Business Law and Business Ethics

By:Andi Dea Kamala BonitaNIM. 29113066Syndicate 1Class YP49 A

Master of Business AdministrationSchool of Business and ManagementBandung Institute TechnologyBandung201311th Hour (Film) - Global WarmingWhy does global warming happen?The earth's climate is constantly changing. We have recently been on a warming trend for approximately the past half-century, although that seems to have changed within the last decade. Many thing cause global warming. In this movie, every expert interviewed stressed the fact that human involvement in the fight against global warming is mandatory. When light from the sun enters our atmosphere it gets converted to heat which gets trapped by greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and water vapor. Global warming has begun because since the industrial revolution, humans have been putting large amounts of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere and over time these have built up. Before that time, human activity didnt release manygreenhouse gases, but population growth, deforestation, factory farming, and the widespread use of fossil fuels are creating anexcess of greenhouse gases in the atmosphereand contributing toglobal warming. This following are some of the humans bad habbit that can caused the global warming: Burning fossil fuels(coal, oil and natural gas). This releases carbon dioxide that had been stored underground for millions of years. This extra CO2 is causing the enhanced greenhouse effect. Fossil fuelsarefuelsformed by natural processes such asanaerobic decompositionof buried deadorganisms. The age of the organisms and their resulting fossil fuels is typically millions of years, and sometimes exceeds 650 million years.Fossil fuels contain high percentages ofcarbonand includecoal,petroleum, andnatural gas.They range fromvolatilematerials with lowcarbon: hydrogenratios likemethane, to liquid petroleum to nonvolatile materials composed of almost pure carbon, likeanthracitecoal. Methane can be found inhydrocarbonfields, alone, associated with oil, or in the form ofmethane catharses. The theory that fossil fuels formed from thefossilized remainsof dead plantsby exposure to heat and pressure in the Earth's crust over millions of years Cutting down the earth's forests without replanting. Deforestation removes trees and vegetation that absorb and store carbon. Half a tree's weight is carbon, but when trees die they release their carbon and absorb no more. Deforestation occurs for many reasons: trees are cut down to be used or sold as fuel (sometimes in the form ofcharcoal) or timber, while cleared land is used aspasturefor livestock, plantations of commodities and settlements. The removal of trees without sufficientreforestationhas resulted in damage tohabitat biodiversityloss andaridity. It has adverse impacts onbio sequestrationof atmosphericcarbon dioxide. Deforestation is a contributor toglobal warming,[32][33]and is often cited as one of the major causes of the enhancedgreenhouse effect. Releasing other greenhouse gases.Methane, a greenhouse gas twenty times more powerful than CO2, is belched by cattle. The world's demand for red meat means more and more cattle, and sometimes forests cut down for pasture. As frozen lands warm, from global warming, more methane is released. The world's growing demand for electricity.Electricity causes pollution in many ways, some worse than others. In most case, fossil fuels are burned to create electricity. Some examples of fossil fuels are oil and petroleum. Many pollutants (chemicals that pollute the air, water and land) are sent into the air when fossil fuels are burned. Some of these chemicals are called green house gasses.The scientists who construct the computer models that analyze climate data believe that even if we stop dumping greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, CO2 levels are already so high that we are locked into a significant increase in global temperatures. Disruptive climate change is a certainty even if we make the economic shift away from fossil fuels.The rapid rise in greenhouse gases is a problem because it is changing the climate faster than some living things may be able to adapt. Also, a new and more unpredictable climate poses unique challenges to all life.Global warmingis likely to continue for centuries, and that it is already too late to stop some of the serious affecting it brings, such as: It is affecting humans because as more and more fossil fuels are burned, there is a higher is a higher risk of pollution-induced asthma and other sicknesses. Pollution can hurtour health, it can cause other sicknesses.Also, the climate change makes it so much easier to have ticks and mosquitoes reproduce. They produce more because extreme weather can contaminate water and helps bugs reproduce which can cause bacterial diseases. Therefore, they spread around sicknesses to humans. Global warming can also lead to conditions that will increase really bad nutrition and diarrhea; and increase heat waves and flooding. It is affecting animals such as coral reefs. Because the earth is becoming warmer so are the oceans and seas. The oceans becoming warmer are causing coral reef bleaching which is causing many coral reefs to die. Also, there is becoming a higher level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, which changes the chemistry of the seas and oceans. This makes it harder for different species of coral to make up calcium carbonate skeletons.It is also hurting wildlife communities. Their habitats are being destroyed; trees are being cut down for energy, which destroys their homes. Animals will have no shelter; this causes animals to become extinct. It is affecting environment. Global warming causes smaller amounts in rainfall over areas where crops are trying to grow. This may cause a shortage in crops, which means there may be a shortage of food. Sea level is rising, flooding hometowns and houses where people live today. Storms such as hurricanes and tornadoes are increasing in frequency and intensity.We call the effect of global warming, but it is causing a set of changes to the Earth's climate, or long-term weather patterns, that varies from place to place. As the Earth spins each day, the new heat swirls with it, picking up moisture over the oceans, rising here, settling there. It's changing the rhythms of climate that all living things have come to rely upon. The primary wayhumans cause global warmingis by burning fossil fuels. This increases the amount of carbon in the atmosphere, which leads to an increase in theGreenhouse Effect.

