Globalization Theories

TheoriesGlobalisms• Ideologies about globalization• Categories are broad• Encompass economic, political, cultural,

environmental elements• Objectives • Identify values• Institute agenda• Influence policies¤

Theories• 3 competing globalism theories• Market• Justice• Religious

• Market is dominant• Justice- political left• Religious- religious right• Not anti- but alter-globalization

• Why is market dominant? Why are the other alter- instead of anti-?• National-populists, economic protectionists• American Tea Party, French Front Nationale

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Market Globalism

Market GlobalismAbout theory• Values• Free market norms

• Agenda• Open economic interaction

• Influence policies• Promote neoliberal norms in states, IOs¤

Market Globalism• Dominant paradigm• Economic focus• Depends on political structures• Requires cultural interaction• Common language for economic exchange

• Symbiotic relationship with environment• Raw materials¤

Market GlobalismWho pushes market globalism?• MNCs • Promoted by GN IOs• IGOs: WTO, WB, IMF, OECD• NGO: World Economic Forum (WEF)• Business & political leaders, other select elites

• Consumer demand¤

Market Globalism: Criticisms

Anti-market activities• Ultra-nationalism• ‘Buy American’

• Economic protectionism• Tariffs, quotas, etc.

MG dominated by GN, big economies ¤

Market Globalism: CriticismsDo you think the author offered a balanced approach to these theories?The Facts (and note about stats)

• MG is based on capitalist principles• Must expand to thrive• Exploitative

• System growth is asymmetrical• More people benefit, but not everyone¤

Justice Globalism

Justice GlobalismAbout theory• Values• Egalitarianism

• Agenda• Global solidarity• Distributive justice

• Influence policies• Protect citizens • Market globalism- ‘extreme profit strategies’• Religious globalism- fundamentalism¤

Justice GlobalismConcern for human beings• Basic rights• Food, clothing, shelter, etc.

• Abstract rights• Freedom of religion, right to education, etc.

• Issues• GN/GS disparities, environment, fair trade, labor,

women’s issues, sexual orientation, etc.¤

Justice Globalism• Result of ‘social justice movement’• Local well-being in era of globalization• Same global rights regardless of location• Leftist reaction to MG

• Promote ‘global civil society’• Network of NGOs• World Social Forum- counter to WEF¤

Justice GlobalismBattle in Seattle, 1999• Anti-WTO protests• Relied on globalization elements to be effective• Simultaneous demonstrations around world

• Other meeting protests• WB, IMF, WEF, EU Summit, etc.¤

Justice Globalism: CriticismsGN domination• GN NGOs have more• Money, technology, time, leverage, access

• Culturally dominate• ‘We know best’ attitude¤

Religious Globalism

Religious GlobalismAbout theory• Values• Reactionary religious zealotry

• Agenda• Promote extreme fundamentalism• Unite believers • 1/3 of Muslims live as minorities = global plight for

Muslim fundamentalists• Spread the word

• Influence policies• Protect citizens • Outside forces that dilute religious, community culture¤

Religious Globalism• An ideology, seeks to promote a religious cause• Advocate violence to realize objectives• Religious groups adopt this theory, seek to

implement• Al-Qaeda, Muslim fundamentalism organization• Jewish Defense League, militant Jewish organization• Army of God, Christian terrorist anti-abortion

organization• Saffron terror, right-wing Hindu nationalism movement• Buddhist unrest in Sri Lanka; problems in

Burma/Myanmar¤

Jihadism• Eliminate western threat• Promote religious state structure• Unite global religious community

• Al-Qaeda most successful thus far• Far-reaching • Use glob. to facilitate mvt.

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Globalization Recap

• Theories • Dominant- economic• Others- political, social• None mutually exclusive• Rely on globalization

• Criticisms of each ¤