glossary of oral and maxillofacial implants - quintessence publishing!
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Glossary of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants
Editor-in-Chief: W. R. Laney
Section Editors:N. BrogginiD. BuserD. L. CochranL. T. GarciaW. V. GiannobileE. Hjørting-HansenT. D. Taylor
Co-Editors: J. A. CirelliK. DulaR. E. JungR. T. Yanase
Quintessence Publishing Co, LtdBerlin, Chicago, Tokyo, Barcelona, Beijing, Istanbul, London,Milan, Moscow, New Delhi, Paris, Prague, São Paulo, Seoul, and Warsaw
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The preparation of the Glossary of Oral and Max-illofacial Implants represents a crucial step to-wards harmonizing the terminology employedworldwide by clinicians, researchers and aca-demics who work in this field and establishing asolid basis for mutual understanding.
The International Team for Implantology (ITI)has no hesitation in endorsing this valuablework and congratulates its author, Prof. Dr.William R. Laney, his co-contributors and advi-sors on producing such an extensive, accurateand considered work.
The aim of the ITI is to promote and disseminateknowledge on all aspects of implant dentistryand related tissue regeneration. As it demon-strated with the ITI Treatment Guide series, theITI is keen to support the development of prac-tical tools for professionals in this field. As awork that lays the foundations for a shared vo-cabulary, the Glossary of Oral and Maxillofacial
Implants is sure to become an indispensabletool for every professional fascinated by the vastarray of terminology in the field and who alsohas the desire to employ it accurately and mean-ingfully.
This volume does not aspire to the impossibletask to cover all terms in this field. It has, how-ever, selected around 2000 of the most com-monly used terms from various areas of implantdentistry.
The ITI is proud to have been involved in the de-velopment of this volume and is happy to recom-mend it as a standard work from which everyprofessional in the field can benefit.
Congratulations on a job well done.
Dieter Weingart Daniel BuserITI President Chairman,
ITI Education Committee
Foreword
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As the field of implant dentistry has grown inter-nationally, so has the need for a common im-plant language. With new developments andtechnology has come an increasingly diverseand complex literature.For clinicians,educators,and researchers alike, it is time to bring univer-sal consistency to the terminology of implantdentistry.
One component of the multimedia, multi-lan-guage series by the Quintessence PublishingCompany, entitled Dynamics in Implant Den-tistry, includes an illustrated glossary that pro-vides a broadly based multidisciplinary introduc-tion to scientific terminology pertinent to thefield. From a thorough review of implant text-books and peer-reviewed periodical literature,some 5000 terms were distilled for considera-tion.Approximately 2000 of these were selectedfor inclusion and defined by co-authors repre-senting an interdisciplinary variety of implant-related interests, including surgery, radiology,hard and soft tissue biology, periodontics,prosthodontics, implant componentry, researchmethodology and statistics, biomechanics andceramics.
Closely related to the expansion of implant clin-ical practice has been the competitive technicaldevelopment and marketing activities by manu-facturers of implant system components, instru-ments, and devices. While acknowledging thatthese products are essential to the expansion ofimplant dentistry, it is important to note that theintended aim of this glossary is to focus on col-laborative science and art as the basis for im-plant therapy advancement and to minimizeemphasis on commercial hardware technologyand terminology.
The dedicated members of the Editorial Boardwho have compiled and written this first-editionrepresent the expertise of essential disciplinescomprising the broad spectrum of implant den-tistry. To the following contributors, I extend myheartfelt thanks and appreciation for their par-ticipation,cooperation,and especially their well-recognized expertise: Prof. Dr. Daniel Buser, Dr.Nina Broggini, Dr. Karl Dula, Prof. Dr. Erik Hjørt-ing-Hansen,Prof.Dr.William Giannobile,Dr. JoniCirelli, Prof. Dr. Lily Garcia, Dr. Roy Yanase, Prof.Dr. David Cochran, Dr. Ronald Jung and Prof. Dr.Thomas Taylor. In addition, Drs. Peter C. O’Brien
Preface
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and Thomas G. Wilson, Jr. have contributed con-siderably to the glossary in support of the co-au-thors.
Without the profound interest and support ofthe International Team for Implantology, thisglossary could not have progressed.
A work of this complexity and magnitude mustinvolve the collaboration of capable support per-sonnel.Ms.Ute Drewes has contributed her artis-tic skills to the creation of illuminative illustra-tions. The daily tasks of compiling and editingdatabase input have been timely and extraordi-narily accomplished by Ms.Elizabeth Floyd Davis(USA) and Ms. Änne Klebba, Quintessence Pub-lishing, Berlin. Ms. Sandra Fielitz provided secre-tarial support in Quintessence Berlin and effi-ciently managed the laborious task of preparingthe initial database from which the includedterms were selected. The final review, coordina-tion and editing of terms was superbly accom-plished by Ms. Lisa Bywaters, Senior Editor, andher staff at Quintessence Publishing, Chicago.This publication was conceived and very capablymanaged by Mr.Alexander Ammann, Project Di-
rector of Quintessence Berlin.Mr.Bernd Burkart,head of the Quintessence Berlin production de-partment, coordinated and directed all produc-tion activities.The dedication,perseverance,andcooperation of the entire Quintessence Publish-ing Company staff have been exemplary.