Greenhouse EffectThe greenhouse effect is the warming that happens when certain gases in Earth's atmosphere trap heat. These gases let in light but keep heat from escaping, like the glass walls of a greenhouse. The greenhouse effect makes the earth appropriate for people to live on. Without it, the earth would be freezing, or on the other hand it would be burning hot. It would be freezing at night because the sun would be down.First, sunlight shines onto the Earth's surface, where it is absorbed and then radiates back into the atmosphere as heat. In the atmosphere, greenhouse gases trap some of this heat, and the rest escapes into space. The more greenhouse gases are in the atmosphere, the more heat gets trapped. Scientists often use the term "climate change" instead of global warming. This is because as the Earth's average temperature climbs, winds and ocean currents move heat around the globe in ways that can cool some areas, warm others, and change the amount of rain and snow falling. As a result, the climate changes differently in different areas.

What should we do?How to overcome these problems?Humans do not realize that our luxuries can cause suffering to our earth and other animals and humans. We think technologyis making or lives easier but it is really making our lives more complicated. We can do a lot to stop global warming if people would pay attention to this major problem. Global warming is even affecting our health. I think that we should try to make a difference regarding global warming and our earth. We should make more earth-friendly products and try our best to make it the main product. We only get one earth, we cannot go to another planet and kill that planet too. We only get one chance and one life to live it on planet Earth. We should be more respectful to our animals that live on this earth. It is as much our Earth as it is the animals' Earth.It is as much as our earth as everyoneelse.We have to work together and make this planet last as long as it can.As a human being we can help to reduce the demand for fossil fuels, which in turn reduces global warming, by using energy more wisely.1. Reduce, Reuse, RecycleDo your part to reduce waste by choosing reusable products instead of disposables. Buying products with minimal packaging (including the economy size when that makes sense for you) will help to reduce waste. And whenever you can, recyclepaper,plastic, newspaper, glass and aluminum cans. If there isn't arecycling programat your workplace, school, or in your community, ask about starting one. By recycling half of your household waste, you can save 2,400 pounds of carbon dioxide annually. Recycling helps the Earth by not producing more waste onto our planet. We are throwing away far too much rubbish. Our landfillsare filling up. Many towns and cities have trouble finding new holes to dump rubbish in. All sorts ofpaper and cardboardcan be recycled and turned into fresh paper and card. This uses far less energy than making new paper from trees. Allglass bottles and steel and aluminumcans can be recycled as well as all other metals, again saving energy. When wesave energywe don't emit as much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, because usually we make electricity by burning fossil fuels like coal. Allplastics can be recycled, again saving energy. In some places only certain kinds of plastics are accepted, but all plastics can be recycled, even styrofoam (polystyrene). We throw away food scraps and otherorganic matterlike leaves, cotton, animal manure etc. These can all be composted to become garden fertilizer. Some will alsogenerate methane gaswhich is good if we collect it and use it for heating, cooking or generating electricity. But methane gas is bad if we just let it seep out of landfills and into the atmosphere where it becomes a dangerous greenhouse gas, twenty-one times more deadly than carbon dioxide. Andgreenhouse gases are causing global warming.

