projects within buffer zones of forest & woodland ecosystems

3.21 Organize training for extension workers, forest guards, communities and farmers to improve their knowledge and skill on wildlife and forestry management factors and their vulnerability to CC and human made pressures

3.22 Conduct vulnerability assessment on freshwater resources to the adverse effects of CC including SLR along the coastal area

3.23 Organize training on Coastal Zone Integrated Assessment Models such as DIVA ( Dynamic and Interactive Vulnerability assessment)

3.24 Organize training on EIA, GIS and Remote sensing related to development in coastal environment

3.25 Improve the previous assessment of impacts of CC on malaria incidence and distribution using MARA/ARMA model

3.26 Conduct assessment of impacts of CC on dengue fever incidence and distribution using DENSIM ( Dengue Simulation Model)

3.27 Conduct assessment of impacts of CC on climate related main diseases such as schistosomiasis, Diarrhea and Malnutrition

3.28 Organize training on the various human health vulnerability assessment models including MARA/ARMA, MIASMA, DENSIM, and Comparative Risk assessment methods

3.29 Carry out Cost-effectiveness, Cost-benefit and Multi Criteria Analysis (MCA) of proposed adaptation measures;

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3.30 Identify high priority adaptation strategies and measures; and

3.31 Synthesize information and prepare a national adaptation plan of action building NAPA

3.32 Identify high priority adaptation measuresCarry out Cost –Benefit, Cost effectiveness, and MCA of proposed adaptation measures.

3.33 Synthesis information and prepare a national adaptation plan of action, building NAPA

3.34 Organize work shop to discuss the results from V & A3.35 Final vulnerability assessment & national adaptation plan

following the UNFCCC guidelines4. Programmes Containing measures to mitigate Climate Change

4.1 Formation of thematic working group on Mitigation4.2 Organize training for Mitigation working group and other

relevant actors in removing barriers for energy efficiency and energy conservation

4.3 Organize training in environmental standards in the transport and energy sectors to develop technical capacity for monitoring and surveillance compliance

4.4 Strengthening the capacity of the Energy Research and Training Center (ERTC) under the Ministry of Energy and Mines especially in the area of targeted research

4.5 Organize training for Mitigation working group on STAIR, EM, MARKAL-MACRO, ENPEP, LEAP and other mitigation assessment models

4.6 Conduct macroeconomic assessment aiming to qualitative description of main macroeconomic impacts of national climate change mitigation strategies and assessment of key macroeconomic parameters

4.7 Develop a series of mitigation scenarios to abate the increase of the GHG emissions in terms of sustainable development objectives with elaborations of cost of implementation, mitigation potential, environmental and social benefits and constraints of implementation

4.8 Prepare draft national GHG Mitigation Plan4.9 Organize stakeholders workshop to discuss GHG

Mitigation Plan5 Other Relevant Information

5.1 Formation of research and systematic observation and technology transfer working group

5.2 Organize training for the research and systematic observation and technology transfer working group on

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how to apply the Technology Needs Assessment (TNA) methodology developed by UNDP and the use of technology information databases such as the UNFCCC’s TT: CLEAR;

5.3 Assess the technology needs including barriers for adaptation and mitigation as well as their social, economic and environmental impacts for adaptation and mitigation; and

5.4 Prepare a synthesis report on technology assessment5.5 Review needs and priorities for research and systematic

observation (RSO) building on existing studies.5.6 Prepare a report on RSO using UNFCCC guidelines5.7 Promote public awareness programs focusing on the

benefits of ESTs (e.g., CFL rather than incandescent lights, eco-labeling, use of “star-rated” consumer appliances, etc) and a number of demonstration technology projects will be implemented in communities/villages

5.8 Compile and analyze information on activities relating to the implementation of Article 6 of UNFCC and New Delhi work programme

5.9 Compile and analyze information on Capacity building activities in accordance with UNFCCC’s capacity building framework

5.10 Organize training for ERTC and NARI research centers in their areas of interest to adapt to climate change.Formation of Education, Training and Public awareness, Capacity building and Information and Networking working group;

5.11 Conduct public awareness campaign focused on sensitizing public sectors, policy and decision makers on the existing climate stress and climate change impact on key socio-economic sectors

5.12 Establishment of list serve for various thematic working groups to facilitate information networking;

5.13 Participation and contribution to sub-regional and regional information networks on climate change, especially those relating to national communications;

