glossary - nutrition and wellness

7/28/2019 Glossary - Nutrition and Wellness

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THE GLOSSARY OF NUTRITION AND WELLNESS

A(a)

Acerola cherry: Fruit of the acerola tree, a tropical tree native to the Caribbean. Also known as the Barbados cherry, the

acerola cherry is one of the richest known natural sources of vitamin C. Other natural sources of vitamin C include fruits

in the citrus family.

Alfalfa:Nutrilites primary agricultural cropfound in a variety of Nutrilite Food Supplements .Prolific mineral gatherer

due to its deep penetrating roots.

Alpha-tocopherol: The most biologically active form of vitamin E.

Alternative Farming Practices: A farming system which is environmentally sound, productive, economically viable, and

socially desirable.

Amino acids: The building blocks from which protein is made and into which it is broken down during digestion.

The nature and the sequence of amino acids determines the nature of the protein.

Antioxidant: Any substance capable of protecting other substances from oxidation. Cells can be damaged by oxygen; anantioxidant protects against this harmful effect. Antioxidants include such compounds as vitamin C, beta-carotene, and

vitamin E. The mineral Selenium is also a potent antioxidant.

Ascorbic acid: Chemical name of vitamin C.

Associated Food Factors: A term originally coined by Nutrilites founder, Carl Rehnborg. Associated Food Factors include

all the different components that make up a food. More specifically, the term is used to describe compounds in food

which are not currently recognized as essential nutrients, but which may play a role in nutrition or effect the metabolism

of known nutrients. Scientists now refer to those components collectively as phytochemicals.

AWP: Alfalfa, watercress, and parsley. The original concentrate developed by Carl Rehnborg.

-ase (ACE): a word ending denoting an enzyme. Enzymes are often identified by the place they come from and th

compounds they work on; gastric lipase, for example is a stomach enzyme that acts on lipids, whereas pancreatic lipase

come from the pancreas (and also works on lipids).


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-ate: word ending that denotes a salt of the mineral

absorption: the taking up of nutrients into the intestinal cells.

accredited: approved; in the case of medical centers or universities, certified by an agency recognized by the U.S

Depart-ment of Education.

acesulfame (AY-see-sul-fame) potassium: a low-kcalorie sweetener recently approved by the FDS; also known as ace

sulfame-K, because K is the chemical symbol for potassium; approved in Canada.

acetaldehyde (ass-et-AL-duh-hide): an intermediate in alcohol metabolism.

acetylCoA (ASS-et-teel, or ah-SEET-il, coh-AY): a 2-carbon compound (acetate, or acetic acid, shown in Figure 5-2 on

p. 155) to which a molecule of CoA is

attached.

acid-base balance: the equilibrium in the body between acid and base concentrations.

acidosis (assi-DOE-sis): above-normal acidity in the blood and body fluids.

acids: compounds that release hydrogenions in a solution.

acne: a chronic inflammation of the skin's follicles and oil-producing glands, which leads to an accumulation of oils

inside the ducts that surround hairs; usually associated with the maturation of young adults.

acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS): the end stage of HIV infection in which severe complications are

manifested. In the early, symtomless stages, the person is said to have an HIV infection.


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active solar: use of photovoltaic panels to generate electricity from sunlight. (A pas- sive solar home is built to minimize

heat- ing and cooling costs by taking advantage of the available sun and shade.)

acute PEM: protein-energy malnutrition caused by recent severe food restriction;

anabolism (an-ABB-o-lism): reactions in which small molecules are put together to build larger ones. Anabolic reaction

require energy.

anaerobic (AN-air-ROE-bic): not requiring oxygen.

anemia: literally, "too little blood." Anemia is any condition in which too few red blood cells are present, or the red

blood cells are immature (and therefore large) or too small or contain too little hemoglobin to carry the normal amount

of oxygen to the tissues. It is not a disease itself but can be a symptom of many different disease conditions, including

many nutrient deficiencies, bleeding, excessive red blood cell destruction, and defective red blood cell formation.

angiotensin: a blood protein that helps to raise blood pressure. Its precursor protein is called angiotensinogen.

anions (AN-eye-uns): negatively charged ions.

anorexianervosa: an eating disorder characterized by a refusal to maintain a minimally normal body weight and a dis

tortion in perception of body shape and weight, most commonly seen in teenage girls and young women.

antagonist: a competing factor that coun- teracts the action of another factor. When a drug displaces a vitamin from it

site of action, the drug renders the vitamin ineffective and thus acts as a vitamin antagonist.

anthropometric (AN-throw-poe-MET- rick): relating to measurement of the physical characteristics of the body, such a

height and weight


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antibodies: large proteins of the blood and body fluids, produced by the immune system in response to the invasion o

the body by foreign molecules (usually proteins called antigens); antibodies combine with and inactivate the foreign

invaders, thus protecting the body.

antidiuretichormone (ADH): a hormone produced by the pituitary gland in response to dehydration (or a high sodium

concentration in the blood); it stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb more water and therefore to excrete less. In additio

to its anti-diuretic effect, ADH also elevates blood pressure and is called vasopressin.

adaptive thermogensis: adjustments in energy expenditure related to changes in environment such as cold and to

physio-ogical events such as overfeeding, trauma, and changes in hormone status.

additives: substances not normally con-sumed as foods but added to food either intentionally or by accident.

adequacy (dietary): providing all the essential nutrients, fiber, and energy in amounts sufficient to maintain health.

ADI (Acceptable Daily Intake): the amount of a sweetener that individuals can safely consume each day over the cours

of a lifetime without adverse effect. It includes a 100-fold safety factor.

adipose (ADD-ih-poce) tissue: the body's fat tissue, which consists of masses of fat-storing cells.

adolescence: the period from the beginning of puberty until maturity.

adrenalglands: glands adjacent to, and just above, each kidney.

adversereactions: unusual responses to food (including intolerances and allergies).

aerobic (air-ROE-bic): requiring oxygen.


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aflatoxin: potent cancer-causing toxin produced by the moldAspergillus flavus that infects grains and peanuts. The

USDA tests grains and peanuts grown in this country for aflatoxin contamination.

AIDS-related complex (ARC): a condition of mild AIDS symptoms that sometimes occurs early in the course of the

disease AIDS.

alcohol dehydrogenase: an enzyme that converts ethanol to acetaldehyde. The MEOS also oxidizes alcohol (see

MEOS).

antigen: a substance that elicits the formation of antibodies or an inflammation reaction from the immune system. A

bac- terium, a virus, a toxin, and a protein in food that causes allergy are all examples of foreign antigens.

antimicrobialagents: preservatives that prevent microorganisms from growing.

antioxidant: a compound that protects others from oxidation by being oxidized itself. An antioxidant donates Some

electrons to another substance; that substance becomes reduced as the antioxidant simultaneously becomes oxidized.

nutrient have been identified as anti oxidants . The anti oxidants are substances that are able to protect othersubstances from oxidation caused by pollution, smoking, sun bathing and eating deep fried fatty food. This is important

because oxidation damages cells. Anti oxidants helps protect cells against this harmful effect. The main anti oxidants

are vitamin C, E and Beta Carotene .

antipromoters: with respect to cancer, factors that oppose its development.

appendix: a narrow blind sac extending from the beginning of the colon; a vestigial organ with no known function.

appetite: the psychological desire to eat or an interest in food; a positive sensation that accompanies the sight, smell, o

thought of food.

arachidonic (a-RACK-ih-DON-ic) acid: an omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid with 20 carbons and four double bond

(20:4); synthesized from linoleic acid.

artery: a vessel that carries blood away from the heart.


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artesianwater: water that is drawn from a well that taps a confined aquifer in which the water level stands above the

natural water table.

arthritis: a usually painful inflammation of a joint caused by many conditions, including infections, metabolic

disturbances, or injury; joint structure is usually altered, with loss of function.

artificialcolors: certified food colors added to enhance appearance. (Certified means approved by the FDA.)

aldosterone (al-DOS-ter-own): a hormone secreted by the adrenal glands that stimulates the reabsorption of sodium

by the kidneys; aldosterone also regulates chloride and potassium concentrations.

alitame (AL-ih-tame): a compound of two amino acids (alanine and aspartic acid) that is 2000 times sweeter than

sucrose; FDA approval pending.

alkalosis (alka-LOE-sis): above-normal alkalinity (base) in the blood and body fluids.

alpha-lactalbumin (lact-AL-byoo-min): the chief protein in human breast milk, as opposed to casein (CAY-seen), the chieprotein in cows milk.

alpha-tocopherol: the most biologically active vitamin E compound.

alternative agriculture: agriculture practiced on a small scale using individualized approaches that vary with loca

conditions so as to minimize technological, fuel, and chemical inputs.

amenorrhea: the absence of or cessation of menstruation. Primary amenorrhea is menarche delayed beyond 16 year

of age. Secondary amenorrhea is the absence of three to six consecutive menstrual cycles.

