g]kfnl 6]lnlehg;dagwl ;gbe{ ;fdu|l - martin chautari · o'jfd~r !%-(_ m @@ . clwsf/l, o1 ......

$: g]kfnL 6]lnlehg;DaGwL ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L - Martin Chautari · o'jfd~r !%-(_ M @@ . clwsf/L, o1 ... [i0f clj/n . @)%* . :jf:Yo lj1fkgdf hf ]uLsf ] s/fdt . /fli6«o hgd~r @-@_ M ... kfnL$
g]kfnL 6]lnlehg;DaGwL ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L • 267

g]kfnL 6]lnlehg;DaGwL ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L

/ldtf dxh{g

g]kfndf 6]lnlehgsf] lj:tf/;Fu} o;sf ljleGg cfofddfly 6Lsf l6Kk0fLjf cg';Gwfg u/L n]Vg] sfo{ klg x'Fb} cfPsf] kfOG5 . t/ cg]sf}F :yfgdf5l/P/ /x]sf x'gfn] cg';Gwfgstf{ / g]kfnL 6]lnlehgdf rf;f] /fVg]sf]kx'Frdf tL xTktL cfpFb}gg\ . k|:t't ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L ;"rLdf g]kfnL 6]lnlehgaf/]n]lvPsf k':ts, sfo{kq, zf]wkq, ck|sflzt k|ltj]bg tyf n]vx¿nfO{;d]l6Psf]] 5 . g]kfnL 6]lnlehgaf/] n]lvPsf 5f]6f5f]6f n]vnfO{ oxfF pltWofg lbOPsf] 5}g .

o; ;"rLdf dfl6{g rf}tf/Laf6 k|sflzt g]kfnL ldl8of ;Gbe{ u|Gy

-@)%(_ / sfFrsf] kbf{ M g]kfnL 6]lnlehgdf dlxnf -@)^#_ af6 w]/} ;fdu|Lptfl/Psf] 5 . o;df ;dfj]z clwsf+z ;fdu|L dfl6{g rf}tf/Lsf] ldl8of;|f]t ;fdu|L s]Gb|df pknAw 5g\ . o;df g]kfnL 6]lnlehgaf/] dxŒjk"0f{;fdu|L 5'6]sf x'g ;S5g\ . To;af/] hfgsf/L lbg'ePdf cfef/L x'g]5' .1

@^&

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L

1 of] ;Gbe{ ;"rLdf 5'6]sf s]xL ;fdu|L yKg ;3fpg] xif{dfg dxh{g / bLkf uf}tdnfO{ wGojfb 5 .

268 • g]kfnL 6]lnlehg M cEof;, cg'e"lt / ljZn]if0f

clwsf/L, clgn . @)%( . l;;fleqsf] ;+;f/ . g]kfn #-*_ M $)–$% .clwsf/L, s]zj . @)%% . 6]lnlehgsf] cfsif{0f . ;jf]{Qd !& M $–!) .clwsf/L, wd{ / hulbz kf]v/]n . @)^% . ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg / k|]; M

;du|df ;+oldt, yf]/}sf] jr{:j . ;+lxtf @ M !@–@% .clwsf/L, w|'jxl/ . @)%$ . ;fdflhs k|efj / g}lts bfloTj . k|;f/0f kqsfl/tf

xft] lstfa . b'uf{gfy zdf{, ;+=, k[= &@–(! . sf7df8f}F M g]kfn k|]; OlG:6Ro'6 .clwsf/L, w|'jxl/ . @)^) . >Job[Zo dfWod M ;Defjgf / r'gf}tL . 6]lnklqsf

!-!_ M !#–!* .clwsf/L, lgd{ndl0f . @)^$[@)^!] . /]l8of] tyf 6]lnlehgdf pb\3f]if0f . pb\3f]if0f

snf -bf];|f] ;+:s/0f_, k[= &%–!)^ . sf7df8f}F M k|zflGt k':ts e08f/ .clwsf/L, k|s[lt . @)%( . 6]lnlehg k|ljlwsf] rdTsf/ M sxfFb]lv sxfF;Dd .

o'jfd~r !%-(_ M @@ .clwsf/L, o1 . @)^% . 6]lnlehgdf cfly{s Joj:yfkg . ldl8of lehg . ch'{g

v8\sf, ;+=, k[= !&–@) . sf7df8f}F M sflGtk'/ 6]lnlehg sd{rf/L ;ª\3 .clwsf/L, /fw]Zofd, ;+of]hs . @)^# . 6]lnlehg, rnlrq / s]a'n dfWod /

;'wf/ . pRr:t/Lo ldl8of ;'emfj cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg @)^#, k[= @!–@^ .sf7df8f}F M pRr:t/Lo ldl8of ;'emfj cfof]usf] ;lrjfno, ;"rgf ljefu .

clwsf/L, ljho/fh . @)^% . 6]lnlehgdf hn8d? ;do . ldl8of lehg .ch{'g v8\sf, ;+=, k[= *$–*& . sf7df8f}F M sflGtk'/ 6]lnlehg sd{rf/L;ª\3 .

clwsf/L, z/b . @)^@ . g]kfnL 6]lnlehg < ;d:of 5}g . ;do @-^!_ M !^–!& .clwsf/L, ;/f]h/fh . @)^! . g]kfn 6]lnlehgdf …efO/;Ú . b[li6, * c;f/, k[= # .cof{n, gjLg / Hof]lt b]jsf]6f . @)^# . a9\of] Jofkf/ . ;do #-!)(_ M $@–$% .cof{n, od'gf . @)^$ . lstfaL sf]/f 1fgeGbf ;"rgf k|ljlwaf6 lelqPsf] 1fg

cfjZos . /fhwfgL, @% ebf}, k[= !) .cl:dtf . @)%( . g]kfnL dlxnfx¿df 6]lnlehgsf] k|efj -cWoog k|ltj]bg_ .

sf7df8f}F M cl:dtf dlxnf k|sfzg u[x, ;~rf/ tyf ;|f]t ;+:yf .cl:dtf . @)^) . dlxnf / 6]lnlehg . dlxnf / ldl8of M g]kfndf dlxnfsf

;DaGwdf ;~rf/dfWodsf] cj:yfaf/] Ps cWoog, k[= ^@–*! . sf7df8f}F Mcl:dtf dlxnf k|sfzg u[x, ;~rf/ tyf ;|f]t ;+:yf .

cfrfo{, uf]ljGb . @)^% . 6]lnlehgdf ;dfrf/sf nflu k7gLo n]vg . ldl8of lehg .ch{'g v8\sf, ;+=, k[= !)*–!!@ . sf7df8f}F M sflGtk'/ 6]lnlehg sd{rf/L ;ª\3 .

cfrfo{, efg'eQm . @)^) . hdfgf Do'lhs lel8of]sf] . ljdf]rg @@-!@_ M #–& .cfrfo{, efg'eQm . @)^) . ldl8of qm]h . ljdf]rg @#-!_ M $–& .


cfrfo{, efg'eQm . @)^! . 6]lnlkmNdb]lv ;'k/–l;l/on;Dd . ljdf]rg @#-@_ M$–* .

cfrfo{, /fh]Gb|b]j . @)$# . 6]lnlehg kqsfl/tf . kqsfl/tf–:dfl/sf @)$# .u0f]z bxfn, /lj clwsf/L, tf]of uf}td, >L/fdl;+x a:g]t / c?0f /l~ht,;+=, k[=&!–&# . sf7df8f}F M g]kfn k|]; OlG:6Ro'6 bf];|f] ;d"xsf k|lzIffyL{x¿@)$# .

cfrfo{, /fh]Gb|b]j . @)%$ . 6]lnlehg ;dfrf/ – pTkfbg k|lqmof / z}nL .k|;f/0f kqsfl/tf xft] lstfa . b'uf{gfy zdf{, ;+=, k[= %%–&! . sf7df8f}F Mg]kfn k|]; OlG:6Ro'6 .

cfrfo{, /fh]Gb|b]j . @)^! . 6]lnlehg ;dfrf/ a'n]l6gsf cfwf/e"t kIf . 6]lnklqsf!-@_ M !@–!* .

cfrfo{, ljZjgfy . @)^% . Sofd/f kl/rfng / Joj:yfksLo kIf . ldl8oflehg . ch{'g v8\sf, ;+=, k[= %$–%% . sf7df8f}F M sflGtk'/ 6]lnlehgsd{rf/L ;ª\3 .

pbf;L, nLnf . @)%* . Rofgn g]kfnsf] k|;f/0f slxn];Dd /f]lsG5 t < :k];6fOd,!^ c;f/, k[= $ .

pkfWofo, a;Gtk|sfz . @)%* . cfo{3f6df k'u]sf] rnlrq s;/L …;'k/lx6Úx'G5 < uf]/vfkq, !* r}t, k[= ( .

pkfWofo, a;Gtk|sfz . @)%* . hflu/] dgl:yltn] l;h{gf df5{ . uf]/vfkq-zlgjf/Lo kl/lzi6_, !# c;f]h, k[= 3 .

pkfWofo, a;Gtk|sfz . @)%( . k};f ltb}{df h] klg af]Ng kfOG5 < uf]/vfkq-zlgaf/_, * ebf}, k[= 3 .

pk|]tL, 6ª\s . @)^! . g]kfnL 6]lnlehg pBf]udf dlxnf hgzlQmsf] l:yltljZn]if0f . 6]lnklqsf @-!_ M ^)–^@ .

pk|]tL, 6ª\s . @)^$ . g]kfnL 6]lnlehgdf ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0f . ldl8ofcWoog @ M !)%–!@! .

pk|]tL, 6ª\s . @)^$ . g]kfnL 6]lnlehgdf ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0f . ;dfj]zLldl8of . k|To"if jGt, xif{dfg dxh{g, b]j/fh x'dfufO{ / z]v/ k/fh'nL, ;+=,k[= !$(–!^% . sf7df8f}F M dfl6{g rf}tf/L .

pk|]tL, 6ª\s . @)^$ . 6]lnlehg 6s zf] / xf]:6x¿sf] e|d . lgu/fgL !-@_ M @( .P8jf8{;\, Sofyl/g . @)%^ . g]kfnLåf/f g]kfnLsf nflu 6]lnlehg . xfsf–xfsL

#-!_ M @^–@( .s;h", ljgos'df/ . @)^$ . /fli6«o k|;f/0f -g]kfn 6]lnlehg_ sf] :jfoQtf,

cfTdlge{/tf / Jofj;flostf . g]kfn 6]lnlehgåf/f @# cf}+ jflif{sf]T;j cj;/df


cfof]lht …/fli6«o k|;f/0fsf] :jfoQtf, cfTdlge{/tf / Jofj;flostfÚ ljifosljrf/ uf]i7Ldf k|:t't sfo{kq, !% df3 .

s;h", ljgo . @)^% . g]kfnL Rofgnsf cj;/ . gofF klqsf, # ebf}, k[= & .sflGtk'/ . @)%( . ;~rf/ :jtGqtfdf cltqmd0f -;DkfbsLo_ . * sflQs, k[= ̂ .sfsL{, k|sfzhË . @)^) . Pg=6L=eL= d]6«f] Rofgn / o;sf] p2]Zo . 6]lnklqsf

!-!_ M #&–#( .sfsL{, k|sfzhË . @)^# . NTV d]6«f]b]lv NTV 2 ;Dd . 6]lncfjfh, c;f]h,

k[= #(–$@ .sfsL{, /fdxl/ / a'l4k|;fb uf}td . @)$# . g]kfndf 6]lnlehg . kqsfl/tfsf]

;]/f]km]/f], k[= !%%–!&# . sf7df8f}F M /fdxl/ sfsL{ / a'l4k|;fb uf}td .s]lz;f]Un', hf]g O{= . ;g\ !(*& . g]kfndf 6]lnlehg o'usf] ;"qkft . :jtGq

ljZj @)-#_ M #)–## .sf]O/fnf, cRo't . @)^# . Rofgnx¿sf] k|lt:kwf{ . ;do #-!!#_ M %$ .sf]O/fnf …k|eftÚ, bLks . ldlt pNn]v gePsf] . 6]lnlehg pb\3f]if0f / sfo{qmd

pTkfbg . k|efjsf/L pb\3f]if0f / sfo{qmd pTkfbg, k[= !)#–!@* . sf7df8f}F Mz/0f 7s'/L .

sf]O/fnf, ef/tbQ, ;+of]hs . @)%( . ljB'tLo ;~rf/dfWodnfO{ Jojl:yt /ljsl;t u/L ;~rfng ug{] af/]df ;'emfjx¿ . ck|sflzt k|ltj]bg, >L % sf];/sf/, ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfno .

s[i0f clj/n . @)%* . :jf:Yo lj1fkgdf hf]uLsf] s/fdt . /fli6«o hgd~r@-@_ M $–^ .

