Introduction• Global warming is the continous rise of the average temperature of Earth's atmosphere. Scientists have determined that most of it is caused by human activities that increase concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere like burning of fossil fuels and deforestation.This finding has been recognized by the national science academies of all the major industrialized countries.

• The greenhouse effect is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary surface is absorbed by atmospheric greenhouse gases, and is re-radiated in all Directions. Solar radiation at the high frequencies of visible light passes through the Atmosphere to warm the planetary surface, which then emits this energy at the Lower frequencies of infrared thermal radiation. Infrared radiation is absorbed by Greenhouse gases. Since part of this re-radiation is back towards the surface, energy is transferred to the surface and the lower atmosphere. As a result, the temperature there is higher than it would be if direct heating by solar radiation were the only warming mechanism.

What Is Global Warming• Global warming is the continous rise iof the average temperature of earth’s atmosphere . Scientists have determined that most of it is caused by activities that increase concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere like burning of fossil fuels and deforestation.This finding has been recognized by the national science academies of all the major industrialized countries.

• The instrumental temperature record shows that the average global surface temperature increased by 0.74 °C during the 20th century. They indicate that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 1.5 °C to 6.1°C. An increase in global temperature will cause sea levels to rise and will change the amount and pattern of precipitation, and may be expansion of subtropical deserts. Warming is expected to be strongest in the Arctic. Other effects of the warming include more frequent occurrence of extreme weather events like heatwaves, droughts and heavy rainfall events, and changes in agricultural yields. Warming related changes will vary from region to region around the globe, though the nature of these regional changes is uncertain, the ecosystem services upon which human livelihoods depend may not be preserved.

Causes of global warming• Initial causes of temperature changes (External forcings)Initial causes of temperature changes (External forcings)• External forcing refers to processes external to the climate system that influence climate. External forcing refers to processes external to the climate system that influence climate. Climate responds to several external forcing, such as radiative forcing due to changes in Climate responds to several external forcing, such as radiative forcing due to changes in atmospheric composition, changes in solar luminosity, volcanic eruptions, and variations in atmospheric composition, changes in solar luminosity, volcanic eruptions, and variations in Earth's orbit around the Sun. Attribution of recent climate change focuses on the first three types Earth's orbit around the Sun. Attribution of recent climate change focuses on the first three types of forcing. the United Nations formed a group of scientists called the Intergovernmental Panel on of forcing. the United Nations formed a group of scientists called the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, or IPCC. The IPCC meets every few years to review the latest scientific Climate Change, or IPCC. The IPCC meets every few years to review the latest scientific findings and write a report summarizing all that is known about global warming. One of the first findings and write a report summarizing all that is known about global warming. One of the first things scientists learned is that there are several greenhouse gases responsible for warming, and things scientists learned is that there are several greenhouse gases responsible for warming, and humans emit them in a variety of ways. Most come from the combustion of fossil fuels in cars, humans emit them in a variety of ways. Most come from the combustion of fossil fuels in cars,

factories and electricity production. The gas responsible for the most warming is COfactories and electricity production. The gas responsible for the most warming is CO22. Other . Other

contributors include CHcontributors include CH44, gases used for refrigeration and industrial processes, and the loss of , gases used for refrigeration and industrial processes, and the loss of

forests that would otherwise store CO2.forests that would otherwise store CO2.

• Some greenhouse gases can trap more heat than CO2. A molecule of methane produces more Some greenhouse gases can trap more heat than CO2. A molecule of methane produces more than 20 times the warming of a molecule of CO2. Nitrous oxide is 300 times more powerful than than 20 times the warming of a molecule of CO2. Nitrous oxide is 300 times more powerful than CO2. Other gases, such as chlorofluorocarbons have heat-trapping potential thousands of times CO2. Other gases, such as chlorofluorocarbons have heat-trapping potential thousands of times greater than CO2. But because their concentrations are much lower than CO2, none of these greater than CO2. But because their concentrations are much lower than CO2, none of these gases adds as much warmth to the atmosphere as CO2 does.gases adds as much warmth to the atmosphere as CO2 does.

Green house effect• Earth’s natural greenhouse effect• Earth’s temperature begins with the Sun. Roughly 30 percent of incoming sunlight is reflected back into

space by bright surfaces like clouds and ice. Of the remaining 70 percent, most is absorbed by the land and ocean, and the rest is absorbed by the atmosphere. The absorbed solar energy heats our planet.