It is anticipated that the Glossary of Oral andMaxillofacial Implants will become a practicaleducation and communications tool for thosestudents and practitioners who have or will havean interest in implant dentistry. Nonetheless,this print resource should be considered a workin progress. New knowledge will continue toemerge and with it the need for additionalterms, revision of those existing, and deletion ofthose that are redundant or obsolete.
William R. Laney, DMD, MS
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Editor and AuthorsOral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Diagnostics/Anatomy/X-Ray
AuthorsDaniel Buser, DMD, Prof., Dr. med. dent.Professor/Chair, Department of Oral Surgeryand StomatologySchool of Dental MedicineUniversity of BernFreiburgstrasse 73010 Bern, [email protected]
Nina Broggini, DMD, MS, Dr. med. dent.Department of Oral Surgery and StomatologySchool of Dental MedicineUniversity of BernFreiburgstrasse 73010 Bern, [email protected]
Private Practice:Studio Borsa Broggini LanfranchiniVia Stazione 16828 Balerna, [email protected]
Co-AuthorKarl Dula, PD, Dr. med. dent.Chair, Section of Dental RadiologyDepartment of Oral Surgery and StomatologySchool of Dental MedicineUniversity of BernFreiburgstrasse 73010 Bern, [email protected]
Biomedicine/Biomaterials
AuthorErik Hjørting-Hansen, Prof., Dr. odont.Department of Oral and Maxillofacial SurgerySchool of Dentistry and University Hospital(Rigshospitalet)University of CopenhagenNorre Alle 202200 Copenhagen N, [email protected]
Periodontics
AuthorWilliam V. Giannobile DDS, D. Med. Sc.Najjar Professor of DentistryDirector Michigan Center for Oral Health Research University of Michigan24 Frank Lloyd Wright DriveLobby M, Box 422Ann Arbor, MI 48106, [email protected]
Co-AuthorJoni Augusto Cirelli, DDS, PhD Research Fellow, Department of Periodonticsand Oral MedicineSchool of DentistryUniversity of Michigan1011 N. University AvenueAnn Arbor, MI 48109, [email protected]
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Prosthodontics
Author/Editor-in-ChiefWilliam R. Laney, DMD, MSProfessor EmeritusDivision of ProsthodonticsDepartment of Dental SpecialtiesMayo Clinic College of MedicineRochester, MN 55905, [email protected]
ContributorsPeter C. O’Brien, PhDProfessor of BiostatisticsDivision of BiostatisticsDepartment of Health Sciences ResearchMayo Clinic College of MedicineRochester, MN 55905, [email protected]
Thomas G. Wilson, Jr., DDSPrivate Practice of Periodontics5465 Blair Road, Suite 200Dallas, TX 75231, [email protected]
Implant Componentry
AuthorLily T. Garcia, DDS, MS Professor/Chair, Department of ProsthodonticsUniversity of Texas Health Science Center atSan Antonio7703 Floyd Curl Drive, MSC 7912San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, [email protected]
Co-AuthorRoy T. Yanase, DDSClinical Professor, Continuing Education and Advanced Education in ProsthodonticsUniversity of Southern California School of Dentistry22330 Hawthorne Boulevard, Suite 316Torrance, CA 90505-2590, [email protected]
Biometry/Statistics/Research/Methodology
AuthorDavid L. Cochran, DDS, MS, PhD, MMSciProfessor, Department of Periodontics MSC 7894University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio7703 Floyd Curl DriveSan Antonio, TX 78229-3900, [email protected]
Co-AuthorRonald E. Jung, Dr. med. dent.Assistant Professor, Clinic for Fixed and Removable ProsthodonticsCenter for Dental and Oral Medicine and Cranio-Maxillofacial SurgeryUniversity of ZurichPlattenstrasse 118032 Zurich, [email protected]
Biomechanics/Ceramics
AuthorThomas D. Taylor, DDS, MSD Professor/Chair,Department of Reconstructive SciencesUniversity of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine263 Farmington AvenueFarmington, CT 06030-1615, [email protected]
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Backscattered electron (BSE) imaging High-resolution imaging of a surface using elec-tronics, similar to how a light microscope us-es visible light. The advantages of BSE overlight microscopy include greater magnifica-tion and much greater depth of field. Thismethod is most commonly performed via ap-plication of accelerating voltages of 10 kV ormore to the specimen while detecting high-energy electrons that backscatter quasi-elas-tically off the sample. For imaging of surfacedetail, the application of a lower-acceleratingvoltage results in less beam penetration,spread, and overall specimen damage.