American Dietetic Association (ADA): the professional organization of dietitians in the United States.

amino (a-MEEN-oh) acids: building blocks of proteins; each contains an amino group, an acid group, a hydrogen atom,

and a distinctive side group attached to a central carbon atom


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.

amino acid scoring: a method of evaluating protein quality by comparing a test proteins amino acid pattern with that

of a reference protein; sometimes called chemical scoring.

amniotic (am-nee-OTT-ic) sac: the "bag of waters" in the uterus, in which the fetus floats.

amylase (AM-ih-lace): an enzyme that hydrolyzes amylose (a form of starch). Amylase is a carbohydrase, an enzyme

that breaks down carbohydrates.

artificial sweeteners: sugar substitutes that provide no energy; sometimes called nonnutritive sweeteners.

ascorbic acid: one of the two active forms of vitamin C (see Figure 10 12). Many people refer to vitamin C by this

name.

aspartame (ah-SPAR-tame or ASS-par- tame): a compound of two amino acids (phenylalanine and aspartic acid) tha

tastes like the sugar sucrose but is much sweeter. It provides 4 kcalories per gram, as does protein, but because so littl

is used, it is virtually kcalorie-free. In powdered form it is sometimes mixed with lactose, however, so a 1-gram packe

may contain 4 kcalories. It is used in both the United States and Canada.

asymptomaticallergy: adverse reaction that produces antibodies without symptoms.

atherosclerosis (ath-er-oh-scler-OH-sis): a type of artery disease characterized by accumulations of lipid-containing

material on the inner walls of the arteries.

atom: the smallest component of an element that has all of the properties of the element.

ATP (adenosine triphosphate): a common high-energy compound composed of a purine (adenine), a sugar (ribose)

and three phosphate groups.

atrophic gastritis: chronic inflammation of the stomach accompanied by a dimin- ished size and functioning of the

mucosa and glands.

atrophy (AT-ro-fee): of muscles, a decrease in size because of disuse, under-nutrition, or wasting diseases.


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B(b)

Batch record: Documentation that provides the history of a batch from raw materials to the final product.All NUTRILITE

products can be traced back to the individual plant.

Beneficials (Insects): Insects that prey on organisms that are considered harmful to plant production.e.g: Bumble bees,

butterflies, lady bugs.

Beta-carotene: The plant form of vitamin A. Called the precursor of vitamin A or provitamin A. It is converted by thebody into true vitamin A (retinol). Beta carotene acts as an antioxidant.

Bioavailability: The availability of a given amount of a substance (vitamin or mineral) that can be absorbed from the

gastrointestinal tract.

Bioassey: Process used to find out how much of the active ingredient is actually reaching the blood stream.

Biocontrols: Any naturally occurring biological product used to inhibit crop stress. Crop stress can be caused by weeds,

insects, or disease.

Bioflavonoids: Brightly colored, chemical compounds found in the pulp and rind of citrus fruits, green peppers, apricots,

cherries, grapes, papaya, tomatoes, broccoli, and other plant foods. Bioflavonoids may act as antioxidants.

Blood Glucose: Sometimes called blood sugar; describes how different sugars circulate in the blood. The main blood

sugar is glucose. The blood sugar level is usually considered to mean the same thing as blood glucose level. Healthy

individuals maintain blood glucose within a very narrow range between 60-115 mg/dl (3.3-6.4 mmol/L) in a fasting

state, and up to 140 mg/dl (7.8 mmol/L) after nourishment. High blood sugar may be a symptom of diabetes, and a low

blood sugar may be indicative of hypoglycemia.

Body Fat Percentage: Body weight can be divided into two categories lean body weight and fat weight. Lean body

weight is comprised primarily of muscle, bone, fluid, and internal organs. Measuring body fat rather than just scale

weight is a better predicator of optimal health. Scale weight does not take into account the fact that some individuals

who carry excess weight as muscle may be at a healthy weight. Conversely, some individuals may appear to be at a

healthy weight but may actually carry excess body fat. Measuring your percent of body fat will help determine if your

body composition falls within a healthy range. Following a low-fat diet and exercising regularly will help reduce a high

percent body fat.


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Buena Park: City in Southern California where Access Business Group, Home of Nutrilite products, has its headquarters

and manufacturing plant.

Binders: chemical compounds occurring in foods that can combine with nutrients (especially minerals) to form

complexes the body cannot absorb. Examples of such binders include phytic (FIGHT-ic) acid and oxalic (ox-AL-ic) acid.

basal metabolic rate (BMR): the rate of energy use for metabolism under basal conditions, usually expressed a

kcalories per kilogram body weight per hour. (Table 8 3 on p, 285 provides equations for esti- mating BMR.)

basal metabolism: the energy needed to maintain life when a body is at complete rest after a 12-hour fast (to exclude

the thermic effect of the previous meal).

bases: compounds that accept hydrogen ions in a solution.

belch: the expulsion of gas from the stomach through the mouth.

beriberi: the thiamin-deficiency disease; it pointed the way to discovery of the first vitamin, thiamin.

beta-carotene (BAY-tah KARE-oh-teen): an orange pigment and vitamin A precursor found in plants.

BHA and BHT: preservatives commonly used to slow the development of off- flavors, odors, and color changes caused

by oxidation.

bile: an emulsifier that prepares fats and oils for digestion; an exocrine secretion

bioaccumulation: the accumulation of contaminants in the flesh of animals high on the food chain.

biological value (BV): the amount of protein nitrogen that is retained for growth and maintenance, expressed as a

percentage of the protein nitrogen that has been digested and absorbed; a measure of protein quality.


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biosensor: a genetically altered microbe that provides a rapid, low-cost, and accurate test for the products of spoilage

in foods.

biotechnology: the use of biological systems or organisms to create or modify products; also called biogeneti

engineering.

blood doping: the process of injecting red, blood cells to enhance the blood's oxygen- carrying ability. Risks include

dangerous blood clotting, especially in athletes who become dehydrated, infections from non- sterile equipment

transfusion reactions, and dangers of improperly transferred blood. Blood doping is bannedin Olympic competitions.

blood lipid profile: results of blood tests that reveal a persons total cholesterol, triglycerides, and various lipoproteins.

body composition: the proportions of muscle, bone, fat, and other tissue that makes up a persons total body weight.

body mass index (BMI): an index of a persons weight in relation to height, determined by dividing the weight (in

kilograms) by the square of the height (in meters).

bolus (BOH-lus): a portion; with respect to food, the amount swallowed at one time.

bomb calorimeter (KAL-oh-RIM-eh-ter): an instrument that measures the heat energy released when foods are burned

thus providing an estimate of the poten- tial energy of foods.

botulism (BOT-chew-lism): an often fatal food-borne illness caused by the ingestion of foods containing a toxin

produced by bacteria that grow in improperly canned acidic foods.

bovine growth hormone (BGH): a hormone produced naturally in the pituitary gland of a cow that promotes growth

and milk production.

bran: the protective coating around the grain kernel similar in function to the shell of a nut; rich in nutrients and fiber.


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brown sugar: refined white sugar crystals to which manufacturers have added molasses syrup with natural flavor and

color; 91 to 96 percent pure sucrose

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C(c)

Calorie (kilocalorie): A measure of the energy contained in food. One calorie is the amount of heat required to raise the

temperature of one kilogram of water by one degree centigrade.

Carbohydrate: The principle source of energy in the diet, consisting of simple carbohydrates (sugar) and complex

carbohydrates (starch and fiber). A healthy diet should contain several daily servings of complex carbohydrates such as

grains, cereals, fruits and vegetables.

Carcinogen: Cancer-causing substance.e.g. smoke, radiation.

Carotenoids: Pigments commonly found in plants and animals, some of which act as antioxidants.

Catalyst: Substance that stimulates a particular reaction without itself being permanently changed in the process;

enzymes are biological catalysts.

Chelation: The process in which a mineral is complexed with another substance. A complex of a mineral with an organic

acid forms a weak chelate; a complex with an amino acid forms a strong chelate .Chelates are large in size and are

difficult to absorb..

Chemical: A substance produced by or used in chemistry. Not all chemicals are harmful, (e.g., water).

Chlorophyll: The green pigment of plants.

Cholesterol: A waxy, fat-like substance found in every body cell. What you eat can raise or lower blood cholesterol level.

Eating high-saturated fat, high cholesterol foods like fatty meats, fried foods, cookies, cakes and eggs contributes to highblood cholesterol. Elevated total cholesterol is a risk factor for coronary heart disease.

Clean area: An area with defined environmental control of particulate and microbial contamination. The area is

constructed and used in such a way as to reduce the introduction, generation and retention of contaminants in the area

Examples of such an area would be the weigh-up, granulation, or compression rooms.

Coating: To cover a nonchewable tablet with a very light solution for easier swallowing.e.g NUTRILOCK coating.

