jg joj:yfksx?sf nflu hnjfo' kl/jt{g lgb]{lzsf - coin.fao.org · jg joj:yfksx?sf nflu...

$: jg Joj:yfksx?sf nflu hnjfo' kl/jt{g lgb]{lzsf - coin.fao.org · jg Joj:yfksx?sf nflu hnjfo' kl/jt{g lgb]{lzsf -g]kfnL cg'jfb_ d'Vo cg'jfbs M b]jLrGb| kf]v/]n cg'jfbs ;xof]u M 8f=$
jg Joj:yfksx?sf nflu hnjfo' kl/jt{g lgb]{lzsf

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clGtd se/ k[i7sf] kmf]6f]k|zfGt 6fk'df jg cg'udg ub}{ u/]sf] b[Zo . o; If]qdf hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 s]xL cToGt ;+j]bgzLn kfl/l:ysLo k|0ffnL /x]sf 5g\ .

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jg Joj:yfksx?sf nflu hnjfo' kl/jt{g lgb]{lzsf -g]kfnL cg'jfb_ !&@

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jg Joj:yfksx?sf nflu hnjfo' kl/jt{g lgb]{lzsf -g]kfnL cg'jfb_

d'Vo cg'jfbs M b]jLrGb| kf]v/]n

cg'jfbs ;xof]u M 8f= /fh]Gb| s]=;L= s'd'b >]i7

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kmf]g g+= M %%%%(*(, Od]n M [email protected]

ISBN : 978-9937-2-7681-8

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Managers sf] cgf}krfl/s g]kfnL cg'jfb xf] . o; cg'jflbt k|sfzgdf ePsf s'g} s'/fdf låljwf ePdf o;sf] d'n s[ltnfO{ g} d'Vo cflwsfl/s JofVofsf] ?kdf lnOg]5 . o;sf] d"n s[lt tof/Lsf nflu ljleGg b]zsf y'k|} ljifolj1x?sf] of]ubfg /x]sf] 5 .

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o;df pNn]lvt s'g} klg ;fdfu|LnfO{ u}/ gfkmfd"ns k|sfzgsf nflu ;|f]t pNn]v u/L k|of]u ug{ ;lsg]5 .

p4/0fMFAO (2013) Climate Change guidelines for Forest managers. FAO Forestry Paper No.172, Rome

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cg's"ng tyf Go"gLs/0fnfO{ Plss[t ug]{ k4lt !*

aS;x?aS; ! M jg Joj:yfkg tyf jg Joj:yfks @aS; @ M sfj{g ljnogIf]q ^aS; # M Go"gLs/0f tyf cg's"ng &aS; $ M lbuf] jg Joj:yfkg !!aS; % M clk|msfsf] ;x]n If]qdf cfg'jf+lzs leGgtfnfO{ gofF hnjfo';Fu d]n u/fOPsf] !(aS; ^ M pGof}+ vf]N;L emf8L 89]nf] ;t{stf k|0ffnL #%aS; & M jgdf cfsl:ds lj£gjfwfx? #(aS; * M >Ln+sfsf] k]/flnofdf ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;'gfdL k"j{–;ts{tf k|0ffnL $%aS; ( M ;fd'bflos Joj:yfkgaf6 Dofªu'|esf] k'g/fudg -jfk;L_ %@

g]kfn hnjfo' kl/jt{gaf6 cToflws k|efljt tyf ;+j]bgzLn d'n'sx? dWo Ps /x]sf] atfOG5 . o; lxdfnL /fHodf hnjfo' kl/jt{gaf6 ljleGg lsl;dsf k|efjx? kl//x]sf] cWoogx?n] b]vfPsf 5g\ . hnjfo' kl/jt{gaf6 oxfFsf] jgh+un, s[lif tyf hLljsf]kfh{gdf kl//x]sf gs/fTds tyf ;s/fTds k|efjx? tyf eljiodf kg{;Sg] k|efjx?sf] ;xL cf+sng, k/LIf0f tyf d"NofÍg u/L gs/fTds k|efjx?sf] ;fdgf ug{ tyf ;sf/fTds k|efjx?af6 kmfObf lng cToGt rgfvf] /xg'kg]{ kl/l:ylt ljBdfg 5 .

hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng tyf Go"gLs/0fsf nflu jgsf] cToGt} dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xb}+ cfPsf] ;j{ljlbt} 5 . ljleGg b]zsf b'O{ bh{geGbf a9L jg tyf jftfj/0f lj1x?af6 tof/ ul/Psf] k|:t't lgb]{lzsfn] jgIf]qdf hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng tyf Go"gLs/0fsf nflu s]xL ;fdfGos[t dfu{bz{gx? pknAw u/fPsf] 5, h;nfO{ xfd|f] ;Gbe{df :yfgLo kl/l:ylt cg';f/ ljz]lifs[t ub}{ sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg ;lsG5 eGg] dnfO{ nfu]sf] 5 .

g]kfnsf] sl/a Ps ltxfO{ hlt jgIf]q ;xeflutfd"ns Joj:yfkg k|s[of cGtu{t cfO{;s]sf] tyf ;+/lIft If]qsf] dWojtL{ If]q tyf ;'Id hnfwf/x? ;d]t :yfgLo pkef]Qmfx?sf] ;+nUgtfdf Joj:yfkg e}/x]sf] kl/k|]Ifdf ljleGg tx tyf :t/sf jg Joj:yfksx?n] jg Joj:yfkg tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] c;/ Go"gLs/0f ug{df of]ubfg k'¥ofO/x]sf 5g\ eGbf cTo'QmL gxf]nf . o;} ;Gbe{df o; bZtfj]hn] ljleGg txsf tL ;a} jg Joj:yfksx? tyf jgIf]qsf ;Dk"0f{ ;/f]sf/jfnfx?nfO{ hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng tyf Go"gLs/0fsf ;DaGwdf k7gof]Uo ;fdu|L pknAw u/fPsf] 5 .

;+o'Qm /fi6« ;‹Lo, vfw tyf s[lif ;Fu7g (FAO) n] o;sf] sfof{no :yfkgf ;Fu} g]kfnsf] jg ljsf; tyf o;sf] lbuf] tyf ;xeflutfd"ns Joj:yfkgdf ljleGg lsl;dsf cfly{s tyf k|fljlws ;xof]u lg/Gt/ ?kdf k'¥ofpb} cfPsf] 5 . /fi6«s} lrgf/Lsf] ?kdf ljsf; ePsf] ;fd'bflos tyf sj'lnolt jg ljsf; sfo{qmdsf z'?jftL ;doaf6 g} o; ;+:yfn] pQm sfo{qmdsf] ;kmntf / ljsf;sf nflu cfjZos k|fljlws ;xof]u pknAw u/fpb} cfPsf] s'/f ;j{ljlbt} 5 . o;sf cnfjf o; ;+:yfn] ;do ;fk]If ljleGg lsl;dsf :yfgLo rfxgf / cfjZostfdf cfwfl/t k|sfzg klg ub{} cfO/x]sf] 5 . o;} l;nl;nfdf ljleGg d"n'sxsf] l;sfO{x?nfO{ Ps} 7fFpdf ;FufNb} tof/ ul/Psf] Climate Change Guidelines for Forest Managers sf] g]kfnL cg'jfb kf7sx? ;fd' Nofpg] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . c+u|]hL efiffsf] d"n bZtfj]hnfO{ ;a} txsf g]kfnL jg k|fljlws tyf Joj:yfksx?sf nflu k7gLo agfpg g]kfnL efiffdf cg'jfb ug{ of]ubfg ug]{ jg k|fljlws b]jLrGb| kf]v/]nnfO{ xflb{s wGoafb lbg rfxG5' . pQm cg'jfbnfO{ j[xQ?kdf cWoog tyf ;dLIff u/L o; ?kdf Nofpg cys k|of; ug]{ jg k|fljlws4o 8f= /fh]Gb| s]=:fL= tyf s'd'b >]i7nfO{ ;d]t

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cGTodf, o; æjg Joj:yfksx?sf nflu hnjfo' kl/jt{g lgb]{lzsfÆ cWoog u/L pNn]lvt lgZsif{x?nfO{ ljwdfg jg gLlt tyf sfo{qmd Pj+d\ Joj:yfkg ultljlwx?df s;/L k|ltljlDjt ug{ ;lsG5 Jojxfl/s ?kdf dgg\ ub}{ o;df /x]sf sdL, sdhf]/Lx?nfO{ ;d]t cf}+NofO{ yk kl/isf/ ug{ ;DalGwt ;a} lj1 tyf kf7sx?af6 cfjZos ;'emfj k|fKt x'g]5 eGg] ;d]t ck]Iff ub{5' . wGoafb .

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hnjfo' kl/jt{g tyf hnjfo'df kl/jt{glzntfsf] c;/ jg kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLx?df kl//x]sf] s'/f ljZje/g} k|dfl0ft e};s]sf]5 / slDtdf klg 5f]6f] b]lv dWod ;dofjlwdf c? yk c;/x? kg]{s'/f cj:o+efjL 5 . hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] NofPsf r'gf}tLnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ jg ;DaGwL /0fgLltx?df ;'wf/ tyf kl/dfh{g ug{ tyf jg Joj:yfkg of]hgf tyf cEof;x?df kl/jt{g ug{ cfjZos kg]{5 .

;g\ @)!) df ljZj vfB tyf s[lif ;Fu7g -Pkm=P=cf]=_ n] hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf ;/f]sf/x?nfO{ gofF tyf df}h'bf gLltx?df tyf /fli6«o sfo{qmdx?df Plss[t ug{ gLlt lgdf{tfx?nfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg hnjfo' kl/jt{g lgb]{lzsf tof/ u¥of] . k|:t't b:tfj]hn] @)!) sf] pQm lgb]{lzsfsf] ;xufdL (companion) sf] ?kdf sfd ug]{5 . jg Joj:yfkg OsfO{ :t/df hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf r'gf}tLx? tyf cj;/x?nfO{ /fd|f];Fu k/LIf0f Pj+ ;Daf]wg ug{ jg Joj:yfksx?nfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg of] lgb]{lzsf tof/ ul/Psf]5 . k|:tfljt sfo{x? ;a} lsl;dsf jg Joj:yfksx? -h:t}M lghL jgsf wgL, lghL jg pBd, ;fj{hlgs lgsfo, cflbjf;L hghflt ;d"x tyf ;fd'bflos jg ;Fu7g_ sf nflu pko'Qm xf];\ eGg] s'/fdf ljrf/ k'¥ofOPsf] 5 . tL Joj:yfksLo sfo{x? ;a} If]qx?df ;a} k|sf/sf jgx? tyf ;a} k|sf/sf Joj:yfkg p2]Zox?sf nflu pkof]uL 5g\ . ltgLx? ;fdfGos[t 5g\, To;}n] ltgLx?nfO{ :yfgLo kl/j]zx?sf] cg's"n kfg'{ cfjZos kg]{ x'G5 .

hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf nflu cg's"ng tyf Go"gLs/0f d'Vo b'O{ k|To'Q/x? x'g\ . Go"gLs/0fn] hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf sf/0fx?nfO{ ;Daf]wg ub{5 eg] cg's"ngn] o;sf k|efjx?nfO{ . jgIf]qdf cg's"ngn] jgh+unsf] hnjfo' kl/jt{g k|ltsf] clt;+j]bglzntf 36fpg] lsl;dn] jg Joj:yfkgsf cEof;df ul/g] kl/jt{g tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{gdf dflg;x?sf] hf]lvd ;+j]bglzntf 36fpg nlIft x:tIf]kL sfo{x?nfO{ ;d]6\b5 . jgIf]qdf Go"gLs/0f /0fgLltnfO{ rf/ d'Vo ju{x?df ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5Ù jg ljgf;af6 x'g] pT;h{g Go"gLs/0f, jg IfoLs/0faf6 x'g] pT;h{g Go"gLs/0f, jgsfj{g ljnogIf]qx? (sinks) sf] clej[l4 / pTkfbg :yfgfkGgtf (product substitution) cflb .

lbuf] jg Joj:yfkg hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng tyf Go"gLs/0f;Fu tfbfTDo /fVg] x'G5 / kl/jt{g e}/xg] kl/l:yltx?df cg's"lnt ug{ ;lsg] lsl;dsf] lj:t[t k|f?k pknAw u/fpFb5 . lbuf] jg Joj:yfkg tkm{ e}/x]sf kxnx?n] k|z:t 1fg, cg'ej, ;kmn cEof; dfu{bz{g, cf}hf/x?, k4ltx? tyf ;fem]bf/Lx? pknAw u/fPsf] 5 h;nfO{ hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf r'gf}tLx?;Fu h'Wg] sfddf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg k|of]udf Nofpg ;lsG5 . oL s'/fx?n] o; b:tfj]hnfO{ ;';"lrt u/]sf] 5 . lbuf] jg Joj:yfkgnfO{ ;du| k|f?ksf] ?kdf k|of]u ug'{n] cg's"ng tyf Go"gLs/0fsf pkfox? ;+sd{0fs

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sfo{sf/L ;f/f+z

(synergistic) ePsf] tyf cGo jg Joj:yfkg p2]Zox?;Fu ;Gt'lnt /x]sf] ;'lglZrt ug{ d2t ub{5 / jgh+unsf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo dxTjx?df ljrf/ k'¥ofpFb5 .

k|:t't b:tfj]hn] hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] k|To'Q/ :j?k clt;+j]bglzntf, hf]lvd, Go"gLs/0f ljsNkx? tyf cfjZos cg's"ng, Go"gLs/0fsf sfo{x?sf] k/LIf0f ug{ / cg'udgsf] nflu ljrf/ k'¥ofpg' kg]{ s'/fx?df jg Joj:yfksx?sf] cu'jfO{ (guidance) ug]{5 . hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ngsf nflu l;kmfl/z ul/Psf sfo{x?n] jgsf] pTkfbglzntf, h}ljs ljljwtf, kfgLsf] pknAwtf tyf u'0f:t/, 89]nf], xflgsf/s ls/f tyf /f]ux?, r/d df};dL 36gfx?, ;d'b|L ;tx dfly a9\g] tyf cfly{s, ;dflhs Pj+ ;+:yfut kIfx?nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{5g\ . o; lgb]{lzsfdf hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] ;Dd'vdf jgh+unx?df cfjZos kg{;Sg] Go"gLs/0fsf ljleGg sfo{x? nufot cltl/Qm cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgsf nflu dfu{bz{g ;d]t pknAw u/fOPsf] 5 .

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hnjfo' kl/jt{g tyf hnjfo'df kl/jt{glzntfsf] c;/ jg kfl/l:ysLo k|0ffnLx?df kl//x]sf] s'/f ljZje/g} k|dfl0ft e};s]sf]5 / slDtdf klg 5f]6f]b]lv dWod ;dofjlwdf c? yk c;/x? kg]{ s'/f cj:o+efjL 5 . s'g} s'g} kl/l:yltdf hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] jgsf] cTofjZosLo ;fdu|Lx? tyf kfl/l:ysLo ;]jfx? h:t}, sfi7 tyf u}/sfi7hGo pTkfbg Pj+ :jR5 kfgL pknAw u/fpg] IfdtfnfO{ gsf/fTds k|efj kfl//x]sf] -36fO/x]sf]_ kfOG5 h;n] jgd} a:g] tyf jgdf cfl>t ;d'bfox? Pj+ jgaf6 kmfObf lnO{/x]sf cGo ;d"xx?sf] hLljsf]kfh{gdf c;/ kfl//x]sf] x'G5 . hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] NofPsf r'gf}tLx?nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ jg ;DaGwL /0fgLltx?df ;'wf/ tyf ;dfof]hg (adjustments) ug{ tyf jg Joj:yfkg of]hgf tyf cEof;x?df kl/jt{g ug{ cfjZos kg]{5 . o:tf] kxndf x'g] l9nfOn] r'gf}tLx?nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ cfjZos ;'wf/ tyf kl/dfh{gsf] d"No tyf hl6ntfnfO{ a9fpg]5 .

lrq !jg Joj:yfksx?n] hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] k|efj kfg{;Sg] ljleGg ;jfnx?nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ cfjZos x'G5 .