5.14 Provision of a list of national experts, including their expertise, who have participated in the preparation of the SNC;

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5.15 Assessment of current capacity in information communication technologies

5.16 Institutional strengthening, including human resources development, technical and technological capabilities on the use of information technology for climate change information sharing;

6 Constraints & Gaps, Related Financial, Technical & Capacity Needs6.1 Support to institutionalize preventive measures, including

planning preparedness of disaster relating to climate change and develop national climate and resource information system critical for early warning system

6.2 Support to institutionalize NCCS6.3 Prepare an analysis of financial, technical and capacity

needs while undertaking the activities, measures and programs to implement the Convention and improve the national communication on the continuous basisCompile and analyze information on financial and technical resources or other in-kind contributions made available by Eritrea for the preparation of SNC

6.4 Compile and analyze information on financial resources and technical support provided by GEF, Annex II Parties, bilateral/multilateral institutions, for activities related to climate change

6.5 Prepare project proposals on adaptation and mitigation for funding

6.6 Prepare proposals for pilot demonstration projects on adaptation focusing on barriers and ways to overcome them

6.7 Compile and assess information on technology and local know-how development needs

7 Preparation & Submission of the SNC7.1 Formation of Compilation of National Communication

Working Group7.2 Compile a draft national communication and circulate it for

comments7.3 Conduct a national workshop to endorse the draft SNC

Finalize and submit SNC

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Appendix C: TERMS of REFERENCE

PROJECT MANAGEMENT

Post: National Climate Change Coordinator (NCCC)

Scope of the assignment

The NCCC will manage the project on a day-to-day basis and is accountable to the executing agency for the planning, management, quality control, timeliness and effectiveness of the activities carried out, as well as for the use of funds. The NCCC will ensure the regular monitoring and feedback from activities already under implementation.

The NCCC will be located within the DoE of Ministry of Land, water and Environment. The NCCC will work closely with the UNFCCC focal point, UNDP Programme Officer for Environment and the National Core Planning Team.

Duties and Responsibilities

The National Climate Change Coordinator (NCCC) will have the following duties:

Prepare a detailed work plan and budget; Prepare and submit to UNDP and the DoE, regular progress and financial reports; Coordinate and oversee the preparation of the outputs of the SNC; Ensure effective communication and adequate information flow with the relevant authorities,

institutions and government departments in close collaboration with the NCPT; Ensure appropriate stakeholder participation in the project implementation and coordinate the

work of all stakeholders under the guidance of the DoE and NCPT and in consultation with the UNDP office;

Ensure that information is available to the NCPT about all Government, private and public sector activities, which impact on capacity development, technology transfer, education, etc;

Maintain and establish additional links with other related national and international programs and other Enabling Activities such as NAPA, NCSA, NBSAP, and other national projects;

Prepare the Terms of Reference for consultants and experts; Guide the work of consultants and experts and oversee compliance with agreed work plan

and timely completion of tasks; Organize and coordinate the procurement of services and goods under the project; Coordinate, manage and monitor the implementation of the Project activities/tasks

undertaken by the various thematic working groups, consultants, sub-contractors and co-operating partners;

Assume overall responsibility for the proper handling of logistics related to all project workshops;

Manage the Project finance, oversee overall resource allocation and where relevant submit proposals for budget revisions with the help of the UNDP officer; and

Serve as secretary to the NCPT.

Qualifications and Skills

Advanced university degree in the fields related to climate change and environmental management

Minimum of 5 years of working experience in the area relevant to the project;

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Substantial involvement in the preparation of the national GHG inventory, vulnerability and adaptation assessment and the preparation of first national communication

Demonstrated ability in managing projects, and in liaising and cooperating with all project stakeholders including government officials, scientific institutions, NGOs and private sector;

Familiarity with international organizations functions and structure; Substantial experience in Government and in interdepartmental procedures; Familiarity with international negotiations and processes under the UNFCCC; Fluent written and oral communication in Samoan and English; Strong communications and interpersonal skills; Excellent computer knowledge (MS Office, Internet); and Eritrean citizenship

Post: CLIMATE CHANGE PROJECT ASSISTANT (CCPA)

Scope of Work

The CCPA will assist the NCCC in the coordination of daily activities and the organization of local travel for national experts. He/she will also be responsible for all administrative (contractual, organizational and logistical) and all accounting (disbursements, record-keeping, cash management) matters under the Project.