If]qL, c~h' . @)^) . dlxnfsf ;Gbe{df g]kfnL 6]lnlehg Rofgnn] yfxf kfpg'kg]{s'/f . sflGtk'/, ! ;fpg, k[= ^ .

If]qL, 8Aa' . @)%( . pb\3f]ifs aGg] w'gdf . /fhwfgL, !@ dª\l;/, k[= * .v8\sf, ch{'g, ;+= . @)^% . ldl8of lehg . sf7df8f}F M sflGtk'/ 6]lnlehg

sd{rf/L ;ª\3 .v8\sf, 3gZofd . @)^$ . Do"lhs lel8of]sf] syf . sflGtk'/ -sf];]nL_, !^ r}t,

k[= u .vltj8f, gj/fh . @)%* . Rofgn g]kfn / Pgl6eL M e"–pku|xdf k|j]z k|lqmofdfly

cj/f]wsf] k|Zg . /fhwfgL, & ebf}, k[= !! .vltj8f, ljb'/ . @)^% . ;~hfn lj1fkgsf] . ;fKtflxs, $ k';, k[= !, ^ / & .vgfn, lr/~hLjL, nfn b]p;f /fO{, k|an/fh kf]v/]n / ab|L kf}8\ofn . @)%$ .

6]lnlehgsf] cEo'bo tyf ax'njfbL ;fF:s[lts bz{g . ax'njfbL g]kfnL ;dfhdf


cfd;~rf/, k[= !!@–!&% . sf7df8f}F M kqsfl/tf ljefu, lq=lj= / k|]m8l/sOa6{ l:6km6"ª .

vgfn, hgsk|;fb . @)^! . g]=6]=df hgzlQm Joj:yfkg . 6]lnklqsf !-@_ M%@–%% .

vgfn, hgsk|;fb . @)^# . /fhg}lts lgo'lQmsf] ;Gbe{df g]kfn 6]lnlehg .6]lncfjfh, c;f]h, k[= &(–*) .

vgfn, d[b'nf . @)^% . 6]lnlehg kqsfl/tf M cg'ej / r'gf}tL . . ldl8oflehg . ch{'g v8\sf, ;+=, k[= !#@–!#$ . sf7df8f}F M sflGtk'/ 6]lnlehgsd{rf/L ;ª\3 .

vgfn, /fh]z . @)%( . Psfb]zdf Pp6f g]l6eL lyof] eGg gk/f];\ . hgefjgf,* k';, k[= & .

vgfn, >Lw/ . @)^) . ca 6]lnlehgdf O{–d]n, OG6/g]6 . b[li6, ^ df3, k[= * .vgfn, >Lw/ . @)^) . 6]lnlehg / o'jf dg . b[li6, !^ dª\l;/, k[= !) .vgfn, >Lw/ . @)^) . er{'cn l/ofln6L / ldl8of lzIffsf] cfjZostf . PSsfO;f}+

ztfAbL &-^_ M @@–@# .vgfn, >L/fd . @)^) . 6]lnlehgsf] h+undf afnaflnsf . /fhwfgL, @$ c;f]h,

k[= % .vgfn, >L/fd . @)^@ . >Jo–b[Zo kqsfl/tf . sf7df8f}F M xh'/sf] k|sfzg .lu/L, ljb'/ . @)%( . cGt/fli6«o :t/d} nf]slk|o Rofgn g]kfn . :k];6fOd

-;okqL_, !( c;f/, k[= % .u'?ª, z]/hË . @)%# . k|yd u'?ª 6]lnlkmNd …kft]+Ú -dflxnL_ / g]kfn 6]lnlehg .

/f]wLF %-^_ M @(–## .uf]/vfkq . @)^) . ljb]zL Rofgnsf] a9\bf] k|efj -;DkfbsLo_ . #) ebf}, k[= $ .uf}td, bLkf . @)^) . sfFrsf] kbf{ k5fl8 . sflGtk'/, @@ df3, k[= & .uf}td, bLkf . @)^! . 6]lnz[ª\vnfsf] ofqf . sflGtk'/, #) j}zfv, k[= & .uf}td, bLkf . @)^! . tkfO{ klg uf]n ug]{ ls < 6]lnklqsf !-@_ M !(–@$ .uf}td, bLkf . @)^! . o;/L Oltxf;sf] lgdf{0f eof] . 6]lnklqsf @-!_ M #@–$# .uf}td, bLkf . @)^! . ;oy/L afhf Pp6} tfn . sflGtk'/, !^ c;f/, k[= & .uf}td, bLkf . @)^! . l;nf vf]Hg] k|of; . uf]/vfkq, !$ dª\l;/, k[= % .uf}td, bLkf . @)^@ . k'?if kL8f . ;do @-%%_ M #( .uf}td, bLkf . @)^@ . dgsf] cfFvf k|efjsf/L . ;do @-^@_ M $@ .uf}td, bLkf . @)^# . sfFrsf] kbf{ M g]kfnL 6]lnlehgdf dlxnf . sf7df8f}F M

dfl6{g rf}tf/L .uf}td, bLkf . @)^# . rlDsnf] s]z ls afn rsfrs . ;do #-!)(_ M #& .


uf}td, bLkf . @)^# . kbf{sf kmf}a~hf/ . sflGtk'/, @^ k';, k[= & .uf}td, bLkf . @)^# . laulauL gSsnL sfo{qmdsf] . ;do #-!!&_ M #^ .uf}td, bLkf . @)^# . kf/ kfpg sl7g . ;do #-!@&_ M %! .uf}td, bLkf . @)^# . dfgj clwsf/ / >Job[Zo ;~rf/ If]q . uf]/vfkq, # df3,

k[= & .uf}td, bLkf . @)^# . /fHo k'gM ;+/rgfdf ;~rf/sdL{ dlxnfsf] e"ldsf . OG6/g];gn

P;f]l;P;g ckm ljd]g Og /]l8of] P08 6]lnlehg tyf ;fyL g]kfnåf/fsf7df8f}Fdf cfof]lht …k'gM lgdf{0f k|lqmofdf dlxnf ;~rf/sdL{sf] e"ldsfÚljifos /fli6«o ;Dd]ngdf k|:t't sfo{kq, !#–!$ dª\l;/ .

uf}td, bLkf . @)^# . ;~rf/df dw];L . /fhwfgL, & ;fpg, k[= @ .uf}td, bLkf . @)^# . ;~rf/dfWod / dfgj clwsf/sf] k|;ª\u . /fli6«o dfgj

clwsf/ cfof]uåf/f lrtjgsf] ;f}/fxfdf cfof]lht …;]lG;6fOlhª On]S6«f]lgsldl8of k;{gn cg Xo'dg /fO6\; O:o"hÚ ljifos uf]i7Ldf k|:t't sfo{kq,!^ dª\l;/ .

uf}td, bLkf . @)^$ . 6]lnlehgdf dlxnf M Go"g ;ª\Vof÷sdhf]/ l:ylt . ;dfj]zLldl8of . k|To"if jGt, xif{dfg dxh{g, b]j/fh x'dfufO{ / z]v/ k/fh'nL, ;+=,k[= ^!–&) . sf7df8f}F M dfl6{g rf}tf/L .

uf}td, bLkf . @)^$ . dWoo'usf] ldl8of . sflGtk'/, & ebf}, k[= & .uf}td, bLkf . @)^$ . zflGt cleofgdf dlxnf . sflGtk'/, !& ;fpg, k[= & .uf}td, bLkf . @)^$ . ;fj{hlgs bf]xf]nf] . sflGtk'/, @! c;f/, k[= & .uf}td, bLkf . @)^% . afn sfo{qmdb]lv lrGtg dgg;Dd . ldl8of cWoog # M

##%–#^) .uf}td, bLkf . @)^% . h]/L e}Fm h]lnPsf k|Zgx¿ . sflGtk'/, !! dª\l;/, k[= & .uf}td, o'j/fh . @)%& . slt ;Ifd 5g\ ljB'tLo ;~rf/dfWodx¿ < kqsfl/tf,

c;f]h, k[= %–& .l3ld/], u0f]zk|;fb . @)^) . g]kfn 6]lnlehgsf] gLltut kIf . 6]lnklqsf

!-!_ M ##–#$ .l3ld/], r]tgfy . @)^$ . g]kfnL nf]suLt ;ª\uLtsf] ljsf;df g]kfn 6]lnlehgsf]

e"ldsf . :gftsf]Q/ zf]wkq, kqsfl/tf, lqe'jg ljZjljBfno .l3ld/], gLnd . @)^% . s'¿k sd]8L . lxdfn *-$!_ M $*–$( .l3ld/], gLnd . @)^% . s'nt M sf6'{g / …hª\s–km'8Ú sf] . g]kfn *-#*_ M$^–$& .l3ld/], o'j/fh . @)%( . ;]G;/;Lksf] s}+rL ltvfl/b}5 ;/sf/L ;~rf/dfWoddf .

sflGtk'/, @( k';, k[= & .l3ld/], /d0f . @)$( . g]l6eLsf k|:tf]tf / k|:t'ltx¿ . o'u;Djfb, ^ df3, k[= ^ .


l3ld/], /d0f . @)$( . …;G8]kkÚ, e"if0f bfxfn / g]kfn l6eL . o'u;Djfb,@) ;fpg, k[= ^ .

l3ld/], /d0f . @)%) . g]kfn l6eL s] b]vfpF5– efif0f ls r6s < o'u;Djfb,!@ ;fpg, k[= ^ .

l3ld/], /d0f . @)%) . g]kfn 6]lnlehg M sxfnL nfUbf] cj:yf ef]lu/x]5 .ljdf]rg !@-@_ M #–^ .

l3ld/], /d0f . @)%) . oL s]xL k|:tf]tf / k|:t'ltx¿ . o'u;Djfb, % c;f]h,k[= ^ .

l3ld/], /d0f . @)%$ . /]l8of]–6]lnlehg M cfzf ug{' a]sf/ . sf7df8f}F 6'8] !-!)_ M#%–#^ .

l3ld/], /d]z . @)^$ . l6eLsf nflu nfO;]G; a9L, sfd sd} . ljdz{,#) sflQs, k[= ^ .

r6f}t, cf/tL . ;g\ @))$ . ljB'tLo ;~rf/dfWod M h]G8/ n]G;df . ck|sflztk|ltj]bg, ;~rfl/sf ;d"x g]kfn .

r6f}t, cf/tL . @)^$ . cf/tL r6f}t;Fusf] cGtjf{tf{ . ldl8of ;+jfb M g]kfnLkqsfl/tfaf/] cGtjf{tf{ . z]v/ k/fh'nL, k[= !#%–!$^ . sf7df8f}F M dfl6{grf}tf/L .

rfkfufO{, afns[i0f . @)^$ . ljB'tLo ;~rf/dfWoddf g]kfnL efiffsf] k|of]u .cfd;~rf/ / g]kfnL efiff, k[= ^!–!!@ . sf7df8f}F M Pl;of klAns];G;k|f=ln= .

rfkfufO{, z'sb]j . @)^% . g]kfnsf 6]lnlehg Rofgnx¿ . /fHosf] ¿kfGt/0f@-!)_ M #)–#! .

rfkfufO{, z'sb]j . @)^% . 6]lnlehg Rofgnsf] af9L . ;fKtflxs, # c;f]h,k[= !÷# .

rfln;], ljho . @)%) . afXo k|efj / /fli6«o k|;f/0fsf] ;fy{stf . uf]/vfkq,! h]7, k[= $ .

rfln;], ljho . @)^! . 6]lnlehg, sf]dn dg / sf]dlnsfx¿sf g]kfnL ;+:s/0f .uf]/vfkq, & j}zfv, k[= % .

lrqsf/, Zofd . @)^! . Pgl6eL kl/of]hgf M s]xL ;Demgf . 6]lnklqsf !-@_ M%(–^# .

rf}w/L, lszf]/ . @)^) . dlxnfx¿ 6]lnlehgdf s] x]g{ rfxG5g\ < ;jf]{Qd !-!!_ M&*–&( .

rf}w/L, u0f]z / ljhoafa' vqL . @)%^ . g]kfndf Rofgnx¿sf] af9L dgf]/~hgsf];fwg jf ljs[ltsf] dfWod . ljZjbLk, !% c;f]h, k[= (–!! .


rf}w/L, hok|sfz . @)^@ . g]kfnL 6]lnlehgx¿df /fli6«o efiff . 6]lnklqsf$ M #!–#% .

rf}nfufO{, od . @)^$ . pb\3f]if0fsnf tyf kqsfl/tf . sf7df8f}F M hosfnLk|sfzg k|f=ln= .

hf]zL, k'ik/fh . @)^$ . sf6'{g / s]6fs]6L M eP/ klg gx'g] geOsg klg gx'g] .uf]/vfkq -zlgjf/_, !^ c;f/, k[= # .