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tyf ls/fx?, nf]kf]Gd'vtf, cfu nflu, r/d 36gfx?

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2 jg Joj:yfksx?sf nflu hnjfo' kl/jt{g lgb]{lzsf

jg Joj:yfksx?n] ;Daf]wg ug'{kg]{ y'k|} ;jfnx? dWo] hnjfo' kl/jt{g klg Pp6f d'Vo ;jfn xf] -lrq !_ t/ o;sf c;/x? j[xt k|efj;fy j[l4 x'g] k|If]k0f ul/Psf]5 . tfkqmdx?df x'g] j[l4 tyf jiff{df x'g] kl/jt{gx?n] s'g} lglZrt jgnfO{ kmfObf k'Ug]5 hjls w]/}]h;f]n] dxTjk"0f{ k|hfltx?df x|f; x'g], pTkfbg 36g] tyf cfFwLa]/L nufot cGo k|fs[lts lj£g jfwfx?sf] k'g/fj[lQ tyf ;3gtfdf j[l4 ePsf] cg'ej ug]{ 5g\ . hf]lvd 36fpg tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ngnfO{ ;xhLs/0f ug{ jg Joj:yfkg of]hgf tyf cEof;x?df ul/g' kg]{ jGbf]j:tsf nflu cjZo klg cltl/Qm nfut nfUg ;Sb5 t/ ;f] nfut hnjfo' kl/jt{gaf6 pTkGg x'g] Iflt -xfgL gf]S;fgL_ x?sf] pkrf/fTds sfo{x?df x'g] vr{eGbf ;DejtM Go"gg} x'g]5 . jg Joj:yfksx?n] ;fdfGotof Joj:yfkg nfutdf x'g] h'g;'s} j[l4 Joxf]g'{kg]{] x'G5 t/ pgLx? hnjfo' kl/jt{gnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ul/g] sfo{x?af6 k|fKt x'g] artaf6 k|ToIf?kdf ;Fw} nfeflGjt gx'gklg ;Sb5g\ . tyflk k"0f{ ;"–;'lrt jg Joj:yfksx? hnjfo' kl/jt{g Go"gLs/0f tyf cg's"ng sfo{df ;xof]uL cfly{s tyf gLltut k|f]T;fxgx? (incentives) af6 kmfObf lng ;Ifd x'g] 5g\ h;n] hnjfo' kl/jt{g Joj:yfkgdf x'g] cltl/Qm nfutnfO{ kl/k"lt{ ug{ d2t ug]{5 .

kf7s tyf p2]Zo (Audience and purpose)of] lgb]{lzsf hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf r'gf}tL tyf cj;/x?nfO{ k|efjsf/L ?kdf k/LIf0f ug{ tyf ;Daf]wg ug{ jg Joj:yfks -jS; !_ x?nfO{ jg Joj:yfkg OsfO{sf] txdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg tof/ ul/Psf] xf] . o; bZtfj]hn] hnjfo' kl/jt{gnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ tyf ;DefJo hnjfo' kl/jt{gnfO{ dWogh/ ub}{ jg Joj:yfkgsf of]hgf tyf cEof;x?sf] klxrfg, d"NofÍg tyf cfjZos pkfox?sf] k|fyldlss/0f s;/L ug{] eGg] s'/fdf dfu{ k|;Zt ug]{5 . hnjfo' kl/jt{gdf jg Joj:yfkgsf] k|To'Q/x? cGo If]q tyf ;/f]sf/jfnfx?nfO{ k|efljt ug]{ tyf cfkm}+ k|efljt x'g;Sg] ePsf] x'Fbf o; lgb]{lzsfdf jgIf]q aflx/sf cGo ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] ;d]t rf;f] /xg] 5 .

aS; !jg Joj:yfkg tyf jg Joj:yfks

jg Joj:yfkg s] xf] <jg Joj:yfkg cGtu{t k|fs[lts tyf j[Iff/f]k0f jgx?sf] ;+/If0f, ;Dj4{g tyf ;b'kof]usf nflu ckgfOg] k|zf;lgs, cfly{s, sfg"gL, ;fdflhs tyf k|fljlws nufotsf pkfox? kb{5g\ . o;n] jg kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLx? tyf ltgLx?sf] sfo{ ;'/lIft ug{sf] nflu ljleGg dfqf (degree) sf] dfgj x:tIf]k nufot jgaf6 k|fKt ug{ ;lsg]] ;fdfu|L tyf kfl/l:yltsLo ;]jfx?sf] lbuf] pTkfbgsf] nflu rflxg] ;|f]tx? ;d]6\b5 .

jg Joj:yfks sf] x'g <lglZrt p2]Zox? xfl;n ug{sf nflu ;+rfng ul/g] jgsf] Joj:yfkg tyf jg;|f]tsf] ;b'kof]u Pj+ ljsf;df /]vb]v k'¥ofpg] JolQm jf OsfO{g} jg Joj:yfks xf] . JolQmut ?kdf jg Joj:yfksx?;Fu jg lj1fg ljifosf] cf}krfl/s lzIff, jg ;DaGwL ljifox?df ;dfg cGo of]Uotf, :yfgLo 1fg jf cg'ej x'g ;Sb5 .

3kl/ro

If]q÷bfo/f (Scope)o; lgb]{lzsfdf pNn]lvt sfo{x? ;a} lsl;dsf jgsf Joj:yfks h:t}M lghL jgsf dflnsx?, lghL jg pBdLx?, ;/sf/L lgsfox?, cflbjf;L hghflt ;d"xx? / ;fd'bflos jg ;Fu7gx?nfO{ ;fGble{s x'g] ;f]rfO{ /flvPsf] 5 . tL sfo{x? ;a} If]qsf ;a} k|sf/sf jgx? tyf ;a} lsl;dsf Joj:yfkg p2]Zox? -pTkfbg, ;+/If0f / ax'pkof]u_ sf nflu pkof]uL x'g] 5g\ . o; b:tfj]hsf] bfo/f -If]q_ j[xt /xg'sf] cy{ o;sf] vfsfg} ;fdfGo (generic) lgb]{zgx? pknAw u/fpg] u/L sf]l/Psf] 5, eGg] xf] . olb s'g} lglZrt k|sf/sf] jgsf] wgL jf Joj:yfkg p2]Zosf nflu ljz]if lqmofsnfkx? l;kmfl/; ul/Psf] cj:yfdf ;f] s'/f pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . lglZrt k|sf/sf jgx? jf jgsf wgLx?sf nflu cem lj:t[t lgb]{lzsfx?sf] ljsf; ug{ OR5's kIfx?;Fu ;xsfo{ ug{ vfw tyf s[lif ;Fu7g -Pkm=P=cf]=_ k|ltIff/t 5 . ;fy} cGo kIfx?nfO{ cem lj:t[t, :yfg ljz]if lgb]{lzsfx? tof/Lsf] cfwf/sf nflu of] lgb]{lzsfsf] k|of]u ug{ pT;flxt ;d]t ub{5 .

cGtj{:t' tyf agfj6 (Content and organization)o; kl/rofTds v08 -kf7_ ;d]t o; bZtfj]hdf hDdf kfFr v08x? 5g\ . v08 b'O{df hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] k[i7e"dL / jg tyf jg Joj:yfkssf nflu o;sf] ;fGble{stf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . v08 tLgn] lbuf] jg Joj:yfkg (Sustainable forest management), cg's"lnt Joj:yfkg (adaptive

management), e"–kl/lw:t/Lo pkfudx? (landscape approaches), ;fem]bf/L tyf ;xeflutfd"ns pkfudx? / jg Joj:yfkg;Fu ufFl;Psf] hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng tyf Go"gLs/0fsf nflu cGt/f{li6«o k|f?ksf] ;fdfGo laj/0f k|:t't u/]sf] 5 . v08 rf/n] hf]lvd (risk), clt;+j]bglzntf (vulnerability) / Go"gLs/0fsf pkfox?sf] ljZn]if0f ;d]t u/L hnjfo' kl/jt{gk|lt Joj:yfkgsf] ;Daf]wgx?nfO{ b[li6 ub}{ hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng tyf Go"gLs/0fsf nflu sfo{fGjog of]Uo Joj:yfkg sfo{x?sf nflu dfu{bz{g k|:t't ub{5 . v08 kfFrn] hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf c;/x?nfO{ s;/L cg'udg ug]{ / cg's"ng tyf Go"gLs/0fsf pkfox?sf] of]hgf th'{df Pj+ d"NofÍg s;/L ug]{ eGg] s'/fdf k|sfz kfb{5 . o;}u/ v08 5df b:tfj]hsf] ;+lIfKt lgrf]8 /x]sf]5 . o;sf] d'Vo 8s'd]06 -cu||]+hL e;{g_ df tLgj6f cg';"rLx? /x]sf 5g\ . cg';"rL !M zAbfjnL, cg';"rL @M 1fg cf}hf/x? (knowledge

tools) sf] Ps ;"rL Pj+ ;"rgfsf ;|f]tx? / cg';"rL #M o; lgb]{lzsfsf] j}wflgsLs/0f lbg] cEof;df ;xefuL ePsf ljz]if1x?sf] gfdfjnL k|:t't u/]sf] ePtf klg o; g]kfnL cg'jfbdf cg';"rL ! -zAbfjnL_ dfq lbOPsf] 5 -cGo cg';"rLx?sf] nflu d'Vo 8s'd]06 Climate Change Guidelines For

Forest Managers, 2013 x]g'{xf];\_ .

rf/kfnf ;fd'bflos jg, j'6jn gu/kflnsf j8f g+= !$, tfdgu/, ?kGb]xLdf /x]sf] ;fn (Shorea robusta) sf] :yflkt k'g?Tkfbg jg

hnjfo' kl/jt{g k|lqmof tyf k|If]k0f (Climate change process and projections)o; k[YjLsf] hnjfo' ljleGg lsl;dsf k|fs[lts zlQmx?sf] k|efjsf sf/0f lg/Gt/ kl/jt{g e}/xG5 . hnjfo'sf] 9fFrfx? (patterns) df ljZje/L xfn}df b]lvPsf pNn]vgLo tyf b'|t kl/jt{gx? tfk zf]if0f ug]{ xl/t u[x UofF;x? pT;h{g ug]{ dfgj lqmofsnfkx?åf/f ;[lht e"d08nLo tfkqmd j[l4 (global warming) sf sf/0f e}/x]sf] 5 . e"d08nLo tfkqmd j[l4, hnjfo' kl/jt{gzLntfdf ePsf] j[l4 / o;sf] kmn:j?k pTkGg x'g] r/d (extreme) lsl;dsf 36gfx? h:t} tfk—t/+u (heat

waves), cToflws v8]/L tyf ;3g cfFwLa]/Lsf] k'g/fj[lQdf j[l4;Fu ;DalGwt /xG5 . of] ;d'Gb|L ;tx j[l4;Fu ;d]t ;DalGwt 5 . hnjfo' kl/jt{g tyf hnjfo'df j[l4 e}/x]sf] kl/jt{gzLntfsf] clt j[xt (wide ranging) cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo c;/ tyf k|efjx? /xg] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . jg Joj:yfksx?sf nflu hnjfo' kl/jt{g;Fu cg's"lnt x'g tyf Go"gLs/0f ug{ jg Joj:yfkgsf cEof;x?df pNn]Vo kl/dfh{g ug'{kg]{ cfjZos b]lvG5 .

jg tyf ljZjJofkL sfj{g rqm (Forests and the global carbon cycle)sfj{g8fOcS;fO8 (CO2) d'Vo xl/t u[x Uof; xf] . jfo'd08nLo sfj{g8fOcS;fO8sf] ;3gtf (concentration) df k|efj kfg]{ e"d08nLo sfj{g rqmdf x'g] kl/jt{gx? e"d08nLo hnjfo'sf nflu dxTjk"0f{ 5g\ . jgn] sfj{g8fOcS;fO8sf] ;|f]t tyf ljnogIf]q (source and sink) b'j}sf] ?kdf dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Nb5 -jS; @_ . jgdf cjl:yt ?vla?jf tyf df6f]df o; k[YjLdf kfOg] sl/a cfwfhlt :yn -hldgdf /xg]_ sfj{g /x]sf] x'G5 . plrt Joj:yfkg ePdf e"–kfl/:yltsLo k|0ffnLx? (terrestrial

ecosystems) df xfnsf] eGbf w]/} sfj{g8fOcS;fO8 (CO2) ;+lrt ug]{ Ifdtf 5 .

jgn] k|sfz z+:n]if0f dfkm{t CO2 zf]if0f u/L o;nfO{ sfj{gsf] ?kdf1 e08f/0f ub{5 tyf :jfzk|Zjf;, j:t'x?sf] lj36g -s'lxg]_ / hNg]sfd (respiration, decomposition and combustion) dfkm{t o;nfO{ aflx/ kmfNb5 . s'g}klg jgsf] sfj{g zf]if0f ug]{ e"ldsf jgsf] j[l4b/ tyf o;sf] :yfloTj (permanence) ;Fu} j[l4 x'G5 . w]/} pTkfbgzLn (vigorous) gofF jgx?n] ltgLx?sf] j[l4 ;Fu} 7"nf]dfqfdf sfj{g ;+lrlt ub{5g\ . o;sf] ljkl/t j[l4 e};s]sf k'/fgf jgx?df /x]sf ?vla?jf tyf df6f]n] 7"nf]dfqfdf sfj{g e08f/ u/]/ /fv]sf] x'G5 . o:tf] jg (old growth forest)

df sfj{gsf] yk ;+lrt e}xfn]klg lgSs} z':t ultdf dfq x'g ;Sb5 .

1 o"=Pg=Pkm=l;=l;=l;=n] jgdf ljleGg % lsl;dsf sfj{g e08f/x? 5'6\ofPsf] 5M hldg dflysf] hLljt h}ljslk08, hldg d'lgsf] hLljt h}ljslk08, kft klt+u/, d[t -9nfk8f_ sf7 / df6f] .

hnjfo' kl/jt{g / jg

@


jgh+unx? xl/t u[x Uof;, d'Votof sfj{g8fOcS;fO8 pT;h{gsf] ;d]t ;|f]t x'g . jg ljgf; tyf jg IfoLs/0fn] ljZjJofkL xl/t u[x Uof; pT;h{gsf] !&∞ efu2 cf]u6]sf] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 .

hnjfo' kl/jt{g tyf al9/x]sf] hnjfo' kl/jt{glzntfsf] jgh+un tyf jgdf cfl>t dflg;x?df k|ToIf tyf ck|ToIf k|efj /x]]sf]5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu Sofgf8fdf lxpFb] tfkqmddf j[l4 tyf jg89]nf] lgoGq0fsf] ;+o'Qm k|efjn] ;Nnfdf nfUg] nfj|] ls/f (mountain pine beetle) sf] ;+Vof / k|sf]kdf dxfdf/Lsf] ?kdf cToflws j[l4 eof] . kmn:j?k nfvf}+ ckl/kSj ;Nnfsf ?vx? dg{ k'u] . o;}u/L sd;n s6fg d'5fg cEof;, jgh+unsf] vl08s/0f tyf a9\bf] v8]/Ln] ubf{ cd]hf]lgof tyf blIf0fk"jL{ Pl;ofsf] jgh+unnfO{ a9L 89]nf] ;+efjL (fire prone) agfPsf]5 . w|'jLo (Boreal) tyf pi0f b'j} If]qdf, hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] jgh+unsf] hnjfo'jLo bafaaf6 k|efljt x'g;Sg] k|j[lQnfO{ j[l4 ul//x]sf] 5 h'g nfdf] ;dob]lvg} /x]sf] ePtfklg ;fljsdf sd r'gf}tLk"0f{ lyof] . ha jgh+un tyf o;;Fu ;DalGwt ;fdflhs k|0ffnLx? hnjfo' kl/jt{g;Fu ;DalGwt k|ToIf tyf ck|ToIf bafasf] ;fdgf ug{ ;Sb}gg, ta ltgLx?nfO{ o;k|lt clt ;+j]bgzLn (Vulnerable) /x]sf] dflgG5 .

hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] b/ 7"nf] tyf ;fgf b'j} ef}uf]lns :t/x?df km/s kb{5 / ;fdfGotof e"–dWo/]vfaf6 w|'j -cIff+z_ lt/ b"/L a9\b} hfFbf a9\g] x'G5 . :yfgLo:t/df hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] b/ tyf lbzf w/ftnLo e"–jgfj6 tyf kfgL /x]sf 7"nf :yfgx?sf] ;fldKotf÷b'/L cg';f/ km/s kb{5 . jgh+unsf k|hfltx? tyf jgdf /xg] ;d'bfox?df hnjfo' kl/jt{g k|lt ltlgx?sf] k|lt/f]w tyf ;dfg's"ngdf Pj+ cg's"ng Ifdtfdf leGgtf /x]sf] x'G5 . hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] ;fdgf ug{ k|hfltx?nfO{ ls t kl/jlt{t cj:yfd} cg's"ng x'g (adaptation) kb{5 jf pko'Qm kl/l:ylt ePsf If]qx?df a;fO{ ;g{'kg]{ (Migration) x'G5 . s'g} klg k|hfltsf] a;fO;g]{ Ifdtf o;sf] lj:tfl/t x'g ;Sg] Ifdtf tyf

2 cfO{=lk=l;=l;= -@))&_ hnjfo' kl/jt{g @))&= ;+Zn]if0f k|ltj]bg

aS; @sfj{g ljnogIf]q (sink) tyf ;|f]tx? (sources)

jfo'd08naf6 sfj{g8fOcS;fO8sf] ?kdf sfj{g zf]if0f u/L ;+lrt /xg] :yfg jf e08f/nfO{ sfj{g ljnogIf]q elgG5 . ha jg j[l4 x'G5 To;n] sfj{g ljnog If]qsf] ?kdf sfd ub{5 . ljZjJofkL ?kdf jfo'd08naf6 sfj{g8fOcS;fO8sf] 7"nf] lx:;f x6fpg] sfdsf nflu jgh+un lhDd]bf/ /xG5 .

xl/t u[x Uof; lg:sf;gsf ;|f]t To:tf k|s[of jf lqmofsnfk x'g h;n] jfo'd08ndf xl/t u[x Uof; pT;h{g ub{5 . jg ljgf; tyf jg IfoLs/0fg} xl/t u[x Uof; pT;h{gsf d'Vo ;|f]tx? x'g lsgeg] logLx?sf] sf/0fn] sfj{g8fOcS;fO8sf ?kdf jgh+undf e08f/0f eP/ /x]sf] sfj{g tyf ldy]g h:tf xl/t u[x Uof;x? jfo'd08ndf hfG5g\ .

7hnjfo' kl/jt{g / jg

pko'Qm jf;:yfg;Fu cGt/ ;DaGw /fVg;Sg] Ifdtfdf e/ kb{5 . k|hflt u'dfpg] tyf kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnL Wj:t x'g ;Sg] hf]lvd ef}uf]lns cj:yfg';f/ tyf ;doqmddf e/kb{5 . kl/jt{gzLn kl/l:yltx?df hnjfo' tyf k|hfltx? s'g}n] klg ;/n tyf ;d/]vLo ?kdf k|ltlqmof ub}{gg\ j? lglZrt ;+3f/ ljGb'df crfgs k|lts[of ug{ vf]Hb 5g\ eGg] s'/f rf;f]k"0f{ 5 . pQm ;+3f/ ljGb' (threshold) cg'dfg ug{ ufx|f] kb{5 eGg] s'/f jg Joj:yfksx?n] ;bf ofb /fVg'kb{5 .

;dfh tyf o;leq /x]sf ;d'bfox?df hnjfo' kl/jt{g k|lt ;+j]bglzntfsf] xb km/s kg]{ x'G5 . ul/jLsf] df/df k/]sf, l;ldt /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ jf cfocfh{g ePsf tyf hLljsf]kfh{gsf nflu jif]{v]tL -cfsfz] v]tL_ df jf jgh+undf e/ kg]{ l;dfGts[t ;d'bfox? ;a}eGbf a9L hf]lvd ;+j]bgzLn 5g\ .

jgdf cg's"ng tyf Go"gLs/0f (Adaptation and mitigation in forestry)cg's"ng tyf Go"gLs/0f hnjfo' kl/jt{gnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ d'Vo b'O{ pkfo -k|To'Q/_ x? x'g\ . logLx? Pp6} l;Ssfsf b'O{ kf6f x'g lsgeg] Go"gLs/0fn] hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] sf/0fx?nfO{ ;Daf]wg ub{5 eg] cg's"ngn] o;sf] c;/x?nfO{ ;Daf]wg ub{5 .

jgIf]qdf cg's"ngn] jgh+unsf] hnjfo' kl/jt{g k|ltsf] ;+j]bglzntf (vulnerability) 36fpg] lsl;dn] jg Joj:yfkgsf cEof;x?df ul/g] kl/jt{g tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{gdf dflg;x?sf] hf]lvd ;+j]bglzntf 36fpg nlIft x:tIf]kL sfo{x? (interventions) nfO{ ;d]6\b5 .

jgIf]qsf Go"gLs/0f /0fgLltnfO{ rf/ d'Vo ju{x?df ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5Ù jg ljgf;af6 x'g] pT;h{g Go"gLs/0f, jg IfoLs/0faf6 x'g] pT;h{g Go"gLs/0f, jgsfj{g ljnogIf]qx? (sinks) sf] clej[l4 /

aS; #Go"gLs/0f tyf cg's"ng (Mitigation and adaptation)

hnjfo' kl/jt{g Go"gLs/0f pkfox? eg]sf] jfo'd08ndf xl/t u[x Uof;x?sf] ;3gtf (concentration) nfO{ l:y/ ug{ jf Go"g ug{ d2t ug]{ sfo{x? x'g\ . o; cGtu{t dfgj k|]l/t (human induced) xl/t u[x Uof; pT;h{g 36fpg] jf jfo'd08naf6 xl/t u[x Uof; x6fpg] sfo{x? ;dfj]z 5g\ .

hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng ;DaGwL sfo{x? cGtu{t hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf jf:tljs tyf ;Defljt c;/x?af6 x'g] vt/faf6 jRg tyf cj;/x?nfO{ k|fKt ug{ k|fs[lts jf dfgjLo k|0ffnLx?df ul/g] aGbf]a:tx? kb{5g\ .

5f]6s/Ldf, cg's"ngn] hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf hf]lvd tyf k|efjx?nfO{ ;Daf]wg ub{5 hals Go"gLs/0fn] hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf dfgj ;[lht sf/0fx?nfO{ ;Daf]wg ub{5 .


pTkfbg :yfgfkGgtf (Product substitution) . :yfgfkGgtf cGtu{t phf{sf] nflu lhjfjz]if OGwg (fossil

fuel) sf] ;§f sf7sf] k|of]u tyf l;d]G6, l:6n tyf cfNd'lgod h:tf cToflws xl/t u[x Uof; lj;{hg ug]{ ;fdu|Lsf] ;§f sf7hGo pTkfbgsf] k|of]u kb{5g\ .

hnjfo' k|0ffnLdf dfgj ;[lht tyf dfgjLo jfwf jf x:tIf]k 36fpg jgdf ;d]t hnjfo' kl/jt{g Go"gLs/0fsf pkfox? cTofjZos e};s]sf] 5 t/ o:tf pkfo÷kxnx?n] ljZjsf] cf};t ;txL tfkqmddf cfheGbf bzsf}+kl5 dfq c;/ ug{ yfNg]5g . o;sf/0f jgaf6 k|fKt x'g] ;fdu|L tyf kfl/l:yltsLo ;]jfx?sf] lg/Gt/ ?kdf k|flKtsf] ;'lglZrtfsf nflu cfufdL w]/} jif{;Dd cg's"ngsf pkfox? cfjZos kb{5g\ .

jg Joj:yfksx?sf nflu hnjfo' kl/jt{g eg]sf] s] xf] < (What does climate change mean for forest managers?)hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] jg Joj:yfksx? :jod\sf] tyf cfk\mgf]] ;dfhsf] jg ;DaGwL ljleGg cfjZostfx? kl/k"lt{ ug]{ p2]Zox? k|fKt ug]{ IfdtfnfO{ sdhf]/ agfpFb5 . jgh+un tyf jgn] pknAw u/fpg] ;fdfu|L Pj+ kfl/l:yltsLo ;]jfsf nflu jgdf cfl>t dflg;x? b'j}sf] hf]lvd ;+j]bglzntf 36fpg tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{gdf cg's"ngtfsf nflu ;xlhs/0f ug{ jg Joj:yfksx?n] pgLx?sf] jg Joj:yfkgsf p2]Zox? tyf cEof;x?nfO{ kl/dfh{g ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . jg Joj:yfksx?n] hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng tyf Go"gLs/0fsf nflu gLltut k|f]T;fxgx? tyf cfly{s ;xof]u k4ltsf] kmfObf lnb} hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] ;Defljt kmfObf cToflws ug]{ nIo lng'kb{5 .

hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf c;/x? Go"gLs/0f ug{ rfxg] jg Joj:yfksx?n] hnjfo' kl/jt{g tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{gZfLntfsf] k|s[tL tyf Jofkstf÷l;df, c;/x?sf] ;fdlos :t/ (time scale) df leGgtfx? tyf kl/dflh{t Joj:yfkg cEof;x?;Fu ;DalGwt nfut ;DaGwL clglZrttfx?nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug}{kg]{ x'G5 . ljZjJofkL hnjfo'sf gd"gfx? (models) n] ljZjJofkL tyf If]qLo :t/df s]xL lglZrttf ;fy hnjfo'sf] j[xt ?k/]vf k|If]k0f ug{ ;Sb5g\ hals pk–/fli6«o / ljz]if u/L :yfgLo :t/x?df Go"g?kdf dfq z'2tfsf ;fy k|If]k0fx? ug{ ;lsG5 . hnjfo' k/jt{gzLntf tyf r/d hnjfo'jLo 36gfx? lglZrttfsf ;fy eljiojf0fL ug{ cz+ej gePtfklg ;fx|} sl7g 5 . o:tf clglZrttfx?n] hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng tyf Go"gLs/0fsf pkfox? ;+rfng ug]{ nIo lnPsf jg Joj:yfksx?nfO{ r'gf}tL lbG5 . jg Joj:yfksx?n] æpknAw ljleGg ljsNkx?sf] k|of]u u/L uNtL x'g] jf u'dfpg] hf]lvd Go"g u/Æ nfO{ dgg ub}{ j[xQ kl/jt{gsf nflu Joj:yfkg ug]{ tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng tyf Go"gLs/0faf6 kmfObf k'Ug] ;kmn cEof;;Fu d]n vfg] ljsNkx?sf] c+lusf/ u/L kZrft\fk gx'g] sfd ug'{kb{5 .

9hnjfo' kl/jt{g / jg

lugLsf] s]Gb|Lo efudf cjl:yt km'6f Hofnf]g kxf8x? . kxfl8 If]qx?df hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf k|efjx?nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ k|efjsf/L cg's"ng tyf Go"gLs/0f /0fgLltx? cfjZos kb{5g\ .

-kmf]6

f] ;f}hGo P

km=P=cf]=÷l6= xf]km/_


ljz]if ?kdf jg Joj:yfksx?n] hnjfo' kl/jt{gaf6 xfn} b]lvPsf tyf ;Defljt c;/x?k|lt ;r]t /xg'kb{5 . s'g} c;/x? k|ToIf x'G5g\, h:t}M kfgLsf] pknAwtfdf / ?vsf] j[l4b/df b]lvg] c;/x? . cGo c;/x? kl/jlt{t lj£gsf/L tTjx? h:t} 89]nf], /f]uf0f' tyf cfFwLa]/Lsf] glthf :j?k b]lvG5g\ jf hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf sf/0f cfPsf] cfly{s ;fdflhs kl/jt{gx?sf sf/0f b]lvPsf x'g ;Sb5g\, h:t}M hg;+Vof a;fO{;/fO{ tyf ahf/df kl/jt{g -h:t}M lhjfz]if OGwgsf] ;§f h}ljs phf{_ .

jg Joj:yfksx? hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng tyf Go"gLs/0fsf pkfox?sf] lhDd]jf/L lngsf nflu pknAw x'g] k|f]T;fxgx? (incentives) k|lt ;d]t hfgsf/ /xg cfjZos kg]{ x'G5 . logLx? ;/sf/n] ;+:yfut u/]sf gLltut k|f]T;fxgx? jf ahf/n] pknAw u/fPsf k|f]T;fxgx? b'j} x'g ;Sb5g\ h:t}M sfj{g qm]l86x? jf h}ljs phf{sf] dfu cflb . jg Joj:yfksx?n] ljsf; e}/x]sf hnjfo' ;DaGwL gLlt, sfg"gL tyf lgofds (regulatory) jftfj/0fnfO{ a'‰g' kb{5 h'g gofF P]g tyf lgodx?nfO{ kl/kfng ug{ tyf gofF ljQLo cj;/x?nfO{ kF"hLs[t (capitalize) ug{sf nflu kl/jt{g x'g ;Sg] x'G5g\ .

hnjfo'jLo cj:yfx? P]ltxfl;s xb eGbf k/ k'Ug] ePsf] x'Fbf cg's"ng tyf Go"gLs/0fsf nflu Joj:yfkgsf p2]Zox?, pkfudx? tyf cg'udg k|0ffnLx?df kl/dfh{g tyf ;'wf/ ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . efUoj; lbuf] jg Joj:yfkg -lj:t[t?kdf v08–# df rrf{ ul/Psf]_ hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng tyf Go"gLs/0f;Fu tfnd]n vfg] lsl;dsf] 5 h;n] kl/jlt{t kl/l:yltx?df cg's"ng ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yfkgsf] lj:tfl/t k|f?k pknAw u/fpFb5 . jg Joj:yfksx?n] hnjfo' kl/jt{gnfO{ pgLx?sf] of]hgf th'{dfsf] Ps c+usf] ?kdf lng'kg]{ tyf Joj:yfkg cEof;x?nfO{ ;f]xL cg';f/ kl/dfh{g ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . pgLx?n] hf]lvd Joj:yfkgdf klg cem a9L hf]8 lbg' kg]{ x'G5 . o;sf ;fy} hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ngsf pkfox?df x'g] nfut æhlt l9nf] u¥of], plt a9\g]Æ s'/fnfO{ dWogh/ ub}{ pgLx?n] ;Defljt kmfObfx?sf] t'ngfdf jg Joj:yfkgdf x'g] kl/jt{gsf] nfutx? ;d]t cf+sng ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .

lbuf] jg Joj:yfkg (Sustainable forest management)lbuf] jg Joj:yfkg ljZje/L :jLsf/ ul/Psf] Pp6f cjwf/0ff xf] h;n] ljZjJofkL ?kdf jg ;DaGwL gLltx? tyf cEof;x?nfO{ lgb]{lzt ub{5 . o;n] jg Joj:yfkgsf nflu Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ pkfudsf] lgdf{0f ub{5 / o;sf] sfof{Gjogsf] nflu /fli6«o tyf pk–/fli6«o -If]qLo_ :t/df pko'Qm gLltx?, sfg"gx? / ;+/rgfx?sf] cfjZostf kb{5 . o;}u/L :ynut ?kdf :t/Lo lj1fg tyf k/Dk/fut 1fgdf cfwfl/t k|efjsf/L Joj:yfkg cEof;x? sfof{Gjogsf] cfjZostf kb{5 .

lbuf] jg Joj:yfkgnfO{ ;a} k|sf/sf jgx?df tyf jg Joj:yfkgsf ;a} k|sf/sf p2]Zox?sf nflu -;+/If0f, pTkfbg tyf ax'p2]zLo h] ePklg_ nfu' ug{ ;lsG5 . ;g\ @))& df ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf] ;fwf/0f ;efn] lbuf] jg Joj:yfkgsf] kl/efiffnfO{ c+lusf/ u¥of] h;n] o;sf] cjwf/0ffsf] JofVof tyf o;n] ;d]6\g] tTjx?nfO{ tn pNn]v eP adf]lhd ;"rLs[t u¥of] -jS; $_ .