Coenzymes: Substances that are required for the activity of an enzyme. Coenzymes usually contain vitamins as a part of


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their structure and a metal ion as an activator.

Collagen: Biological "cement," made of a fibrous protein, that holds the connective tissue of the body together. Vitamin

C is essential for the formation of collagen.

Compost: A mixture of decomposing plant refuse and animal manures for adding nutrients to the soil and conditioning

the soil to optimize plant growth.

Compression: A term used to describe the process of compressing raw materials into tablets.

Concentrate: Nutrient-rich plant material which has been processed to remove fiber and water.

Conventional farming: Method of farming where production yields are the primary concern. This is usually achieved

through the incorporation of many agricultural chemicals into the farming system. Nutrilite does not practice

conventional farming.

Counter current extractor mixer: Used in the concentrate production process to mix liquid with raw plant materials and

extract nutrients.

Cover crops: Plants that are used in rotations, particularly legumes, for the nitrogen they supply. These plants, plowed

into the soil for humus, also loosen the soil, improve soil texture, may house beneficial insects and keep weeds down.

Crop land balance: Working with the delicate environmental system in order to optimize plant growth.

Crop rotations: Continually changing the type of plants grown over time to maintain a well balanced farming system.

Crop rotation provides a healthy soil by building soil structure, promoting soil nutrition, and inhibiting harmful insects or

the proliferation of disease organisms.

Cruciferous vegetable: A family of vegetables, including cabbage, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower and broccoli.

Cultural practices: Physical manipulation of crops and soil to achieve optimal plant growth. This is often done utilizing

farm equipment, plastics and mulches, or timing of planting and harvesting.

Current Good Manufacturing Practices (GMPs): Regulations that describe the methods, equipment, facilities, and

controls required for producing products that are safe, pure, and effective.

calcium rigor: hardness or stiffness of the muscles caused by high blood calcium concentrates.

calcium tetany (TET-ah-nee): intermittent spasm of the extremities due nervous and muscular excitability caused by

low blood calcium concentrations.


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calcium-binding protein: a protein in the intestinal cells, made with the help of vitamin D, that facilitates calcium

absorption.

calmodulin (cal-MOD-you-lin): an inac- tive protein that becomes active when bound to calcium; then it becomes a

mes- senger that tells other proteins what to do. The system serves as interpreter for hormone- and nerve-mediate

messages arriving at cells.

calorie: a unit by which energy is measured. Food energy is measured in kilo- calories (1000 calories equal 1 kilocalo

rie), abbreviated kcalories or kcal. A capitalized version is also sometimes used: Calories. One kcalorie is the amount o

heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram (kg) of water 1C.

cancer: a disease in which abnormal cells multiply out of control and disrupt the normal functioning of the body's cells

or organs.

capillary (CAP-ill-ary): a small vessel that branches from an artery. Capillaries connect arteries to veins. Exchange o

oxygen, nutrients, and waste materials takes place across capillary walls.

carbohydrate loading: a regimen of moderate exercise followed by consuming a high-carbohydrate diet that enable

muscles to store glycogen beyond their normal capacity; also called glycogen loading or glycogen supercompensation.

carbohydrates compounds composed of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen arranged as monosaccharides or multiples o

monosaccharides.

chlorophyll: the green pigment of plants, which absorbs photons and transfers their energy to other molecules, thereb

initiating photosynthesis.

chronic diseases: degenerative diseases characterized by deterioration of the body organs; also called chronic

noncommuni- cable diseases (NCD). Examples include heart disease, cancer, and diabetes.

chronic PEM: protein-energy malnutrition caused by long-term food deprivation; characterized in children by shor

height for age (stunting).


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chronological age: a persons age in years from his or her date of birth.

cytokines (SIGH-toe-kines): proteins secreted by phagocytes that activate metabolic and immune responses to

infections.

carcinogen (car-SIN-oh-jen): a cancer- initiating substance. A carcinogen is one kind of initiator; radiation is another.

carcinoma (KAR-see-NO-mah): a cancer that develops from epithelial tissue.

Cardiac output: the volume of blood discharged by the heart each minute.

Cardio respiratoryconditioning: improvements in the heart and lung function and increased blood volume, brough

about by aerobic training.

cardio respiratory endurance: the ability to perform large-muscle, dynamic exercise of moderate-to-high intensity fo

prolonged periods.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD): a general term for all diseases of the heart and blood vessels. Atherosclerosis is the main

cause of CVD. When the arteries that carry blood to the heart muscle become occluded, the heart suffers damageknown as coronary heart disease (CHD).

carotene: a vitamin A precursor found in plants; an orange pigment.

carotenoids: pigments commonly found in plants and animals, some of which have provitamin A activity. Carotenoids

are among the best-known phytochemicals plant chemicals that are not nutrients but have biological activity in the

body.

carpal tunnel syndrome: a pinched nerve at the wrist, causing pain or numbness in the hand.

catabolism (ca-TAB-o-lism reactions in which large molecules are broken down to smaller ones. Catabolic reaction

usually release energy.


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catalyst (CAT-uh-list): a compound that facilitates chemical reactions without itself being changed in the process.

CoA (coh-AY): coenzyme A; the coenzyme derived from the B vitamin pantothenic acid and central to the energ

metabolism of nutrients.

coenzymes: small organic molecules that work with enzymes to facilitate the enzymes activity. Many coenzymes have

B vitamins as part of their structures (Figure 10-1 in Chapter 10 illustrates coenzyme action).

cofactor: a mineral element that, like a coenzyme, works with an enzyme to facilitate a chemical reaction. The

cofactor maintains the structural integrity of the enzyme and may also facilitate the enzymes catalytic activity.

collagen: the protein material from which connective tissues such as scars, tendons, ligaments, and the foundations o

bones and teeth are made.

colonic irrigation: the popular, but potentially harmful practice of "washing" the large intestine with a powerful enema

machine

colostrum (co-LAHS-trum): a milklike secretion from the breast, present during the first day or so after delivery befor

milk appears; rich in protective factors.

complementary proteins: two or more proteins whose amino acid assortments complement each other in such a way

that the essential amino acids missing from one are supplied by the other.

complete protein: a dietary protein containing all the amino acids essential in human nutrition in amounts adequate

for human use.

complex carbohydrates (starches and fibers): polysaccharides composed of straight or branched chains o

monosaccharides.

conditionally essential amino acid: an amino acid that is normally nonessential, but must be supplied by the diet in

special circumstances when the need for it exceeds the bodys ability to produce it.


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caffeine: a natural stimulant found in many common foods and beverages, including coffee, tea, and chocolate, that in

small amounts may produce alertness and reduced reaction time in some people, but also causes fluid losses. Overdose

cause headaches, trembling, rapid heart rate, and other undesirable side effects.

calcium: the most abundant mineral in the body, found primarily in the body's bones and teeth.

cataracts: thickenings of the eye lenses that impair vision and can lead to blindness.

cellulite (SELL-you-light or SELL-you- leet): supposedly, a lumpy form of fat; actually, a fraud. The lumpy appearance in

fatty areas of the body is caused by strands of connective tissue that attach the skin to underlying muscles. These point

of attachment may pull tight where the fat is thick, making lumps appear between them. The fat itself is not differenfrom fat anywhere else in the body. So, if the fat in these areas is lost, the lumpy appearance disappears.

central obesity: excess fat around the trunk of the body; also called abdominal fat or upper-body fat.

cerebral cortex: the outer surface of the brains cerebrum.

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D(d)

Daily Value (DV): This number, given in percent, shows how foods meet recommended nutrient intake levels based on a

2,000 calorie reference diet. Some Daily Values are upper limits (try to eat no more than 100%) while others are optimal

amounts (try to eat 100%).

Deduster: Equipment which removes excess powder resulting from the compression process.viz. Used in tablet

compression machines.

Dehydrator: Removes moisture from plants in the concentrate production process.


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Dextrose: A simple, naturally occurring sugar also known as glucose.

Digestion: Process by which foods are broken down into smaller units so they can be absorbed through the intestinal

wall.

Digestive tract: The tube that passes from the mouth to the anus and includes the esophagus, the stomach, the small

intestine and the large intestine.

Disintegration Time: This test, approved by the US Pharmacopoeia, is a true measurement of how a product will

breakdown for maximum absorption in the body. Does not imply the tablet is completely dissolved or that any nutrients

are in solution, just means at the end of the test the only material left is a soft, palpable core, except for any pieces of

coating.

Dissolution: The process of a solid, in the appropriate solution, separating into component parts. To cause to pass intosolution (e.g., sugar in water).

Dissolution apparatus: Simulates stomach movement to test how fast a tablet will dissolve.

Distributor: An independent contractor who sells Nutrilite products.

