good agricultural practice organic farming
TRANSCRIPT
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Good Agricultural Practice
in
Organic Farming
Wijnand Sukkel
2004
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Personal introduction
� Wijnand Sukkel
� Organic Agronomist
Wageningen University and Research Centre (WUR), Applied Plant Research (PPO)
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Elements for succesfull organic production
� Farm
� Knowledge
� Craftmenship
� Entrepeneurship
� Market
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Do not start with this
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Toolsbox: farming methods
� Crop rotation
� Soil cultivation
� Crop protection
� Weed control
� Fertilisation/Nutrient management
� Ecological infrastructure management
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Emphasis in farming methods
conventional organicsoil structure• crop rotation• organic manure• green manure• soil cultivation
nutrient supply• crop rotation• organic manure• green manure• mineral fertiliser
weeds• crop rotation• cropping system• mech. control• pesticides
pests and diseases• crop rotation• cropping system/
resistant varieties• pesticides
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diseases and pests
weeds
soil bornpest and diseases
releasenutrients
Influence crop rotation
soil life
soil structure
crop rotation
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Crop rotation
� Crop choice (team of players)
� Crop frequency
� Crop sequence
� Spatial layout
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Balanced Crop choice
� High and low nutrient demand
� Nitrogen fixating crops
� Intensive and superficial rooting
� High and low weed suppression
� High and low labour demand
� Different species and families
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1. Potatoes
2. Grass/clover
3. Onions
4. Springwheat
5. Carrots
6. Peas
Crop Rotation Example
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Crop frequency, general recommendations
effective for crop specific soil born pests and diseases
� 1 in 6 for species
� 1 in 3 for families
� Take also green manures into account
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Crop sequence
� Soil structure
� Pests and Diseases
� Weed control
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1. Potatoes
2. Grass/clover
3. Onions
4. Springwheat
5. Carrots
6. Peas
Crop Rotation Example
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Spatial crop rotation
2004 2005
parcel 1
parcel 2
etc.
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Nutrient management
Inputs: manure, compost, Nitrogen fixation!
• Inputs of Phosphorus and Potassium sourcesare allowed!
Losses (Nitrogen): Storage, Application, Leaching
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Nitrogen cycle
leaching
Fixation, deposition Gas emissions
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Mixed farm or seperate?
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Avoid losses and use Nitrogen fixation
� Manure storage
� Manure application
� Carefull composting
� Catch crops, green manure
� Leguminous crops in rotation, clover, alfa alfa etc
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Control of pests and diseases
Prevention is crucial !!!
There are very few effective measuresonce you have a problem!!
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Prevention, strategic
� Crop rotation
� Farm hygiene
� Clean seeds
� Variety choice
� Soil structure
� Farm lay out
� Ecological infrastructure
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Prevention, operational
� Timing of sowing
� Row distance
� Crop cover
� Fertilisation
� Irrigation
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Control measures
�Non?chemical control (mechanical, biological)
�Chemical (bio?toxins),• bio pesticide selection
• application technique, timing
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Weed control
� Again pevention!!
� Mechanical control
� Harrow
� Hoe
� ………
� Timing is crucial
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Weeding techniques in organic farming
But Weeding still needs handlabour
Nowaday’s Mechanisationpast
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Questions?
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Multifunctional Crop Rotation (MCR)
� basis for � soil fertility
� healthy and vital crops
� optimise positive and minimise negative interaction� pest and diseases,
� nutrient recovery etc.
� well balanced team of players� sequence and frequence
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specific
mobile
non specific
nonmobile
cyst nematodesRizoctonia
rootknot nematodessclerotinia
aphidsbotrytis
plutellaphytophthora
crop roptation
frequency
sequence diversity
cropping systems
Crop Rotation, prevention of pests and diseases
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Comparison yield organic?conventional
0102030405060708090
Seed p
otato
War
e pota
toSugar
beet
Onion
Carro
tBulb
selar
iac PeaSprin
gwheat
Springbar
ley Oats
Yie
ld (
ton
/ha)
Conventional Organic
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Comparison between integrated and organic systemsEU project Vegineco 1997?2002 (experimental farms)
Integrated
12
3
4
5
6
7
89
101112
13
14
15
16
0,75 * target value0,9 * target valuetarget value
Quality
production
Clean
environment
nutrients
Clean
environment
pesticidesNature and
landscape
Sustainable
use of
resources
Farm continuity
% of farms that reach
Organic
12
3
4
5
6
7
89
101112
13
14
15
16
Quality
production
Clean
environment
nutrients
Clean
environment
pesticidesNature and
landscape
Sustainable
use of
resources
Farm continuity
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Nitrogen Cycle
fertilisa
tionfix
ation
Organic N-reservesIn soil
Mineral N in soil
leaching
minera
lisati
on
denitrific
ation
green-manure
cropdeposit
ion
ammonificatio
n
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Farming practices and intentions
fertilisation crop rotation soil cultivation
Nature managementcrop protection
attractive landscape, varied nature
quality production,farm continuity
clean environment
fertile soil
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Rotation, green manures and fertilisation (org)
Crop Green manure Animal Manure
1. seed potato grass-clover 22 ton solid goat manure
2. grass-clover grass-clover 30 m3 leak water
3. sown onions/sugar beet white mustard / - 30 ton solid goat manure
4. spring wheat Persian clover 12 ton solid goat manure
5. winter carrot / chicory - / - -
6. processing peas Italian ryegrass -