aS; $lbuf] jg Joj:yfkg (Sustainable forest management)

;+o'Qm /fi6« ;‹Lo lg0f{o ^@÷(* df lbuf] jg Joj:yfkg eGgfn] Pp6f ultlzn tyf plbodfg cjwf/0ff h;n] æjt{dfg tyf efjL k':tfsf] kmfObfsf] nflu ;a} k|sf/sf jgx?sf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo d"Nox?nfO{ sfod jf clej[l4 ub{5Æ egL JofVof ul/Psf]5 .

o;n]] lbuf] jg Joj:yfkgsf ;ft ljifout tTjx?nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ klxrfg u/]sf] 5 M ð jg;|f]tsf] lj:tf/ (extent of forest resources)

ð jgsf] h}ljs ljljwtf (forest biological diversity)

ð jgsf] :jf:y tyf lhjGttf (forest health and vitality)

ð jg;|f]tsf] pTkfbgsf/L sfo{x? (productive functions of forest resources)

ð jgsf] /IffTds sfo{x? (protective functions of forest resources)

ð jgsf] ;fdflhs cfly{s sfo{x? (socio-economic functions of forests)

ð sfg"gL, gLltut tyf ;+:yfut k|f?k (legal, policy and institutional framework)

#lbuf] jg Joj:yfkg tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{gnfO{ k|efjsf/L k|To'Q/ ;DaGwL pkfudx?


lbuf] jg Joj:yfkgtkm{sf ljZjJofkL kxnx?n] o; ;DaGwdf k|z:t 1fg, cg'ej, ;kmn–cEof; dfu{bz{g, cf}hf/x? (tools), k4ltx? tyf ;fem]bf/Lx? pknAw u/fPsf] 5 h;nfO{ hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf r'gf}tLx?;Fu h'Wg ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] sfddf k|of]udf Nofpg ;lsG5 . lbuf] jg Joj:yfkgnfO{ ;du| k|f?ksf] ?kdf k|of]u ug'{n] cg's"ng tyf Go"gLs/0fsf pkfox? Ps–csf{nfO{ kmfObf k'¥ofpg] -;+sd{0fs–synergistic ePsf]_ tyf cGo jg Joj:yfkg p2]Zox?;Fu ;Gt'lnt /x]sf] ;'lglZrt ug{ d2t ub{5 / jgh+unsf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo dxTjx?df ljrf/ k'¥ofpFb5 .

;a} d'n'sx?n] cfgf] jgh+un If]q ax' ;fdflhs–cfly{s, pTkfbgzLn tyf jftfj/0fLo sfo{ ;+rfng (environmental functions)x?sf nflu Joj:yfkg ub{5g\ eGg] s'/fnfO{ ljrf/ ubf{ :ynut?kdf x'g] jg ;DaGwL hnjfo' cg's"ng tyf Go"gLs/0fsf kxnx?sf nflu lj:t[t pkfud (comprehensive

approach), k|efjsf/L gLltx? Pj+ pko'Qm sfg"g lgdf{0f k|s[of (legislative) tyf z'zf;gsf k|f?kx? cfjZos kg]{ b]lvG5 .

cg's"lnt Joj:yfkg (Adaptive management)cg's"lnt Joj:yfkg jg Joj:yfkgsf] Ps o:tf] ultzLn pkfud xf] h;df kl/jt{gzLn cj:yfx?sf] cg'udg ul/G5 / cEof;x?nfO{ ;f]xL cg'?k c+lusf/ ul/G5 . cg's"lnt Joj:yfkgn] of]hgf th'{df, sfo{ ;+rfng, cg'udg / cg'udgsf] k|lts[of :j?k ;|f]tx?sf] Joj:yfkgdf kl/dfh{g jf ;'wf/nfO{ Psfsf/ ub{5 . :ki6?kdf o;n] hl6n tyf clglZrt kl/l:yltx?nfO{ ;Daf]wg ub{5 / o;nfO{ j[xQ/ ?kdf hnjfo' kl/jt{g tyf cGo jftfj/0fLo kl/jt{gx? k|ltsf] pko'Qm k|To'Q/sf] ?kdf lnOG5 .

e"–kl/lw :t/Lo pkfudx? (Landscape level approaches)Jofks e"–kl/lwsf] cleGg c+u ePsf] x'Fbf jgh+un tyf j[Ifx?n] kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLx?sf] :yfloTj tyf lhjGttf Pj+ ;fdflhs cfjZostfx? k|fKt ug{sf nflu of]ubfg k'¥ofpFb 5g\ . e"–kl/lwsf] Plss[t Joj:yfkgn] ax' e"–pkof]usf p2]Zox? aLr ;+sd0f{ (synergy) Nofpg] sfd ub{5 . :yfgLo ;d'bfo tyf lghL hUuf pkof]ustf{ ;d]t ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] b[li6sf]0f, cfjZostf tyf rfxgfnfO{ ljrf/ ubf{ e"–kl/lw :t/Lo pkfud lbuf] e"–pkof]u tyf hLljsf]kfh{g /0fgLlt ljsf; ug{ sfo{;fws (instrumental) x'g ;Sb5 . e"–pkof]u tyf Joj:yfkgdf kl/dfh{gsf nflu ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf aLrsf] cGt/lqmof ljz]if dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 .

hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf s]xL c;/x?sf nflu Joj:yfksx?n] cfgf] Joj:yfkg OsfO{sf] l;df eGbf aflx/klg x]g'{kg]{ x'G5 . o;/L e"–kl/lw :t/Lo pkfudsf] cjnDjgn] pQd cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo k|ltkmnx? lbg;Sg] jg cg's"ng tyf Go"gLs/0fsf pkfox? klxrfg ug{ d2t ug]{5 .

13lbuf] jg Joj:yfkg tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{gnfO{ k|efjsf/L k|To'Q/ ;DaGwL pkfudx?

;fem]bf/L tyf ;xeflutfd"ns pkfudx? (Partnership and participatory approaches);fem]bf/L tyf ;xeflutfd"ns pkfudx?n] jg;|f]tx?sf] Joj:yfkg tyf ;x–Joj:yfkgdf ;a} jg ;DaGwL ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] ;+nUgtfnfO{ :jLsf/ u/]sf x'G5g\ . jg ;/f]sf/jfnfx? cGtu{t jgdf e/kg]{ jf jgh+unaf6 kmfObf lng] hgtfx? tyf jgsf] kx'Frdf lgoGq0f, lgodg tyf lg0f{o ug]{x? kb{5g\ . ;fem]bfl/tf tyf ;xeflutfd"ns pkfudx?n] /fli6««ob]lv :yfgLo :t/;Ddsf ljleGg txx?df ;d]t sfd ug{ ;Sb5g / /fHo tyf :yfgLo clwsf/Lx?, jg k|;f/ Ph]lG;x?, jgdf cfl>t ;d'bfox?, u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx?, lghLIf]qsf c+ux?, cg';Gwfg tyf z}lIfs ;Fu7gx? tyf jg Joj:yfksx?nfO{ ;d]t ;+nUg ug{ ;Sb5g\ .

hnjfo' kl/jt{gnfO{ Joj:yfkgsf] ;kmn k|To'Q/x?sf nflu ;fem]bf/L tyf ;xeflutfd"ns pkfudx? cTofjZos x'g] 5g\ . v08 rf/n] l;kmfl/z ul/Psf Joj:yfkg sfo{x?sf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ ;xeflutfsf] :t/ cf}+NofpFb5 . jg Joj:yfksx?sf nflu df}h'bf tyf gofF lsl;dsf jg ;fem]bf/Lx?sf] ljsf; ug{ tyf o;df ;xeflu x'g c? a]nfsf] eGbf yk a9L d]xgt cfjZos kg]{5 .

;+o'Qm u0ftGq tfGhlgofdf jgdf sfo{/t jg clws[tx? . hnjfo' kl/jt{gdf k|hftLo ljz]ifsf] ;+j]bglzntf dxz'; ug{ s]jn ;du| jgsf] dfq xf]Og Ps–Ps j[Ifx?sf] cg'udg dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 .

-kmf]6

f] ;f}hGoM Pk

m=P=cf]=_


hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;DaGwL ljZjJofkL, If]qLo tyf /fli6«o gLltx? (Global, regional and national policies on climate change)jg Joj:yfksx? pk–/fli6«o -If]qLo_, /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o :t/df jgfOPsf hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;DaGwL gLltx?af6 k|efljt x'G5g\ . xfn;Dd !(% d"n'sx?n] cg'df]bg ul/;s]sf] hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;DaGwL ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;‹Lo k|f?k dxf;lGw (UNFCCC) n] hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;DaGwL ljZjJofkL gLltx? to ub{5 . o'/f]lkog o'lgog h:tf s]xL If]qLo /fhgLlts ;Fu7gx?n] hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;DaGwL If]qLo gLltx? to u/]sf 5g\3 . o;}u/L hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;DaGwdf rflng] /fli6«o sbdx?df ;xof]u k'¥ofpgsf nflu If]qLo ;xsf/L sfo{qmdx? ;d]t 5g\ . /fli6«o hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;DaGwL gLltx? ljZjJofkL tyf If]qLo gLltx?af6 k|efljt x'G5g\ t/ ltgLx? /fli6«o kl/l:yltx?;Fu hf]l8Psf x'G5g\ . jg Joj:yfksx? cfkm'nfO{ k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf ?kdf k|efj kfg{ ;Sg] gLltsf] ljsf;x?af/] hfgsf/ /xg' kb{5 .

3 pbfx/0fsf nflu, s+uf] j]l;gsf] /]8 Kn;df

jf]lnleofsf] (Plurinational State) ;dfOkf6f gu/df ;d'bfosf ;b:ox?;Fu 5nkmn ub}{ Ps jg clws[t . ;fem]bf/L tyf ;xeflutfd"ns pkfudx? hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] ;kmntfk"j{s ;Daf]wgsf nflu cTofj:os x'g]5g\ .

-kmf]6

f] ;f}hGoM Pk

m=P=cf]=_

15lbuf] jg Joj:yfkg tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{gnfO{ k|efjsf/L k|To'Q/ ;DaGwL pkfudx?

hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;DaGwL ;+o'Q /fi6« ;‹Lo k|f?k dxf;lGwsf kIf /fi6«x? cg's"ng tyf Go"gLs/0fsf] lhDd]jf/L lng tyf cfgf lqmofsnfkx?sf] cfjlws /fli6«o ;+rf/ (periodic national communication) dfkm{t tyf /fli6«o xl/t u[x Uof; ;e]{If0f (National GHGs inventory) u/L cfgf] xl/t u[x Uof; pT;h{g tyf s6f}tL af/] k|ltj]bg ug{ ;xdt ePsf 5g\ . hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf nflu ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;‹Lo k|f?k dxf;lGwsf kIf/fi6«x? Sof]6f] cle;lGwnfO{ lj:yflkt ug{ Pp6f gofF sfg"gL ;fwg (legal instrument) tof/ ug{sf nflu jftf{/t÷k|of;/t /x]sf 5g, h'g ;a} kIfx?sf nflu nfu' x'g]5 / ;g\ @)@) b]lv k|efjsf/L x'g]5 .

;g\ @)!) df hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;DaGwL ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;‹Lo k|f?k dxf;lGwsf kIf /fi6«x?n] jg ljgf; tyf jg IfoLs/0faf6 x'g] pT;h{g 36fpg tyf jg ;+/If0f, jgsf] lbuf] Joj:yfkg tyf jg sfj{g df}Hbftx?sf] clej[l4nfO{ :jLsf/ u/]sf lyP h;nfO{ /]8 Kn; (REDD +) elgG5 . /]8 Kn;sf] 9fFrf /fli6«o -jf s'g} cj:yfdf pk–/fli6«o_ k|s[of jf ljlwsf ?kdf tof/ ul/Psf] 5 h;n] /fli6«o:t/df jgh+unaf6 k|dfl0ft pT;h{g s6f}tL jf sfj{g s6f}tL k|fKt ug]{ b]zx?nfO{ k|f]T;fxg pknAw u/fpg]5 . /]8 Kn; lqmofsnfkx?af6 k|fKt x'g] nfedf JolQmut?kdf jg Joj:yfksx?sf] kx'Fr b]zdf ljBdfg /]8 Kn;sf] nfe ljt/0f ;DaGwL Joj:yfdf e/ kg]{5 .

hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;DaGwL ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;‹Lo k|f?k dxf;lGwsf kIf /fi6«x?n] ;g\ @)!) df u/]sf] csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ lg0f{o æxl/t hnjfo' sf]if (Green Climate Fund)Æ :yfkgf ug'{ xf] . o;sf] Joj:yf ljsf;zLn d'n'sx?nfO{ cg's"ng tyf Go"gLs/0f lqmofsnfkx? ;+rfng ug{ cfly{s ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg ePsf] xf] . o:tf lqmofsnfkx?df ;xof]u ug{ 7"nf] ;+Vofdf cGo w]/} ljQLo k|s[ofx? :yflkt ePsf 5g\ .

:jo+;]jL sfj{g ahf/x?n] jg Joj:yfksx?sf nflu o:tf] dfWodx? pknAw u/fPsf] 5 h;df pgLx?n] cfgf] jgn] ;~ro u/]sf] sfj{g jfkt sfj{g qm]l86x? laqmL ug{ ;Sb5g\ . jgIf]qdf :jo+;]jL ahf/ ;DaGwL cfof]hgfx?sf] If]q j[xt 5 . s]jn j[Iff/f]k0f / k'gM/f]k0f dfq xf]Og jgsf] k'g{:yfkg tyf jg ljgf; x'gaf6 hf]ufpg] ;d]t o; cGtu{t cfpFb5 . :jo+;]jL sfj{g ahf/n] jg ;DaGwL cfof]hgfx?nfO{ ltgLx?sf] cltl/Qm ;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo nfex? -h;nfO{ ;x–nfe elgG5_ sf sf/0fn] ;dy{g u/]sf x'G5g\ .

g]kfns} klxnf] v'Nnf rl/r/gd'Qm uf=lj=;= 3f]if0ff ePkl5 cfˆgf ufO{j:t'nfO{ v'jfpg :yfgLo jgdf 3fF; sf6\b} 5ltjg, dsjfgk'/sf :yfgLo dlxnf

jg Joj:yfksx?n] hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng tyf Go"gLs/0f sfo{sf nflu cfjZos nfutx?, nfex?, n]gb]g ;Gt'ngx? tyf ;DefJotfsf] d"NofÍg / oL s'/fx?n] Joj:yfkgsf p2]Zox? k|fKt ug{ ;sf/fTds jf gsf/fTds s:tf] c;/ ub{5g\ eGg] s'/f ljrf/ ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . o:tf] d"NofÍg ug{sf nflu to ul/Psf] ;fdfGo k4ltdf lgDg r/0fx? -lrq @_ /xG5g\ . ð hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] jg Joj:yfkg OsfO{sf] Joj:yfkgsf p2]Zox? k|flKtdf NofPsf r'gf}tLx?sf]

d"NofÍg ug]{ -h:t}M rflxPsf jg k}bfjf/x? tyf kfl/l:yltsLo ;]jf k|bfg ug]{_ . ð hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf c;/x?df ;a}eGbf a9L clt;+j]bgzLn jgdf cfl>t hgtfx? tyf

jgIf]qx?sf] klxrfg ug]{ . ð hnjfo' kl/jt{gdf clt;+j]bgzLn jgIf]qx? tyf jgdf cfl>t hgtfx?sf] vt/f sd ug]{ jf

pgLx?sf] cg's"ng Ifdtf a9fpg] jg Joj:yfkgsf pkfox?sf] klxrfg ug]{ / jg Joj:yfkg OsfO{df o:tf pkfox? sfof{Gjog ug{ nfUg] nfutsf] cg'dfg ug]{ .