Duties and Responsibilities

The CCPA will have the following duties:

Manage the day-to-day operations of the National Communications Unit (NCU), particularly with respect to the provision of technical services and support;

Ensure that necessary financial, procurement, disbursement and personnel matters are effectively addressed;

Compile and/or prepare the documentation necessary for the procurement of services, goods and supplies under the project;

Ensure timely disbursement of funds from the project bank account; Maintain the project’s files and supporting documentations; Maintain the project’s disbursement ledger and journal; Prepare internal and external correspondence for the NCU; Maintain files and assist in the preparation of documentation in advance of and following all

meetings, edit reports and other documents for correctness of form and content; Organize meetings, training workshops, etc for the project personnel and the thematic

working groups, Organize and coordinate information exchange between participating institutions and

internationally; Co-ordinate and assist in travel arrangements for project personnel or for representatives

within the thematic working groups; Maintain and update the established national web site; Provide oral interpretation and written translation as required; Assist in the preparation of documents related to project activities; and Undertake other administrative/financial duties as requested by the NCPT.

IV. Qualifications and Skills

University degree;

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Minimum of 3 years of working experience in the area of project administration; Demonstrated ability to cope with spreadsheets and book-keeping; Experience in Government and in interdepartmental procedures; Familiarity with environmental issues and UNFCCC preferred Fluent written and oral communication in Eritrean and English; Strong time-management, organizational and inter-personal skills; Excellent computer knowledge (Word, Excel, Power Point, etc ); Experience with preparation of information for presentation on web site; and Samoan citizenship.

NATIONAL CORE PLANNING TEAM (NCPT)

The National Core Planning team (NCPT) will be responsible for supervising project execution. This will include evaluating project outputs to ensure that project activities are being carried out in a timely manner and to acceptable levels of quality, and reviewing the status and needs of countries throughout project implementation. The NCPT will provide a policy and technical platform for the project.

Duties and Responsibilities

The NCPT responsibilities will include the following:

Ensuring that national climate change policies and programmes are consistent with national development priorities and objectives;

Ensuring that all relevant stakeholders in the country are kept informed and consulted on the development of climate change issues and policies;

Overseeing national policies on climate change and of the implementation of the FCCC at a national level;

Coordinate and manage the overall project activities and the budget. Facilitate coordination of project activities across institutions. Review the project activities, and their adherence to the work plan set forth in the project

document. Review and comment on each year’s proposed work plan and budget. Initiate remedial action to remove impediments in the progress of project activities that were

not envisaged earlier. Developing negotiating positions and strategies for the Government of Eritrea for meetings of

the COP of the UNFCCC; Monitoring and reviewing the progress of the project against its stated outputs, including

progress reports prepared by the NCPT; Reviewing and approving the project work plan; Reviewing and approving the monitoring and evaluation timetable; Making modifications, as necessary, to the number and scope of workshops being organized

under the project; Providing strong political support and overall policy advice for the development and

realization of the project Assisting in mobilizing available data and expertise; Endorsing the detailed work plan, produced thematic reports, Final SNC Report and Action

Plans; Proposing to the Government to adopt the SNC for submission to the UNFCCC Secretariat.

THEMATIC WORKING GROUPS

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A. THEMATIC WORKING GROUP ON GHG INVENTORY

Scope of Work

The Thematic Working Group on National GHG Inventory will be formed to carry out the inventory of GHG emissions in Eritrea. The group will consist of experts from relevant ministries, institutions and agencies of government and non-government organizations. The group will ensure that specific tasks relating to the national GHG inventory is carried out in a timely manner and will ensure efficient coordination of outputs of consultants and national institutions. The activities undertaken by the national institutions will contribute to strengthening institutional arrangements for compiling, archiving, updating and managing GHG inventories.