hf]zL, zfGtf . @)^@ . :6'l8of] :6\ofG8afO{ Û 6]lnklqsf $ M !#–!* .6]saxfb'/ …gjLgÚ . @)$) . g]kfndf 6]lnlehg . g]kfnL ;~rf/If]qsf] lrgf/L,

k[= $–% . sf7df8f}F M ;~rf/ dGqfno, ;"rgf ljefu .6]lnklqsf . @)^! . ljB'tLo ;~rf/ dfWodnfO{ Jojl:yt / ljsl;t u/L ;~rfng

ug]{ af/]sf ;'emfjx¿ . @-!_ M *@–*( .6]lnlehg a'n]l6g . @)$@ . 6]lnlehg ;j]{If0f 6f]nL . !-#_ M % .8+uf]n, lxsdt . @)^) . s;f}+8LeGbf s;f}6Lsf] lrGtf . sfdgf !*! M %^–%& .8+uf]n, lxsdt . @)^! . g]kfndf pb\3f]if0f snf M h:tf] efiff p:t} k|:t'lt .

sfdgf !*^ M @)–@! .9sfn ;'j]bL, 6Lsf . @)^% . zAb lrqdf M ls/0f s]=;L= . sf7df8f}F M ;Ltf

s]=;L= / ;':df s]=;L= .ltdlN;gf, afa'/fd . @)^@ . g]kfnL ;~rf/dfWoddf ljBdfg q'l6 / ;'wf/of]Uo

;'emfj . 6]lnklqsf $ M %*–^) .ltldlN;gf, /fh]Gb|/fh . @)^) . ;dfrf/df ;efkltTj / dGqLTjsf] dxŒj .

uf]/vfkq, @! c;f]h, k[= % .ltldlN;gf, /fh]Gb|/fh . @)^! . DTH / o;sf] nfexflg . 6]lnklqsf !-@_ M

^%–^^ .t'Dv]jf, ljdnf . @)%( . j[4f>d, gflt–gfltgf / 6]lnlehg . /fhwfgL, @) k';,

k[= ^ .t'nfw/, ljho/Tg . @)^@ . 6]lnlehgdf g]kfn efiff . g]kfn ;dfrf/kq -;f}uft_,

!^ sflQs, k[= 3 .yfkf, d~h' . @)%! . g]kfn 6]lnlehg, lj1fkg / dlxnf df]8n . cl:dtf #) M

$$–$^ .yfkf, d~h' . @)%& . g]kfn 6]lnlehg, lj1fkg / dlxnf df]8]n . ;~rf/df

lgofNbf dlxnf, k[= @^–#) . sf7df8f}F M cl:dtf dlxnf k|sfzg u[x, ;~rf/tyf ;|f]t ;+:yf .

yfkf, d~h' . @)%* . blIf0f Pl;ofdf 6]lnlehg / n}ª\lus ;r]tgf . sflGtk'/,@^ sflQs, k[= & .


yfkf, d~h' . @)%( . lxhf] cfhsf s'/fn] ef]lnsf] klg ;ª\s]t lbg'k5{ . sflGtk'/,* k';, k[= & .

yfkf, d~h' . @)^) . ;~rf/ dfWoddf dlxnfx¿sf] cª\u k|bz{g . >d a'n]l6g,!( dª\l;/, k[= & .

yfkf, /fhs'df/ . @)^@ . ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg / g]kfn 6]lnlehg . 6]lnklqsf $ M#^–#* .

yfkf, /fhs'df/ . @)^# . 6]lnlehg ldl8ofdf Joj:yfkg / Joj:yfkgsfl;4fGtx¿ . 6]lncfjfh, c;f]h, k[= *@–*$ .

yfkf, Zofd . @)^@ . s[lif ;~rf/df g]kfn 6]lnlehgsf] e"ldsf . 6]lnklqsf $ M%#–%% .

yfkf, xl/ . @)%! . a9\bf] pd]/ 36\bf] nf]slk|otf . cl:dtf #! M !^–!& .bfxfn, cd[tafa' . @)^! . afnaflnsfdf 6]lnlehgsf] k|efj . :gftsf]Q/ zf]wkq,

kqsfl/tf, lqe'jg ljZjljBfno .bfxfn, e"if0f . @)%% . kqsfl/tf k]k/df xf];\ jf 6]lnlehgdf plQs} ufx|f] s'/f xf]

-e"if0f bfxfn;Fusf] cGtjf{t{f_ . kqsfl/tf, c;f/–;fpg, k[= #&–#* .bfxfn, e"if0f . @)%* . 6]lnlehg pTkfbg / k|;f/0fsf] ;DaGw . b]zfGt/,

!) dª\l;/, k[= ^ .bfxfn, /fdhL . ;g\ @))& . ;/sf/L ;~rf/ dfWodsf] r/d b'?kof]u . k|];

:jtGqtf M nf]stGqsf] Ps jif{ . an/fd aflgofF, ;+=, k[= @!!–@!* . sf7df8f}F Mg]kfn kqsf/ dxf;ª\3 .

bfxfn, ljlgtf . @)^$ . lj1fkg l;Sb} afnaflnsf . sflGtk'/, !^ df3, k[= & .bLlIft, dbgdl0f . @)%) . :of6nfO6 l6eL gs{sf] 9f]sf . o'u;Djfb, @@ dª\l;/,

k[= $ .bLlIft, dbgdl0f . @)%* . 6]lnlehgdf lbzflgb]{z ls lbUe|ldt sfo{qmd .

:k];6fOd, ( dª\l;/, k[= $ .b'/f, odaxfb'/ . @)%( . dxª\lub} uPsf] …Unf]jn jL08f]Ú . sfdgf !^& M !(–@! .b'/f, odaxfb'/ . @)^) . 6]lnlehgsf] sl7g ofqf . sfdgf !(-&_ M @)–@! .b'jfn, k"0f{eQm . @)^$ . ;+:sf/ laufg]{ l;l/on . sfdgf @$-$_ M #@–#$ .b'jfn, l;h{gf . @)^@ . 6]lnlehg kbf{k5fl8sf gflosfx¿ . ;jf]{Qd gf/L #( M

&$–&% .b]jsf]6f, lr/~hLjL . @)%* . :of6nfO6df k'u]sf] g]kfn 6]lnlehgsf r'gf}tLx¿ .

gofF ;8s -;Kt/ª\uL_, !# ;fpg, k[= v .b]jsf]6f, lr/~hLjL . @)%( . Sof6df08" === ;kmntfsf] syf . /demd, !%

c;f]h, k[= !@–!& .


wgsf}n, ef]nf . @)%@ . pknlAw / cfnf]rgfsf] k[i7e"lddf g]kfn 6]lnlehg .lxdfno 6fOD;, @@ k';, k[= $ .

wgsf}n, ef]nf . ;g\ !((^ . g]kfn 6]lnlehg M Ps ljj]rgf . kqsfl/tf tyfcfd;~rf/ :j0f{ z'e–hGdf]T;j :dfl/sf . k|an/fh kf]v/]n, ;+=, k[= %%–%^ .sf7df8f}F M kqsfl/tf tyf cfd;~rf/ ljefu, /Tg/fHonIdL SofDk; .

wgsf}n, ef]nf . @)%^ . g]kfn 6]lnlehgsf] Oltxf;, pknlAw / cfnf]rgf .Pe/]i6 ld// #-$_ M #@–## .

wdnf, hLjgfy . @)^# . g]kfn 6]lnlehg lxhf], cfh / ef]ln . 6]lncfjfh,c;f]h, k[= &–( .

wdnf, hLjgfy . @)^$ . 6]lnlehgsf] kbf{df g]kfnL ;flxTo . dw'ks{ $)-$^^_ M##–#* .

lwtfn, bLksdl0f . @)^) . g]kfn 6]lnlehg M d]rL–dxfsfnL clg ;ft ;d'b|kfl/ .6]lnklqsf !-!_ M !)–!@ .

gfd pNn]v gePsf] . @)$# . /]l8of], l6eL ;dfrf/ n]Vbf Wofg lbg'kg]{ s]xLs'/fx¿ . kqsfl/tf–:dfl/sf @)$# . u0f]z bfxfn, /lj clwsf/L, tf]ofuf}td, >L/fdl;+x a:g]t / c?0f /l~ht, ;+=, k[= &!–&# . sf7df8f}F M g]kfnk|]; OlG:6Ro'6 bf];|f] ;d"xsf k|lzIffyL{x¿ @)$# .

gfd pNn]v gePsf] . @)%) . g]kfn 6]lnlehgaf6 k|;fl/t 6]lnlkmNdx¿ . sfdgf&% M !)*–!!! .

gfd pNn]v gePsf] . @)%@ . sljtf/fd >]i7 g]kfn 6]lnlehgdf uPkl5=== .d"Nofª\sg #! M #!–## .

gfd pNn]v gePsf] . @)%$ . 6]lnlehg lj1fkg . k|;f/0f kqsfl/tf xft] lstfa .b'uf{gfy zdf{, ;+=, k[= (@–(& . sf7df8f}F M g]kfn k|]; OlG:6Ro'6 .

gfd pNn]v gePsf] . @)%& . g]kfnL cfsfzdf 6]lnlehgsf] hfnf] . sfdgf!^-!!_ M !)–!# .

gfd pNn]v gePsf] . @)%* . /]l8of] / 6]lnlehgleq rlr{t /f]dfG; . sf7df8f}+6'8] @-@_ M @#–@$ .

gfd pNn]v gePsf] . @)%* . s]a'n 6]lnlehg Joj;fo w/fzoL . gj o'ujf0fL,!# j}zfv, k[= # .

gfd pNn]v gePsf] . @)%( . 6]lnlehg ljnfl;tf xf]Og, cfjZostf . Pl;of6fOD; @-@)_ M !(–@# .

gfd pNn]v gePsf] . @)%( . g]kfn 6]lnlehgsf sfo{qmdx¿ lsg :t/Lo 5}gg\ <;jf]{Qd ^) M #$ .


gfd pNn]v gePsf] . @)%( . ljZjsksf] k|tLIff;Fu} 6]lnlehgsf] df]ntf]n .uf]/vfkq, !) h]7, k[= # .

gfd pNn]v gePsf] . @)^) . cd]l/sfdf g]kfnL 6]lnlehg -/fd v/]n;Fusf]cGtjf{tf{_ . l;l6hg EjfO; @-$_ M !!–!@ .

gfd pNn]v gePsf] . @)^! . 6]lnlehg ;+;f/ . ;jf]{Qd gf/L @# M $)–$! .lg/f}nf, lzj . @)^$ . g]kfndf l8l6Pr k|ljlw . gofF klqsf, @$ kmfu'g, k[= & .g]kfn, ls/0f / d's'n x''dfufOF . @)^) . /fd|f lj1fkg /fd|f] eljio . lxdfn

va/klqsf (* M $)–$& .g]kfn, lszf]/ . ;g\ @))$ . cfjfhxLgx¿sf] cfjfh . sf7df8f}F M Joj;flos

kqsfl/tf cWoog s]Gb| .g]kfn, lszf]/ . @)^@ . zlQmsf] cjt/0f . sf7df8f}F M ;]G6/ km/ k|f]km];gn

hgf{lnHd :6l8h .g]kfn, lszf]/ . @)^# . cfhsf] cfjZostf M ;fdflhs bfloTj;lxtsf] Joj;flos

6]lnlehg . 6]lncfjfh, c;f]h, k[= %–^ .g]kfn, lszf]/ . @)^$ . hgtfsf] kqsfl/tfsf r'gf}tLx¿ . /fHosf] ¿kfGt/0f

!-$_ M $–* .g]kfn, hut . ;g\ @))& . 6]lnlehg M ;Defjgf / r'gf}tL . k|]; :jtGqtf M

nf]stGqsf] Ps jif{ . an/fd aflgofF, ;+=, k[= !!(–!#$ . sf7df8f}F M g]kfnkqsf/ dxf;ª\3 .

g]kfn, hut . @)^% . sflGtk'/ 6]lnlehgdf kfFr jif{ . ldl8of lehg . ch{'gv8\sf, ;+=, k[= $&–%# . sf7df8f}F M sflGtk'/ 6]lnlehg sd{rf/L ;ª\3 .

g]kfn 6]lnlehg . @)$% . 6]lnkmf]g 8fO/]S6/L tyf kl/rofTds k'l:tsf . sf7df8f}F Mg]kfn 6]lnlehg .

g]kfn 6]lnlehg . @)%@ . bz{s ;j]{If0f k|ltj]bg . sf7df8f}F M g]kfn 6]lnlehg .g]kfn 6]lnlehg . @)%% . g]kfn 6]lnlehg ;+:yfg— sd{rf/L ;]jf zt{ ljlgodfjnL,

@)%% . sf7df8f}F M g]kfn 6]lnlehg .g]kfn 6]lnlehg . @)%* . g]kfn 6]lnlehg sd{rf/L ljlgodfjnL @)%* . sf7df8f}F M

g]kfn 6]lnlehg .g]kfn 6]lnlehg . @)^! . g]kfn 6]lnlehg ;+:yfg— sfo{qmd lgb{]lzsf, @)^! .

sf7df8f}F M g]kfn 6]lnlehg .g]kfn 6]lnlehg . @)^! . g]kfn 6]lnlehg ;+:yfg— Jofkf/ lgb]{lzsf, @)^! .

sf7df8f}F M g]kfn 6]lnlehg .g]kfn, /fhg . @)^! . slr+un s]a'n 6LeLdf . /fhwfgL, !) ;fpg, k[= !! .


g]kfn jftfj/0f kqsf/ ;d"x . ldlt pNn]v gePsf] . cfFvL‰ofn -lel8of] ;fdu|Lsf]Sof6nu_ . sf7df8f}F M lel8of] ;|f]t s]Gb|, g]kfn jftfj/0f kqsf/ ;d"x .

g]kfn ;dfrf/kq . @)%( . kl/jf/sf] Ps af}l4s ;b:o 6]lnlehg -6]lnlehgljz]if_ . !$ kmfu'g, k[= s–3 .