ð df}h'bf gLltx?, ;+:yfx?, ljQLo tyf k|fljlws k|f]T;fxgx?, cg's"ngsf pkfox? sfof{Gjog ug{ pknAw ;xof]u tyf o:tf k|f]T;fxg Pj+ ;xof]ux? k|fKt ug{ rflxg] cfjZostfx? ;DaGwL ;"rgfx? ;+sng ug]{ .

ð hnjfo' kl/jt{g Go"gLs/0fdf of]ubfg ug{sf nflu jg Joj:yfkg OsfO{ :t/df pknAw ljsNkx?, ug'{kg]{ sfo{x?, ug'{kg]{ sfdx?sf] sfo{tflnsf, nfUg] nfut / Go"gLs/0faf6 ck]Iff ul/Psf k|fKt x'g;Sg] nfex? klxrfg ug]{ .

ð cg's"ng tyf Go"gLs/0f pkfox?aLrsf] l;ghL{ -;+sd{0f_ tyf 6]«8ckm -n]gb]g_ ;d]tnfO{ ljrf/ ub}{ ;a}eGbf nfut k|efjL cg's"ng tyf Go"gLs/0f pkfox? klxrfg ug{ nfut–nfe ljZn]if0f ug]{ .

ð of]hgfdf cg's"ng tyf Go"gLs/0f pkfox?nfO{ c6fpg tyf ;+j]bglzntf, hf]lvd Pj+ Go"gLs/0f ljsNkx?sf] k/LIf0faf6 k|fKt 1fg ;dfj]z ug{ jg Joj:yfkg of]hgf tyf cGo of]hgf th'{dfsf ;fwgx?df kl/dfh{g ug]{ .

ð Ifdtf ljsf;sf] cfjZostfx? tyf cg's"ng tyf Go"gLs/0fsf pkfox? sfof{Gjog ug]{ cj;/x? klxrfg ug]{ .

ð lglZrt ul/Psf cg's"ng tyf Go"gLs/0fsf nIox? k|fKt ug{ Joj:yfkg cEof;x?df kl/dfh{g ug]{ .

ð tf]lsPsf cg's"ng tyf Go"gLs/0fsf sfo{x?;Fu ;DalGwt cltl/Qm cfjZostfx? :jLs[t ug{ jg cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg sfo{k|0ffnLx?df kl/dfh{g ug]{ .

ð cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgsf] cfwf/df jg Joj:yfkgsf] clj/n cg's"ng ;'lglZrt ug]{ 9fFrf ljsf; ug]{ .

$hnjfo' kl/jt{gnfO{ Joj:yfkgsf] k|To'Q/


lrq–@jg Joj:yfkgsf of]hgfx? tyf jg Joj:yfkg cEof;x?df

cg's"ng tyf Go"gLs/0fnfO{ Plss[t ug]{ k4lt

k5fl8 cfpg] v08x?df jg Joj:yfksx?n] hnjfo' kl/jt{gnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ o;sf] ;+j]bglzntf, hf]lvd, Go"gLs/0fsf ljsNkx? tyf cg's"ng, Go"gLs/0fsf / cg'udgsf nflu cfjZos sfo{x? s;/L ug]{ eGg]s'/f pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . d"n b:tfj]hsf] cg';"rL–@ n] ;+j]bglzntf, hf]lvd, Go"gLs/0fsf ljsNkx?sf] d"NofÍg ug{sf ;fy} cg's"ng tyf Go"gLs/0fsf nflu Joj:yfkg cEof;x?df cfjZos kl/dfh{gsf nflu Joj:yfksx?nfO{ dfu{bz{g ug{;Sg] 1fg, ;fwg tyf ;Gbe{x? k|:t't ub{5 .

;xf/f tyf ;x]nsf nflu u|]6 lu|gjfn kxnsf] Ps efusf] ?kdf j[Iff/f]k0f ul/Psf] jgsf] 5]paf6 bfp/f 9'jfg ub}{ s[ifsx? . o; If]qdf of] kxnn] hnjfo' kl/jt{g Go"gLs/0f tyf cg's"ngsf nflu of]ubfg k'¥ofpg'sf ;fy} ;a}eGbf a9L ;+j]bgzLn ;d'bfox?nfO{ pgLx?sf] k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] lbuf] Joj:yfkg tyf ;b'kof]usf nflu ;xof]u ub{5 .

-kmf]6

f] ;f}hGoM Pk

m=P=cf]=÷lhof]lnof] Gofkf]ln6o

fgf]_

clt;+j]bglzntf tyf hf]lvd k/LIf0f

cg's"ng ljsNkx?sf] d"NofÍg

Go"gLs/0f ljsNkx?sf] d"NofÍg

cg's"ng tyf Go"gLs/0f

ljsNkx?sf] klxrfg

pko'Qm jftfj/0faf/]

;"rgf

nfe nfut ljZn]if0f

Joj:yfkg of]hgfx? tyf Joj:yfkg

k|ltkmnx?df kl/dfh{g

cg'udg tyf

d"NofÍg

19hnjfo' kl/jt{gnfO{ Joj:yfkgsf] k|To'Q/

hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf c;/x?sf] clt;+j]bglzntf tyf hf]lvd d"NofÍg / Go"gLs/0fsf pkfox? (Vulnerability and risk assessment of climate change impacts & mitigation options)jg Joj:yfksx?af6 ;+rfng ul/g] ;+j]bglzntf, hf]lvd tyf Go"gLs/0f ljsNkx?sf] d"NofÍg÷ k/LIf0fsf] If]q tyf l;df lgDg s'/fx?df e/ kb{5 M ð d"NofÍg÷k/LIf0fsf] d'Vo If]q (focal area of the assessments)

ð d"NofÍg÷k/LIf0fsf] nflu pknAw ;do (amount of time available for the assessments)

ð d"NofÍg÷k/LIf0fn] ;Daf]wg ug'{kg]{ k|Zgx? tyf o;n] ;xof]u ug'{kg]{ lg0f{ox? (questions to be

addressed by the assessments and support the decisions taken)

ð d"NofÍg÷k/LIf0fsf] nflu pknAw ah]6 (available budget for the assessments)

ð d'Vo ;/f]sf/jfnfx?af6 ;xof]usf] :t/ (level of support from the key stakeholders)

ð hf]lvddf k/]sf x'g;Sg] ;|f]tx?sf] dxTj (value of the resources that may be at risk)

clt;+j]bglzntf tyf hf]lvd d"NofÍg (Vulnerability and risk assessments);+j]bglzntf tyf hf]lvd d"NofÍgsf] d'Vo nIo æsf]Æ -h:t}M hg;+Vofsf] s'g ;d"x_ tyf æs]Æ -h:t}M s'g kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnL tyf dfgj lgld{t ;+/rgf_ hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf c;/x?k|lt ;+j]bgzLn tyf gsf/fTds c;/x?sf] hf]lvddf k/]sf 5g\ egL klxrfg ug'{ xf] . jg tyf jgdf cfl>t ;d'bfosf] hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;+j]bglzntf d"NofÍgx?n] j[xQ bfo/fsf pkfudx? tyf ;"rgfsf ;|f]tx? ;d]6\g ;Sb5g\, h:t}M :yfgLo 1fg, ljz]if1sf] /fo tyf lj:t[t tYofÍ ;+sng Pj+ k|fljlws ljZn]if0f cflb . o:tf] s'g} d"NofÍgsf] klxnf] r/0f kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLx?dfly kg{ ;Sg] k|efj tyf dfgj ;d[l4sf nflu ltgLx?n] Nofpg] hl6ntfsf] klxrfg ug'{ x'g ;Sb5 . ;Defljt c;/x? Psk6s klxrfg e};s]kl5 To;k|lt jg tyf jgdf cfl>t ;d'bfosf] ;+j]bglzntfsf] d"NofÍg ug{ / pko'Qm sbdx? rfNg ;lsG5 .

/fli6«o :t/df ;/sf/L lgsfox? tyf cg';Gwfg ;DaGwL ;+:yfx? h;n] hnjfo' ;DaGwL ;"rgf ;+sng tyf ljZn]if0f ub{5g\ ltgLx? ljZjJofkL tyf If]qLo hnjfo'sf gd"gfx?nfO{ /fli6«o tyf pk–/fli6«o txdf tNnf] txdf :t/Ls/0f (down-scale) ug{ ;+nUg x'g ;Sg] 5g\ . ltgLx?n] ljleGg If]qx?sf nflu clt;+j]bglzntf d"NofÍg ;d]t ug{ ;Sb5g\ -h:t}M s[lif, jg tyf hg;+Vof ;d"x_ .

:yfgLo :t/df hnjfo' kl/jt{g tyf o;sf] c;/ cg'dfg ug{ w]/} sl7g /xb} cfPsf] 5 hasL ljZjJofkL?kdf ;tx tfkqmdx? ;fdfGotof al9/x]sf 5g\ . jg Joj:yfksx?n] pko'Qm ;/sf/L lgsfox? tyf cg';Gwfg ;+:yfx?af6 jf :yfgLo hnjfo' s]Gb| nufotsf ;|f]tx?af6 pknAw ;"rgf k|fKt ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . ltgLx?n] jgh+undf hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf c;/x? ;DaGwL ;"rgfx? ;d]t pgLx?sf] cfˆg} :ynut cjnf]sg Pj+ jg ;e]{If0f, cGo cg'udg k|0ffnLx? tyf :yfgLo jfl;Gbfx? ;d]taf6 ;+sng ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . ;+slnt ;"rgfx? pTkfbg pJhgL (product yield) tyf kfl/l:yltsLo ;]jfx?sf] pknAwtfdf kg]{ c;/x?sf] cg'dfg ug{ k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .


clt;+j]bglzntf tyf hf]lvd d"NofÍgleq ;fdfGotof Pp6f hnjfo' ;+j]bglzntf ljZn]if0f / Pp6f kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLx? tyf ;d'bfosf] hnjfo' kl/jt{gdf cg's"lnt x'g ;Sg] Ifdtfsf] d"NofÍg ug]{ s'/f kb{5g\ . jgh+un tyf jgdf cfl>t ;d'bfosf] kl/jt{gzLn hnjfo'jLo cj:yf (changing

climatic condition) k|ltsf] ;+j]bglzntf ljZn]if0fsf nflu cGo ;fem]bf/x?;Fusf] ;fem]bf/Ldf jg Joj:yfksx?n] lgDg s'/fx?sf] lgwf] ug'{kb{5 M ð jgh+unIf]qdf xfnsf tyf ck]lIft bafax?Ù ð 1ft hnjfo'jLo cj:yfx? tyf ltgn] jgIf]qdf s;/L c;/ ub{5g\Ù ð hnjfo'sf] cj:yfx?df k|If]lkt kl/jt{g tyf oL kl/jt{gx?sf] jgdf kg{;Sg] c;/x?Ù ð hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] c;/x?sf] kmn:j?k Pp6f k|0ffnLdfly /x]sf] bafax?df ck]Iff ul/Psf

kl/jt{gx? .

jgsf] If]q tyf jgdf cfl>t ;d'bfox?sf] hnjfo' kl/jt{gdf cg's"ng x'g ;Sg] Ifdtfsf] d"NofÍg ug{ cGo ;fem]bf/x?;Fusf] ;xeflutfdf jg Joj:yfksx?n] lgDg s'/fx?df ljrf/ ug'{kb{5 M ð jg tyf jgdf cfl>t ;d'bfosf] hnjfo' kl/jt{gdf cg's"ng x'g ;Sg] df}h'bf IfdtfÙ ð jg tyf jgdf cfl>t ;d'bfosf hnjfo' kl/jt{gx?nfO{ cfTd;ft ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtfdf b]lvPsf

Jojwfgx?Ù ð hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] k|If]lkt b/ jg jf jgdf cfl>t ;d'bfosf] cg's"lnt x'g] Ifdtf eGbf b'|t

x'g ;Sg] b]lvG5 jf b]lvb}gÙ ð :yfgLo kl/j]zdf jg jf jgdf cfl>t ;d'bfox?df kl//x]sf] hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf c;/x?nfO{

;Daf]wg ug{sf nflu e}/x]sf kxnx? .

clt;+j]bglzntf tyf hf]lvd d"NofÍgsf] clGtd r/0f hnjfo' ;+j]bglzntf ljZn]if0fsf] glthf tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{gdf jg jf jgdf cfl>t ;d'bfox?sf] ;+j]bglzntfsf] xb lglZrt ug{ ltgLx?sf] cg's"ng Ifdtfsf] d"NofÍgsf glthfx?nfO{ hf]8g' xf] . hf]lvd–;+j]bglzntf tyf hf]lvd d"NofÍg pknAw ;"rgf tyf ;|f]t cg';f/ u'0ffTds -h:t}M pRr, dWo tyf Go"g_ jf dfqfTds b'j} lsl;dsf x'g ;Sb5g\ .

clt;+j]bglzntf tyf hf]lvd d"NofÍgx?nfO{ l:y/ dflgg' x'+b}g lsgeg] lgDg s'/fx?sf] glthf:j?k df}h'bf clt;+j]bg;zLntf kl/jt{g x'g] 5g\ / gofF clt;+j]bglzntfx? pTkGg x'g] 5g\ . ð hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] lglZrt hnjfo'jLo 36gfx?sf] jf/Djf/tf, ;3gtf, cjlw tyf xbdf c;/

ub{5Ù ð gofF ldrfxf k|hflt tyf /f]ux? h:tf r'gf}ltx?sf] pTklQÙ ð hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] jgdf s:tf] c;/ kfg{ ;Sb5 eGg] gjLg ;"rgfx?Ù ð cg's"ng tyf Go"gLs/0f lqmofsnfkx?sf] sfof{GjogÙ ð jgdf cfl>t ;d'bfosf] cfsf/, u|fx:y k|jGw (economy), k|fyldstf jf cGo tTjx?df kl/jt{g

h;n] hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] clt;+j]bglzntfnfO{ k|efj kfg{ ;Sg] 5g\ .


Go"gLs/0fsf pkfox?sf] d"NofÍg (Assessment of mitigation options)jg Joj:yfksx?n] hnjfo' kl/jt{g Go"gLs/0fsf] nfutx?nfO{ o;af6 x'g] nfex?sf] t'ngfdf hfFRg} kb{5 / cGo OlR5t jg Joj:yfkgsf p2]Zox? k|flKtdf kg]{ gsf/fTds tyf ;sf/fTds c;/x?nfO{ klxrfg ug'{kb{5 . jg Joj:yfksx?n] cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs nfex? pRrtd ug]{ tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{g Go"gLs/0fsf nflu jg Joj:yfkg of]hgfx? kl/dfh{g ubf{ nfUg] ;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo nfut vr{ Go"g ug'{kb{5 .

jg Joj:yfksx?sf nflu pknAw Go"gLs/0fsf ljsNkx?nfO{ rf/ ;fdfGo ju{x?df ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 M ð jg ljgf; 36fO{ tyf jg ;+/If0f tyf ;Dj4{gnfO{ k|j4{g ub}{ jgIf]qnfO{ sfod /fVg]Ù ð jgsf] If]qkmn j[l4 ug]{ -h:t}M j[Iff/f]k0f tyf k'gM/f]k0fsf] dfWodaf6_Ù ð jg IfoLs/0f x'g glbO{ Pj+ sf7 pTkfbgsf nflu jg Joj:yfkg u/L tyf IfoLs/0f e};s]sf]

jg k'g{:yfkgfsf] dfWodaf6 jgv08 -:6\of08_ tyf e"–kl/lw :t/df sfj{g 3gTj sfod ug]{ jf a9fpg] h;n] ubf{ cf};t sfj{g ;+lrtL l:y/ /xf];\ jf ;doqmd ;Fu} a9f];\Ù

ð s6fge} ;+slnt sfi7hGo pTkfbgx?df jg If]qeGbf aflx/ (off-site) sfj{g df}Hbft a9fpg] -h:t}M hLjfjz]if OGwgnfO{ sf7hGo OGwgn] :yfgfGt/0f_ .