DOUBLE X: NUTRILITE DOUBLE X Food Supplement. A broad spectrum, high potency multivitamin/multimineral

supplement containing a variety of plant materials. This is the product that made Nutrilite famous.

defecate (DEF-uh-cate): to move the bowels and eliminate waste.

deficient: the amount of a nutrient below which almost all healthy people can be expected, over time, to experienc

deficiency symptoms.

dehydration: the condition in which body water output exceeds water input.

denaturation: the change in a proteins shape brought about by heat, acid, base, alcohol, heavy metals, or other agents

Daily Reference Values (DRV): a set of standards for nutrients and food components (such as fat and fiber) that have

important relationships with health; used on food labels as part of the Daily Values

dextrins: the short chains of glucose units that result from the breakdown of starch. The word sometimes appears o

food labels because dextrins can be used as thickening agents in foods.


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dextrose: an older name for glucose.

diabetes (DYE-uh-BEET-eez) mellitus (MELL-ih-tus or mell-EYE-tus): a metabolic disorder characterized by altered

glucose regulation and utilization, usually caused by insufficient or relatively ineffective insulin.

diarrhea: the frequent passage of watery bowel movements.

diet: the foods and beverages a person eats and drinks.

dietetic technician registered (DTR): a person with an associates degree and training in nutrition, food science, and die

planning who works under the guidance of an RD (registered dietitian).

differentiation: development of specific functions different from those of the original.

digestion: the process by which food is broken down into absorbable units.

digestive enzymes: proteins found in digestive juices that act on food substances, causing them to break down into

simpler compounds.

diglyceride: a molecule of glycerol with two fatty acids attached.

diketopiperarzine (dye-KEY-toe-pie-PER-a- zeen), or DKP: a product to which aspartame breaks down during

metabolism.

dioxins: any of 75 structurally related compounds that contain both nitrogen and chlorine.

dipeptide: two amino acids bonded together.

direct calorimetry (cal-o-RIM-uh-tree): the measurement of energy output as heat energy.


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disaccharide: a pair of mono-saccharides linked together.

dissociation: the physical separation of a compound into ions.

distilled liquor: an alcoholic beverage made by fermenting and distilling grains; sometimes called distilled spirits or hard

liquor.

distilled water: water that has been vaporized and recondensed, leaving it free of dissolved minerals.

diuretic (dye-you-RET-ic): a drug that promotes water excretion; popularly, a "water pill."

diverticula (dye-ver-TIC-you-la): a sac or pouch that develops in the weakened areas of the intestinal wall (like bulges in

an inner tube where the tire wall is weak).

diverticulitis (DYE-ver-tic-you-LYE-tis): infected or inflamed diverticula.

diverticulosis (DYE-ver-tic-you-LOH-sis): the condition of having diverticula.

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E(e)

Earthworms: Very important in aerating and fertilizing the soil.At the NUTRILITE farms EGYPTIAN earthorms are used.

El Petacal: Farm located in El Petacal, Jalisco, Mexico.Primary crops include watercress, parsley,spinach.

Electrolyte: Any compound that, when in solution, can conduct electrical impulses. Potassium, sodium, magnesium,

calcium, phosphate, sulfate, and chloride are the common electrolytes in the human body.

Emulsifier: An agent that breaks up fatty material into minute particles and holds them in suspension.


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Enriched: Replenishment of some nutrients lost during food processing.

Enzyme: A protein that acts as a catalyst in accelerating specific chemical reactions. For example, digestive enzymes

break down food into materials useful to the body.

Essential amino acids: Amino acids that cannot be produced by the body and must come from the diet. These are

isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, valine, and histidine.

embolism: the obstruction of a blood vessel by an embolus.

empty-kcalorie food: a popular term used to denote foods that contribute energy but lack protein, vitamins, and

minerals. Empty-kcalorie foods are low-nutrient density foods. The most notorious empty- kcalorie foods are sugar, fat

and alcohol.

endosperm (EN-doe-sperm): the bulk of the edible part of the grain kemel containing starch and proteins.

energy-yielding nutrients: the nutrients that break down to yield energy the body can use carbohydrates, fats, and

proteins.

energy: the capacity to do work. The energy in food is chemical energy. The body can convert this chemical energy to

mechanical, electrical, or heat energy.

energy metabolism: all the reactions by which the body obtains and spends the energy from food.

enriched: the addition of nutrients to a food to meet a specified standard; often used interchangeably with fortified.

enzymes: proteins that facilitate chemical reactions without being changed in the process; protein catalysts.

emulsifier (ee-MUL-sih-fire): a substance with both water-soluble and fat-soluble portions that promotes the mixing o

oils and fats in a watery solution.

Essential Nutrient: Those nutrients the body cannot make for itself in sufficient quantity but must be obtained from

food.

Excipients: Substances added to formulas which are required to produce quality tablets, but which do not provide


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nutritive value. Examples of excipients include monoglycerides (coats vitamins to protect from degradation), magnesium

stearate (a lubricant which allows compressed tablets to be pushed out of die punch), modified food starch (thickening

agent), etc.

Edema (eh-DEEM-uh): the swelling of body tissue caused by excessive amounts of fluid in the interstitial spaces; seen in

protein deficiency (among other conditions).

electrolyte solutions: solutions that can conduct electricity due to the presence of ions.

electrolytes: salts that dissolve in water and dissociate.

essential fatty acids: fatty acids needed by the body, but not made by the body in amounts sufficient to mee

physiological needs.

essential nutrients: nutrients a person must obtain from food because the body cannot make them for itself in

sufficient quantity to meet physiological needs; also called indispensable nutrients. About 40 nutrients are known to be

essential for human beings.

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F(f)

Fat soluble vitamins: Vitamins which are transported by fats and stored in fatty tissues. A,D, E and K are the fat soluble

vitamins.

Fats (lipids): An essential nutrient that provides concentrated energy, contributes to the palatability of food, acts as a

carrier of fat-soluble vitamins, and supplies essential fatty acids. While dietary fat is vital, the practice of consumingseveral times the amount necessary for health is implicated in the development of several diseases.

Fatty acid: An organic compound composed of a long chain of carbons bonded to hydrogens. At one of end of the chain

is an acid group and at the other end, a methyl group.

FDA: Food and Drug Administration. United States governmental agency that regulates the manufacture and use of

foods and drugs.


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Fertilizer: Any material put on or into the soil to improve the quality or quantity of plant growth.

Fiber (Dietary Fiber): Found only in foods of plant origin, dietary fiber is a group of substances exhibiting various degrees

of resistance to human digestion. Cellulose, lignin, hemicellulose, pectin, and gums are the five main types of dietary

fiber. (See insoluble fiber and soluble fiber). Crude fiber represents the cellulose portion of dietary fiber.

Flexibility (Sit & Reach): This test evaluates the flexibility of the lower back and the flexibility of the muscles on the back

side of the leg. An inability to stretch far enough forward indicates tightness in these muscles. People who have low bac

problems often have a restricted range of motion in these muscles. Flexibility is related to age and physical activity. As a

person ages, flexibility decreases, although this is due more to inactivity than the aging process itself.

Fortified: The addition of vitamins and/or minerals to increase the nutrient value of food.

Free radicals: Free radicals are highly reactive compounds that can be damaging to bodily components, such as cell

membranes and fat molecules. Possibly the most important bodily defense against free radicals is the antioxidant.

Friability: A type of packaging test. This test ensures that the product will maintain integrity during packaging and

shipping.

Fructose: A sugar found in fruits and honey. Also called fruit sugar, it is sweeter than refined sucrose (cane or beet

sugar).

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G(g)

Glucose: Also known as dextrose; provides fuel for body tissues. (Blood Sugar see Blood Glucose).

Glucose amine: A natural substance secreted by the body which helps in regeneration of cartilage. However after the

age of around 35yrs secretion is stopped and needs supplementation.

Gluten: A protein found in wheat and other grains, such as oats, rye and barley.

GMPs: See Current Good Manufacturing Practices.

Granulation: A term used to describe the process of mixing raw materials together until the desired consistency is

produced.

Green manure: A cover crop that is turned completely back into the soil and allowed to decompose. Legume crops often

make good green manure crops because they also supply nitrogen. Some green manure crops can be mowed and

allowed to grow several times before being tilled into the soil.


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Grip strength: A fitness measurement which provides a very reliable assessment of general upper body muscular

strength. Grip strength can be improved with regular strength and/or weight training exercises.

glycogen (GLY-co-gen): an animal polysaccharide composed of glucose; it is man- ufactured and stored in the liver and

muscles as a storage form of glucose. Glycogen is not a significant food source of carbohydrate and is not counted a

one of the complex carbohydrates in foods.

glycolysis (gligh-COLL-ih-sis): the metabolic breakdown of glucose to pyruvate. Glycolysis does not require oxygen

(anaerobic).

goblet cells: cells of the GI tract (and lungs) that secrete mucus.

goiter (GOY-ter): an enlargement of the thyroid gland due to an iodine deficiency, malfunction of the gland, or overcon

sumption of a goitrogen. Goiter caused by iodine deficiency is called simple goiter

gestational diabetes: the appearance of abnormal glucose tolerance during pregnancy, with subsequent return to

normal postpartum.