• As the rocks, the air, and the seas warm, they radiate “heat” energy (thermal infrared radiation). From the surface, this energy travels into the atmosphere where much of it is absorbed by water vapor and long-lived greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane.

• When they absorb the energy radiating from Earth’s surface, microscopic water or greenhouse gas molecules turn into tiny heaters— like the bricks in a fireplace, they radiate heat even after the fire goes out. They radiate in all directions. The energy that radiates back toward Earth heats both the lower atmosphere and the surface, enhancing the heating they get from direct sunlight.

• This absorption and radiation of heat by the atmosphere—the natural greenhouse effect—is beneficial for life on Earth. If there were no greenhouse effect, the Earth’s average surface temperature would be a very chilly -18°C (0°F) instead of the comfortable 15°C (59°F) that it is today.

• The enhanced greenhouse effect• What has scientists concerned now is that over the past 250 years, humans have been artificially raising

the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere at an ever-increasing rate, mostly by burning fossil fuels, but also from cutting down carbon-absorbing forests. Since the Industrial Revolution began in about 1750, carbon dioxide levels have increased nearly 38 percent as of 2009 and methane levels have increased 148 percent.

• Increases in concentrations of carbon dioxide (top) and methane (bottom) coincided with the start of the Industrial Revolution in about 1750. Measurements from Antarctic ice cores (green lines) combined with direct atmospheric measurements (blue lines) show the increase of both gases over time. (NASA graphs by Robert Simmon, based on data from the NOAA Paleoclimatology and Earth System Research Laboratory.)

Green house gases• A greenhouse gas (sometimes abbreviated GHG) is a gas in an atmosphere that A greenhouse gas (sometimes abbreviated GHG) is a gas in an atmosphere that absorbs and emits radiation within the thermal infrared range. This process is the absorbs and emits radiation within the thermal infrared range. This process is the fundamental cause of the greenhouse effect. The primary greenhouse gases in the fundamental cause of the greenhouse effect. The primary greenhouse gases in the Earth's atmosphere are water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone. Earth's atmosphere are water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone. In the Solar System, the atmospheres of Venus, Mars, and Titan also contain gases that In the Solar System, the atmospheres of Venus, Mars, and Titan also contain gases that cause greenhouse effects. Greenhouse gases greatly affect the temperature of the cause greenhouse effects. Greenhouse gases greatly affect the temperature of the Earth; without them, Earth's surface would be on average about 33 °C colder than at Earth; without them, Earth's surface would be on average about 33 °C colder than at present.present.

• Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, the burning of fossil fuels has Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, the burning of fossil fuels has contributed to the increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere from 280ppm to contributed to the increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere from 280ppm to 390ppm, despite the uptake of a large portion of the emissions through various natural 390ppm, despite the uptake of a large portion of the emissions through various natural "sinks" involved in the carbon cycle. Carbon dioxide emissions come from combustion of "sinks" involved in the carbon cycle. Carbon dioxide emissions come from combustion of carbonaceous fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas. CO2 is a product of ideal, carbonaceous fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas. CO2 is a product of ideal, stoichiometric combustion of carbon, although few combustion processes are ideal, and stoichiometric combustion of carbon, although few combustion processes are ideal, and burning coal for example, also produces carbon monoxide. Since 2000 fossil fuel related burning coal for example, also produces carbon monoxide. Since 2000 fossil fuel related carbon emissions have equaled or exceeded the IPCC's "A2 scenario", except for small carbon emissions have equaled or exceeded the IPCC's "A2 scenario", except for small dips during two global recessions.dips during two global recessions.

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• In India, non-conventional energy sources consist of those energy sources that are infinite, natural, and restorable. For example, tidal, solar, Wind energy are nonconventional sources of energy. windmills were utilized for taking out water and pounding grains. Running water and wind were applied for direction finding. Currently, some of the important and widely used non conventional sources of energy are tides, wind, solar geothermal heat, and biomass. disposals from big metropolitan areas can work as a source of producing biogas. All these non conventional energy sources are unlimited or restorable and are essentially quite economical.

Some of the India non conventional energy sources are given below –

• Tidal EnergyTidal energy is a limitless and renewable source of energy. For producing electrical power from tidal energy, dams are built close to estuaries to Make use of inward and outward water currents and surges. Subsequently, the water is used to power turbines to generate electricity via the usage of water. In the state of Gujarat, the Gulf of Kutch is an appropriate place for electrical energy from the energy generated by tall and powerful tides moving into small brooks.