2. Use Less Heat and Air Conditioning Adding insulation to your walls and attic, and installing weather stripping or caulking around doors and windows can lower your heating costs more than 25 percent, by reducing the amount of energy you need to heat and cool your home. Turn down the heat while you're sleeping at night or away during the day, and keep temperatures moderate at all times. Setting your thermostat just 2 degrees lower in winter and higher in summer could save about 2,000 pounds of carbon dioxide each year.

3. Change a Light Bulb Wherever practical, replace regular light bulbs with compact fluorescent light (CFL) bulbs. Replacing just one 60-watt incandescent light bulb with a CFL will save you $30 over the life of the bulb. CFLs also last 10 times longer than incandescent bulbs, use two-thirds less energy, and give off 70 percent less heat. If every U.S. family replaced one regular light bulb with a CFL, it would eliminate 90 billion pounds of greenhouse gases, the same as taking 7.5 million cars off the road.4. Drive Less and Drive Smart Less driving means fewer emissions. Besides saving gasoline, walking and biking are great forms of exercise. Explore your community mass transit system, and check out options for carpooling to work or school. When you do drive, make sure your car is running efficiently. For example, keeping yourtires properly inflatedcan improve your gas mileage by more than 3 percent. Every gallon of gas you save not only helps your budget, it also keeps 20 pounds of carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere.

5. Buy Energy-Efficient Products When it's time to buy a new car, choose one that offers good gas mileage. Home appliances now come in a range of energy-efficient models, and compact florescent bulbs are designed to provide more natural-looking light while using far less energy than standard light bulbs. Avoid products that come withexcess packaging, especially molded plastic and other packaging that can't be recycled. If you reduce your household garbage by 10 percent, you can save 1,200 pounds of carbon dioxide annually.

6. Use Less Hot Water Set your water heater at 120 degrees to save energy, and wrap it in an insulating blanket if it is more than 5 years old. Buy low-flow showerheads to save hot water and about 350 pounds of carbon dioxide yearly. Wash your clothes in warm or cold water to reduce your use of hot water and the energy required to produce it. That change alone can save at least 500 pounds of carbon dioxide annually in most households. Use the energy-saving settings on yourdishwasherand let the dishes air-dry.

7. Use the "Off" Switch Save electricity and reduce global warming by turning off lights when you leave a room, and using only as much light as you need. And remember to turn off your television, video player, stereo and computer when you're not using them. It's also a good idea to turn off the water when you're not using it. While brushing your teeth, shampooing the dog or washing your car, turn off the water until you actually need it for rinsing. You'll reduce your water bill and help to conserve a vital resource.

8. Plant a Tree If you have the means to plant a tree, start digging. During photosynthesis, trees and other plants absorb carbon dioxide and give off oxygen. They are an integral part of the natural atmospheric exchange cycle here on Earth, but there are too few of them to fully counter the increases in carbon dioxide caused by automobile traffic, manufacturing and other human activities. A single tree will absorb approximately one ton of carbon dioxide during its lifetime.

