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OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY EXTENSION
Introduction to GMO’s
Lee BeersExtension Educator Ag & Natural Resources
Trumbull County
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How would you rate your current understanding of GMO’s?
1. Poor – I know nothing2. Fair3. Good4. Very good5. Excellent – I could make a GMO in my kitchen
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What is your position on GMO crops?
1. Pro GMO 2. Anti GMO 3. GMO Hesitant 4. I don’t care
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What are GMO’s?• GMO – Genetically Modified Organism• ”We’ve been modifying X for thousands of years”• Yes, but…
• GMO’s typically refer to the transfer of foreign DNA that codes for specific genetic information from one species to another
• A scientific tool available to plant breeders
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Which of these plant breeding techniques is NOT considered a GMO?1. Double haploidization2. T-DNA (transfer DNA)3. CRISPR4. Biolistics5. Electroporation
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Current GMO Crops in US
University of Colorado Extension…and more
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Discovery and Development• 1907 – Agrobacterium tumefaciens discovered• Naturally occurring soil bacteria• Induces tumor growth in plants (galls)
Nature.comOSU Factsheet HYG-3301-08
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• 1930’s to 1970’s• Found transfer of DNA from bacteria to plant
• 1973 – First genetically engineered (GE) organism
• 1974 – First GE mouse• 1992 – Flavr Savrtomatoes become 1st GMO crop
Discovery and Development
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Anna Maurer - Harvard
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• Years, or even decades of research before taking the step to GMO
• Must have knowledge of target plant genome • Knowledge of problem trying to be solved• Chemistry, biology, protein shape, etc.
• Identify the target gene, and then determine method of transformation
• Identify issues after transformation• Regulatory issues
From Theory to Crop
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The Central Dogma
DNA
Genomic mitochondrial chloroplast
RNA
MessengerRibosomalTransfer
Protein
PrimarySecondaryTertiary
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EPSP Synthase – Glyphosate Resistance
One small change to existing protein results in glyphosate resistance in crops
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From Theory to Crop• Targeted introgression of genes• Flavr Savr tomatoes –gene will produce “anti-sense” copies of RNA
• Prevents the production of enzyme that breaks down cell walls
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How Do They Get Genes In There?
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• Let Nature do the the work• Agrobacterium tumefaciens
How Do They Get Genes In There?
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• Less common techniques• Less common• ”Gene Gun”• ”Whisker”• Electroporation
How Do They Get Genes In There?
KaepplerU. Wisc Bio-Rad
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Genome Editing- RNAi- CRISPR- Site-specific gene editing
- Fast, simple, cheap
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CRISPR/Cas9
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- This technology will increase the speed GMO crops are developed and released
- Genome sequencing of crops will enable rapid development of GMO’s
- Polyphenyl oxidase (PPO) – gene that promotes the degradation of cell walls - Bruising/browning- Gene found in all plants
CRISPR/Cas9
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- Crops developed from these tools “escape regulation”- Not introducing anything novel
- There WILL be more public outcry as more varieties are developed
CRISPR/Cas9
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Origin of GMO Genes• Plants• Tomato – Flavr Savr• Apple – Arctic Apple
• Bacteria • Agrobacterium tumefaciens – glyphosate resistance (RoundUp)
• Bacillus thurigiensis– Bt Corn, insect resistance• Virus• Papaya Spotted Ring Virus (PRSV) – viral resistance
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Advantages of GMO Crops• Ability to quickly (relative) develop varieties with specific traits
• Introduce traits unavailable through traditional hybridization (PRSV, potato, etc.)
• Effective pest control• Increase of nutritional value (golden rice)• Biomedical opportunities (vaccines, etc.)
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Wait, what about increased yield?
“We can’t feed billions without GMO’s”
- Crop yield potential has not increased with GMO’s
- More money, not more corn for the farmer
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OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY EXTENSION
Fast…American chestnut trees – an example• Chestnut blight wiped out the trees in the mid 1900’s
• ACF began backcross breeding in 1983• Close…maybe?
• SUNY ESF began genetic engineering in 2006• 10,000 trees in the next 5 years
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Golden Rice has elevated levels of beta carotene that the body converts to vitamin A
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Environmental Advantages
Drought Resistant Technology - Right
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GMO Crops with drought resistance genes could reduce the water requirements needed for optimal yield
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Disadvantages of GMO Crops
• Expensive to develop• High price to farmers• Some markets don’t accept GMO’s
• Public perceptions• Herbicide resistant weeds• Environmental impact
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Societal Concerns
Too much unreliable information!
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Extension
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Societal Concerns• Public perception on safety of GMO’s in food supply• NO documented evidence that GMO food is unsafe
• GMO plants do NOT produce glyphosate• Society of Toxicology – “The available scientific evidence indicates
that the potential adverse health effects arising from biotechnology-derived foods are not different in nature from those created by conventional breeding practices for plant, animal, or microbial enhancement, and are already familiar to toxicologists.” ToxilogicalSciences 2003
• Bt Corn – “EPA has determined that Bt corn and Bt cotton do not pose unreasonable risks to human health or to the environment” Nature Biotechnology 2003
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Resistance to GMO’s• Genuine concern for food safety• Science doesn’t back this up
• Concern for environment• Again, science doesn’t back this up (butterflies)
• “Natural”• Personal choice, but GMO’s are as safe as “natural” or organic options
• Think globally, act locally• Doesn’t always hold true for agriculture –Especially in USA
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What is our role?- Source of unbiased information- Are you unbiased? I’m not.
- Educate, don’t alienate- Don’t get stuck on semantics- We shouldn’t promote GMO’s while pulling down organic
- CRISPR is going to revive GMO debate