• Wind Energy In India, states like Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Orissa, and Maharashtra are regarded as superior areas with respect to this type of energy. Places that Have regular and rapid wind flows are appropriate for this kind of power generation. Other than windmills.The installed capacity of wind power in India till December 2010 was 13,065.37 MW, principally distributed throughout: in (MW)

Solar EnergyThe sun is the most abundant source of energy. solar energy is one of the most important non conventional sources of energy is utilized in India. The solar cookers are quite economical and have been a remarkable invention. Until now, some of the effective usages of solar energy include water heating, food preparation, area heating, removal of salt from water, and drying of harvest. Furthermore, it has been forecasted that solar energy will become the future source of energy while fossil fuels, specifically oil and coal, would be completely used up. Solar photovoltaic systems, solar thermal systems, and solar energy centre are some of the means of generating solar energy. The biggest photovoltaic (PV) power plants of India are as follows:

Maharashtra - 1837.85 Rajasthan - 670.97 Tamil Nadu - 4132.72 Karnataka - 1184.45 Other states - 3.20

Andhra Pradesh - 122.4 Gujarat - 1432.71 Kerala - 23.00 Madhya Pradesh - 187.69 West Bengal - 1.10

Gandhinagar Solar Plant - January 21, 2011

Thyagaraj Stadium Plant-Delhi - April, 2010

Tata - Mayiladuthurai, Tamil Nadu - July 2011

TATA - Osmanabad, Maharastra - 1st Aug 2011

Azure Power, Sabarkantha Gujarat - June 2011

Tata - Mulshi, Maharashtra April 2011 - April 2011

Moser Baer - Patan, Gujarat - July 2011 REHPL - Sadeipali, (Bolangir) Orissa - July 2011

NON-CONVENTIONAL RESOURCES

Techniques to generate Non Conventional Source of Energy in India• Thermal energy/Geo-thermal energy

Geothermal energy is the application of natural temperature, which prevails on the exterior and below the earth, predominantly in the fissures and holes within the outer shell of the earth. Geothermal energy can be productively utilized for different objectives. The country is not affluent in thermal energy resource. Nonetheless, endeavors are on for the total exploitation of natural energy of the Manikaran thermal springs in the state of Himachal Pradesh. Energy generated from this can be applied for operating cold storage plants.

• Biomass

Biomass is an important source of energy which represents approximately 33% of the overall volume of fuel used in the country. It is broadly utilized in domestic circles for preparing food and warming. In countryside areas, farming disposables, timber, wood coal, and sunbaked droppings can be used as biomass. Many initiatives have been taken in India to make the right use of biomass in essentially a successful and more systematic way. The two principal segments of the biomass program are generation and usage of biomass. Smoke-free ambience, improved healthcare, and better quality of life and education are some of the salient benefits of biomass.

• Bagasse Oriented Power Plants

It was projected that Indian sugar mills have the capacity of generating over 2,000 MW additional electrical energy at the time of the grinding period. The energy generated by a sugar mill would initially fulfill its own energy needs and the remaining can be used in watering farming areas by supplying it into the local power system. Similar to bagasse, various other agricultural disposables like rice husk are also used for generating electrical energy in the country.

• Energy from Urban disposables

In Delhi, a pilot plant for the intention of displaying has been established for processing hard municipal disposables for switching into energy. Urban disposables generate a significant volume of energy annually. In addition, wastes in metropolitan areas are utilized for generating electrical energy and gas.the largest percentage of energy is used in the household kitchens of India. Cow dung and wood are regarded as global sources of energy. Unfortunately, the conventional `chulhas` are uneconomical modes of preparing food. The better categories of effective and smoke-free chulhas assist in protecting wood fuel.

Need of the hour• The need of the hour is to firstly conserve the conventional

sources of energy for the future generation and also to save our enviroment from global warming caused by the pollution from these sources. The research to invent more and more non-conventional and least polluting fuels should go on

conclusion• It is very clear that global Warming is caused by green

house gases which trap a lot of sun’s heat which should escape into the atmosphere outside the earth. The polluton level of water as well as air are increasing day by day at alarming rate. It’s in our hands to prevent the pollution as well as save our earth from global warming.

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IT LOOKES CLEAR FROM THESE THAT IT LOOKES CLEAR FROM THESE THAT STILL AT LEAST INDIA’S SHARE IN STILL AT LEAST INDIA’S SHARE IN GLOBAL WARMING CAN HAVE A FULL GLOBAL WARMING CAN HAVE A FULL STOP.STOP.