GI tract: the gastrointestinal tract or digestive tract; the principal organs are the stomach and intestines.

gland: a cell or group of cells that secretes materials for special uses in the body. Glands may be exocrine (EKS-oh-crin

glands, secreting their materials "out" (into the digestive tract or onto the surface of the skin), or endocrine (EN-doe

crin) glands, secreting their materials "in" (into the blood).

glucagon (GLOO-ka-gon): a hormone secreted by special cells in the pancreas in response to low blood glucose

concentration that elicits release of glucose from storage.

gluconeogenesis (gloo-co-nee-oh-GEN- ih-sis): the making of glucose from a non- carbohydrate source.

glucose polymers: compounds that supply glucose, not as single molecules, but linked in chains somewhat like starch

The objective is to attract less water from the body into the digestive tract (osmotic attraction depends on the number

not the size of particles).


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glucose tolerance factor (GTF): a small organic compound that enhances insulins action.

glucose: a monosaccharide; sometimes known as blood sugar or dextrose.

gluten (GLOO-ten): an elastic protein found in wheat and other grains that gives dough its structure and cohesiveness.

glycemic (gligh-SEEM-ic) effect: a measure of the extent to which a food, as compared with pure glucose, raises the

blood glucose concentration and elicits an insulin response.

glycerol (GLISS-er-ol): an alcohol composed of a three-carbon chain, which can serve as the backbone for a

triglyceride.

galactose: a monosaccharide; part of the disaccharide lactose.

gallbladder: the organ that stores and concentrates bile. When it receives the signal that fat is present in the

duodenum, the gallbladder contracts and squirts bile through the bile duct into the duodenum.

galvanized: a term referring to metals that have been treated with a zinc-containing coating to prevent rust.

gangrene (GANG-green): the death of tissue, usually due to deficient blood supply.

gastric glands: exocrine glands in the stomach wall that secrete gastric juice into the stomach.

gastric juice: the digestive secretion of the gastric glands of the stomach.

gastric partitioning: a surgical procedure used to treat clinically severe obesity. The operation limits food intake b

reducing the size of the stomach and delays gastric emptying by restricting the outlet.

gastric-inhibitory peptide: a hormone produced by the intestine. Target organ: the stomach. Response: slowing of the

secretion of gastric juices and of GI motility.


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gastrin: a hormone secreted by cells in the stomach wall. Target organ: the stomach. Response: secretion of gastri

juice.

gatekeepers: with respect to nutrition, key people who control other peoples access to foods and thereby exert

profound impacts on their nutrition. Examples are the spouse who buys and cooks the food, the parent who feeds the

children, and the caretaker in a day-care center.

germ: the nutrient-rich inner part of a grain. The germ is the seed that grows into a wheat plant, so it is especially rich i

vitamins and minerals to support new life.

gestation (jes-TAY-shun): the period from conception to birth; for human

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H(h)

Habitat: The region where a plant or animal naturally grows or lives.

Hammer mill: A machine that grinds dry plant material into flour.

Hayssen Bagger: Bags minerals and hard caps for Double X.

HDL - High Density Lipoprotein: HDL is also known as "good" cholesterol. It is primarily made up of proteins and carries

cholesterol away from the artery walls back to the liver for disposal. HDLs are only in the body, not in food. A low HDL


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cholesterol level is a risk factor for coronary heart disease.

Herbicide: A substance used to destroy weeds.

Hi-Coaters: Machines used to spray a fine coating over non chewable tablets.

High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC): A separation/detection technique. Used to separate the nutrient of

concern, such as vitamin A, from the vitamin/mineral matrix. Main method used for vitamin analysis.

Hormone: Chemical messengers which are produced in an endocrine gland and transported by the blood to other

tissues where it influences metabolic activity (e.g., estrogen and insulin).

Hydrogenation: The process by which hydrogen is added to an unsaturated fatty acid to make it more solid at room

temperature and more resistant to oxidation.

hemorrhagic (hem-o-RAJ-ik) disease: a disease characterized by excessive bleeding.

hemorrhoids: painful swelling of the veins surrounding the rectum.

hemosiderin (HE-mow-SID-er-in): an iron-storage compound.

hemosiderosis (HE-mow-sid-er-OH-sis): a condition characterized by the deposi- tion of hemosiderin in the liver and

other tissues.

hepatic vein: the vein that collects blood from the liver capillaries and retums it to the heart.

herpes virus: a virus that can lead to mouth lesions and may also affect the lower GI tract, causing diarrhea.

hGH (human growth hormone): a hormone produced by the brains pituitary gland that regulates normal growth and

development; also called somatotropin. Some athletes misuse this hormone to increase their height and strength.

hiccups: repeated cough-like sounds and jerks that are produced when an involun- tary spasm of the diaphragm muscle

sucks air down the windpipe; also spelled hiccoughs.


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high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS): a comsyrup sweetener made especially for use in processed foods and beverages

where it is the predominant sweetener. HFCS is mostly fructose; glucose makes up the balance.

high-quality protein: an easily digestible, complete protein.

high-risk pregnancy: a pregnancy characterized by indicators that make it likely the birth will be surrounded by

problems such as premature delivery, difficult birth, retarded growth, birth defects, and early infant death.

histamine (HISS-tah-mean, or HISS-tah- men): a substance produced by cells of the immune system as part of a loca

immune reaction to an antigen; participates in causing inflammation.

homeostasis (HOME-ee-oh-STAY-sis): the maintenance of constant internal conditions (such as blood chemistry,

temperature, and blood pressure) by the bodys control systems.

Healthy Eating Index: a standard developed by USDA for assessing overall dietary quality; a single numerical summary

of degree of adherence to the recommendations of the Food Guide Pyramid and the Dietary Guidelines for Americans.

heartburn: a burning sensation in the chest area caused by backflow of stomach acid into the esophagus.

heat stroke: the dangerous accumulation of body heat with accompanying loss of body fluid.

heavy metal: any of a number of mineral ions such as mercury and lead, so called because they are of relatively high

atomic weight. Many heavy metals are poisonous.

Heimlich maneuver: a technique for removing an object from the trachea of a choking person (see Figure H3 2).

hematocrit: measurement of the volume of the red blood cells packed by centrifuge in a given volume of blood; th

volume reflects red blood cell size.

hematopoietic (HEE-ma-toe-poy-ET-ik) neoplasm: a cancer of the blood and immune system.


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heme (HEEM): the iron-holding part of the hemoglobin and myoglobin proteins. About 40% of the iron in meat, fish

and poultry is bound into heme; the other 60% is nonheme iron.

hemochromatosis (heem-oh-crome-a- TOCE-iss): a hereditary defect in iron metabolism characterized by deposits o

iron-containing pigment in many tissues, with tissue damage.

hemoglobin: the globular protein of the red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the cells throughout the

body.

hemolysis (he-MOLL-uh-sis): bursting of red blood cells.

hemophilia: a hereditary disease that has no relation to vitamin K, but is caused by a genetic defect; the blood is unable

to clot because it lacks the ability to synthesize certain clotting factors.

hydrophilic: a term referring to water- loving, or water-soluble, substances.

hydrophobic: a term referring to water- fearing, or non-water-soluble, substances; also known as lipophilic (fat loving).

hyperactivity: a disorder characterized by chronic behavior and learning problems. Behavior problems include

impulsiveness and restlessness that are inappropriate for a childs age. Learning problems reflect a short attention span

Professionals call this syndrome

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

hypercalcemia: high blood calcium that may develop from a variety of disorders, including vitamin D toxicity. It does not

develop from a high calcium intake.

hyperkalemia (HIGH-per-ka-LEE-me-ah): high levels of potassium in the blood.

hypertension: higher-than-normal blood pressure. Hypertension that develops without an identifiable cause is known

as essential or primary hypertension; hypertension that is caused by a specific disorder such as kidney disease is

known as secondary hypertension.


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hyperthermia: an above-normal body temperature.

hypertrophy (high-PER-tro-fee): of muscles, growing larger; an increase in size in response to use.

hypoglycemia: an abnormally low blood glucose concentration.

hypokalemia (HIGH-po-ka-LEE-me-ah): low levels of potassium in the blood.

hypothalamus (high-po- THAL-ah- mus): a brain center that controls activities such as maintenance of water balance and

regulation of body temperature.

hypothermia: a below-normal body temperature.

ileocecal (ill-ee-oh-SEEK-ul) valve: the sphincter separating the small andlargeintestines.

hemorrhoids: painful swelling of the veins surrounding the rectum.

hemosiderin (HE-mow-SID-er-in): an iron-storage compound.

hemosiderosis (HE-mow-sid-er-OH-sis): a condition characterized by the deposi- tion of hemosiderin in the liver and

other tissues.

hepatic vein: the vein that collects blood from the liver capillaries and retums it to the heart.

herpes virus: a virus that can lead to mouth lesions and may also affect the lower GI tract, causing diarrhea.

hGH (human growth hormone): a hormone produced by the brains pituitary gland that regulates normal growth and

development; also called somatotropin. Some athletes misuse this hormone to increase their height and strength.


