Got Energy?Carbohydrates and Lipids

Carbohydrates0Building block molecules = monosaccharides

sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugarsugar

1:2:1 CHO Ratio

sucrose

Carbohydrates0Function:

0 quick energy

0 energy storage

0 structure0cell wall in plants

0Examples0 sugars

0 starches

0 cellulose (cell wall)

glucoseC6H12O6

starch

Sugars = building blocks

0Names for sugars usually end in0 glucose0 fructose0 sucrose0 maltose OH

OH

H

H

HO

CH2OH

HH

H

OH

O

glucoseC6H12O6

sucrose

fructose

maltose

-ose

Building carbohydrates

|glucose

|glucose

1 sugar = monosaccharide

2 sugars = disaccharide

|maltose

mono = onesaccharide = sugardi = two

Building carbohydrates

|fructose

|glucose

1 sugar = monosaccharide

|sucrose(table sugar)

2 sugars = disaccharide

How sweetit is!

BIG carbohydrates0Polysaccharides

0 large carbohydrates0starch

0 energy storage in plants0 potatoes

0glycogen0 energy storage in animals0 in liver & muscles

0cellulose0 structure in plants0 cell walls

0chitin 0 structure in arthropods & fungi0 exoskeleton

poly = many

Building BIG carbohydratesglucose + glucose + glucose… =

starch(plant)

glycogen(animal)

energystorage

polysaccharide

Digesting starch vs. cellulose

starcheasy todigest

starcheasy todigest

cellulosehard todigest

cellulosehard todigest

enzyme

enzyme

Cellulose 0Cell walls in plants

0 herbivores can digest cellulose well0 most carnivores cannot digest cellulose

0 that’s why they eat meat to get their energy & nutrients

0cellulose = roughage0 stays undigested0 keeps material

moving in your intestines

Different Diets of HerbivoresCow

can digest cellulose well; no need to eat other sugars

Gorillacan’t digest cellulose well; must add another sugar source, like fruit to diet

Helpful bacteria0How can cows digest cellulose so well?0BACTERIA live in their stomachs & help digest

cellulose-rich (grass) meals

Lipids 0Examples0fats

0oils

0waxes

0hormones 0sex hormones0testosterone (male)

0estrogen (female)

Lipids

0Function:0 energy storage

0very concentrated0 twice the energy as carbohydrates!

0 cell membrane0 cushions organs0 insulates body

0 think whale blubber!

2003-2004

Structure of Fatnot a chain (polymer) = just a “big fat molecule”

Saturated fats0Most animal fats

0 solid at room temperature

0Limit the amount in your diet0 contributes to heart

disease 0 deposits in arteries

Unsaturated fats0Plant, vegetable & fish fats

0 liquid at room temperature0 the fat molecules

don’t stack tightlytogether

0Better choice in your diet

Saturated vs. unsaturated

2003-2004

saturated unsaturated

Other lipids in biology

0Cholesterol0 good molecule in cell membranes0 make hormones from it

Other lipids in biology0Cell membranes are made out of lipids

0 phospholipids0 heads are on the outside touching water

0 “like” water0 tails are on inside away from water

0 “scared” of water0 forms a barrier

between the cell & the outside