Gof}kfg], lxdfn . @)^% . 6]lnlehg qm]h / r'gfjL SofDk]g . ldl8of lehg .ch{'g v8\sf, ;+=, k[= &@–&% . sf7df8f}F M sflGtk'/ 6]lnlehg sd{rf/L ;ª\3 .

kl08t, o1z/fh . @)^! . l;l/on klg ktgsf] af6f]df Û b]zfGt/ ;fKtflxs,@$ ;fpg, k[= ^ .

kGt, nId0fbQ . @)^! . 6]lnlehg sfo{qmd pTkfbg . k|;f/0f kqsfl/tf tyfpb\3f]if0f snf, k[= @*–#@ . sf7df8f}F M Unf]an ldl8of P08 l/;r{ ;]G6/ .

kGt, nId0fbQ . @)^! . pb\3f]if0f snf . k|;f/0f kqsfl/tf tyf pb\3f]if0f snf,k[= $@–%) . sf7df8f}F M Unf]an ldl8of P08 l/;r{ ;]G6/ .

k/fh'nL, z]v/, k|To"if jGt, s[i0f clwsf/L, sf]dn e§ / b]j/fh x'dfufO{+, ;+= .@)^) . 6]lnlehg . g]kfnL ldl8of ;Gbe{ u|Gy, k[= !))–!)( . sf7df8f}F Mdfl6{g rf}tf/L / ;fdflhs ljsf; tyf cg';Gwfg s]Gb| .

k/fh'nL, z]v/, k|To"if jGt, s[i0f clwsf/L, sf]dn e§ / b]j/fh x'dfufO{+, ;+= .@)^) . ljB'tLo ;~rf/ ljljw . g]kfnL ldl8of ;Gbe{ u|Gy, k[= !)(–!!! .sf7df8f}F M dfl6{g rf}tf/L / ;fdflhs ljsf; tyf cg';Gwfg s]Gb| .

kl/of/, k|sfzrGb| . @)^% . 6]lnlehg kqsfl/tf M g]kfn / cd]l/sf . ldl8oflehg . ch{'g v8\sf, ;+=, k[= (@–(* . sf7df8f}F M sflGtk'/ 6]lnlehgsd{rf/L ;ª\3 .

kf08], t'nf/fd . @)%( . sfnf] sfnLsf]6df /ª\uLg 6]lnlehg . sflGtk'/ -sf];]nL_,@& k';, k[= ª .

kf08], bLks . @)%* . ljb]zL Rofgnsf] ;dfrf/ ;'Gg'kbf{ l;of]n] 3f]r]em}F x'G5 .:k];6fOd, !! dª\l;/, k[= * .

kf08], dgf]h . @)^) . pb\3f]if0fsf] cfsif{0f . lxdfn va/klqsf !#-&_ M%$–%% .

kf08]o, ;'/]Gb| . @)^% . ;dfrf/ pTkfbssf] sfd / cGt/dd{ . ldl8of lehg .ch{'g v8\sf, ;+=, k[= #@–#^ . sf7df8f}F M sflGtk'/ 6]lnlehg sd{rf/L ;ª\3 .

kfNkfnL, ljhopbo . @)^) . Sofd/f cfFvfsf] gfgLeGbf klg Kof/f] x'G5 . 6]lnklqsf!-!_ M $@–$$ .

kfNkfnL, ljhopbo . @)^# . laDa, k|ltlaDa . 6]lncfjfh, c;f]h, k[= $#–%) .kf]v/]n, uf]s'n . @)^! . ;"rgf k|jfxsf] k|lt:kwf{df g]kfn 6]lnlehg . 6]lnklqsf

!-@_ M &–!! .


kf]v/]n, gj/fh . @)^! . 6]lnlehgsf] d'6' b[Zo ;Dkfbg . 6]lnklqsf @-!_ M$&–%) .

kf]v/]n, gjLg . @)%* . 3fts k|efj . /fhwfgL, * kmfu'g, k[= * .kf]v/]n, gjLg . @)^) . k|lt:kwf{sf] k/LIffdf g]kfnL Rofgn . /fhwfgL, @( ebf},

k[= % .kf]v/]n, lg/hf . @)%( . 6]lnlehg ;a} u[lx0fLx¿sf] gzf aGb} 5 . g]kfnLkq,

& c;f/, k[= & .kf]v/]n, k]zn / d's'n x'dfufO{+ . @)^) . 5fgL5fgL g]kfnL Rofgn . lxdfn

va/klqsf !#-!*_ M %^–%* .kf}8\ofn, Clif/fd . @)^$ . PSnf] k|of;df l6eL . kqsfl/tf, c;f]h, k[= &–* .kf}8]n, O{Zj/L . @)%* . u|fdL0f If]qdf klg 6]lnlehgsf] k||efj a9\b}5 . :k];6fOd,

!& j}zfv, k[= % .kf}8]n, pk]Gb| . @)^) . o;/L :k];6fOd g]6js{sf] Ps bzs k"/f . :k];6fOd,

@@ k';, k[= & .kf}8]n, /fdxl/ . @)^# . 6]lnlehgsf] af9L . sfdgf @!* M $^–$* .kf}8]n, ljho . @)^% . ;dfrf/ k|:t'lt / cfOkg]{ r'gf}tL . ldl8of lehg . ch{'g

v8\sf, ;+=, k[= ^%–^* . sf7df8f}F M sflGtk'/ 6]lnlehg sd{rf/L ;ª\3 .kf}8]n, ;'/]z . @)^% . l6eL sfo{qmdsf bz km/Dof6 . ldl8of lehg . ch{'g

v8\sf, ;+=, k[= @$–@& . sf7df8f}F M sflGtk'/ 6]lnlehg sd{rf/L ;ª\3 .k|;fO{, g/]Gb|/fh . @)%@ . b'uf{gfy zdf{ / g]kfn 6]lnlehg . ;dsfnLg,

@% ;fpg, k[= % .ah|l;+x . @)%@ . g]kfndf 6]lnlehgsf :6f/ d}ofFx¿ . ultljlw, @) kmfu'g,

k[= % .a/fOnL, k"0f{l;+x . @)^) . g]kfnL Rofgnx¿sf] gofF t/ª\u . g]kfn #-!*_ M

%)–%! .a:g]t, k'?iff]Qd . @)^# . ;fgf xf:o snfsf/ . sflGtk'/ -sf]lknf_, @% kmfu'g,

k[= s .afns[i0f k|;fb . @)^! . 6]lnlehg kqsfl/tfdf gofF k|ljlw M k|of]u / r'gf}tL .

6]lnklqsf @-!_ M $$–$^ .aL;L, u+uf . @)^% . åGådf 6]lnlehg kqsfl/tf . ldl8of lehg . ch{'g v8\sf,

;+=, k[= !)#–!)% . sf7df8f}F M sflGtk'/ 6]lnlehg sd{rf/L ;ª\3 .a}h', ;/nf . @)^) . 6]lnlehgsf] c;/ . lxdfno 6fOD;, # df3, k[= % .e§, uf]s0f{ / e}/j lnDa" . @)^) . :of6nfO6 Rofgn of ljs[ltsf] hfnf] <

/fhwfgL -OGb|]0fL_, !# c;f]h, k[= % .


e§, d~h' . @)%( . k9fOnfO{ g} afwf kg]{ u/L l6=eL= gx]/f}+ . cGgk"0f{ kf]i6,$ df3, k[= * .

e§/fO{, P;= . @)%* . g]kfn 6]lnlehgn] n'sfpg vf]h]sf b[Zox¿ . 36gf /ljrf/, @$ c;f]h, k[= # .

e§/fO{, s[i0f . @)^) . sflGtk'/ 6]lnlehgsf gf/L . ;jf]{Qd gf/L @-!$_ M &*–&( .e§/fO{, s[i0f . @)^) . sflGtk'/ 6]lnlehgdf ;dfrf/ . sflGtk'/ -sf];]nL_,

!$ c;f/, k[= s .e§/fO{, s[i0f . @)^) . l6eL sfo{qmdsf] 3D;f–3D;L . ;jf]{Qd gf/L @-!&_ M &*–&( .e§/fO{, s[i0f . @)^) . 6]lnlehgdf ;fª\uLlts sfo{qmd . ;jf]{Qd gf/L @-!&_ M

&$–&% .e§/fO{, s[i0f . @)^) . g]kfnL z[ª\vnfsf bz{s a9\b}5g\ . ;jf]{Qd gf/L @-!%_ M

&*–&( .e§/fO{, s[i0f . @)^! . ;fgf]kbf{n] agfPsf snfsf/ . ;jf]{Qd gf/L @-!(_ M

&$–&% .e§/fO{, s[i0f . @)^! . ;fgf] kbf{sf] eAotf . ;jf]{Qd gf/L @@ M &$–&% .e§/fO{, s[i0f . @)^@ . g]kfnL Rofgndf lat]sf] jif{ . ;fKtflxs, @ j}zfv, k[= !$ .e§/fO{, s[i0frGb| . @)^@ . g]kfn 6]lnlehgdf lj1fkg / lj1fkg gLlt . 6]lnklqsf

$ M !(–@^ .e§/fO{, s[i0fk|;fb . @)%$ . s:tf] 5 6]lnlehgleqsf] b'lgofF < sfdgf !^-$_ M

@–* .e§/fO{, s]bf/axfb'/ . @)^) . g]kfn 6]lnlehgsf] klxnf] Ps jif{ . 6]lnklqsf

!-!_ M @&–#@ .e§/fO{, uf]ljGb . @)%# . cf]em]nd} 5 /Tg 6]lnlehg . b[li6, * h]7, k[= ^ .e§/fO{, uf]ljGb/fh . @)^! . ;~rf/ a9\of], ;+:s[lt hxfFsf] ToxLF Û sflGtk'/,

#) ;fpg, k[= ^ .e§/fO{, bLks . @)^# . 6]lnlehg a9\g yfn] . kqsfl/tf, r}t, k[= !)–!! .e§/fO{, efg' . @)%( . Rofp em}+ pld|P g]kfndf 6]lnlehg Rofgn . ultljlw,

@$ kmfu'g, k[= & .e§/fO{, lzjs'df/ . @)%* . g]kfndf jflif{s sl/a %) xhf/ 6]lnlehg ;]6

laqmL . uf]/vfkq, @( k';, k[= & .e§/fO{, ;'zLn . @)%% . g]kfn 6]lnlehgdf gb]vfOg] b[Zox¿ o:tf 5g\ . 36gf

/ ljrf/, !% k';, k[= # .e§/fO{, ;'zLnf . @)^% . 6]lnlehgdf zAb / b[Zo ;+of]hg . ldl8of lehg . ch{'g

v8\sf, ;+=, k[= ^(–&! . sf7df8f}F M sflGtk'/ 6]lnlehg sd{rf/L ;ª\3 .


e08f/L, cv08 . @)%( . cg'xf/ b]vfpg] /x/ . sflGtk'/ -sf];]nL_, !^ sflQs,k[= r .

e';fn, O{Zj/Lk|;fb . @)^) . /fli6«o b[Zo ;ª\u|xfnosf] vfFrf] . 6]lnklqsf !-!_ M%!–%@ .

dxh{g, ;lagf . @)^% . 6]lnlehgdf b[Zo ;Dkfbg . ldl8of lehg . ch{'gv8\sf, ;+=, k[= !@^–!@( . sf7df8f}F M sflGtk'/ 6]lnlehg sd{rf/L ;ª\3 .

dfy]df, k'is/ . @)$& . @)$& ;fnleq M g]kfnL 6]lnrnlrq . uf]/vfkq-zlgjf/Lo kl/lzi6fª\s_, #) r}t, k[= 3 .

ldofF, /xdt'Nnfx . @)^! . g]kfndf 6]lnlehg M cj;/ / r'gf}tL . uf]/vfkq,@* h]7, k[= $ .

ld>, chos'df/ . @)^) . 6]lnlehg k|;f/0f If]qdf b]lvPsf r'gf}tLx¿ . g]kfn;dfrf/kq, !$ sflQs, k[= % / !% sflQs, k[= % .

ld>, chos'df/ . @)^! . g]kfn 6]lnlehg M ck]Iff / r'gf}tL . 6]lnklqsf !-@_ M$!–$% .

d}gfnL, uDeL/sfGt . @)^# . g]kfn 6]lnlehg ;/sf/L xf]Og /fHosf] 6]lnlehgaGg'k5{ . 6]lncfjfh, c;f]h, k[= !#–!$ .

d}gfnL, df]xg . @)%# . s;/L /f]Sg] ;~rf/sf] cltqmd0f . sf7df8f}F 6'8] !-#_ M!&–!( .

d}gfnL, df]xg . @)^! . cfFvL‰ofn M 6]lnlehgdf jftfj/0f kqsfl/tfsf b;jif { . sf7df8f}F M g]kfn jftfj/0f kqsf/ ;d"x .

d}gfnL, /3' . @)%& . ;sf/fTds kl/jt{gsf nflu ;u/dfyf 6]lnlehg . xfsf–xfsL $-#_ M #& .

ofbj, cho . @)^) . s]a'n l6eLsf] a9\bf] nx/ . ljZjbLk ;fKtflxs,@% dª\l;/, k[= # .