;+/If0fsf nflu jgh+un If]qx? 5'6\ofpg' -ljz]ifu/L lgs'~h / ;+/lIft If]q_ jf ;+/If0f ug'{ -ljz]ifu/L df6f] tyf kfgLsf] ;+/If0f ug{_ hxfF sf7 lgsfNg /f]s nufOPsf] jf l;ldt ul/Psf] x'G5nfO{ To; cj:yf;Dd Go"gLs/0f sfo{ dfGg ;ls+b}g ha;Dd o:tf jgIf]qx? To;f] gu/]sf eP km8fgL jf IfoLs/0f eO{ gfl;;s]sf x'Gy] .

Go"gLs/0fsf ljsNkx?sf] d"NofÍgsf nflu jg Joj:yfksx?nfO{ slDtdf lgDg s'/fx?sf] ;"rgf cfjZos kb{5 M ð Go"gLs/0f lqmofsnfkx? sfof{Gjogsf nflu pknAw k|f]T;fxg -tyf ;+rfng gubf{sf ;Defljt

b'?T;fxg_ ;DaGwL /fli6«o gLltx? tyf lgodx?Ù ð df}h'bf jgn] 9fs]sf] If]q (forest cover) / jt{dfg jg Joj:yfkgsf p2]Zox? yfxf ePsf]

cj:yfdf pko'Qm Go"gLs/0f ljsNkx?Ù ð Joj:yfkg of]hgf tyf cEof;x?sf] kl/dfh{gsf] kl/0ffd:j?k cltl/Qm ;dofjlwdf ;Defljt xl/t u[x

Uof; pT;h{g s6f}tL -o;sf] cy{ jg sfj{g df}Hbft sfod /xg] jf j[l4 x'g] ;Defjgf xf]_Ù ð jg sfj{g gfkhfFr / Go"gLs/0f ;Tofkgsf] cfjZostfÙ ð r'xfj6 (leakage) e}/x]sf] 5}g eGg] ;'lglZrttf -s'g} Ps jg Joj:yfkg OsfO{df ul/Psf] kl/jlt{t

Joj:yfkg h;n] cGoq xl/t u[x Uof; pT;h{g u/fpFb5_Ù ð jg Joj:yfksn] s'g} xfntdf klg Go"gLs/0fsf pkfox? ;+rfng u/]sf x'Fb}gy] -of] jg

Joj:yfkgsf s'g} lqmofsnfkx? nfu' gubf{sf] cfwf/ cj:yfsf] cltl/Qm lyof]_ eGg] s'/fsf] k|df0f pknAw u/fpg ;Sg] IfdtfÙ

ð Go"gLs/0f sfo{x? sfof{Gjog tyf cg'udg ubf{ nfUg] jf:tljs vr{ / cj;/ nfutx? (opportunity costs) tyf nfex?Ù


ð Go"gLs/0f lqmofsnfkx? ;+rfng ubf{ kg{;Sg] ;s/fTds tyf gsf/fTds cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo c;/x? (side effects) .

cg's"ng sfo{x?sf nflu dfu{bz{s k|f?k (Guiding framework for adaptation actions)jg kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLx? tyf jgdf cfl>t ;d'bfox? abln+bf] hnjfo'jLo cj:yfaf6 s;/L k|efljt x'g ;Sb5g\ eGg] s'/f lglZrt ug{sf nflu cfjZos d"NofÍgx? ul/;s]kl5 csf]{ r/0fdf Joj:yfkgsf ljsNkx?sf] k/LIf0f ug'{kb{5 h;n] pgLx?sf] clt;+j]bglzntf 36fpg]5, ;dfg's"ntf a9fpg]5 / hnjfo' kl/jt{g tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{gzLntfdf cg's"ngsf nflu of]Uo agfpFg]5 .

o; k5fl8 cfpg] ljleGg tflnsfx?n] jgsf] pTkfbglzntf, h}ljs ljljwtf, kfgLsf] pknAwtf tyf u'0f:t/, 89]nf], /f]uf0f' tyf /f]ux?, r/d df};dL 36gfx?, ;d'Gb|L ;tx dfly a9\g], tyf cfly{s, ;dflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo ;f]rx?df /x]sf hf]lvd tyf c;/x?nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng lqmofsnfkx? k|:t't ul/Psf]5 . oL lqmofsnfkx?n] jg Joj:yfksx? tyf cGo ;/f]sf/jfnfx?nfO{ hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ngsf r'gf}tLx?;Fu ;fdgf ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] 5g\ eGg] ;f]rfO{ /flvPsf] 5 . ltgLx? d'Votof jt{dfg jg Joj:yfkg cEof;x?af6 lnOPsf x'g\, t/ nIo rfFxL hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] :yfg tyf ;dosf] kIf, jg ;d'bfosf] ;+/If0f, ck]lIft kl/jt{g tyf hnjfo' k]|l/t r/d lj£gjfwfx? k|ltsf] ;+j]bglzntf Go"g ug]{ Joj:yfkgsf pkfox? / hnjfo' ;DaGwL clglZrttf tyf ljido -crDd_ x?nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ jg Joj:yfkgdf a9\bf] nrstf h:tf s'/fx?df a9L ljrf/ k'¥ofpg'kb{5 eGg] xf] .

s]Gofsf] jf]08f]l:yt leS6f]l/of tfndf dfemLx? . hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf k|efjx? cGt/If]qLo x'G5g\ h;sf] cy{ o;sf nflu tof/L ug{ ;/sf/L lgsfox?, u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx? tyf ax'If]qLo ;/f]sf/jfnfx?aLr ;dGjo cfjZos kb{5 .

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hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf w]/} c;/x?nfO{ ltgsf] k|s[lt, If]qflwsf/ ;DaGwL ;jfnx? tyf ljQLo nfutx?sf sf/0fn]ubf{ jg Joj:yfkg OsfO{df jf ;Dk"0f{ jgIf]q:t/df jg Joj:yfksx?af6 ;Daf]wg ug{ ;lsb}g . hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf c;/x?nfO{ k|efjsf/L ?kdf k|To'Q/ ug{ e"–kl/lw, If]qLo tyf /fli6«o:t/df kxn ul/g'kg]{ x'G5 . hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf k|efjx? cGt/ljifout (cross-

sectoral) x'G5g\ o;y{ ltgLx?sf nflu tof/ /xg ;/sf/L lgsfox?, u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx? / ljleGg If]qsf ;/f]sf/jfnfx? -h:t}M k|fs[lts >f]t, hg:jf:Yo tyf ;'/Iff, cfsl:ds tyf k|sf]k hf]lvd Joj:yfkg, dgf]/~hg / cfly{s ljsf; cflb_ aLr ;dGjosf] cfjZostf kb{5 . s]xL d'Vo ;/f]sf/jfnf ;d"xx?nfO{ tn kl/eflift ul/Psf] 5 .

/fHo, lhNnf jf :yfgLo clwsf/L (State, district or local authority)s]lGb|o -/fli6«o jf If]qLo_, lhNnf jf :yfgLo:t/sf jgsf] Joj:yfkgsf nflu lhDd]jf/ tyf lg0f{ostf{ ;/sf/L lgsfo .

jg Joj:yfks (Forest manager)tf]lsPsf p2]Zox? k|fKt ug{ jgIf]qsf] Joj:yfkgsf] /]vb]v ug]{ jf jgk}bfjf/sf] ljsf; tyf ;b'kof]u ug{ lhDd]jf/ /x]sf] JolQm jf OsfO{ .

jgdf cfl>t ;d'bfo (Forest dependent community)hLjg u'hf/f, /f]huf/L tyf Jofkf/ -df5f dfg]{, lzsf/ ug]{, vf]l/of v]tL, h+unL jgk}bfjf/ ;+sng ug]{ nufotsf lqmofsnfkx?sf] ?kdf_ sf nflu jgdf cfl>t s'g}klg cflbjf;L hghflt, sljnf jf :yfgLo ;d'bfo .

jg cg';Gwfg ;+3;+:yf (Forest research organization)o:tf] lgsfo jf ;+:yf h;sf] d'Vo nIo jg tyf k|s[lts ;|f]t Joj:yfkg;Fu ;DalGwt cg';Gwfg jf k|of]ud"ns ljsf; sfo{ ;+rfng ug'{ /x]sf] x'G5 . h:t}M ljZjljBfno jf cg';Gwfg ;+:yfg .

jg k|;f/ Ph]lG; (Forest extension agency);fj{hlgs If]qsf] s'g} ;+:yf, u}/ gfkmfd"ns lghL If]q jf gfkmfd"vL lghLIf]qsf] s'g} ;+3;+:yf h;n] jgn] v]Ng] cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo e"ldsfx? kl/k"lt{ ug]{ p2]Zo lnPsf] x'G5 / h;df jg;DaGwL ;jfnx?;Fu kl/lrt tyf pQd Pj+ s'zn k|sf/n] jg ;DaGwL gLltx? sfof{Gjog ug{;Sg] ljz]if1x?, lj1x?, tyf cEof;stf{x? /x]sf x'G5g\ .

z}lIfs ;+:yfx? (Academic institutions)lzIff tyf cg';Gwfgdf ;dlk{t s'g} ;+:yf .


jg pTkfbs tyf Joj;foL ;Fu7gx? (Forest producer and trade associations)o; cGtu{t cgf}krfl/s ;d"x, ;fd'bflos pkef]Qmf ;d"x, j[If pTkfbsx?sf] ;Fu7g, jg wgLx?sf] ;Fu7g, ;xsf/L nufot ljleGg sfi7 Pj+ u}/sfi7 jgk}bfjf/ tyf kfl/l:ysLo ;]jfx?;Fu ;DalGwt sDkgLx? kb{5g\ . jghGo k}bfjf/ pTkfbs tyf Jofkfl/s ;+3;Fu7gx? ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t JolQmx?sf] ;fgf] ;d"x b]lv ;fgf ;fgf w]/} ;Fu7gx?nfO{ k|ltlglwTj ug]{ 7"nf 5ftf ;d"xx? tyf ;Fu7gx?;Ddsf x'g ;Sb5g\ .

gful/s ;dfh -u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx?, ;fd'bflos ;Fu7gx? OToflb_ [Civil society (NGOs, community association, etc.)]u}/ ;/sf/L tyf u}/ gfkmfd'vL ;+3;Fu7gx? h;n] g}lts, ;f+:s[lts, /fhg}lts, j}1flgs, ;f+:s[lts jf nf]s lxtsf/L ;f]rsf cfwf/df jg tyf jgdf cfl>t dflg;x?sf] rfxgf cleJoQm ub{5g\ .

;dod} tyf k"0f{ ;";'lrt lg0f{o ug]{ sfd ug{ tyf cfjZos kxn ug{ gofF 1fg, zLk tyf lj1tfsf] cfjZostf kg{ ;Sb5 . clt;+j]bglzntf tyf hf]lvd d"NofÍg ug{, Joj:yfkg of]hgf tof/ tyf k'g/fjnf]sg ug{, hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng tyf Go"gLs/0fsf nflu cfjZos lqmofsnfkx? ;+rfng ug{ / hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] k|efjx? Pj+ o;sf nflu ;+rflnt lqmofsnfkx?sf] k|ltkmn cg'udg nufotsf sfo{x? ug{ jg Joj:yfksx? tyf cGo ;/f]sf/jfnfx?df k|z:t 1fg tyf lj1tf x'g' kb{5 .


jgsf] pTkfbglzntf (Forest productivity)hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] jfo'd08ndf sfj{g8fOcS;fO8sf] dfqf tyf 3gTjdf j[l4 u/L -sfj{g kml6{nfOh];g_ tyf hnjfo'df kl/jt{gx?åf/f jgsf] j[l4 tyf pTkfbgdf k|ToIf?kdf k|efj kfb{5 . o;}u/L o;n] tfkqmd Pj+ jiff{df x'g] kl/jt{gåf/f jg kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLx?df >[lht hl6n cGt/s[ofx? dfkm{t ck|ToIf?kdf c;/ ug]{5 . lztf]i0f tyf jf]l/on If]qx?df tfkqmd j[l4 tyf nfdf] j[l4cjlw (growing

period) sf] sf/0f jgsf] j[l4df x'g] ;sf/fTds k|efjnfO{ jiff{ 36\g] tyf lj36g (decomposition) sf] b/df x'g] j[l4 h:tf gsf/fTds k|efjx?n] z'Go ul/lbg ;Sb5 . s]xL pi0fk|b]zLo jg If]qx?df sfj{g kml6{nfOh];gn]] cufl8g} pTkfbglzntfdf j[l4 NofPsf] b]lvPtf klg o:tf] k|efj c:yfoL x'g] b]lvG5 . ljz]ifu/L ;'Vvf hldgx?df tfkqmddf cfpg] j[l4x?n]] la?jfx?df bafa j[l4 x'g] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 h;n] ltgLx?sf] pTkfbglzntf 36fpg] tyf 8fOJofs (die-back) sf] cj:yf;Dd k'¥ofpg] x'G5 .

jgsf] pTkfbglzntfdf cfpg] kl/jt{gx?n] sfi7hGo tyf u}/sfi7hGo jgk}bfjf/sf] pTkfbgdf c;/ k'¥ofpg]5 . o;n] Jofj;flos jgx?af6 ul/g] cfDbfgLdf tyf jgdf cfl>t dflg;x?sf nflu jgk}bfjf/sf] pknAwtfdf k|efj kfg]{5 . jgdf cfl>t dflg;x?n] o:tf jgk}bfjf/x? 3/fo;L vkt tyf laqmLsf nflu k|of]u ug{ ;Sb5g\ .

jgsf] clt;+j]bglzntf 36fpg tyf jgsf] pTkfbglzntf sfod ug{ cg's"lnt jg Joj:yfkg cTofjZos kg]{5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, cg's"ngsf pkfox? cGt/ut j[Iff/f]k0f jgsf] nflu tfk -udL{_ ;xgzLn tyf ;'VVff ;xgzLn k|hfltx?sf] 5gf}6, ljleGg cnu cnu If]qx?af6 NofOPsf j[Iff/f]k0f ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u, ck]lIft hnjfo'jLo cj:yfx?df cg's"lnt j[If k|hfltx?sf] leqLtxdf /f]k0f (underplanting) ug]{ tyf cg's"lnt k|hflt tyf hftx?sf] ;3fp ;lxtsf] k|fs[lts k'g/f]Tkfbg (assisted

natural regeneration) cflb kg{ ;Sg] 5g\ .

/l;og dxf;+3sf] n];xf]h ;fjfdf /x]sf] jgaf6 lgsflnPsf sf7x? . hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] tfkqmd tyf jiff{df kl/jt{g NofO{ jgk}bfjf/sf] pTkfbg 36fpg ;Sg]5 . 36\bf] pTkfbgx?nfO{ Wofg lb+b} jg Joj:yfksx?n] cGo cg's"ngx?;Fu} cfgf Joj:yfkg of]hgfx? kl/dfh{g, s6fg tflnsfdf tfnd]n tyf jg ;Da4{g sfo{x?nfO ;'wf/ ug{ cfjZos kg]{ x'G5 .

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jg pTkfbglzntfM l;kmfl/z ul/Psf cg's"ng sfo{x?

hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf k|efj tyf hf]lvdx?