Duties and Responsibilities

Particular duties may be as follows: Undertake national GHG inventories for the year 2000, according to the guidelines for the

preparation of National Communications (17/CP.8) Participate in the training workshop on the use of IPCC guidelines, and GPG including for

the LULUCF; Revise the input data, taking into consideration data gaps and areas needing improvement

identified in the stocktaking exercise Collect/gather available activity data from national sources to fill inventory data gaps Identify and develop methods for overcoming inventory data gaps if there is no available data

Identify barriers to obtaining existing data for key sources and propose solutions Archive relevant data for the project duration Calculate emissions for the year 2000 for all sectors Describe procedures and arrangements undertaken to collect and archive data for the

preparation of national GHG inventories, as well as efforts to make this a continuous process, including information on the role of the institutions involved

Organize (in cooperation with the NCPT) workshop for presentation and discussion on the results obtained from the GHG Inventory

Qualifications and Skills

The institutions and/ or expert individuals contracted for undertaking project activities should meet the following minimum criteria:

Sound and broadly-recognized scientific expertise on climate research in Eritrea Prior experience in inventory preparation, through involvement in the First National

Communication Highly qualified scientists working in the fields of emission factor development or data

collection methods Familiarity with the UNFCCC and IPCC technical guidelines

Expected output:

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A report of the National GHG Inventory in accordance with the UNFCCC guidelines. The report should include information on other non- direct GHGs: HFCs, PFCs and SF6 as well as CO, NOx, SOx. B. THEMATIC WORKING GROUP ON VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT AND ADAPTATION

Scope of Work

The TWG on V&A will consist of teams that have been established for NAPA in Eritrea. The group will ensure implementation of specific activities outlined below, as well as coordination of the outputs of other consultants engaged outside the institution. The activities undertaken by the national institutions will also strengthen institutional arrangements for systematic climate observation, data management and control, processing and updating of meteorological and hydrological services data.

Duties and Responsibilities

Particular duties may be as follows:

Participate in the training workshop on V&A methods and tools available for V&A assessment work;

Revise the scenarios for climate change, applying the most recent version of MAGICC-SCENGEN;

Analyze the climate changes for the period 1961-2000 for existing stations of the following parameters: temperature, precipitation, wind, cloudiness and sunshine hours,

Identify the data needs, availability and suitability, and establish datasets baselines of the assessment.

Analyze the existing climate data and parameters, by months and years Prepare climate maps using GIS technology Review the vulnerability assessment of the following sectors: agriculture, water resources,

natural ecosystems, forestry, and human health, including identification of vulnerable areas that are most critical

Describe links between climate, and socio-economic baseline conditions of the country in the most vulnerable sectors

Based on the output of the vulnerability assessment, evaluate the feasibility of available adaptation measures to meet their specific needs and concerns arising from the adverse effects from the climate change

Prepare a national adaptation action plan to implement those measures being of highest priority including clear distinction of responsibilities among the relevant stakeholders, timeframe for fulfillment/implementation of the recommended measures, financial means for implementation of the measures, and identification of possible barriers and risks.

Liaise and consult with the TWG on Technology Transfer and Research and Systematic Observation on issues relating to technology needs assessment and climatic conditions of Eritrea;

Organize (in cooperation with the NCPT) a workshop to present the results from V&A Prepare comprehensive report on Vulnerability assessment and national adaptation Action

plan; Prepare a chapter on “Programmes containing measures to facilitate adequate adaptation to

climate change,” in accordance with the UNFCCC guidelines.

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Qualifications and Skills

The institutions and experts contracted for undertaking project activities should meet the following minimum criteria:

Sound and broadly-recognized scientific expertise on climate research in Eritrea Prior experience in vulnerability assessment and adaptation process, through involvement in

the First National Communication Highly qualified scientists working in the fields of climate observation and vulnerability

analysis in the specific sectors Familiarity with the UNFCCC, IPCC methodology, MAGICC/SCENGEN and other methodsExpected output:

Completed report on vulnerability assessment and adaptation strategy for the following sectors: agriculture, livestock, water resources, coastal environment, forestry and human health.

Terms of reference for scoping and implementing the V&A component of the National Communication

These generic terms of reference for the preparation of the V&A studies identify the basic set of activities that the V&A expert/consultant will be responsible for under the supervision of the National Communication’s Coordinator. It is important to note that these generic terms of reference do not intend to limit the work of the expert but to guide countries on the general profile of the V&A expert and on the activities generally expected to be carried out.

Profile of the V&A expert/consultantThe V&A expert should be very knowledgeable and with hands-on experiences on V&A issues, have a solid understanding of the gaps and needs for developing/improving vulnerability assessments, and have technical expertise in the formulation of adaptation options. The V&A expert should be able to scope technical studies in the V&A area and design an implementation strategy to carry out the different V&A activities within the framework of the NC. He/She should also have a solid understanding of the institutional arrangements and resources required to carry out the V&A work.