/fO{, piffsnf . @)%& . g]kfn 6]lnlehgsf sfo{qmdx¿n] lgDTofPsf ;fdflhs;d:ofx¿ . ;f}o{, @# j}zfv, k[= @ .

/fhe08f/L, /]0f' . @)^$ . jfbL dlxnfdfly …kf]i6df6{dÚ / …lh/]–v';f{gLÚ . lxdfnva/klqsf !&-!)_ M %$ .

/fh]Gb| gfy . @)^% . ;'b"/klZrddf 6]lnlehg kqsfl/tf . ldl8of lehg .ch{'g v8\sf, ;+=, k[= !!#–!!$ . sf7df8f}F M sflGtk'/ 6]lnlehg sd{rf/L;ª\3 .

l/dfn, ;Gtf]if . @)%( . b'j} xftdf n8\8' . uLtf~hnL #* M #(–$) ./]UdL, gf/fo0fk|;fb, ;+of]hs . @)^$ . s]jn 6]lnlehg ;DalGwt ul7t ;ldltåf/f

k|:t't k|ltj]bg, @)^$ . ck|sflzt k|ltj]bg, ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfno .


/]UdL, /fds[i0f . @)^$ . ;dfrf/sf] ‰ofnaf6 6]lnlehg x]bf{ . ;+lxtf, df3–r}t-k|j]zfª\s_ M %–!! .

/]UdL, /fds[i0f . @)^% . ;dfrf/ M e'msfjdf ljif, ;Gt'ngdf cd[t . ;+lxtf @ M(–!! .

/]UdL, lzj / kL= v/]n . @)%* . g]kfndf 6]lnlehg k|;f/0f . g]kfndf cfd;~rf/sf]ljsf;, k[= (*–!)) . sf7df8f}F M g]kfn cfd;~rf/ k|lzIfs ;ª\3 .

/]UdL, ;/f]h . @)^) . g]kfn 6]lnlehgdf e|i6frf/ . b[li6, ^ df3, k[= @ ./f}lgof/, bLks . @)^# . ;:tf hf]s/sf] /fh . ;do #-!#@_ M %$ ./f}lgof/, bLks / ;'Gb/ vgfn . @)%* . e"–pku|xsf] g]kfn 6]lnlehg M w]/} bª\u

yf]/} em;ª\u . g]kfn ;dfrf/kq, @@ c;f/, k[= ! .nD;fn, w|'j . @)%( . 6]lnlehgdf rnlrq va/ M dgf]/~hgeGbf lj1fkg a9L .

/fhwfgL, @! c;f/, k[= * .nD;fn, w|'j . @)^) . 6]lnlkmNdsf] af9L M h'g lgb]{zs cfP klg sfg} lr/]sf] .

dgf]sfdgf %( M @@ .nfld5fg], ;'wg . @)^) . v} < ;Gb]z d]/f] uLt d]/f] ;Gb]zdf Û b s'df/L !-&_ M #% .n'O{+6]n, u'0f/fh . @)^) . sf]dn uLt, sdn yfkf / 6]lnlehgsf] b[Zo . sflGtk'/,

@@ k';, k[= & .n'O{+6]n, g/gfy . @)%# . 6]lnlehg ls hfF8lehg < a'wjf/, @$ k';, k[= ^ .n'O{+6]n, xl/uf]ljGb . @)%$ . /]l8of] / l6eLdf sfod k~rfotL ;+:sf/ M hgkIfLo

uLt–;ª\uLtn] lsg :yfg gkfpg] < a'wjf/, !^ k';, k[= ^ .jdf{, ljho . @)^@ . g]kfn 6]lnlehg M /fli6«o k|;f/s aGg] r'gf}tL . 6]lnklqsf

$ M #(–$! .jdf{, ljhos'df/ . @)^# . j[Qlrq lgdf{0fdf gofF cfofdx¿ . 6]lncfjfh, c;f]h,

k[= @%–@^ .jNne, O{Zj/ . @)%$ . uf]j]N; / d]/f lg/Lx xftx¿ . sflGtk'/, !$ dª\l;/, k[= $ .j:tL, ljjz . @)%& . g]kfn 6]lnlehgn] yf]k/]sf] kL8f . a'wjf/, #! ;fpg, k[= ̂ .jfUn], cgGt . @)%* . ;fgf] kbf{df 3D;f3D;L . ;fKtflxs, !@ c;f]h, k[= !÷^ .ljhos'df/ . @)%$ . 7"nf e|d–;fwf/0f ;To . sflGtk'/, !# c;f/, k[= $ .lji6, rGbf . @)%& . afnaflnsfdf 6]lnlehg Rofgnx¿sf] dgf]j}1flgs k|efj .

g]kfn ;dfrf/kq, !( df3, k[= % .lji6, 8f]/axfb'/ . @)$* . g]l6eLdf /fdfo0f . lxdfn, k[= @#–@$ .lji6, x]daxfb'/ . @)%& . 6]lnlehg ;aeGbf k|efjsf/L ;~rf/dfWod k|dfl0ft

ePsf] 5 . va/, dª\l;/–k';, k[= %–^ .


lji6, x]daxfb'/ . @)^! . g]kfn 6]lnlehg;fd' /x]sf r'gf}tLx¿ . 6]lnklqsf@-!_ M @)–@@ .

zdf{, s]bf/ . @)%@ . nflN6g afNgf];\, 6]lnlehg x]gf]{;\ . lxdfn va/klqsf%-@_ M #( .

zdf{, s]bf/ . @)%* . g]kfnL 6]lnlehgdf vf]hL kqsfl/tf . dfl6{g rf}tf/Låf/fsf7df8f}Fdf cfof]lht …g]kfndf vf]h kqsfl/tf lsg cj?4 5 <Ú ljifosuf]i7Ldf k|:t't sfo{kq, !@–!# c;f]h .

zdf{, s]bf/ . @)%* . e"–pku|xdf g]kfnL 6]lnlehgx¿ . lxdfn !!-&_ M ̂ )–^! .zdf{, s]bf/ . @)%( . af6f] lj/fPsf] Pp6f ofqf . d"Nofª\sg !)@ M $!–$# .zdf{, s]bf/ / df]xg d}gfnL . ;g\ !((* . ljB'tLo ;~rf/dfWoddf dlxnf /

afnaflnsf . g]kfn k|]; OlG:6Ro'6åf/f sf7df8f}Fdf cfof]lht …;~rf/dfWoddfdlxnf / s]6fs]6LÚ ljifos uf]i7Ldf k|:t't sfo{kq, l8;]Da/ .

zdf{, lbg]zs'df/ . @)^) . b[Zo dfq xf]Og b[Zo;Dkfbssf] kl/lw . 6]lnklqsf!-!_ M $%–$& .

zdf{, b'uf{gfy . @)$* . ;';"lrt x'g] clwsf/ / 6]lnlehg ;dfrf/ . uf]/vfkq,!@ c;f]h, k[= ^ .

zdf{, b'uf{gfy . @)$( . l8; PG6]gf M ljZj g} tkfO{sf] sf]7fdf Û uf]/vfkq-zlgjf/Lo kl/lzi6fª\s_, # df3, k[= s .

zdf{, b'uf{gfy . @)$( . ;~rf/dfWod / ;/sf/L bfloTj . uf]/vfkq, !% c;f/,k[= $ .

zdf{, b'uf{gfy . @)%@ . Onfd k|;f/0f s]Gb| . uf]/vfkq, !& df3, k[= ^ .zdf{, b'uf{gfy . @)%@ . g]kfn 6]lnlehg, ljz]if clwj]zg / k|ToIf k|;f/0f .

sflGtk'/, * c;f]h, k[= $ .zdf{, b'uf{gfy . @)%$ . 6]lnlehg k|;f/0fsf] ljsf; / g]kfn 6]lnlehg . k|;f/0f

kqsfl/tf xft] lstfa . b'uf{gfy zdf{, ;+=, k[= @@–## . sf7df8f}F M g]kfn k|];OlG:6Ro'6 .

zdf{, b'uf{gfy . @)%$ . e"–pku|x k|;f/0f / o;sf] ljsNk . sflGtk'/, @ ebf},k[= $ .

zdf{, b'uf{gfy . @)%% . PSsfO;f}+ ztfAbL / g]kfn 6]lnlehg . /fli6«o ;dfrf/;ldlt #* cf}+ jflif{sf]T;j :dfl/sf– @)%% . >L/fdl;+x a:g]t, ;+of]hs,k[= @*–#! . sf7df8f}F M /fli6«o ;dfrf/ ;ldlt .

zdf{, b'uf{gfy . @)%% . g]kfn 6]lnlehg / lj1fkg k|jfx . g]kfn lj1fkg Ph]G;L;ª\3 :dfl/sf . k|bLk e§/fO{, ;+=, k[= pNn]v gePsf] . sf7df8f}F M g]kfnlj1fkg Ph]G;L ;ª\3 .


zdf{, b'uf{gfy . @)%^ . g]l6eLdf k|ToIf ;fkm . lxdfn va/klqsf (-!!_ M #( .zdf{, b'uf{gfy . @)%& . g]kfn 6]lnlehg / e"–pku|x k|;f/0f . g]kfn ;dfrf/kq,

@$ c;f/, k[= $ .zdf{, b'uf{gfy . @)%& . >Jo–b[Zo ;Dkfbg . ;Dkfbg ;xof]uL . lr/~hLjL vgfn,

;+=, k[= %#–&) . sf7df8f}F M g]kfn k|]; OlG:6Ro'6 .zdf{, b'uf{gfy . @)%& . >L % jL/]Gb| / ljsf;sf] nflu ;~rf/ . >L % jL/]Gb|sf]

ax'cfoflds JolQmTj . g/]Gb|/fh k|;fO{ / OlGb/f k|;fO{, ;+=, k[= @(#–@(& .sf7df8f}F M gO k|sfzg .

zdf{, b'uf{gfy . @)%* . g]kfn 6]lnlehgsf] cfGtl/s dd{ . va/, c;f]h–sflQs,k[= !#–!% .

zdf{, b'uf{gfy . @)%* . g]kfn 6]lnlehg lxhf], cfh / ef]ln . g]kfn !$) M@@–#% .

zdf{, b'uf{gfy . @)%* . g]kfn 6]lnlehg M lxhf], cfh / ef]ln . ultljlw,@& ;fpg, k[= #÷%–^Ù @ ebf}, k[= ^Ù ( ebf}, k[= ^Ù !^ ebf}, k[= % / @# ebf},k[= % .

zdf{, b'uf{gfy . @)%* . g]kfndf 6]lnlehgsf cgluGtL ;d:of . lgikIf, @^dª\l;/, k[= % .

zdf{, b'uf{gfy . @)%* . ljb]zdf /fhbDktLsf] xTof ;'Gbf==== . g]kfn ;dfrf/kq,* c;f/, k[= * .

zdf{, b'uf{gfy . @)%( . g]tfnfO{ kbf{df b]lvg] /x/ . l;g] x6nfOg, !^–@(dª\l;/, k[= !÷^ .

zdf{, b'uf{gfy . @)%( . g]kfndf k};f lbof], 3"; Vjfof] eg] h] klg x'G5 -b'uf{gfyzdf{;Fusf] cGtjf{tf{_ . lxGb" ;fKtflxs, ^ ebf}, k[= # .