What should the business do?Planet Earth should in theory be capable of supporting life, including human life, for thousands of years to come - indeed, some estimates say millions. It all depends on the human race. Not long ago the greatest danger seemed to come from nuclear war between the superpowers now i can sai that global warming was the dangerest issue for our earth.Global Warming is not only an environmental issue or an issue of social responsibility, it is now being looked at from an ethical and religious sense. It has became a topics that has been in the news, classroom, and discussed in many media outlets. This controversial topic has many wondering if global warming is fact or if it is hype in order to create demands in certain markets for product marketing and profits. Even the science community cannot come to an agreement on the reality nor severity of global warming.I believe that people across all continents of the world regardless of their stance on global warming should agree that we all have a moral responsibility for our actions and to ensure that we are causing no harm for that which the planet cannot bear. Certainly, we as people understand that there are consequences, or rather re-actions, to our every action.The fastest way to save the world is for every business to take action now. It ias the right thing to do and makes great business sense. Ignore this issue and your business could auto-destruct.Take the message, boost your sales and grow your profits.Faced with an unimaginable catastrophe, the business response toglobal warmingwill dwarf anything ever seen before in the history of the world, in numbers of companies, research efforts and sales.Somehow there a lot of disagreement among scientists about whether or not global warming is happening. When climate change is discussed, mainstream outlets sometimes strive for afalsebalancethat elevates marginal voices and enables them tosow doubtabout the science even in the face of mounting evidence. There are some documents suggest that there has been a concerted effort by global warming researchers to prevent a vocal minority of scientists who disagree with their conclusions from getting published.Climate change has been described as a "perfect moral storm" because it brings together three major challenges to ethical action in a mutually reinforcing way: The first challenge stems from the fact that climate change is a truly global phenomenon. Once emitted, greenhouse gas emissions can have climate effects anywhere on the planet, regardless of their source. The second challenge is that current emissions have profoundly intergenerational effects. Emissions of the most prominent greenhouse gas, carbon dioxide, typically persist in the atmosphere for a long time, contributing to negative climate impacts for centuries, or even millennia. The third challenge to ethical action is that our theoretical tools are underdeveloped in many of the relevant areas, such as international justice, intergenerational ethics, scientific uncertainty, and the appropriate relationship between humans and the rest of natureClimate change involves serious ethical issues, especially in its global, intergenerational, and ecological dimensions. Despite challenges owing to underdeveloped theories and pragmatic issues, there is an important initial consensus concerning the need for, and the overall shape of, serious action and the relevance of key ethical concerns, such as fairness and responsibility. Climate ethics is an emerging field that has much to offer, but within which much more work remains to be done.There are challenges and opportunities that businessesshould be preparing for as we look forward to a destabilizing climate thanks to the effects of global warming, such as: Uncertainty. Without a doubt, the number one impact on business will continue to be uncertainty. Businesses will need to become far more agile and far more strategic, with contingency plans in place that must look bravely into the upcoming crisis without blinking and relegating as little as possible to the realm of the unthinkable. Crowded. Its likely that there will be some negative feedback effect. Disrupted. All of this dislocation will put a tremendous strain on all kinds of services unless action is taken in advance that anticipates the challenges. Robust and resilient systems need to be put in place that can withstand the weather impacts while building in enough capacity to serve all of those who will be in need. Heavy weather events will cause injuries, deaths, days of work missed, as well as damage to infrastructure such as bridges, tunnels, roads, power lines, hospitals, power plants, etc. Wet and dry. Water will be the primary vector through which climate change will make its presence known. Because a warmer atmosphere can hold more water, precipitation patterns will change dramatically, with the trend being towards more water coming down at