Although the NC project document already provides the framework for the V&A studies, the expert should be able to advise on any adjustments if needed, both at the organizational and technical levels, for a successful implementation of the V&A studies.

Activities In general, the V&A expert/consultant should be responsible for ensuring that the following set of activities is carried out. Emphasis on different activities will depend on the scope of the work already described in the NC project document and/or on the specific activities the V&A expert would be assigned to.

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Policy and institutional issues

1. Identify the key policy issues the V&A study of the SNC project aims to address, e.g., a. to scope the scale of risks associated with projected climate change; b. to aid in the identification of priorities for adaptation;c. to support the development of a national adaptation strategy.

2. Identify the expected output of the V&A study of the SNC project on the basis of the project document, e.g.,

a. impacts assessment at the sectoral level for the given priorities identified in the project document;

b. a national adaptation strategy, including policies, programs and projects.

3. Develop a clear strategy to link the V&A outputs to national development planning. This would include, among others:

a. assessment of institutional arrangements/stakeholders engagement required to facilitate linking the outcome of the V&A studies to sectoral or national planning;

b. framework for assessing how the above linkage can be monitored and measured in the short and long terms, for instance through the development of practical indicators.

Technical issues

Scope of the V&A study

4. Elaborate on the scope (geographic, thematic, sectoral coverage, time horizon) of the V&A study, e.g.,

a. designing a strategy to build on but advance what was done within INC, and while applicable, NAPA project;

b. elaborating on the scope of studies to address sectors/regions not covered by INC, sectors/regions identified as sensitive/vulnerable to climate change, as per the NC project proposal;

c. preparing a detailed workplan for each of the study to be carried out, including a strategy to involve the relevant stakeholders, timeline, etc.;

d. designing a strategy, as applicable, to link the V&A studies with previous and ongoing related projects/activities (e.g., land degradation, biodiversity, international waters.)

Methodological framework

5. Elaborate on the overall methodological framework for the V&A study as per the project document and in consultation with the project coordinator. In doing so, the V&A expert should ensure that:

a. The proposed methodological framework is the most appropriate given the policy questions to be addressed, the characteristics of the study (e.g., sectoral focus, spatial and temporal scales, stakeholders involved, and data requirement, etc.), and data availability;

b. In-country expertise required for such a methodological framework is available. If needed, the V&A expert should develop a strategy to address technical

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capacity gaps. For instance, by exploring the possibility of applying another framework in which more in-country expertise exists, or by designing a training/technical backstopping strategy, etc.

Scenarios development

6. Identify the types of scenarios required to conduct the V&A assessment, e.g., climate, socio-economic, sea level, adaptive capacity, technology, land-use land-cover.

7. Identify the temporal and spatial resolution needed for these scenarios (e.g., national, sub-national, watershed, community, farm level, multi-decadal average, annual, monthly, daily, mean conditions, extreme events, etc.). In doing so, the expert should justify the choices.

8. Develop the strategies for developing such scenarios, e.g., model-based, expert judgment, etc.

In the preparation of the scenarios development strategy, the expert should assess the feasibility of the scenario needs and the methods for developing these scenarios, given the characteristics of the studies, and data availability. For instance, the expert would be expected to advice on alternative options to running regional climate models or other resource intensive and time consuming exercises. The V&A expert would also assess whether there is enough in-country expertise to develop such scenarios and/or identify options to address the needs for additional expertise.

Sectoral assessment (to be considered by each of the sectors to be covered in the V&A study)

9. Elaborate on the methods and tools, as per the project document, chosen to undertake sectoral assessments, e.g., numerical models, elicitation of expert views, stakeholder consultations, focus groups, etc. In doing so, the expert will advise on any adjustments needed to the options identified in the project document.

10. Provide justifications for the selection of the methods/tools considering the research questions, characteristics of the study, and requirements of data and technical expertise of these methods/tools.

11. Assess in-country expertise required to apply the selected methods/tools and prepare training/technical backstopping strategy as required.

12. Develop a strategy to integrate findings from sectoral assessment, as needed. For instance, by applying an integrated model, synthesizing sectoral information, etc.