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hiccups: repeated cough-like sounds and jerks that are produced when an involun- tary spasm of the diaphragm muscle

sucks air down the windpipe; also spelled hiccoughs.

high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS): a comsyrup sweetener made especially for use in processed foods and beverages

where it is the predominant sweetener. HFCS is mostly fructose; glucose makes up the balance.

high-quality protein: an easily digestible, complete protein.

high-risk pregnancy: a pregnancy characterized by indicators that make it likely the birth will be surrounded by

problems such as premature delivery, difficult birth, retarded growth, birth defects, and early infant death.

hair follicle (FOLL-i-cul): a group of cells in the skin from which a hair grows.

hard water: water with a high calcium and magnesium concentration.

HDL (high-density lipoprotein): the type of lipoprotein that transports cholesterol back to the liver from peripheral cells

composed primarily of protein.

health claim: any statement that charac- terizes the relationship between any nutrient or other substance in a food an

a disease or health-related condition.

hormones: chemical messengers that are secreted by a variety of glands in response to altered conditions in the body

Each hormone travels to one or more specific target tissues or organs, where it elicits a specific response to restore

normal conditions.

hormone-sensitive lipase: an enzyme inside adipose cells that responds to the body's need for fuel by hydrolyzing

triglycerides so that their parts (glycerol and fatty acids) escape into the general circulation and thus become available

to other cells as fuel. The signals to which this enzyme responds include epinephrine and glucagon, which oppose

insulin.

human immunodeficiency virus (HIV): the virus that causes AIDS. The infection progresses to become an immune

system disorder that leaves its victims defenseless against numerous infections.


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humoral immunity: immunity conferred by antibodies secreted by B-cells and carried to the invaded area by way of th

body fluids.

hunger: the physiological need to eat, experienced as a drive to obtain food; an unpleasant sensation.

husk: the outer, inedible part of a grain; also called the chaff.

hydrochloricacid: an acid composed of hydrogen and chloride atoms (HC1). The gastric glands normally produce this

acid.

hydrodensitometry (HI-dro-DEN-see-TOM-eh-tree): a method of measuring body density in which the person is firs

weighed and then submerged in water.

hydrogenation (high-dro-gen-AY-shun): a chemical process by which hydrogens are added to monounsaturated o

polyunsaturated fats to reduce the number of double bonds, making the fats more saturated (solid) and more resistant

to oxidation (protecting against rancidity). Hydrogenation produces trans-fatty acids.

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I(i)

ICP: See Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy.

Immune system: Specialized cells, organs or other body compounds that protect the body against foreign invaders such

as harmful bacteria, parasites, and viruses; include white blood cells, the lymphatic system, spleen, thymus gland, and

antibodies.

Increased seeding density: Planting at a high seeding rate to crowd-out weeds.

Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP): A technique which can determine concentration of up

to 70 elements at detection levels below 1 mg/liter. Used to detect concentration of all minerals and to check for the

absence of heavy metal contamination from lead.

Inositol: A substance closely related to glucose that is present in practically all plant and animal tissues. The significance

of inositol in human nutrition is unknown, although it is widely distributed throughout the body. The average diet


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provides about 1 gram of inositol.

Insecticide: A substance used to control or eliminate insects.

Insoluble fiber: Cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin make up the three most prevalent insoluble fibers. They tend toincrease the rate at which food passes through the digestive tract and may help to protect against certain types of

cancer.

Intercropping: When two crops are interplanted for special purposes. This is often done to inhibit weed growth,

minimize soil erosion, attract beneficial insects or deter non-beneficial insects.

International Unit (IU): A measure of vitamin activity.

ileum (ILL-ee-um): the last segment of the small intestine.

imitation food: a food that substitutes for and resembles another food and is nutri- tionally inferior to it with respect to

vitamin, mineral, or protein content. If the substitute is not inferior to the food it resembles and it provides an

accurate name for itself, it need not be labeled "imitation."

immune system: the bodys natural defense system against foreign materials that have penetrated the skin or mucou

membranes.

immunity: the bodys ability to recognize and eliminate foreign invaders.

immunoglobulin: a protein capable of acting as an antibody.

implantation: the stage of development in which the zygote embeds itself in the wall of the uterus and begins to

develop; occurs during the first two weeks after conception.

indirect additives: substances that can get into food as a result of contact with foods during growing, processing

packaging, storing, cooking, or some other stage before the foods are consumed; also called incidental or accidenta

additives.


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indirect calorimetry: the estimation of energy output from measures of the amount of oxygen used and carbon dioxide

eliminated.

initiation: an event caused by radiation or chemical reaction that can give rise to cancer.

inorganic: not containing carbon or per- taining to living things.

inositol (in-OSS-ih-tall): a nonessential nutrient that can be made in the body from glucose. Inositol is used in cel

membranes.

insulin (IN-suh-lin): a hormone secreted by special cells in the pancreas in response to (among other things) increased

blood glucose concentration. The primary role of insulin is to control the transport of glucose from the bloodstream into

the cells.

insulin resistance: the condition of having a normal amount of insulin producing a subnormal effect; a metabolic

consequence of obesity.

insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM): the less common type of diabetes in which the person produces no insuli

at all; also known as type I diabetes or juvenile-onset diabetes (because it frequently develops in childhood), although

some cases arise in adulthood.

integrated pest management (IPM): management of pests using a combination of natural and biological controls rathe

than indiscriminate application of pesticides.

intensity: the degree of exertion while exercising (for example, the amount of weight lifted or the speed of running).

intentional additives: additives intentionally added to foods, such as nutrients, colors, and preservatives.

intermittent claudication: severe calf pain caused by inadequate blood supply, it occurs when walking and subside

during rest.


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international units (IU): a measure of vitamin activity, determined by such biological methods as feeding a compound

to vitamin-deprived animals and measuring growth. This system was used to measure fat-soluble vitamins before direc

chemical analysis was possible.

interstitial (IN-ter-STISH-al) fluid: fluid between the cells, usually high in sodium and chloride. Interstitial fluid is a large

component of extracellular fluid (fluid outside the cells), which also includes plasma and the water of structures such as

the skin and bones. Extracellular fluid accounts for approximately one-third of the bodys water.

Intertinal flora: the bacterial inhabitants of the GI tract.

intra-abdominal fat: fat stored within the abdominal cavity in association with the internal abdominal organs, asopposed to the fat stored directly under the skin (subcutaneous fat).

intracellular fluid: fluid within the cells, usually high in potassium and phosphate. Intracellular fluid accounts for

approximately two-thirds of the bodys water.

intrinsic: inside the system.

intrinsic factor: a glycoprotein (a protein with short polysaccharide chains attached) made in the stomach that aids in

the absorption of vitamin B12.

invert sugar: a mixture of glucose and fructose formed by the hydrolysis of sucrose in a chemical process; sold only in

liquid form and sweeter than sucrose. Invert sugar is used as a food additive to help preserve freshness and preven

shrinkage.

iodopsin (eye-o-DOP-sin): the light-sensitive pigment of the cones of the retina.

ions (EYE-uns): atoms or molecules that have gained or lost electrons and therefore have electrical charges. Example

include the positively charged sodium ion (Na+) and the negatively charged chloride ion (Cl ).

iron deficiency: the state of having depleted iron stores.


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iron overload: toxcity from excess iron.

iron-deficiency anemia: a blood iron deficiency that results in small, pale, red blood cells. Iron-deficiency anemia is a

microcytic (my-cro-SIT-ic) hypochromic (high-po-KROME-ic) anemia.

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J(j)

jaundice: yellowing of the skin, due to spillover of the bile pigments bilirubin (bill-ee-ROO-bin) from the liver into th

general circulation; also known as hyper- bilirubinemia (HIGH-per-BILL-eh-roo- bin-EE-me-ah). When these pigments

invade the brain, the condition is kernicterus (ker-NICK-ter-us). Jaundice may be caused by obstruction of bile passage

ways, hemolysis, or dysfunctional liver cells.

jejunum (je-JOON-um) the first two-fifths of the small intestine beyond the

duodenum.

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K(k)

Kalium: Latin name for Potassium . Vital mineral , which, along with Sodium maintains the electrolyte balance of blood.

K(vitamin): Fat soluble vitamin necessary for clotting of blood.

Kilocalorie: See calorie.


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Kaposis (cap-OH-seez) sarcoma: a type of cancer rare in the general population but common in people with HIV

infections.

kcalorie: see calorie.

kcalorie (energy) control: management of food energy intake

keratin (KERR-uh-tin): a water-insoluble protein; the normal protein of hair and nails. Keratin-producing cells ma

replace mucus-producing cells in vitamin A deficiency.

keratinization: accumulation of keratin in a tissue; a sign of vitamin A deficiency.

keratomalacia (KARE-ah-toe-ma-LAY- shia): softening of the cornea seen in severe vitamin A deficiency that leads to

irreversible blindness.