once, leading to increased runoff and flooding, with less water being absorbed into the ground. Other areas will be deprived of rain altogether, becoming deserts as a result. There is a saying, You dont miss your water till your well runs dry. The same can also be said for the precipitation patterns that until now, made such a large portion of the planet viable for human activity. Hungry. In addition to existing farmland falling prey to heat waves and drought, low lying coastal regions also face contamination from salt water. All of this will place tremendous stress on our ability to feed a steadily growing population. This, in some regions of the world, has already led to social unrest.These will be the primary impacts. The secondary impacts, which are the human responses to these conditions, could potentially be even more severe, depending on our abilities to navigate through these challenges. Secondary impacts will include. Civil unrest. People are going to be unhappy. They will protest, they will demonstrate, they will riot, they will sue. As Admiral Locklear said, If it goes bad, you could have hundreds of thousands or millions of people displaced and then security will start to crumble pretty quickly. People will want someone to do something about all of the things that are making them unhappy. Government action. Given the increasing severity of these impacts, and in some cases, you might say,finally, governments around the world will have no choice but to issue increasingly stringent regulations in an attempt to manage continuing emissions, as well as any scarcities of food and water and other services that might be occurring, while at the same time maintaining security. These regulations will undoubtedly add to the unhappiness of a great many people. It will certainly strain our leaders ability to lead, far beyond anything that is being seen today. Longer summers. This will not only provide more time for outdoor recreation, but more importantly, given the increasing population, a longer growing season. This could well prove to be critical in meeting the demands of feeding all these people. Milder winters. According to somestudies, warmer winters will mean lower mortality from disease. One Stanford study says, Most people would enjoy higher temperatures, and the evidence supports the proposition that humans would live longer and avoid some sickness. Open trade route. A melted Arctic will provide an open trade route from the Atlantic Ocean to Asia. This will allow much shorter transit times and will, somewhat ironically, save energy.Its not too late to try and avoid the collision, or at least reduce its severity, and at the same time, its not too soon to start bracing for the impact, either. As Admiral Locklear said, The ice is melting and sea is getting higher. Im into the consequence management side of it.Globally Go GreenNot only the human being but also the people from business are trying to make some action to stop it. The new normal undoubtedly means companies will have to move server rooms, reinforce supply chains, and reposition those backup generators. But thats only treating a symptom. Real resilience means attacking the cause. And thats going to require everyone even business included to embrace a longer view of their place in the world, and start acting accordingly. Fortunately, there are plenty of good examples: Walmart has promised to eliminate20 million metric tonsof greenhouse gas emissions from its global supply chain by 2015, on the road to a larger goal to besupplied by 100% renewable energy. For five years,Environmental Defense Fundhas been working with the relentlessly cost-conscious retailer to identify strategies to improve environmental performance across the company and to push those solutions out to thousands of vendors. Unilever, the global consumer products company that announced plans in 2010 to cut its greenhouse emissions, water use and waste in half over a decade--all while doubling sales. CEO Paul Polman attributes the companys record share price strong earnings directly to its sustainability vision. Microsoft decided to make each of its business units financially accountable for their own greenhouse emissions, andcreated an internal accounting price for carbon--based on market rates for renewable energy and carbon offsets--that will serve as the incentive to drive energy savings in data centers, labs and offices in more than 100 countries. Proceeds from the internal fees will go to company-wide emissions reduction efforts.These companies arent doing this out of the goodness of their hearts. They are doing it because this is the business model that fits the world as it is becoming. No single company can cut enough emissions on their own to hold back the rising seas, or stop the climate from warming. But every ton they dont emit is a cost savings as well as a step to safer, stronger and more prosperous environment and economy.