Technical assistance needs

13. Develop a technical backstopping/training strategy to strengthen the national capacity needed to carry out the different V&A studies, This would include details on the type of support needed (training courses on particular methodological frameworks/tools, guidance material, technical documents and good practice) and the, timeline for such support.

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C. THEMATIC WORKING GROUP ON MITIGATION

Scope of Work

The thematic Working Group on Mitigation will be responsible for carrying out GHG mitigation analyses and identifying mitigation options for Eritrea. It will ensure timely and effective implementation of specific activities outlined below, as well as coordination with the outputs of other consultants engaged outside the institution.

Duties and Responsibilities

Based on the results from the GHG Inventory and future development plans, particularly in the energy and land use change and forestry sectors, develop a baseline and mitigation scenarios to abate the increase of GHG emissions

Consider the main national economic and social development trends in the analysis, including expected GHG emissions in energy, agriculture, land-use change and forestry and waste management

Extend the analysis on the side of energy consumption, including energy consumption in the industry (for heating, for technological processes), in the public sector and in the residential sector;

Revise the measures contained in the EINC according to the latest economic development, including quantitative measures in all sectors;

Identify, formulate and prioritize programmes containing measures to mitigate climate change within the framework of sustainable development

Finalize the GHG mitigation analysis using the selected tools and additional background information in order to finalize the cost-benefit analysis of the different measures, develop a series of mitigation scenarios to abate the increase of the GHG emissions

Liaise and consult with the TWG on GHG Inventory and the TWG on Technology Transfer and Research and Systematic Observation on matters relating to GHG inventories and on technology needs for mitigation;

Formulate a final national action plan to abate the GHG Emissions including information cost analysis,

Assessment of technology options for the different mitigation options in various sectors Institutional capacity-building needs to sustain mitigation work and the related legal and

institutional frameworks; Organize (in cooperation with the NCPT) a workshop to present the results of the GHG

Mitigation and draft national action plan Prepare final report on GHG mitigation and national action plan, including comments from

the stakeholders

Qualifications and Skills

The institutions contracted for undertaking project activities should meet the following minimum criteria:

Sound and broadly-recognized scientific expertise on climate research in Eritrea Experience in preparing scenarios for GHG mitigation through involvement in the First

National Communication Qualified scientists working in the related areas: Energy, Agriculture, Land Use Change and

Forestry, Waste

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Familiarity with the UNFCCC, software modeling tools such as LEAP, ENPEP, etc.

Expected output:

A Completed GHG Mitigation report and National action plan for effective response to the GHG emissions.

The proposed activities will be undertaken in appropriate sequence so as to maximize the synergies between each component of the proposed activities, as well as the efficiency and cost-effectiveness for the implementation throughout the project cycle. Some proposed that are not related to each other, such as GHG inventory and vulnerability assessment, will be undertaken in parallel.

Good practices in project implementation, such as the efficient use of financial and human resources, the engagement of qualified local and regional consultants, public participation throughout the project cycle, will be adopted where appropriate. Established guidelines will be followed, while established tools and methodologies will be used.

D. THEMATIC WORKING GROUP ON TECHNOLGY TRANSFER AND RESEARCH AND SYSTEMATIC OBSERVATION

Scope of Work

The thematic Working Group on Technology Transfer and Research and Systematic Observation will be responsible for carrying out technology needs assessment for mitigation and adaptation; and for assessing the needs and priorities for research and systematic observation in Eritrea. The group will ensure timely and effective implementation of specific activities outlined below, as well as coordination with the outputs of other consultants engaged outside the institution.

Duties and Responsibilities

Participate in a training workshop on the technology needs assessment and the use of the UNFCCC guidelines on research and systematic observation;

Carry out technology needs assessment for Eritrea Undertake an assessment of the needs and priorities for research and systematic observation

in close collaboration with Global Climate Observing System initiatives; Prepare an analysis of the climatic conditions of various stations in Eritrea; Liaise closely and consult with the TWGs on GHG inventory, Vulnerability and Adaptation,

and Mitigation on issues of relevance, especially on climate data, technologies and capacity building.