Keshan disease: the heart disease associated with selenium deficiency, named for one of the provinces of China where

it was studied. Keshan disease is characterized by heart enlargement and insufficiency; the middle layer of the walls o

the heart, which are normally composed of muscle tissue, are replaced with fibrous tissue.

keto acid: an organic acid that contains a carbonyl group (C=O).

ketone (KEE-tone) bodies: the product of the incomplete breakdown of fat when glucose is not available in the cells.

ketosis (kee-TOE-sis): an undesirably high concentration of ketone bodies in the blood and urine.

kosher (KOE-sure): foods prepared according to Jewish dietary laws.

kwashiorkor (kwash-ee-OR-core, kwash- ee-or-CORE): a form of PEM that results from either inadequate protein intak

or, more commonly, from infections.


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L(l)

Lactalbumin: A high quality protein derived from milk.

Lactase deficient/lactose intolerant: A lack of the enzyme lactase, which is needed to digest lactose(milk sugar).

Symptoms of lactose intolerance include abdominal cramping, bloating and diarrhea.

Lactose: A sugar found exclusively in milk. It is a molecule made up of glucose and galactose.

Lakeview:Nutrilites farm, Agriculture Research Center and processing plant located in Riverside County, California.Main crops include alfalfa, carrots, parsley, and spinach. Numerous plant varieties, including herbs, are grown for

research and new product development.

LDL (low density lipoprotein): A lipoprotein that comes from the very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) as cells remove

triglycerides from them. LDL is composed mainly of cholesterol.

Lecithin: A compound made up of phosphorous, lipids and choline; it acts as an emulsifier of fats.

Legumes: Plants of the bean and pea family (examples include pinto beans, black-eyed peas and soybeans). Legumes are

rich in high-quality protein compared with other plant-derived foods.

Limiting amino acids: The essential amino acids in a protein food that are present in the lowest amount relative to the

amount needed for growth. The three principal limiting amino acids are lysine, methionine, and tryptophan.

Lipids: See Fats.

Lodige mixer: Machine used for mixing ingredients in food supplements.

Lot number: A distinctive combination of numbers and/or letters from which the complete history of the manufacture,

processing, packaging, coding and distribution of a batch can be determined.

Low-Impact Sustainable Agriculture: A farming system that is environmentally sound, productive, economically viable,

and socially desirable.

lactase deficiency: a lack of the enzyme required to digest the disaccharide lactose into its componen

monosaccharides (glucose and galactose).


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lactase: an enzyme that hydrolyzes lactose.

lactation: production and secretion of breast milk for the purpose of nourishing an infant.

lactic acid: an acid produced from pyruvate during anaerobic metabolism.

lacto-ovo-vegetarians: people who include milk, milk products, and eggs, but exclude meat, poultry, fish, and seafood

from their diets.

lymph (LIMF): a clear yellowish fluid that resembles blood without the red blood cells; lymph from the GI trac

transports fat and fat-soluble vitamins to the bloodstream via lymphatic vessels.

lymphatic (lim-FAT-ic) system: a loosely organized system of vessels and ducts that convey fluids toward the heart; the

GI part of the lymphatic system carries the products of digestion into the bloodstream.

lymphocytes: white blood cells that par- ticipate in acquired immunity; B-cells and T-cells.

lysosomes (LYE-so-zomes): the sacs of degradative enzymes.

lactoferrin (lak-toh-FERR-in): a factor in breast milk that binds iron and keeps it from supporting the growth of the

infants intestinal bacteria.

lactose intolerance: a condition that results from inability to digest the milk sugar lactose; characterized by bloating

gas, abdominal discomfort, and diarrhea. Lactose intolerance differs from milk allergy, which is caused by an immune

reaction to the protein in milk.

lactose: a disaccharide composed of glucose and galactose; commonly known as milk sugar.

lactovegetarians: people who include milk and milk products, but exclude meat, poultry, fish, seafood, and eggs from

their diets.

large intestine or colon (COAL-un): the lower portion of intestine that completes the digestive process; its segments are

the ascending colon, the transverse colon, the descending colon, and the sigmoid colon.


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larynx: the voice box (see Figure H3-1).

LDL (low-density lipoprotein): the type of lipoprotein derived from very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) as cells remove

triglycerides from them; composed primarily of cholesterol

lecithin (LESS-uh-thin): one of the phospholipids; a compound of glycerol to which are attached two fatty acids, a

phosphate group, and a choline molecule. Both nature and the food industry use lecithin as an emulsifier to combine

two ingredients that do not ordinarily mix, such as water and oil.

legumes (lay-GYOOMS, LEG-yooms): plants of the bean and pea family. Bacteria in the root nodules of legumes "fix

nitrogen by trapping nitrogen from the air into the soil and then making it a part of the protein in the beans. Thu

legumes are rich in high-quality protein compared with other plant-derived foods. Ultimately, the plant leaves mor

nitrogen in the soil than it takes out (sparing the land). Farmers sometimes plow under legume plants to fertilize the

soil.

levulose: an older name for fructose.

license to practice: permission under state or federal law, granted on meeting specified criteria, to use a certain title

(such as dietitian) and offer certain services. Licensed dietitians may use the initials LD after their names.

life expectancy: the average number of years lived by people in a given society.

life span: the maximum number of years of life attainable by a member of a species.

limiting amino acid: the essential amino acid found in the shortest supply relative to the amounts needed for protei

synthesis in the body.

linoleic (lin-oh-LAY-ick) acid: an essential fatty acid with 18 carbons and two double bonds (18:2).

linolenic (lin-oh-LEN-ick) acid: an essential fatty acid with 18 carbons and three double bonds (18:3).


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lipase (LYE-pase): an enzyme that hydrolyzes lipids (fats).

lipids: a family of compounds that includes triglycerides (fats and oils), phospholipids, and sterols.

lipoic (lip-OH-ick) acid: a nonessentialnutrient.

lipoprotein lipase (LPL): an enzyme mounted on the surface of fat cells (and other cells) that hydrolyzes triglyceride

passing by in the bloodstream and directs their parts into the cells, where they can be metabolized or reassembled fo

storage.

lipoproteins (LIP-oh-PRO-teenz): clus- ters of lipids associated with proteins that serve as transport vehicles for lipids i

the lymph and blood.

liver: the organ that manufactures bile and is the first to receive nutrients from the intestines. The livers many othe

functions are described in Chapter 7.

longevity: long duration of life.

low birthweight (LBW): a birthweight of 5-1/2 1b (2500 g) or less; indicates probable poor health in the newborn and

poor nutrition status in the mother during pregnancy, before pregnancy, or both.

Normal birthweight for a full-term baby is 6-1/2 to 8-1/4 lb (about 3000 to 4000 g).

low-risk pregnancy: a pregnancy characterized by indicators that make a normal outcome likely

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M(m)


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Macromineral: An element essential in large quantities to human nutrition. These include calcium, magnesium,

phosphorous, sodium, potassium and chloride.

Macronutrients: The source of essential fuel and material needed for life. Comprised of protein, fat, carbohydrates, andwater.

Manure: Animal excrement used to fertilize the soil. Only partially or fully composted animal manures are used on the

Nutrilite farms.

Master formula: Documentation describing the manufacture of the product from raw material to completion of the

lot/batch.

Material intensive: Conventional farming practice where a large amount of agricultural materials are utilized in the

farming operation to promote higher yields. Nutrilite does not prescribe to this practice. Nutrilite uses the moreenvironmentally-friendly, management intensive practice.

Metabolism: The sum of all the physical and chemical processes occurring in the body.

Micro-Processor Ion Analyzer: Equipment used for analyzing protein.

Micronutrients: Nutrients that make up only a small proportion of the food we eat. They include vitamins and minerals

which are essential for healthy body function.

Mineral:Inorganic material found in the earths crust. The body is known to contain at least 56 mineral elements, only a

portion of which have been determined to be essential.

Monounsaturated fatty acid: A fatty acid that lacks two hydrogen atoms and has one double bond between carbons-for

example, oleic acid.

Mulches: The word mulch simply means something that covers the ground. Advantages of mulches include keeping the

soil temperature even, reducing evaporation, protecting the soil from drying winds, helping eliminate weeds, and

increasing beneficial organisms.

macrobiotic diets: extremely restrictive diets limited to a few cereals and fluids; based on metaphysical beliefs and noon nutrition.

macrocytic or megaloblastic anemia: the large-cell anemia of a folate deficiency.

magnesium: a cation within the bodys cells, active in many enzyme systems.