Which industries and companies cause of the global warming?Many industrial processes emit CO2through fossil fuel combustion. Several processes also produce CO2emissions through chemical reactions that do not involve combustion, for example, the production and consumption of mineral products such as cement, the production of metals such as iron and steel, and the production of chemicals.Before the Industrial Revolution, the greenhouse effect was a natural process in which gases, like carbon dioxide and water vapor, trapped some of the sun's heat within the atmosphere, allowing life to exist on Earth. Human-caused pollution, from factories, fossil fuel combustion and other activities, is contributing to an enhanced greenhouse effect and global warming. Power plants, industrial facilities and vehicles are the main producers of carbon dioxide. Commercial buildings and homes also release carbon dioxide. Factories or industial facilities involved with industrial processes, like manufacturing metals or chemical solvents, contribute to ground-level ozone production. Power plants, vehicle emissions and burning fossil fuels also produce ozone. Although these processes do not directly release ozone, they produce nitrogen and volatile organic chemicals. When these chemicals combine in the presence of sunlight, they form ozone. Landfills, livestock manure, coal mining and fossil fuel combustion also produce significant quantities of this greenhouse gas. Cement Industry, cement is a crucial component in buildings and roads, which is why some 80 percent of it is made and used in emerging economies. But making cement means making pollution, in the form of carbon dioxide emissions. Cement plants account for 5 percent of global emissions of carbon dioxide.Oil Companies VS Global WarmingWe all know oil companies make an amazing amount of money by selling gasoline and other petroleum products to the world. The oil companiesspend bigto keep the system running this way. Theyfund organizationsandpeoplethat make the case for denial and inaction. So this is an industry that profits from products that science shows will change the climate, and then spends money on cover-up. Actually, though, it gets even stranger. When it comes to protecting their profits, oil companies explicitly acknowledge that climate change poses a threat to their bottom line.The oil companies with the highest profile on the climate change issue are BP, Shell and ExxonMobil. While all three companies now publicly admit that climate change exists (a marked change for ExxonMobil in recent years), their level of commitment to pursuing alternatives remains extremely low. ExxonMobil noted that the companys operations around the world include remote and offshore areas that present challenges from existing climate extremes and storms. These severe weather events may disrupt supplies or interrupt the operations ofExxonMobil facilitiesMost of the world largest carbon dioxide emitting companies are failing to assess, disclose and address the financial risks posed by climate change. Such strategies leave them and their shareholders especially vulnerable to the increased financial risks and missed market opportunities posed by climate change. The open question is why the industry persists in denial in the face of an endless body of fact showing climate change is the greatest danger weve ever faced. So according to Exxon, climate change could disrupt their business model. Its easy to see through the rhetoric when giant fossil fuel companies financially react to the risk of disruption and damage from climate change.Part of its simple enough, the giant energy companies are making so much money right now that they can not stop gorging themselves. ExxonMobil, year after year, pulls in more money than any company in history. Chevrons not far behind. Everyone in the business is swimming in money. Still, they could theoretically invest all that cash in new clean technology or research and development for the same. As it happens, though, they got a deeper problem, one thats become clear only in the last few years. Their value is largely based on fossil-fuel reserves that will not be burned if we ever take global warming seriously.The fossil fuel companies are not trying to do what they say needs to be done to solve climate change. Instead, they are preparing for its impacts, with profits gained from our pockets.Our individual efforts are important, but the biggest impact on climate change will come from large-scale in international, national, and regionalpolicies, thoughtful systematic efforts to reduce polluting fossil fuel energy sources and unsound land use practices and steady progress toward a green, sustainable future.''Climate changeis an issue which raises fundamental questions about the relationship between companies and society as a whole, and between one generation and the next.''''Companies composed of highly skilled and trained people can't live in denial of mounting evidence gathered by hundreds of the most reputable scientists in the world.'' It is our capacity for hope that distinguishes The 11th Hour and that speaks so powerfully, in part because it is the human quality that may finally force us to fight the good fight against the damage we have done and continue to do. As a human being, we tend to follow the trends. This leads us to consumerism lifestyle, which needs a large amount of resources and generally polluting the ecosystem. It began from the industrial revolution, the amount of resources they used is is increasing and the resource is depleted too fast. The government also has massive influence in the cause of global warming. Generally they create policy which benefits the industrial organization and the government itself without considering the environment. However, sometimes the government is being controlled by private sector by bribing to gain advantages for themselves.If you are holding this review in your hands, do not forget to recycle the paper.