Joj:yfkg sfo{x? lhDd]jf/L

tfkqmd tyf jiff{df kl/jt{gn] ubf{ jgk}bfjf/sf] pTkfbg 36\g]

pTkfbg kl/df0f 36\g] cg'dfgx?nfO{ n]vfhf]vf ug{ Joj:yfkg of]hgfx?df kl/dfh{g ug]{ .

s6fgd'5fg tflnsfdf kl/dfh{g -lzsf/ v]Ng] df};dx?, s6fg rqm tyf u}/sfi7 jgk}bfjf/ ;+sng_ ug]{ .

jg ;Dj4{g pkrf/df kl/dfh{g -kTNofpg], s6gL56gL / sf+8f s6fg_ ug]{ .

nfut, k|fljlws tyf ahf/sf c;/x?nfO{ ljrf/ ub}{ kl/e|d0f cjlw (rotation period) jf s6fg rqmdf kl/dfh{g ug]{ .

jt{dfg tyf k|If]lkt :yfg tyf hnjfo'jLo cj:yfx?;Fu d]nvfg] k|hflt tyf hftx? 5gf}6 ug]{ . j[Iff/f]k0f jgdf gofF tyf ck]lIft cj:yfx?sf nflu cg's"lnt k|hflt tyf hftx? k|of]u ug]{ . k|fs[lts tyf cw{ k|fs[lts jgdf jt{dfg tyf cg'dflgt hnjfo'jLo cj:yfx?df cg's"ng x'g;Sg] hftx? tyf k|hfltx?nfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{ -;d[l4 j[Iff/f]k0f tyf aLp j[Ifx? sfod /fvL_ .

df}h'bf tyf k|efljt jfnLx?nfO{ cGo k|of]hgx?sf nflu k|of]u ug{ ldNg]u/L d'Vo Joj:yfkg p2]Zox?nfO{ cg's"n jgfpg] . pbfx/0fsf nflu sfi7 pTkfbg p2]ZonfO{ kNk, sfi7 OGwg jf kf]nx? pTkfbgdf kl/jt{g ug]{ .

df6f] ;+/rgf ;'wf/ ug{ tyf kfgLsf] bafa sdug]{ pkfox?df nufgL ug]{ . h:t}M rl/r/0f sd ug]{ / h}ljs tTj sfod ug]{ .

v8]/Lsf] bafa Go"g ug{ jg:ktLo Joj:yfkg ug]{ . h:t}M tNnf] txdf /x]sf emf/x? tyf jg:kltx?sf] lgoGq0f ug]{ .

cGo pTkfbgx? tyf cfod"ns lqmofsnfkx? ;dfj]; ug{ Joj:yfkg p2]Zox?nfO{ ljljlws/0f ug]{ s'/fdf ljrf/ ug]{ .

tfkqmd tyf jiff{df kl/jt{gn] ubf{ jgk}bfjf/sf] pTkfbg a9\g]

s6fgd'5fg tflnsfdf kl/dfh{g -lzsf/sf] df};dx?, s6fg rqm tyf u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/ ;+sng_ ug]{ .

nfut, k|fljlws tyf ahf/sf c;/x?nfO{ ljrf/ ub}{ kl/e|d0f cjlw -/f]6];g cjlw_ jf s6fg rqmdf kl/dfh{g ug]{ .

cfjZostf cg';f/ jg ;Dj4{g tyf pkrf/df kl/dfh{g -kTNofpg], s6gL56gL / sfF8f s6fg_ ug]{ .

v8]/L bafa Go"g ug{ jg:ktLo Joj:yfkg ug]{ . h:t}M tNnf] txdf /x]sf emf/x? tyf jg:kltx?sf] lgoGq0f ug]{ .

/fHo, lhNnf jf :yfgLo clwsf/L

jg Joj:yfks jgdf cfl>t ;d'bfo

jg cg';Gwfg ;+3;+:yf

jg k|;f/ Ph]lG; z}lIfs ;+:yfx? jg pTkfbs tyf Joj;foL ;Fu7gx?

gful/s ;dfh -u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx?, ;fd'bflos ;Fu7gx? OToflb_


h}ljs ljljwtf (Biodiversity)jgh+unx? yn h}ljs ljljwtfsf nflu dxTjk"0f{ e08f/x? x'g\ / tL ljljwtfx? k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf ?kdf kl/jt{g e}/x]sf] hnjfo'jLo cj:yfx?af6 k|efljt x'g] 5g\ . vf; k|hfltx? jgsf] sfo{ ;+rfng (forest functioning) sf nflu dxTjk"0f{ x'g ;Sb5g\, / h}ljs ljljwtfdf cfpg] x|f;n] jgsf] sfj{g ;+lrtLsf] b/nfO{ k|efljt ug{ ;Sg]5 . jg kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLx? dxTjk"0f{ sfj{g ljnogIf]qx? ePsf] x'Fbf h}ljs ljljwtfsf] Iflt tyf ljgf;sf] hnjfo' kl/jt{g;Fu ulDe/ ;DaGwx? /x]sf x'G5g\ .

jg k|hfltx? tyf ltgsf hg;+VofTds ljt/0fdf / jg kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLx?sf] :jfefljs sfo{ tyf jgfj6df hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] ljljw lsl;dsf] c;/x? kg]{5 . ;fdfGotof jg jf;:yfgx? (forest habitats) pQ/L tyf blIf0fL w'|jx?tkm{ / cUnf prfO{ (high elevation) tkm{ ;g]{ 5g\ eGg] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . jg h}ljs ljljwtfx? o:tf] kl/jt{gdf cg's"n x'g jfWo x'g] 5g\ / ToxfF jgsf k|sf/ tyf k|hfltx?sf] ld>0fdf kl/jt{g cfpg ;Sg]5 . clt;+j]bgzLn k|hfltx? tyf ltgsf] ;+Vofx? :yfgLo ?kd} u'Dg ;Sg] 5g\ / k|hflt ljgf; -nf]k_ cfOnfUg]5 eGg] cg'dfg ul/Psf]5 . af9L, cfFwLa]/L tyf v8]/L h:tf k|If]lkt pRrtxsf hnjfo' k|]l/t r/d 36gfx?n] jgsf jg:klt tyf hgfj/x?nfO{ cem k|efljt kfg]{5 / jgnfO{ 89]nf] tyf /f]ux? h:tf lj£gjfwfx? k|ltsf] vt/fdf k'¥ofpg] 5 .

jg Joj:yfksx?n] jgsf] jgk}bfjf/ pknAw u/fpg], h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f ug]{, k|hfltx? tyf jf;:yfgx? ;'/lIft ug]{ / df6f] tyf hnfwf/x? hf]ufpg] h:tf Ifdtf sfod /xg] jf ;'wf/ ug]{ s'/fdf ;'lglZrt /xg ljleGg pkfox? ;+rfng ug{ ;Sg] 5g\ . o; cGtu{t hnjfo' kl/jt{g;Fu} jg:klt tyf hgfj/x?df b]lvg] kl/jt{gnfO{ lgu/fgL ug]{, h}ljs ljljwtfsf hf]lvdx? d"NofÍg ug]{ / o:tf kl/jt{gx?nfO{ ;dfj]; ug{ Joj:yfkg of]hgfx?df kl/dfh{g ug'{ cflb kb{5g\ .

a|flhndf b]lvg] xl/of] r'Rr] 6pSofg, Rhamphastos dicolorus . hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] jg k|hfltx? tyf ltgsf] ;+Vofx?sf] ljt/0fdf ljljw lsl;dsf] c;/x? kfg]{5 . cGo cg's"ng pkfox?;Fu} jg Joj:yfksx?n] clt;+j]bgzLn k|hfltx? tyf jf;:yfg k|sf/sf] ;+/If0f ug{ tyf k|hfltx?nfO{ ltgsf] pknAw x'g] l;df (edges of their range) ;Dd hf]ufpg] pkfo ug{ ;Sg]5g\ .

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f] ;f}hGoM Pk

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h}ljs ljljwtfM l;kmfl/z ul/Psf cg's"ng sfo{x? hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf k|efj tyf hf]lvdx?


Joj:yfkg ul/Psf] If]qdf k|hfltx?sf] jfFRg] ;DefJotf tyf k|sf/x?df kl/jt{g

k|hfltx?sf] ljt/0fdf cfPsf] kl/jt{gnfO{ dWogh/ ub}{ Joj:yfkg of]hgfx?df kl/dfh{g ug]{ -h:t}M s6fg ;3gtf tyf lzsf/sf] rfk 36fpg]_ .

ljljw j[If ;ld>0f, pd]/ tyf ;+/rgf tyf cGt/tx jg:kltsf nflu jgv08 -:6\of08_ tyf e"–kl/lw :t/df Joj:yfkg ug]{ .

j[Iff/f]k0f jf k|j4{gsf nflu hnjfo' cg's"lnt k|hfltx? tyf k|sf/x?sf] k|of]u ug]{ .

clt;+j]bgzLn k|hfltx? tyf jf;:yfgsf k|sf/x? ;+/If0fsf] nflu ;+/If0f If]qx? :yfkgf, lj:tf/ tyf Joj:yfkg ug]{ .

k|hfltx?nfO{ ltgsf] pknAw x'g] l;df;Dd hf]ufpg] lsgeg] ltgLx? gofF hnjfo'jLo cj:yfx?df cg's"lnt x'g;Sg] x'g;S5 .

k|hfltx?nfO{ a;fO{;/fO{ ug]{ lbg pko'Qm ;fOhsf dfu{x? tyf af;:yfgsf] pknAw u/fpg] / cGoyf e"–kl/lw cGt/;DaGw Ifdtf (landscape connectivity) sfod /fVg] .

a;fO{;/fO{ dfu{sf] k'g{:yfkgf tyf ;+/If0f u/L tyf k|hfltx?sf] k'g{k|j]z dfkm{t k|hfltx?sf] lx+88'nnfO{ ;lhnf] jgfpg] .

gofF hnjfo'jLo cj:yfdf lbuf] x'g] tx ;Ddsf] lzsf/ ug]{ tyf df5fdfg]{ sfo{nfO{ kl/dfh{g ug]{ .

cltrl/r/0f x'g glbg tyf k'g{:yfkgfnfO{ pT;flxt ug{ ufO{j:t'x?sf nflu lj:tfl/t rl/r/0f Joj:yfkgnfO{ k|j4{g ug]{ .

Joj:yfkg If]qdf k|hfltx?sf] k|j]z

jgIf]qdf k|j]z ul//x]sf] nfebfos k|hfltx?sf] pko'Qm :yfgdf :yfkgf tyf Joj:yfkgnfO{{ k|j4{g ug]{ .

ldrfxf k|hfltx?sf] klxrfg tyf lgoGq0f ug{ pko'Qm pkfox?sf] Joj:yf ug]{ .

hnk|hfltx? 36\g] gbL t6Lo If]qx? tyf hnfwf/x?sf] ;'/Iff a9fO pRrj[li6 x'g] :yfgx?df e"–:vngsf] -;fy;fy} kfgLsf] u'0f:t/ 36\g]]_ hf]lvd sd ug]{ .

a9\bf] tfkqmdaf6 hn k|hfltx?df hf]lvd b]lvPsf] t6Lo If]qx?df 5xf/L sfod ug]{ jf a9fpg] -h:t}M j[Ifn] 9fs]sf] If]q a9fpg] jf kmnkm"nsf j[Ifx?nfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{_ .

jiff{ 36]sf If]qx?df ;'Vvf x'g glbg kfgLsf dfu{x?aLrdf cGt/;DaGw sfod ug]{ .

kfgL hDg] If]qx?df pko'Qm lgsf; tyf e"–Ifo lgoGq0f ;'lglZrt ug{sf nflu cfjZos pkfox? sfof{Gjog ug]{ -h:t}M af6f] tyf vf]nfx?df k'nk'n];f lgdf{0f tyf ;Def/nfO{ Jojl:yt ug]{ _ .

jg vl08s/0f e"–kl/lw:t/Lo cGt/;DaGw Ifdtf sfod ug]{ tyf k'g{:yfkgf tyf k'gM/f]k0fåf/f dfu{x? (corridors) :yfkgf ug]{ .







aS; %clk|msfsf] ;x]n If]qdf cfg'jf+lzs leGgtfnfO{ gofF hnjfo';Fu d]n u/fOPsf]

clk|msfdf :yfgLo ;fgf s[ifsx?af6 j[Iff/f]k0f ul/Psf :jb]zL j[If k|hfltx?df hg;+Vof :t/sf] jftfj/0fLo k|lts[ofx? ;DaGwL 1fgn] hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] k|efjx? k/LIf0fsf nflu :yflkt k|of]ux? dfkm{t cufl8 a9\g k|f]T;fxg k|fKt ul//x]sf]5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, ;fgfs[ifsx?sf nflu ;xlnog kmnkm'n j[If cfof]hgf cGtu{t P8fG;f]lgof l8lh6f6f -jfcf]Jofj_ / kfls{of ljUnf]jf];f -clk|msg nf]s:6 ljg_ h:tf dxTjk"0f{ ?vx?df v8]/Lsf] bafasf] k|efj cWoogsf nflu klZrd clk|msL cw{z'is ;x]n -h'g xfn}sf bzsx?df ;'Vvf ePsf 5g\_ df k|of]ux? e}/x]sf 5g\ . g;{/Ldf ul/g] k|of]ux?df, km/skm/s jif{f x'g] ljleGg l:yltx?af6 ;+slnt hg;+Vofx?nfO{ ljleGg l;+rfO{ k|jGwx? (watering regimes) df /flvof] / k|lts[ofx? dfkg ul/of] . h/fx?sf] ljsf;df pkrf/x?sf] c;/, la?jfx?sf] j[l4zLntf, tyf cGo cg's"lnt ljz]iftfx?n] kl5sf] hgg b|Jo (germplasm) ljt/0f /0fgLltx?nfO{ ;';'lrt ug]{5 .

;x]ndf s]xL dfdnfx?df hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;DaGwL ;f]rx? aLp ljt/0fsf nflu klxn] b]lvg} n]vfhf]vf ul/b} cfPsf] xf] . pbfx/0fsf nflu Ps clt;+j]bgzLn j[If k|hflt k|f];f]lk; clk|msfgf . ljp ;+sng If]qx?sf] jf/kf/ jiff{sf] 9fFrfx?df x'g] kl/jt{g ;Fu;Fu} j[l4, hLljtfj:yf (survival) tyf sfi7 3gTjsf] dfkg ug]{ :ynut k|of]ux?n] k|hftLx?sf] hgg b|Jo (germplasm) :yfgfGt/0f a9L ;'Vvfaf6 xfnsf] lr;f] If]qx?lt/ Psdfq lbzfdf ul/g'kb{5 eGg] s'/fsf] glthfdf k'¥ofpFb5 .

tfkqmd tyf jiff{df jftfj/0fLo kl/jt{gnfO{ JofVof ug]{ ljZjJofkL ;/s"n];g df]8nx?n]] ;x]ndf ug]{] jiff{sf] eljZojf0fLx? s]xL ;'Vvf b]lv cGo lr;f] cj:yfx?sf] ;+s]t;lxt km/s kb{5g\ . o:tf clglZrttfx? /x]sf] cj:yfdf, tL If]qx?df aLp ;|f]tx? ;a}eGbf a9L l;ldtug]{ ;Defljt kl/j]z (limiting scenario), eljiosf] ;'Vvf hnjfo';Fu bfFHg' g} ;a}eGbf a9L hf]lvd–k|lts"n ljsNksf] ?kdf b]vfkg]{ x'g ;Sb5 .

x]g'{xf]; M– www.safruit.org


kfgLsf] pknAwtf tyf u'0f:t/ (Water availability and quality)hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] jiff{ tyf kfgfLsf] aufO{–wfjg (run-off) sf] 9fFrfdf abnfj Nofpg]5 . ljZjsf w]/} efux?df o;sf] cy{ kfgLsf] pknJwtfdf sld cfpg' x'g]5 . o;sf] cy{ kfgLsf] kl/df0f, u'0f:t/, ;do tyf ljt/0f cflbdf sdL cfpg' xf] . jgh+un ePsf] hnfwf/n] cfFwLa]/L wfjg Go"g ug]{5, gbL lsgf/fx?nfO{ l:y/ agfpFb5, ;txL kfgLnfO{ tsf{pFb5, vlgh tTjx?sf] rqm sfod /fVb5 / k|b'ifs kbfy{x?nfO{ 5fGg] sfd ub{5 . o:tf ;]jfx? pknAw u/fpg] jgh+unsf] Ifdtf hnjfo'df cfpg] kl/jt{gx?n] 36\g] 5g\ . ljz]ifu/L pRr :yfgsf jgh+unx?df kfgLsf] ;|f]tsf] ?kdf /x]sf lxpFn] 9flsPsf If]qx? hnjfo' kl/jt{g k|lt clt;+j]bgzLn 5g\ / ltgLx? 36\b} hfg] k|If]k0f ul/Psf]5 . j;Gtsf] z'?d} b]lvg] kfgfLsf] aufO{–wfjg (run off) tyf tNnf] ;txsf] axfjx? (low

flows) 36\g'n] tNnf] t6Lo If]qx?df kfgLsf] pknAwtf 36fpg]5 tyf kfgLsf] pRr tfkdfg Pj+ a9\bf] af9L tyf v8]/L cflbn] kfgLsf] u'0f:t/df k|efjkfg]{ tyf kfgL] k|b'if0fnfO{ cem a9fpg]5 . hnrqmdf k|ToIf b]lvg] oL k|efjx?sf] cnfjf hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] af9L, v8]/L, jg 89]nf] tyf jg dg]{ cflb h:tf 36gfx?sf] af/Daf/tf, dfqf tyf xb a9\g] cg'dfg ul/Psf]5 .