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major minerals: essential mineral nutrients found in the human body in amounts larger than 5 grams.

malnutrition: any condition caused by excess or deficient food energy or nutrient intake or by an imbalance o

nutrients.

maltase: an enzyme that hydrolyzes maltose.

maltose: a disaccharide composed of two glucose units; sometimes known as malt sugar.

maple sugar: a sugar (mostly sucrose) purified from the concentrated sap of the sugar maple tree.

marasmus (ma-RAZ-mus): a form of PEM that results from a severe deprivation, or impaired absorption, of energy

protein, vitamins, and minerals.

margin of safety: when speaking of food additives, a zone between the concentration normally used and that at which

a hazard exists. For common table salt, for example, the margin of safety is 1/5 (five times the amount normally used

would be hazardous).

monosaccharide (mon-oh-SACK-uh- ride): a carbohydrate of the general formula Cn H2nOn that consists of a single ring

monounsaturated fatty acid: a fatty acid that lacks two hydrogen atoms and has one double bond between carbons

for example, oleic acid.

motility: the ability of the GI tract muscles to move.

mucosal ferritin (FERR-ih-tin): protein that holds iron in the intestinal cell.

mucosal transferrin (trans-FERR-in): protein that passes iron from mucosal ferritin on to blood transferrin.


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mucous membranes: the membranes, composed of mucus-secreting cells, that line the surfaces of body tissues.

mucus (MYOO-cuss): a slippery substance secreted by goblet cells of the GI lining (and other body linings) that protect

the cells from exposure to digestive juices (and other destructive agents). The lining of the GI tract with its coat o

mucus is a mucous membrane. (The noun is mucus; the adjective is mucous.)

muscle endurance: the ability of a muscle to contract repeatedly without becoming exhausted.

muscle fibers: muscle cells.

muscle strength: the ability of muscles to work against resistance.

muscular dystrophy (DIS-tro-fee): a hereditary disease in which the muscles gradually weaken; its most debilitating

effects arise in the lungs.

mutual supplementation: the strategy of combining two protein foods in a meal so that each food provides the

essential amino acid(s) lacking in the other. Mutual supplementation is the dietary strategy that brings complementary

proteins together in a meal

myoglobin: the oxygen-holding protein of the muscle cells.

matrix (MAY-tricks): the basic substance that gives form to a developing structure; in the body, the formative cells from

which teeth and bones grow.

meat replacement: products formulated to look and taste like meat, fish, or poultry; usually made of textured

vegetable protein.

menadione (men-uh-DYE-own): a synthetic form of vitamin K.

MEOS (microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system): a system of enzymes in the liver that oxidize not only alcohol, but also

several classes of drugs. (The microsomes are tiny particles of membranes with associated enzymes that can be

collected from brokenup cells.)


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metabolism: the sum total of all the chemical reactions that go on in living cells.

metalloenzyme (meh-tal-oh-EN-zime): an enzyme that contains one or more minerals as part of its structure.

metallothionein (meh-TAL-oh-THIGH-oh-neen): a sulfur-rich protein that avidly binds with metals such as zinc.

metastasize (me-TAS-tah-size): the movement of cancer cells from one part of the body to another.

MFP factor: a factor associated with the digestion of meat, fish, and poultry that enhances iron absorption.

micelles (MY-cells): tiny spherical complexes that arise during fat digestion; each carries about 20 fatty acids and/o

monoglycerides into intestinal cells.

microvilli (MY-cro-VILL-ee, MY-cro- VILL-eye): tiny, hairlike projections on each cell of every villus that can trap nutrien

particles and transport them into the cells; singular microvillus.

milk anemia: iron-deficiency anemia that develops when an excessive milk intake displaces iron-rich foods from th

diet.

milliequivalents (mEq): the concentration of electrolytes in a volume of solution. The number of milliequivalents is a

useful measure when considering ions, because the number of charges reveals characteristics

mineral water: water from a spring or well that typically contains 250 to 500 ppm of minerals. Minerals give water a

distinctive flavor. Many mineral waters are high in sodium.

mineralization: the process in which calcium, phosphorus, and other minerals crystallize on the collagen matrix of a

growing bone, hardening the bone.

minerals: inorganic elements: some minerals are essential nutrients required in small amounts. The major minerals ar

calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, chloride, magnesium, and sulfur. The trace minerals are iron, iodine, zinc

chromium, selenium, fluoride,


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molybdenum, copper, and

manganese.

misinformation: false or misleading information. moderate exercise: activity that can be sustained comfortably for 60

minutes or so.

moderation: in relation to dietary intake, providing enough but not too much of a substance; in relation to alcoho

consumption, not more than two drinks a day for the average-sized man and not more than one drink a day for the

average-sized woman.

molasses: the thick brown syrup produced during sugar refining. Molasses retains residual sugar and other by-product

and a few minerals; blackstrap molasses contains significant amounts of calcium and iron the iron comes from the

machinery used to process the sugar.

molecule: two or more atoms of the same or different elements joined by chemical bonds. Examples are molecules o

the element oxygen, composed of two oxygen atoms (O2), and molecules of the compound water, composed of two

hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom (H2O).

molybdenum (mo-LIB-duh-num): a trace element.

monoglyceride: a molecule of glycerol with one fatty acid attached.

monounsaturated fatty acid: a fatty acid that lacks two hydrogen atoms and has one double bond between carbons

for example, oleic acid.

motility: the ability of the GI tract muscles to move.

mucus (MYOO-cuss): a slippery substance secreted by goblet cells of the GI lining (and other body linings) that protect

the cells from exposure to digestive juices (and other destructive agents). The lining of the GI tract with its coat o

mucus is a mucous membrane. (The noun is mucus; the adjective is mucous.)


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muscle endurance: the ability of a muscle to contract repeatedly without becoming exhausted.

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N(n)

National Research Council (NRC): This is a branch of the United States National Academy of Sciences (NAS). The NAS is a

prestigious society of scientists which advises the government on scientific and technical matters.

Natural: Produced or existing in nature; without man-made changes.

Niacin: Sometimes called vitamin B3. The term "niacin" is used to include nicotinic acid and niacinamide (nicotinamide),

which both have vitamin activity.

NRC: See National Research Council.

Nutri-Link: The bridge linking the North and South Complexes at the Buena Park facility.

Nutrient: A substance obtained from food and in the body to promote growth, maintenance, and/or repair.

Nutrilite Farming Practices (NFP): Integrated techniques practiced by Nutrilite that apply the environmentally-friendly

philosophy of C. F. Rehnborg, more than 60 years of farming experience, and the latest scientific advances to create

integrated, resource conserving farming systems. Farming philosophy practiced by Nutrilite is management intensive

where a high level of maintenance and care are employed to optimize growing conditions, versus material intensive.

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O(o)

Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA): U.S. governmental agency that establishes health and safety practices in

businesses and institutions.

Organic Farming: Organic farming refers not to the food itself, but to how it is produced. All organic foods are required

to be certified under an organic certification program. Organic farming are practices and guidelines developed and

enforced individually by state. Organic farming certification requires regular inspections, fees, and reporting. Each

states guidelines are different and accept, restrict, and prohibit different materials. The premise is to use plant, animal

and naturally mined minerals and their derivatives. These methods are bio-correct or bio-intensive, focusing on

management rather than material.


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OSHA: See Occupational Safety and Health Act.

Osteoporosis: A condition that is characterized by a gradual decrease in bone mass producing porous and fragile bones.

OTC: Over-the-counter. Available for consumption without a medical prescription.

Overage: Surplus, excess.

Oxidant: A compound (such as oxygen itself) that oxidizes other compounds.

Oxidation: A chemical reaction involving oxygen; rancid fat is an example of oxidized fat; rust is an example of oxidized

iron.

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P(p)

PABA: Para-aminobenzoic acid. Often associated with the B vitamins, but it is not an essential nutrient. PABA is widely

distributed in foods.

Packaging: The act of filling and labeling containers with a product. More than 20,000 cases a day are packaged in

Nutrilite's ultra-modern packaging facility. From here, Nutrilite ships the packaged product to Access Business Groups

Regional Distribution Centers worldwide.

Parasite: Organisms that live in or on specific live hosts for at least part of their life cycle. They attack the immature

stages of specific pests.

pH: A measure of the relative acidity or alkalinity of a solution. The pH has a range from 1 to 14. High pH levels indicate

alkalinity and low pH levels indicate acidity. Neutral pH is 7.0, and blood pH is normally 7.4.

Phytochemical: Any chemical compound that comes from a plant including vitamins or mineral complexes (phyto =

plant).

PHYTOFACTORS* Plant Compounds: Nutrilites term for the vitamins, minerals and other chemical compounds

contained in plants, formerly called "associated food factors," found in Nutrilite concentrates.

These are all the constituents found in foods which are not considered to be essential Nutrients. In other words, some

nutrients in every plant are present in major concentration and there are some in very small amounts. The ingredients

which are in very small amounts are not isolated and we have to consume the full plant. The scientific world is just

begining to identify such va

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