zdf{, b'uf{gfy . @)%( . kfk w'/Laf6 s/fpFbf] /x]5 . /fhwfgL, @) k';, k[= ^ .zdf{, b'uf{gfy . @)%( . dxfk|aGws eg]sf] dGqLsf] gf]s/ xf] / < -b'uf{gfy

zdf{;Fusf] cGtjf{tf{_ . hgwf/0ff, ^ ebf}, k[= # .zdf{, b'uf{gfy . @)^) . g]kfn 6]lnlehgnfO{ k"0f{ :jfoQtf jf k"0f{ ;/sf/Ls/0f <

6]lnklqsf !-!_ M &–( .zdf{, b'uf{gfy . @)^) . g]kfnLsf] cfjfh / g]kfn 6]lnlehg . /fhwfgL, !& df3,

k[= ^ .zdf{, b'uf{gfy . @)^! . bz{snfO{ s;/L xf]N8 ug{] < /fhwfgL, !^ df3, k[= ^ .zdf{, b'uf{gfy . @)^! . g]kfnsf ;fj{hlgs k|;f/0f ;+:yf . 6]lnklqsf @-!_ M

&–!) .


zdf{, b'uf{gfy . @)^@ . Pgl6eLsf] jflif{s sdfO @$ s/f]8 k'u]sf] 5 -b'uf{gfyzdf{;Fusf] cGtjf{tf{_ . 6]ln;+;f/ !-!_ M ( .

zdf{, b'uf{gfy / cf/=s]= dfgGw/ . @)^@ . k|:tfljt k|;f/0f k|flws/0f M ;+/rgf/ cfjZostf . g]kfn s]an 6]lnlehg ;ª\3åf/f sf7df8f}Fdf cfof]lht …k|:tfljtk|;f/0f k|flws/0f ljw]ossf ;DaGwdf ljB'tLo ;~rf/dfWodx¿sf] ;j{kIfLocGtlqm{ofÚ df k|:t't sfo{kq, !@ kmfu'g .

zdf{, wg~ho . @)$^ . Pp6f Oltxf; k|z+;f / cfnf]rgfsf] k[i7e"lddf . 6]lnkq!-#_ M $ .

zdf{, dbgs'df/ . @)^) . cJojl:yt ljB'tLo ;~rf/ dfWod . uf]/vfkq-zlgjf/_, !) df3, k[= u .

zdf{, dbgs'df/ . @)^! . 6]lnlkmNd gLlt – lxhf] / cfh . 6]lnklqsf @-!_ M@#–@* .

zdf{, dbgs'df/ . @)^# . lghL If]qsf Rofgnx¿nfO{ ;xofqLsf ¿kdf x]/]sf] 5'-dbgs'df/ zdf{;Fusf] cGtjf{tf{_ . 6]lncfjfh, c;f]h, k[= !)–!@ .

zdf{, /fdz/0f . @)^% . 6]lnlehg kqsfl/tf rf/ 36gf . ldl8of lehg . ch{'gv8\sf, ;+=, k[= !!(–!@@ . sf7df8f}F M sflGtk'/ 6]lnlehg sd{rf/L ;ª\3 .

zdf{, lji0f' . @)%# . 6]lnlehg /f]u afnaflnsfnfO{ nfUg glbpF . sflGtk'/,!@ sflQs, k[= * .

zdf{, l;ld|sf . @)^# . ;dfrf/ ;kgf . sflGtk'/ -sf;]nL_, @@ k';, k[= 3 .zfSo, k'gd . @)%( . a? 6]lnl;l/on g} 7Ls . hgefjgf ;fKtflxs, !& c;f/,

k[= & .zfSo, ;ljg . @)%( . 6]lnlehg ysf{pg ;Sg] sf]–sf] 5g\ < /demd, !% c;f]h,

k[= #@–## .zflGtlk|o . @)%( . 6]lnl;l/onsf] k|lt:kwf{df 6]lnlehgx¿ . dgf]sfdgf %# M !& .zflGtlk|o . @)%( . 8'la/x]sf] g]l6eLn] k|lt:kwf{ ug{ ;Snf < dgf]sfdgf %@ M @) .zflGtlk|o . @)%( . lghL 6]lnlehgdf efF8e}nf] . dgf]sfdgf %$ M !@–!# .zflGtlk|o . @)^) . gflosfx¿ 6]lnlehglt/ . cGgk"0f{ kf]i6, @% c;f/, k[= !@ .zfx, gL/ . ldlt gv'n]sf] . ljB'tLo ;~rf/dfWod / ljsf; ;DefJotf . sfo{kq .zfx, nf]s]Gb| . @)$& . s:tf x'g'k5{ ca aGg] l6eL sfo{qmdx¿ . o'u;Djfb,

& c;f/, k[= ^ .z'Sn, tkfgfy . @)%! . g]kfn 6]lnlehgsf] Ps bzs . uf]/vfkq, !& df3, k[= $ .z'Sn, tkfgfy . @)%$ . 6]lnlehg sfo{qmd – pTkfbg / k|ljlw . k|;f/0f kqsfl/tf

xft] lstfa . b'uf{gfy zdf{, ;+=, k[= #$–%$ . sf7df8f}F M g]kfn k|]; OlG:6Ro'6 .


z'Sn, tkfgfy . @)%* . g]kfn 6]lnlehgsf] :of6nfO6 k|ljlw g} pko'Qm 5}g ./fhwfgL, @% r}t, k[= * .

z'Sn, tkfgfy . @)^) . g]kfn 6]lnlehg, ;}4flGts afWotf / hgtfk|ltsf]pQ/bfloTj . 6]lnklqsf !-!_ M !(–@! .

Zofdn . @)%) . km'6]sf] l6eL, Sofd/fsf] df]n / uf]ojN;x¿ . o'u;Djfb,* c;f/, k[= @ .

>L % sf] ;/sf/ . @)%% . k|;f/0f–lgb]{lzsf @)%% . sf7df8f}F M ;"rgf tyf;~rf/ dGqfno .

>L % sf] ;/sf/ . @)%% . /fli6«o k|;f/0f lgodfjnL, @)%@ . ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/dGqfno;DaGwL lgod tyf u7g cfb]zx¿sf] ;ª\sng, k[= !&#–!(^ .sf7df8f}F M ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfno .

>L % sf] ;/sf/ . @)%& . /fli6«o k|;f/0f P]g, @)$( . g]kfn P]g ;ª\u|x v08 ̂-s_, k[= !@%–!#) . sf7df8f}F M sfg"g Gofo tyf ;+;bLo Joj:yf dGqfno,sfg"g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt .

>L % sf] ;/sf/ . @)%( . /fli6«o k|;f/0f kl/ifb\ P]g @)%( . sf7df8f}F M ;"rgftyf ;~rf/ dGqfno .

>L % sf] ;/sf/ . @)%( . /fli6«o k|;f/0f k|flws/0f cWofb]z, @)%( . sf7df8f}F M;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfno .

>L % sf] ;/sf/ . @)%( . ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ If]qsf] bL3{sfnLg gLlt, @)%( .sf7df8f}F M ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfno .

>L % sf] ;/sf/ . @)^) [@)#)] . /fli6«o ;~rf/ gLlt @)$( . k|sfzgsf]lbUbz{g -rt'y{ ;+:s/0f_ . xl/x/ lj/xL, ;+=, k[= !&^–!(# . sf7df8f}F M k|];sfplG;n g]kfn .

>L % sf] ;/sf/ . @)^) [@)#)] . g]kfn 6]lnlehg ;+:yfg . k|sfzgsf] lbUbz{g-rt'y{ ;+:s/0f_ . xl/x/ lj/xL, ;+=, k[= @%( . sf7df8f}F M k|]; sfplG;ng]kfn .

>]i7, s[i0f . @)%! . :k];6fOd ljjfb M gLlt slt kf/bzL{ 5 < uf]/vfkq,!* h]7, k[=$ .

>]i7, s[i0f . @)%$ . g]kfndf 6]lnlehg Pgl6eLb]lv :k]z, ;fª\lu|nf;Dd . uf]/vfkq-zlgjf/Lo kl/lzi6_, & j}zfv, k[= s .

>]i7, s[i0f . @)%^ . ;u/dfyf 6]lnlehgn] lbPsf] ;u/dfyfsf] kl/ro . uf]/vfkq-zlgjf/Lo kl/lzi6fª\s_, ebf} %, k[= s .

>]i7, ls/0f . @)%& . lbJob[li6sf] k|yd b[Zofjnf]sg . sflGtk'/ -sf];]nL_,!& dª\l;/, k[= ª .


>]i7, ls/0fs[i0f . @)%& . g]kfn 6]lnlehg slt g]kfnL . sflGtk''/ -sf];]nL_,!% k';, k[= v .

>]i7, 8Da/s[i0f . @)^% . d}bfgdf tof/ . lxdfn va/klqsf !*-!&_ M ̂ )–^! .>]i7, k'is/nfn . @)%* . ;LPgPgn] b]v]sf] ;dfrf/kqnfO{ g]kfn 6]lnlehgn]

b]v]g . g]kfn ;dfrf/kq, !& c;f/, k[= $ .>]i7, k|bLk . @)$$ . g]kfn 6]lnlehg kq–klqsfsf] b[li6df . sf7df8f}F M g]kfn

6]lnlehg .>]i7, ;'lrq . @)%! . cfjfhaf6 lrlgPsf] JolQmTjx¿ . ;fNkf @-!_ M *–!) .>]i7, ;f]xg . @)^% . ;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rgdf k|ToIf k|;f/0f . ldl8of lehg .

ch{'g v8\sf, ;+=, k[= (–!! . sf7df8f}F M sflGtk'/ 6]lnlehg sd{rf/L ;ª\3 .;Tofn, nId0f/fh . @)^) . g]kfn 6]lnlehg Ao"Femg] slxn] < hgefjgf,

#) r}t, k[= @ .;Tofn, nId0f/fh . @)^! . km]l/ g]kfn 6]lnlehgs} s'/f . hgefjgf, #@ ;fpg,

k[= # .;jf{ª\uL0f ljsf; cWoog s]Gb| -cfO{cfO{8LP;_ . @)%# . hg;~rf/ / k|hftGqLs/0f M

g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df Ps cWoog . sf7df8f}F M cfO{cfO{8LP; .;fKtflxs . @)%( . 6]lnlehgsf nflu sfo{qmd tof/ ug]{ ls < $ c;f]h,

k[= !) .l;+x, /df . @)%( . /fhsLo e|d0fsf] ;dfrf/ / g]kfn 6]lnlehgsf] oTg .

/fhwfgL, !) ;fpg, k[= ^ .l;+x, /df . @)^! . l6eL ;dfrf/af6 5'6\sf/f kfpg} kg]{ lj8Dagfx¿ . 6]lnklqsf

@-!_ M #)–#! .l;+x, /df . @)^@ . g]kfndf ;dfrf/ Rofgnsf] vfFrf] . 6]lnklqsf $ M !!–!@ .l;Ub]n, sdn/fh . @)^# . 6]lnlehg lj1fkgdf x]/fOaLrsf] åGå, zlQmsf] cEof;

/ cfOl8of]nf]hLsf] lgdf{0f . ldl8of cWoog ! M $!–&! .l;Dv8f, w|'j . @)^$ . ;/sf/L ;~rf/dfWod . lxdfn va/klqsf !&-!&_ M

@$–@% .l;njfn, /fh' . @)^! . g]kfn 6]lnlehgdf v]ns"b ;dfrf/;DaGwL ljZn]if0ffTds

cWoog . :gftsf]Q/ zf]wkq, kqsfl/tf, lqe'jg ljZjljBfno .l;njfn, /fh' . @)^# . g]kfn kqsf/ dxf;ª\3sf] cleofgdf g]kfn 6]lnlehg .

6]lncfjfh, c;f]h, k[= %^–%& .;'Gr'/L, Pn=aL= . @)^@ . 6]lnlehg x]bf{ xf]; k'¥ofpg'kg]{ s'/f . ;fwgf !#% M !# .;'g'jf/ …clenfifLÚ, s[i0f . @)^! . 6]lnlehg pb\3f]if0f . pb\3f]if0f ;+;f/ . nIdL

/fO{, o'js zdf{ / cg'k cfrfo{, ;+=, k[= ^!–^& . sf7df8f}F M kbd s'df/;'g'jf/÷alatf ;'g'jf/ .


;'j]bL, cg'k . @)%( . g]kfnL 6]lnlehgdf l/kf]l6{ª . ldl8ofsf] cGtj{:t' M ljljwljZn]if0f . k|To"if jGt, /d]z k/fh'nL / /df k/fh'nL, ;+=, k[= !(&–@!% .sf7df8f}F M dfl6{g rf}tf/L÷;fdflhs ljsf; tyf cg';Gwfg s]Gb| .

;'j]bL, qmflGt . @)^) . afnaflnsfsf] 6]lnlehg df]x M cleefjsnfO{ r'gf}tL .lxdfno 6fOD;, @* c;f]h, k[= @ .

