global entrepreneurship culture & economies essam 2011 professor stephen lawrence leeds school...
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Global EntrepreneurshipCulture & Economies
ESSAM 2011Professor Stephen LawrenceLeeds School of BusinessUniversity of Colorado at Boulder
Agenda
Types of global entrepreneurshipCharacteristics of global entrepreneursCharacteristics of global entrepreneurshipDifferences & similarities between global and domestic startup ventures
Bosma & Levie. 2011. Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2010, Global Entrepreneurship Research Consortium.
Types of Global Entrepreneurship
Bosma & Levie. 2011. Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2010, Global Entrepreneurship Research Consortium.
Types of Global Entrepreneurship
Factor-Driven Economies?Low levels of economic developmentOversupply of labor drives self-employment
Efficiency-Driven Economies?Industrialization and scale economiesDrives development of small-medium manufacturing firms
Innovation-Driven Economies?Research and knowledge-intensityDrives knowledge and innovation-based entrepreneurship
Bosma, Acs, Autio, Coduras, & Levie (2009), “2008 executive summary,” Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, Global Entrepreneurship Research Consortium.
Early-Stage Entrepreneurial Activity
Bosma & Levie. 2011. Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2010, Global Entrepreneurship Research Consortium.
How Does Income Impact Eship?
Bosma & Levie. 2011. Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2010, Global Entrepreneurship Research Consortium.
Necessity-Based Entrepreneurship
Bosma & Levie. 2011. Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2010, Global Entrepreneurship Research Consortium.
How Old are Entrepreneurs?
Bosma & Levie. 2011. Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2010, Global Entrepreneurship Research Consortium.
Which Gender are Entrepreneurs?
Bosma & Levie. 2011. Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2010, Global Entrepreneurship Research Consortium.
Innovation & Entrepreneurship
Bosma & Levie. 2011. Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2010, Global Entrepreneurship Research Consortium.
What Other Factors Effect Eship?
Bosma, Acs, Autio, Coduras, & Levie (2009), “2008 executive summary,” Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, Global Entrepreneurship Research Consortium.
Why Become an Entrepreneur?
Bosma, Acs, Autio, Coduras, & Levie (2009), “2008 executive summary,” Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, Global Entrepreneurship Research Consortium.
CHARACTERISTICS OF GLOBAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP
Karra & Phillips (2004), “Entrepreneurship goes global,” Ivey Business Journal, Nov/Dec.
What does “Born Global” Mean?
25% International sales within 3 yearsDerive competitive advantage from global resources and global markets
Plan for global sales and operations from inception
Karra & Phillips (2004), “Entrepreneurship goes global,” Ivey Business Journal, Nov/Dec.
International Orientation
Bosma & Levie. 2011. Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2010, Global Entrepreneurship Research Consortium.
What Factors Drive Global Eship Growth?
Globalizing marketsTariff & trade barriers; global brandsGrowing middle class
Changes in technologyInformation & transport technology
Changing nature of firms & alliances
Trade alliances (e.g., EU, NAFTA)Need for scale economies
Karra & Phillips (2004), “Entrepreneurship goes global,” Ivey Business Journal, Nov/Dec.
Success Factors for Global Eship?
Global visionNo boundary between domestic & global markets
Promiscuous collaborationManage complex collaborative networks
Cross-cultural competenceMultiple languagesMultiple cultural competencies
Karra & Phillips (2004), “Entrepreneurship goes global,” Ivey Business Journal, Nov/Dec.
HOW DIFFICULT IS STARTUP AROUND THE WORLD?
Doing Business, World Bank
www.DoingBusiness.org
Global “Ease of Business” Rankings
www.DoingBusiness.org
The Best and the Worst
“Global Heroes,” Economist, 2009
Days to Start a Business
“Global Heroes,” Economist, 2009
Regulation vs. Entrepreneurship
“Global Heroes,” Economist, 2009
VC Investments (% GDP-2007)
“Global Heroes,” Economist, 2009
DO CULTURAL DIFFERENCES AFFECT ENTREPRENEURSHIP?
Hofstede Cultural Dimensions
Power Distance (PDI)Acceptance of unequal power distribution
Individualism (IDV)Extent of identification with a group
Masculinity (MAS)Degree of differentiation in gender roles
Uncertainty Avoidance Index (UAI)Measures cultural concerns about the unknown
Long Term Orientation (LTO)Cultural focus on the future; “time-horizon”
http://www.clearlycultural.com/geert-hofstede-cultural-dimensions/power-distance-index//
Hofstede Score Comparison
http://www.clearlycultural.com/geert-hofstede-cultural-dimensions/power-distance-index//
BRIC Hofstede Scores
http://cindyking.biz/how-cultural-differences-impact-international-social-media/
Uncertainty Avoidance
http://ausweb.scu.edu.au/aw03/papers/edwards2/fig4.jpg
Hofsteder IDE vs. PDI Metrics
http://www.emeraldinsight.com/journals.htm?articleid=883443&show=html
INTERNATIONAL VS. DOMESTIC NEW VENTURES – ARE THERE DIFFERENCES?
Int’l vs. Domestic New Ventures
McDougall, Oviatt, & Schrader (2003)
“A comparison of international and domestic new ventures,” Journal of International New Ventures 1, 59-82.
1. International team variables2. Global strategy variables3. Global industry variables
McDougall, Oviatt, & Schrader (2003), “A comparison of international and domestic new ventures,” Journal of International New Ventures 1, 59-82.
Entrepreneurial Team Variables
Important differentiatorInternational experience
Somewhat important differentiatorIndustry experience
Somewhat negative differentiatorMarketing experience
Important negative differentiatorTechnical experience
McDougall, Oviatt, & Schrader (2003), “A comparison of international and domestic new ventures,” Journal of International New Ventures 1, 59-82.
Global Strategy Variables
Important differentiatorEmphasis on quality
Somewhat important differentiators
Aggressiveness, product innovation, service, marketing, distribution
Irrelevant differentiatorsLow cost, focus
McDougall, Oviatt, & Schrader (2003), “A comparison of international and domestic new ventures,” Journal of International New Ventures 1, 59-82.
Industry Variables
Very important differentiatorGlobal integration
Somewhat negative differentiatorCompetitive intensity
Irrelevant differentiatorTechnology change
McDougall, Oviatt, & Schrader (2003), “A comparison of international and domestic new ventures,” Journal of International New Ventures 1, 59-82.
OTHER RESOURCES
Global Eship Monitor (GEM)
www.gemconsortium.org
International Entrepreneurship
www.InternationalEntrepreneurship.com