Bacterial collagenase Any of various collage-nases purified from a variety of microbes;they preferentially cleave collagen on the N-terminal side of glycine residues and occurin several classes of differing specificity. Bac-terial collagenases are used in tissue disrup-tion for cell harvesting.
Bacterial leakage Colonization and release ofbacteria at the interface of an oral implantabutment and implant.1
Bacterium (pl: bacteria) Member of a groupof ubiquitous, single-celled microorganismsthat have a prokaryotic (primitive) cell type.Many of these are etiologic in diseases that af-fect all life forms, including humans and oth-er animals. See also: Actinobacillus actino-mycetemcomitans; Fusobacterium nucleatum.
BAHA Abbreviation for Bone-anchored hearingaid.
Balanced occlusion Existing or developed si-multaneous harmonious occlusal contact ofthe teeth throughout the dental arch duringmandibular centric and eccentric move-ments; especially important for removablecomplete dentures to achieve stability duringfunction.2,3 See also: Articulation.
Ball attachment system Specific design of amechanical attachment in which the patrixfits into the matrix in a ball-and-socket type ofrelation.Each element is incorporated into ei-ther the natural tooth as part of a restorationor as an abutment on the implant with the re-ciprocal element incorporated into the pros-thesis.The patrix,or ball, can be made of plas-tic or metal alloy of various diameters andwith varied amounts of resistance.4
Bar Round, half-round, or elliptically shapedmetallic segment with greater length thanwidth. A bar is commonly used to connectcomponents of a prosthesis such as abut-ments,crowns,or parts of a removable partial
B
B
Bar
Ball attachment system.
Patrix element
Matrix
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Bone remodeling unit (BRU) Group of os-teoblasts and osteoclasts involved in theprocess of bone remodeling. See also: Boneremodeling.
Bone scaffold Process of bone formation thatoccurs through the utilization of a scaffoldingmatrix that may deliver cells, genes, or pro-teins. The scaffold may be osteoinductive orosteoconductive and serves to maintain thearchitecture of the anatomic defect.
Bone sounding Simple preoperative proce-dure performed under local anesthesia usinga fine needle with a rubber stopper. The nee-dle is used to penetrate soft tissues to assessthe form and volume of the existing alveolarridge.
Bone spreader See: Alveolar ridge augmenta-tion, Split-ridge technique for; Osteotome.
B
Bone remodeling
Bone sounding.
Rubber stopper
Bone
Gingiva
Bone remodeling.(Redrawn from Buser et al36 with permission.)
Osteonformation
Llamellar bone
Coupling
Osteoclast
A B C
Osteoblast
A B C
Resorption Reversal RestBone formation
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Bovine hydroxyapatite material
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Bone stimulation Initiation of bone forma-tion around endosseous implants by pulsedelectromagnetic fields. Must be performedwithin very early stages of healing, ie, duringthe first and second weeks; after 2 weeks, noeffect can be measured.This principle has on-ly been used in animal studies.37
Bone strength Resistance of bone to fracture.Bone strength depends upon bone structure.The more dense the trabecular pattern, thestronger is the bone. This compressivestrength of the vertebral bodies decreaseswith age. See also: Osteoporosis.
Bone structural unit (BSU) Represents theend result of a remodeling cycle of maturebone. In cortical bone, it constitutes a Haver-sian system after a cortical remodeling unithas taken place. In cancellous bone, it is a wallor packet. See also: Bone remodeling unit(BRU); Basic multicellular unit (BMU).
Bone substitute Nonviable biomaterial for re-construction of bone, producing only a scaf-fold for formation of new bone. Supports theinherent potential for bone regeneration. Itmay be resorbable or remain in an unchangedversion at the site of implantation. It also mayassist in preservation of contour of an osseousreconstruction. See also: Osteoconduction.
Bone trap Device connected to the surgicalsuction to collect fine bone slurry within thesurgical field during the drilling of bone orharvest of a bone block for alveolar ridge aug-mentation or maxillary sinus floor elevation.Collected bone can be added to the particu-late graft.
Bone trephine Hollow, cylindrical cutting burof various diameters used to harvest cylindri-cal bone blocks.
Bony defect Alteration in the morphologicfeatures of bone.
Bovine-derived anorganic bone matrix Par-ticular anorganic bovine bone substitute witha calcium-deficient carbonate hydroxyapatitehaving a crystal size of approximately 10 nm.All proteins are removed from the bovinexenograft via various chemical and physicalprocesses. Its porous structure, like normalbone, is osteoconductive but resistant to re-sorption, although osteoclasts are identifiedin lacunae on the surfaces. The surface areais very large, and the modulus of elasticity issimilar to that of normal bone.
Bovine hydroxyapatite material See: Bovine-derived anorganic bone matrix.
B
Bone trephine. (Courtesy of D. Buser)
Bony defect.(Reprinted from Rateitschack et al38 with permission.)
Bony defect
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