;]G6/ km/ kf]ln;L l/;r{ P08 PgnfO{l;; -;LkLcf/P_ . @)%^ . g]kfn 6]lnlehgbz{s ;j]{If0f cWoog clGtd d"n k|ltj]bg . ck|sflzt k|ltj]bg, g]kfn6]lnlehg .

;]g, kjg s'df/ / ;'lwGb| zdf{ . @)%& . pkTosfaf;Lsf] k9\g] / x]g]{ afgL .:k];6fOd -:k]; ljz]if_, !! r}t, k[= ! .

:d[t, Zofd . @)%* . Do'lhs lel8of]sf] Doflhs . g]kfn ;dfrf/kq -;f}uft_,^ df3, k[= $–% .

Acharya, Rajendra Dev. 2002. Television Broadcasting in Nepal and NepalTelevision. In Sight Sound and Pulse. P Kharel, ed., pp. 129-145.Kathmandu: Nepal Press Institute (NPI).

Adhikari, Dharma and Jagadish Pokhrel. 2008. Campaign 2008: A PublicReport on Media Monitoring for Nepal's Constituent Assembly Polls.Kathmandu: Press Council Nepal.

Adhikari, Nirmal Mani. 2003. Using Television in Education. Space TimeToday, 4 January, p. 4.

Adhikari, Pushpa. 1995. TV, Radio: Competition May Work. The RisingNepal, 2 July, p. 4.

Aryal, Bhoj Raj. 2004. Consumer's Impact Through Electronic MediaAdvertising: A Case of Nepal. Ph.D. dissertation, Nagpur University.

Aryal, Bhoj Raj. 2005. AIDA Model Application for TV Commercials inNepal. The Journal of Nepalese Business Studies II (I): 65-71.

Asmita. 1998. Media and Gender Policy in a Global Age: How AsianWomen Speakout in the Asian Main Stream and AlternativeTelevision. Unpublished report, World Association for ChristianCommunication (WACC), London, UK.

Asmita. 2003. Impact of Television on Nepali Women. Kathmandu: AsmitaWomen Publication House, Communication and Resource Centre.

B.C., Anusha. 2003. Television Advertising: Its Impact on ConsumerBehaviour. Master's degree dissertation, Management, TribhuvanUniversity.


Baral, Dyuti. 1990. Television and the Child in Nepal: An Assessment ofViewing Partterns. Occasional Papers in Sociology andAnthropology 2: 67-76.

Barber, Jennifer S. and William G. Axinn. 2004. News Ideas and FertilityLimitation: The Role of Mass Media. Journal of Marriage and Family66(5): 1180-1200.

Belbase, Subhadra. 1985. TV Nepal: A Study of Audience Tastes andAppropriate Timings (WIF Survey 1). Kathmandu: WIF Media Centre.

Belbase, Subhadra and Raju Dahal. 1991. An Overview of theEstablishment of Television in Nepal. Media Asia: An Asian MassCommunication Quarterly 18(2): 93-95.

Bhattarai, Binod. 1992. Is Nepal Television CNN, BBC, or Doordarshan?The Rising Nepal (Friday Supplement), 3 January. p. I.

Bhattarai, Binod. 2001. Satellite Link Nepali Diaspora. Nepali Times,31 August- 6 September, p. 9.

Bhusal, Thira L. 2008. 12 More TV Channels in Pipeline. Available athttp://ezine.com.np/inewsdetails.php?id=10&[email protected]&web=www.ezine.com.np73d028f4eee4a08584adafdd040e2ad3.Accessed on 2 November 2008.

Centre for Economic Development and Administration (CEDA). 2001.Impact Evaluation of AICC's Publication, Radio and TV Programs.Unpublished report, Agriculture Information and CommunicationCentre (AICC).

Centre for Economic Development and Administration (CEDA). 2003.Nepal Television Viewer Survey. Unpublished report, NepalTelevision.

Centre for Economic Development and Administration (CEDA). 2004.Nepal Television Viewer Survey, 2004 (Kathmandu Valley: phase 1):A Brief Summary. Unpublished report, CEDA, Kathmandu.

Chalise, Kiran. 2004. A Study of Television Talk Shows in NepaleseChannels: Special Focus on Audience Preference and MediaHouse Preferences. Master's degree dissertation, Journalism,Purvanchal University.

Chalise, Kiran. 2006. A Study of Television Talk Shows in NepaleseChannels: Special Focuses on Audience Preference and Media HousePreferences. Paper presented at the Media Discussion Seriesorganized by Martin Chautari, Kathmandu, 12 January.

Chalise, Vijaya. 2003. New TV Channels Fierce Competition for a SmallPie. The Himalayan Times, 20 August, p. 6.


Chalise, Vijaya. 2007. Conditional Access System: Cost Factor and Fearsof Monopoly. In Media and Culture, pp. 43-44. Kathmandu: BibekSirjanshil Publication P. Ltd.

Chalise, Vijaya. 2007. New TV Channels Fierce Competition for a SmallPie. In Media and Culture, pp. 38-40. Kathmandu: Bibek SirjanshilPublication P. Ltd.

Chalise, Vijaya. 2007. Television Viewing: Its Effects on Children. In Mediaand Culture, pp. 41-42. Kathmandu: Bibek Sirjanshil Publication P.Ltd.

Creative Arts and Media Association. 2001. Community ForestryTelevision Program Aankhi Jhyaal Impact Evaluation Report.Unpublished report.

Dahal, Bhushan. 1999. Pictures can not Lie (interview with BhushanDahal). The Independent, 24 November, p. 3.

Dahal, Bhushan. 2001. Relation of Television Production and Broadcast.Paper presented at a seminar on 'Development of Film Making andDocumentaries in Nepal', Nepal Forum of Environment Journalistsand Friedrick Ebert Stiftung.

DECORE (Development Communication and Research) ConsultancyGroup. 1991. Television, Communications and Media Patterns inNepal, pp. 26-33. Unpublished report, UNICEF-Nepal.

DECORE (Development Communication and Research) ConsultancyGroup/UNICEF-Nepal. 1996. Mid Term Monitoring and ImpactEvaluation of Sanjeevini TV Series. Kathmandu.

Dhakal, Sanjaya. 2001. Satellite TV Transmission: Finding a Place in theSpace Age. Spotlight 21(4): 16-21.

Dhakal, Sanjaya. 2001. Channel Nepal Row Off the Air. Spotlight 20(41):12.

Dhakal, Sanjaya. 2001. Satellite Television Beyond National Frontiers.Spotlight 21(3): 14.

Dhungana, Josefina O. 1993. Radio, Television and Video Penetrationand Usage in Nepal with Special Reference to Women and Childrenin Rural Areas (Review of Literature) Phase I. Unpublished report,Development Communication and Research Consultancy Group(DECORE).

Dhungana, Josefina O. 2000. An Assessment of Children's TelevisionProgramming in Asia: The Nepal Case. In Growing Up with TV: AsianChildren's Experience. Anura Goonasekera, Huang Chang Zhu, LalitaEashwer, B. Guntarto, Shanti Balraj-Ambigapathy, Josefina O.Dhungana, Lin Ai-Leen, Chung A. and Vu Thi Minh Hanh, pp. 213-


271. Singapore: Asian Media Iinformation and Communication Centre(AMIC).

Edwards, Catherine. 1999. TV for Nepalis, by Nepalis. Face to Face 18:35-38.

Foote, Joe S. 1993. Electronic Media Change in the Least DevelopedCountries: The Cases of Bangladesh and Nepal. Paper presented tothe International Division, Association for Education in Journalismand Mass Communication, Kansas City, Missouri, 11-14 August.

Gautam, Deepa. 2005. Advertisements in a Patriarchal Society. In MotherSister Daughter: Nepal's Press on Women Vol. ii. Bandana Rana andNavin Singh, eds., pp. 101-106. Kathmandu: Sancharika Samuha.

Ghimire, Ram Bhakta. 2000. Advertising Through Television: Impact onConsumer Behaviour. Masters degree dissertation, BusinessAdministration, Tribhuvan University.

Ghimire, Samir Raj. 2004. Consumer's Assessment on TelevisionAdvertising and Its Impact on Consumer's Behaviour in Nepal.Master's degree dissertation, Journalism, Purvanchal University.

Jain, Dhirendra, Neela Pradhan and Sudeep Poudel. 1996. A Report onNepal Television. Project report, MBA, Kathmandu University.

Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). 1988. Draft Final Reportfor the Study on the Development Plan of Television Network in theKingdom of Nepal. Kathmandu: JICA.

Kansai Telecasting Corporation. 1972. Technical Proposal for TelevisionBroadcasting in the Kingdom of Nepal. Unpublished report, KansaiTelecasting Corporation.

Karki, Hitesh. 2002. NTV Generation. The Kathmandu Post, 31 October,p. 4.

Karmacharya, Nilesh. 2002. Channel Nepal: Viewership and Clients Survey.Internship report, BBA, Pokhara University.

KC, Prakash. 2065 B.S. Standerdization Vs. Commercialism. Media Vision.Arjun Khadka, ed., pp. 12-16. Kathmandu: Kantipur TelevisionKarmachari Sangh.

K.C., Shyam Bahadur. 2000. Television in Nepal: Opportunities andChallenges. In Media Nepal 2000. P Kharel, ed., pp. 123-141.Kathmandu: Nepal Press Institute (NPI).

KC, Shyam. 2007. Variety, the Spice of Viewers Fare. The KathmanduPost, 29 October, p. 4.

Khatri, Tek B. 1983. Television in Nepal. In Nepal's Mass Media.pp. 20-22. Kathmandu: Ministry of Communications, Department ofInformation.


Khatry, RB. 2003. Market of TV Channels in Nepal: Sharing or Daring.Business Age 5(5): 36-41.

Khawaunju, Aniva, Babusa Woli, Milan Pradhan, Sagar Thapa andShrddha Bhandari. 2004. Viewership of Nepali Channels. The RisingNepal, 6 June, p. 4.

Koirala, Bharat D. 2001. Portrayal of Children in Newspapers and Televisionin Nepal. Children in the News: Reporting of Children's Issues inTelevision and the Press in Asia. Anura Goonasekera, ed., pp. 208-234. Singapore: AMIC/SCS-NTU.

Koirala, Bharat Datta, Hem Bahadur Bista, Lal Deosa Rai, Sunanda Dangol,Gyan Mani Chapagain and Susma Shrestha. 2000. Portrayal ofChildren in Newspapers and Television in Nepal. Unpublished report,Asian Media Information and Communication Centre (AMIC)/MediaServices International (MSI).

Koirala, Yogesh. 1996. War of the Airwaves. The Rising Nepal (FridaySupplement), 8 March, p. I.

KPS. 2000. Devi- Icon of Change. Sunday Despatch, 24-30 January, p. 10.Lama, Udaya. 2000. Television Viewing is Harmful for Children. The Rising

Nepal, 21 October, p. 4.Liechty, Mark. 1994. Fashioning Modernity in Kathmandu: Mass Media,

Consumer Culture and the Middle Class in Nepal. Ph.D. dissertation,Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania.

Liechty, Mark. 2008. Media Cultures: The Global in the Local. In SuitablyModern: Making Middle-class Culture in Kathmandu (South AsianEdition). pp. 183-205. Kathmandu: Martin Chautari.

Limbu, Ramyata. 2001. Lost in Space and Time. Nepali Times, 18 May,p. 4-5.

Lynch, Patrick. 2000. A New Face for an Old Disease: Some Reflectionson the Role of the Media in Nepal's First National Leprosy EliminationCampaign. Leprosy Review 71: 62-70.

Mainali, Mohan. 2006. Kantipur Publications: The Perils of Concentration.In Asia Media Report: A Crisis Within. Johanna Son with SatyaSivaraman and Suman Pradhan, eds., pp. 154-160. Philippines andBangkok: IPS Asia Pacific Centre Foundation Inc.

Maskey, Neeta. 1992. NTV: Pull Yourself Together. Sunday Despatch,10 May, p. 2.

Maskey, Susan and Asmita. 2000. Gender Reflection in Asian Television.New Delhi: Asian Network Women in Communication (ANWIC).

Mead, Ally M. 2005. Praise and Prejudice: The Framing of Religion onNepal TV. Master's degree dissertation, Cornell University.


Media Services International. 1999. Impact Evaluation Study of Devi: ATele-serial presented by Nepal Television in co-operation with UNICEFNepal. Unpublished report, Media Services International,Kathmandu.

Mishra, Ajaya K. 2003. Issues Facing TV Channels. New Business Age3(5): 51-52.

Mishra, Ajaya K. 2003. NTV Still has High Stakes in NationalBroadcasting. The Rising Nepal (Friday Supplement), 6 June, p. II.

Nama. 1997. NTV: Prime Time News. The Kathmandu Post, 29 December,p. 4.

Name not mentioned. 1999. TV Market: Clamouring for Position at theTop. Business Age 2(1): 34-38.