Provide substantive input to the work of TWGs on Vulnerability and Adaptation and Mitigation

Formulate an action plan for technology needs for mitigation and adaptation including assessment of technology options in various sectors, institutional capacity-building needs, related legal and institutional frameworks;

Organize (in cooperation with the NCPT) a workshop to present the results of the technology needs assessment and research and systematic observation

Prepare final report on technology transfer issues and research and systematic observation, including comments from the stakeholders

Qualifications and Skills

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The institutions and or expert individuals contracted for undertaking project activities should meet the following minimum criteria:

Sound and broadly-recognized scientific expertise on various technologies and climate research in Eritrea;

Experience in preparing a report on technology, research and systematic observation through involvement in the First National Communication

Qualified scientists working on issues relating to climate, weather, meteorology and hydrological services;

Familiarity with the methodologies for technology needs assessment and the UNFCCC guidelines.

Expected output:

A completed technology needs assessment for Eritrea and a final report on Research and systematic observation including emerging needs and priorities.

E. THEMATIC WORKING GROUP ON EDUCATION, TRAINING AND PUBLIC AWARENESS (ETPA), INFORMATION AND NETWORKING (INFNET) AND CAPACITY-BUILDING (CB)

Scope of work

The TWG on ETPA, INFNET and CB will be responsible for compiling information on the needs and priorities for ETPA, INFNET and CB in Eritrea. The group will examine ways to promote climate change education, training and public awareness building on the work EINC. The group will ensure timely and effective implementation of specific activities outlined below, as well as coordination with the outputs of other consultants engaged outside the institution.

Duties and responsibilities

Compile and analyze information on activities relating to the implementation of the New Delhi

work program on Article 6 of the Convention; Compile and analyze information on activities/tasks relating to the implementation of the

Capacity-building framework of the UNFCCC; Identify the needs and priorities for climate change education, training and public awareness

and capacity-building as they relate to GHG inventory, vulnerability and adaptation assessment, mitigation, technology transfer, research and systematic observation and other emerging priorities;

Liaise and consult with the various TWG under SNC project and the task team on National Capacity Self Assessment;

Prepare a draft National plan for implementation of Article 6 of the Convention and the UNFCCC capacity building framework;

Identify technology needs for information and networking; Conduct a workshop (in collaboration with NCCC) on ways to promote climate change

education, training and public awareness; Prepare a chapter on: (i) Education, Training and Public Awareness, (ii) Information and

Networking, (iii) capacity-building for inclusion in the compilation of the SNC.

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F. THEMATIC WORKING ON NATIONAL COMMUNICATION AND INTEGRATION OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Scope of work

The TWG on National Communication will be responsible for drafting the Second National Communication with input from the various thematic working groups. The group will ensure that all information pertaining to the SNC is compiled and disseminated for review and comment in a timely manner.

Duties and Responsibilities

Compile the SNC in accordance with the UNFCCC guidelines based on information and or reports provided by the various TWGs;

Liaise and consult with the various TWGS on issues relating to their respective competencies;

Promote the integration of climate change concerns and issues into various TWG reports; Identify and highlight evolving needs and priorities relating to the preparation of Second

National Communication and the implementation of the Convention; Prepare a final draft of the SNC including executive summary and technical annexes; Conduct a national workshop in collaboration with NCPT and the TWGs on the SNC Prepare final draft of SNC, print and submit to the UNFCCC secretariat and disseminate

through CD-ROMs and a dedicated site on the Clearinghouse mechanism of Eritrea.

APPENDIX D

Endorsement Letters (Posted, separately)

SIGNATURE PAGE Country: Eritrea

UNDAF Outcome: To assist Eritrea fulfills its obligations under the global and regional commitments and goals that it has signed.

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Expected Outcome: Eritrea’s Second National Communication

Expected Output: Eritrea’s Second National Communication submitted to the UNFCCC

Implementing partner: Department of Environment (MLWE)

GEF Focal Area: Climate ChangeGEF Operational Programme: Enabling Activity

Agreed by:

On behalf of Signature Date Name/Title

ImplementingPartner:

Government CoordinatingAuthority:

UNDP:

Budget: USD$405,000 General Management Support Fee________Total budget: ____________Allocated resources: ____________ Government ____________ Regular ____________ Other:

o Donor _________o Donor _________o Donor _________

In kind contributions _________Unfunded budget: _________

Programme Period: 2007 to 2010Programme Component: Energy and EnvironmentProject Title: Enabling Activities for the Preparation of Eritrea’s Second National Communication to UNFCCCProject ID: 00040749Project Duration: 3YearsManagement Arrangement: NEX

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