Nepal Forum of Environmental Journalist. 2000. Sagarmatha TelevisionPublic Broadcasting Station Kathmandu, Nepal Technical Proposal,November 2000. Unpublished report, NEFEJ.

Nepal, Kishore. 2003. Voice of the People. Nepali Times, 26 December,p. 3.

Nepal, Kishore. 2005. Under the Shadow of Violence. Kathmandu: Centrefor Professional Journalism Studies.

Nepal Television and UNICEF. 1989. Children's Educational Broadcastingof Nepal Television. Unpublished report, Nepal Television andUNICEF.

Nepal Television. 1995. Audience Survey Report. Unpublished report,NTV.

Neupane, Bishnu Ram. 2004. Digital Satellite News Gathering (DSNG) inNepal TV. Telepatrika 1(2): 46-48.

Newar, Naresh. 1997. A Window to the Future (Aankhijhyal) . Face toFace 12: 12-13.

Newar, Naresh. 2004. Primetime. Nepali Times, 2-8 April, p. 9.Nirola, Sharad. 1993. NTV's New Year Dish. The Rising Nepal (Friday

Supplement), 23 April, p. III.NTV. 1990. Nepal Television: A Profile (Brochure). Kathmandu: NTV.Nubiz Reporters. 2003. Sky War Ground Reality. New Business Age 3(4):

39-43.Ostrowski, Ally. 2006. The Framing of Religion: Nepal TV Explored. South

Asian Popular Culture 4(1): 3-18.Pandey, J. 2002. A Comperative Study of Television Advertisement with

Special References to Nepal Television. Master's degree dissertation,Management, Tribhuvan University.


Pandey, Santosh. 2002. E-foreign Media: Good or Bad?. The Rising Nepal,3 April, p. 4.

Panicker, Anil. 2003. The Battle for Visuals is a Virtual War. The Boss 1(6):62-64.

Pant, Pragya. 1999. Television and Your Children. The Rising Nepal,30 April, p. 4.

Pant, Suvecha. 2002. TV Education: How Much is Too Much?. TheKathmandu Post, 20 December, p. 5.

Parajuli, Sudhir and Mana R. Ranjit. 2006. Addressing CATV Industry inProposed Electronic Media Ordinance. Presented at an interactionprogramme on 'Proposed Electronic Media Ordinance', coordinatedby Nepal Cable TV Sangh, Kathmandu, 24 Feburary.

Paudyal, Rishi Ram. 1994. Examination, Students and Television. TheRising Nepal, 25 March, p. 4.

P. Gopakumar. 2003. TV: A Boon or Bane. The Rising Nepal, 15 December,p. 4.

Pokharel, Krishna. 2007. Television Boom. News Front 24: 2.Poudyal, Rishi Ram. 2007. TV in One Man's Initiatives. Journalism,

September, pp. 5-6.Pradhan, Suman. 1996. Nepal Television: Surrender to the Satellite

Challenge. Himal South Asia 9(4): 23.Prajapati, Ujjwal. 2005. Impacts of Television Advertising on School

Children: A Case Study of Kathmandu Metropolitan City. Master'sdegree dissertation, Journalism, Tribhuvan University.

Rai, Deepa. 2008. Nepali TV: Connecting People. Global Nepali 1(2):46-47.

Rai, Gyan. 1994. Cable TV Service: More Choices, Queries. The RisingNepal, 14 August, p. 4.

Rajbhandari, Sushil. 2002. Economic Role of Women in Nepal TelevisionEmployment. Master's degree dissertation, Economics, TribhuvanUniversity.

Rana, Shakti S. 1995. The Business of Broadcasting: Television. TheKathmandu Post, 9 April, p. 4.

Ranjit, Arun. 1992. TV: A Big Role to Play. Sunday Despatch, 14 June,p. 8.

Rijal, Arjun. 1994. Satellite Television Business: Sweet and Sour. TheRising Nepal (Friday Supplement), 4 March, p. I.

RRS. 2005. Whom to Blame? The Rising Nepal, 17 April, p. 4.


Sakha, Jyotsna Devi. 1991. Effectiveness of Population Related Serials inNepal Television and Preferences of Nepal Television Viewers.Master's degree dissertation, Economics, Tribhuvan University.

SBR. 2002. Careers in Television. Space Time Today, 22 December, p. 4.Serle, Rudi, Uulco Baljet and Ruben Snater. 1993. The Nepal Television.

In Communication and Rural Development in Nepal: PlanningNational Communication Policy, pp. 19-22. Amsterdam: Departmentof Communication, University of Amsterdam.

Shah, Neer. 1995. 'We Want to Produce Standard Nepali Programmes'(interview with Neer Shah). Sunday Despatch, 12-18 November, p. 3.

Shah, Neer B. 1996. Television in Electronic Media: Today's Perception.In Journalism & Mass Communication Golden Jubilee Souvenir.Prabal R. Pokhrel, ed., pp.75-78. Kathmandu: Journalism and MassCommunication Department, Ratna Rajya Laxmi Campus.

Shahi, Satish Jung. 2004. Cable War. Nation 1(5): 18-19.Shahi, Satish Jung. 2004. Comedy TV. Nation 1(20): 36.Shakya, Ganesh. 2002. Some Clues to TV Viewers. The Rising Nepal,

13 November, p. 4.Shakya, Rabin. 1999. NTV and Children's Programme. The Rising Nepal,

28 June, p. 5.Shakya, Rabin Man. 1992. Nepal Television: Problems and Prospects.

Sunday Despatch, 9 August, p. 6.Shakya, Rabin Man. 1995. NTV: Picking up the Gauntlet. The Rising

Nepal, 3 February, p. 4.Sharma, Durganath. 1993. Nepal Goes to Satellite. The Rising Nepal

(Friday Supplement), 26 March, p. I.Sharma, Durganath. 1993. Who Owns Television in the Third World. The

Rising Nepal (Friday Supplement), 30 April, p. I.Sharma, Sunita. 2003. Impact of Nepal Television Advertising on Audience.

Master's degree dissertation, MBS, Tribhuvan University.Shivakoti, Murari. 1998. Scissor Hands of Nepal Television. The Rising

Nepal, 9 September, p. 4.Shrapit, Dharmatmaj. 1999. TV Culture in Our Social Reality. The

Kathmandu Post (The Sunday Post), 6 June, p. III.Shrestha, Amit, Kanchan Sharma, Niyanta Pekurel and Sabina Tuladhar.

2000. Negative Impact of Television on School Going Children. Projectreport, MBA, Kathmandu School of Management, KathmanduUniversity.


Shrestha, Mahendra. 2065 B.S. Television Broadcasting. Media Vision.Arjun Khadka, ed., pp. 21-23. Kathmandu: Kantipur TelevisionKarmachari Sangh.

Shrestha, Manita. 2005. Influence of TV Advertisement on BuyingBehaviour of Women: A Media Effect. Master's degree dissertation,Journalism, Purvanchal University.

Shrestha, Mrityunjay, Anup Tamang, Siddhartha Sharma and PrajannaJib Tuladhar. 2001. A Strategic Overview of Nepal Television. Projectreport, MBA, Kathmandu University.

Shukla, Tapanath. 2055 B.S. Television and Advertising. In NepalmaVigyapan Byawasaya Smarika. Pradeep Bhattarai, ed., page notmentioned. Kathmandu: Nepal Vigyapan Agency Sangh.

Sigdel, Kamal Raj. 2003. Chavinistic Ads. The Kathmandu Post,18 December, p. 6.

Sigdel, Kamal Raj. 2004. Need for Reform in Nepali Mass Media. TheKathmandu Post, 27 September, p. 5.

Sigdel, Kamal Raj. 2005. Sexism in Nepali Mass Media: Need for Researchand Action. Environment News, 9 August, p. 5.

Sigdel, Kamal Raj. 2006. Male Gaze and Ideological Formations in NepaleseTelevision Commercials. Master's degree dissertation, English,Tribhuvan University.

Sigdel, Kamal Raj. 2006. Why She Does not Look ? The Kathmandu Post,16 July, p. 5.

Sijapati, Navin. 1996. Newspapers, TV and Radio News. In Journalism &Mass Communication Golden Jubilee Souvenir. Prabal R. Pokhrel,ed., p. 97. Kathmandu: Journalism and Mass CommunicationDepartment, Ratna Rajya Laxmi Campus.

Singh, Khadga. 2004. TV or not TV. Nepali Times, 2-8 April, p. 10-11.Swar, Mahesh. 2065 B.S. Nepalese Television and Advertising Industry.

Media Vision. Arjun Khadka, ed., pp. 28-31. Kathmandu: KantipurTelevision Karmachari Sangh.

Taj, Yasmin. 2006. Image at Its Best. The Himalayan Times (Perspective),29 January, p. 3.

Tamang, Sunit. 2003. "Remediation" for Nepali Electronic Media. NewBusiness Age 3(6): 37-38.

Thapa, L.B. 2005. Literary Books More Useful than TV Shows. The RisingNepal (Friday Supplement), 30 September, p. I.

Thapa, Manju. 2001. TV Serials and Nepali Women Viewers. Paperpresented at a seminar on 'Making Satellite Television Gender


Conscious: A Regional Effort', organized by Center for Advocacyand Research (CFAR), Delhi. 6-7 November.

Thapa, Manju. 2002. A Study on Gender Representation on NepalTelevision and A Satellite Channel. Paper presented at a regionalseminar on 'Women and Media: Working Towards a RegionalAdvocacy Initiative' organized by CFAR, ASMITA and Proshika,New Delhi, March.

Thapa, Munesh. 2002. Space Time Network Pvt. Ltd. - Channel Nepal.Internship report, BBA, Pokhara University.

Thapa, Navaraj. 2003. Role of Television Advertising and Its Impact onConsumer Behaviour. Master's degree dissertation, Management,Tribhuvan University.

Thapa, Shyam and Vinod Mishra. 2003. Mass Media Exposure amongUrban Youth in Nepal. Asia -Pacific Population Journal 18(1): 5-28.

Upadhyaya, Niranjan Prasad. 2002. Impact of Television on Children:Parents Scrutiny a Must. The Rising Nepal, 28 October, p. 4.

Upadhyaya, Niranjan. 2002. Television Addiction. Space Time Today,4 December, p. 4.

Upadhyaya, Sachin. 1993. Of Politics and Television. The KathmanduPost, 20 June, p. 4.

Upadhyaya, Sanjaya. 1997. Shopping for News. The Rising Nepal (FridaySupplement), 27 June, p. I.

Upreti, Tanka. 2003. Ethnicity and Media: Representation of EthnicMinorities in Nepal Television. Master's degree dissertation, LondonMetropolitan University.

Vaidya, Deepesh, Sameer Chhetri and Smriti Shrestha. 1997. NepalTelevision as "Media for Advertisement". Project report, MBA,Kathmandu School of Management, Kathmandu University.

Verma, Somesh. 2002. In the Frame. The Kathmandu Post (Mid-WeekPost), 28 August, p. 8.

Vincent, Donna M. 1993. In Nepal Foreign Television and Radio AttractAbout as Many People as Do Domestic Newspaper and Magazines.Media Research Memorandum, pp. 1-8. Washington DC: Office ofResearch, US Information Agency.

Wagle, Mana Prasad. 1986. Design of a Longitudinal Study to Determinethe Impact of the Introduction of Television in Nepal. Ph.D.dissertation, Southern Illinois University.

Wilmore, Michael. 1996. Indigenous Media: Bold is Beautiful. Himal SouthAsia 9(4): 26-27.


Wilmore, Michael. 2001. Local Media and Development Culture in Nepal:A Case Study of Ratna Cable Television and Communication forDevelopment Palpa in Tansen. Studies in Nepal History and Society6(2): 347-387.

Wilmore, Michael. 2006. Gatekeepers of Cultural Memory: TelevisingReligious Rituals in Tansen, Nepal. Ethnos 71(3): 317-342.

Wilmore, Michael. 2008. Developing Alternative Media Traditions inNepal. Lanham: Lexington Books.

Wilmore, Michael. 2008. Urban Space and the Mediation of PoliticalAction in Nepal: Local Television, Ritual Processions and PoliticalViolence as Technologies of Enchantment. The Australian Journalof Anthropology 19(1): 41-56.

Worldvidew Nepal. 2008. Seminar Report on Independent Media andNon-partisan Reporting. Nepal: Worldview Nepal.

Yogi, Bhagirath. 2005. Nepal: Television Channel Nepal 1 called out bythe Government for being Broadcast from India. Asia Media: MediaNews Daily, 27 January.

Yug Bahadur. 1991. Telling it to TV. Sunday Despatch, 8 September, p. 8.

g]kfnl 6]lnlehg;dagwl ;gbe{ ;fdu|l - martin chautari · o'jfd~r !%-(_ m @@ . clwsf/l, o1 ......

Documents