kfgL;Fu ;DalGwt ;]jfx?nfO{ lbuf]?kdf hf]ufpg tyf ltgsf] pknAwtfnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{ jg Joj:yfksx?n] o:tf r'gf}tLx?sf] k"jf{g'dfg u/L ;Daf]wg ug'{kb{5 . hnjfo' kl/jt{gk|lt clt;+j]bgzLn hnfwf/x? tyf kfgL;Fu ;DalGwt ;]jfx? yfxf kfpg Joj:yfksx?n] df}h'bf ;"rgfx? k|of]u ug'{kb{5 . ultnf] jg Joj:yfkg tyf Ifo e};s]sf If]qx?sf] k'g{:yfkgfn] e"–Ifo 36fpg] tyf le/fnf]If]qsf] l:y/tf tyf k|fs[lts ljklQx?k|ltsf] ;dfg's"ng÷k|fs[lts k'g{:yfkg Ifdtf (resilience) a9fpg]5 / o;k|sf/ kfgLsf] pknAwtf tyf axfjdf lgoldttf Nofpg of]ubfg ug]{5 . hnrqmsf nflu cg's"ng /0fgLltx? e"–kl/lw:t/sf dfGotfx?df cfwfl/t x'g'kb{5 / ;DalGwt ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnfx? tyf If]qx?nfO{ ;+nUg u/fpg'kb{5 .


lbuf] e"–;+/If0f tyf hn;|f]tsf nflu ef/tdf Plss[t hnfwf/ Joj:yfkg . jgh+un ePsf] hnfwf/x?n] cfFwLa]/L wfjg Go"g ug]{5, gbL lsgf/fx?nfO{ l:y/ agfpFb5, ;txL kfgLnfO{ tsf{pFb5, vlgh tTjx?sf] rqm sfod /fVb5 / k|b'ifs kbfy{x?nfO{ 5fGb5 t/ o:tf ;]jfx? pknAw u/fpg] ltgLx?sf] Ifdtf hnjfo'df cfpg] kl/jt{gx?;Fu} 36\g] 5g\ . kfgLsf] u'0f:t/ tyf dfqfdf hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf c;/x?nfO{ Go"g ug{ jg Joj:yfksx?n] hnfwf/ Joj:yfkgsf nflu Plss[t pkfudsf] sfof{Gjog ug{ ;Sg]5g\ .

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f] ;f}hGoM b]a

k|;fb /f]o_


kfgLsf] pknAwtf tyf u'0f:t/ M l;kmfl/z ul/Psf cg's"ng sfo{x? .hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf k|efj tyf hf]lvdx?


kfgLsf] bafa -sdL_ tyf a9\bf] v8]/L

kfgL e08f/0f, kfgLsf] axfj lgoGq0f tyf tNnf] t6Lo pkef]Qmfx?sf nflu kfgL pknAw x'g] s'/fdf ;'lglZrt x'g kfgLsf] lbuf] tl/sfn] Joj:yfkg ug]{ -h:t}M hnfwf/If]qx?sf jgsf] ;+/If0f, kfgL ;+sng tyf vf]nf vf]N;L]x?sf] ;+/If0f_

df6f]sf] kfgL cGtM:kGbg (infiltration), df6f]sf] kfgL e08f/0f Ifdtf tyf hnfwf/x?df kfgLnfO{ ;~ro ug{], e08f/0f kf]v/L, l;+rfO{ s"nf] cflb k|j4{g ug]{ -h:t}M r]s8\ofd jfFw, wf/0f vf]lkN6fx? tyf ux|f tyf nfdf] kf6fdf v]tL ug]{ cflb åf/f_

;kmf tyf e/kbf]{ lsl;dn] kfgLsf] pknAwtfk|lt ;'lglZrt x'g] u/L hnfwf/ Joj:yfkg sfo{sf] lhDdf lng] .

j[Iff/f]k0f tyf k'gM/f]k0fsf nflu sd kfgLdf ;d]t x'g] tyf v8]/L k|lt/f]wL k|hflt tyf k|sf/x? 5gf}6 ug]{ .

jg:klt Joj:yfkgåf/f jfikf]T;h{g (evapotranspiration) tyf kfgLsf nflu k|lt:kwf{ sd ug]{ -h:t}M kTNofpg], sf65f+6 ug]{ tyf ktem8 k|hflt /f]Kg]_ .

s'lx/f] tyf x':;' 5]Sg, ;txL wfjg (surface run off) Go"g ug{ tyf kfgLsf] cGtM:kGbg (infiltration) a9fpg 8f+8fx?df ?vx? sfod /fVg] .

jfo'åf/f x'g] e"–:vng sd ug{ j[Iff/f]k0f tyf k'gM/f]k0fnfO{ k|j4{g ug]{ .

a9\bf] jiff{ tyf df};dL jiff{sf] 9fFrfdf kl/jt{g

e"–jgf}6, jg, af6fx?, k|of]u ul/g] cf}hf/sf] k|sf/ Pj+ vf]nf tyf cGo hndfu{x?nfO{ dWogh/ ub}{ e"–:vng tyf afn'jf lylu|g] sd ug{ s6fg sfo{tflnsfdf kl/dfh{g ug]{ .

kfgL hd]sf If]qx?df pko'Qm lgsf; tyf e"–:vng lgoGq0f ;'lglZrt ug{ cfjZos pkfox? sfof{Gjog ug]{ -h:t}M lgsf;sf nflu ;'lglZrt x'g lgsf; gfnfx? agfpg], ;8sx? tyf vf]nf tg]{ k'n];fx? lgdf{0f tyf dd{tsf] k|jGw ldnfpg]_ .

e"–:vng k|efjL tyf af9L k|efjL If]qx?df jg:klt 5q (vegetation cover) sfod /fVg] jf j[l4 ug]{ -h:t}M ux|fdf tyf nfdf] kf6fdf jfnL nufpg]_ .

kfgL hDg] If]qx?df s6fg gug]{ s'/fnfO{ Wofg lbg] .

clt jiff{ tyf hd]sf] kfgL ;xgzLn / o;af6 kmfObf lng ;Ifd k|hflt tyf k|sf/x? j[Iff/f]k0f ug]{ tyf k|j4{g ug]{ . Dofªu|'esf] jgx?sf] dfdnfdf g'lgnf]kgfsf] :t/ sfod ug]{, gbL tyf af9Ln] y'kf/]sf] df6f]jfn'jf cflbsf] k|jGw ldnfpg] h:tf x:tIf]kL sfo{x?af/] ljrf/ ug]{ .







89]nf] (Fire)hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] kmn:j?k a9\bf] tfkqmd tyf 36\bf] jiff{sf sf/0f jg 89]nf]sf] r'gf}tL a9\g] cg'dfg ul/Psf]5 . jg 89]nf]sf] jf/Djf/tf, b';fWotf tyf jg 89]nf]af6 k|efljt If]q a9\g]5 eGg] hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf j}1flgsx?aLrsf] ;xdtLo b[li6sf]0f 5 . jg 89]nf]x? xl/t u[x Uof; pT;h{gsf pNn]Vo ;|f]tx? x'g\ / ltgLx? jg ljgf; tyf jg IfoLs/0f;Fu k|ToIf ;DalGwt 5g\ .

Plss[t jg 89]nf] Joj:yfkg hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng /0fgLltsf] cleGg c+u xf] . o; cGtu{t 89]nf]af6 hf]ufpg], o;sf nflu k"j{ tof/Lx? tyf 89]nf] bdg (supression) ug]{ sfd / 89]nf] kZrft\ jgsf] k'g{:yfkgf cflb kb{5g\ . jg Joj:yfksx?n] hnjfo' kl/jt{gnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ cfgf jg Jo:yfkgsf cEof;x?nfO{ ;3g ug]{ tyf cjnDjg ug]{ ug'{kb{5 .

89]nf] lgoGq0f z;Qm (fire-smart) e"–kl/lwx?sf] k|j4{g 89]nf] Joj:yfkgsf] Ps dxTjk"0f{ efu xf] . logLx? 89]nf] lj:tf/ k|lt/f]wL tyf jg 89]nf] k|lt ;dfg's"lnt x'G5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu of] lgDg cg';f/ ug{ ;lsG5 M 89]nf] ;+j]bgzLn jg:klt k|sf/ /x]sf jgx?df 89]nf] OG3g gi6 ul/lbg] jf ;DalGwt e"–kl/lwdf To:tf k|sf/sf jg:kltx? lj:tf/ .

jg 89]nf]M l;kmfl/z ul/Psf cg's"ng sfo{x?hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf k|efj tyf hf]lvdx?


jg 89]nf]sf] ;+Vof, jf/Djf/tf, cfsf/ jf ulDe/tfdf j[l4

hnjfo' kl/jt{gaf6 ePsf] 89]nf]sf] hf]lvd j[l4 ;DaGwL pknAw ;"rgfx? k|fKt ug]{ -h:t}M cg';Gwfg ;+:yfgx?, jg ;DaGwL lgsfox?, Pj+ :yfgLo tyf If]qLo ;/sf/x?af6_ .

e"–kl/lw :t/df 89]nf] nfUg] tyf o;sf] Jojxf/df hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] k|efj cf+sng ug]{ .

jg 89]nf] Joj:yfkgsf nflu gLlt tyf sfo{of]hgfx?sf] ljsf;df ;xof]u ug]{ .

:yfgLo tyf If]qLo of]hgfx?df Plss[t 89]nf] Joj:yfkg ;dfj]z ePsf] ;'lglZrt ug]{ .

89]nf] Joj:yfkgsf dfGotfx? jg Joj:yfkg of]hgf th'{df;Fu Plss[t ug]{ -h:t}M 89]nf] hf]lvd d"NofÍgsf nflu cg'udgsf] ;dodf jgdf /x]sf] OGwgsf] kl/df0f d"NofÍg ug]{_ .

89]nf]sf nflu ljB'tLo k"j{ ;"rgf tyf b'|t tTk/ (rapid response) k|0ffnLx?sf] :yfkgf tyf ;'wf/ ug]{ -h:t}M df]jfOn kmf]g, /]l8of], 6]lnlehg / Od]n tyf ;fdflhs dfWodsf ;fy} k/Dk/fut ;+rf/ dfWodx?_ .

e"–kl/lw:t/sf] of]hgf th'{dfdf hf]8 lbg] Plss[t 89]nf] Joj:yfkgsf pkfox? sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg] .

/f]syfd s]lGb|t e"–kl/lw :t/ of]hgf th'{df tyf Joj:yfkg dfkm{t 89]nf] ;+j]bgzLn kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLx?sf] ;+/If0f ug]{ .

89]nf] lj:tf/nfO{ cj/f]w ug{ e"–kl/lw ;+/rgfnfO{ kl/dfh{g ug]{ -h:t}M 89]nf] cj/f]wsx?sf] hfnf] :yfkgf ug]{, ldl>t pd]/ jgv08 (mixed stand ages) tyf df}Hbft 3gTj (stocking densities) sf nflu jg Joj:yfkg ug]{Ù jgx?nfO{ kTNofpg]Ù ;a}lt/ lgolGqt cfuf] nufpg]Ù 89]nf] ;xg ;Sg] k|hflt 5gf}6 ug]{ .




s8f -b';fWo_ 89]nf]sf] k|lt/f]w a9fpg pko'Qm 89]nf] k|jGw (fire regimes) sfod /fVg] tyf k'g{:yfkg ug]{ .

89]nf]åf/f sfod /flvPsf kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLx?df OGwg Joj:yfkg tyf kfl/l:yltsLo Joj:yfkg p2]Zox? k|flKtsf nflu l;kmfl/z ul/Pcg';f/ cfuf] nufpg] tyf æhNg b]pÆ sf] gLlt lng] .

89]nf] lgoGq0f lqmofsnfkx?af6 x'g;Sg] k|lts"n jftfj/0fLo k|efjx? Go"g ug]{ .

89]nf] hf]lvdsf] ?kdf /x]sf d[t tyf Ifltu|:t ?vx? x6fpgsf nflu p4f/ s6fg (salvage logging) ug]{ .

89]nf] ;;Qm (fire smart) e"–kl/lwx? k|j4{g ug]{ -h:t}M 89]nf] cj/f]wssf] ?kdf 89]nf] k|lt/f]wL k|hfltx? j[Iff/f]k0f u/]/_

pTkfbgzLn jgdf s6fg kZrft\ /xg] vfnL efusf] cfsf/ l;ldt /fVg / s6fg Iflt tyf s6fg cjz]if Go"g u/L 89]nf] hf]lvd sd ug{ Go"g k|efjL s6fg (reduced impact logging) nfu' ug]{ .

89]nf] k|efjL If]qdf s6fg u/L /xg hfg] cjz]ifx? hnfpg] sfd gug]{ jf sd ug]{ .

89]nf]sf] hf]lvd /x]sf vf]l/of v]tL (slash and burn agriculture) s[lif If]qx?df hnfpg] cEof;x?df kl/dfh{g ug{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{ -h:t}M 89]nf]sf] hf]lvd Go"g ePsf] df};dx?df dfq hnfpg] sfd ug]{_ .

k|fª\ufl/s tTjx?n] kl/k"0f{ df6f] /x]sf vfN6fx? tyf l;d;f/If]qx?nfO{ ;'Sg glbg] .

89]nf] Joj:yfkgsf k/Dk/fut tyf k'Vof{}nL cEof;x?nfO{ klxrfg ug]{, ;Ddfg ug]{ tyf cjnDjg ug]{ .

efjL of]hgf th'{dfsf nflu 89]nf] Joj:yfkgsf tl/sf tyf k|ljlwx?sf] cg'udg ug]{ / ltgsf] d"NofÍg ug]{ .

Plss[t jg 89]nf] Joj:yfkgnfO{ e"–kl/lw :t/df lnOg' kg]{ x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, s[lif hUufdf /xg uPsf hnfO{ gi6 ug'{kg]{ rLhljhx? jfNg] sfd ;'Vvf df};d k"j{g} tyf jl/kl/sf] e"–kl/lw 89]nf] ;+efjL e};Sg'eGbf cufl8 g} ul/g' kb{5 . o:tf] lsl;dsf] Joj:yfkg cEof; cS;/ u/L tL jg Joj:yfksx?sf] sfo{If]q eGbf aflx/ x'G5 h;nfO{ e"–kl/lw :t/df :yfgLo tyf ;fd'bflos ;d"xx? tyf ;+hfnx?;Fu sfd ug{ k|f]T;fxg ul/Psf] x'G5 . 89]nf] Joj:yfkgsf nflu ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] ;+nUgtf dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 .







aS; ^pGof}+ vf]N;L emf8L 89]nf] ;t{stf k|0ffnL

ci6«]lnofsf] leS6f]l/ofdf /x]sf] pGof}} vf]N;L emf8L 89]nf] ;t{stf k|0ffnL cfsl:ds ;+rf/ k|0ffnL xf] h;n] tLg cnu cnu /0fgLlts cjl:yltx?df /x]sf r]tfjgL 306Lx?sf] dfWodaf6 k|;f/0f ub{5 . 89]nf]sf] vt/fsf] 3f]lift cjlwx?df ;+rfngdf /xg] o; ;ts{tf k|0ffnLsf] nIo k"j{–lgwf{l/t l;4fGtx? cg';f/ ToxfF ;d'bfosf nflu ;Defljt r'gf}tL /x]sf] ;dodf r]tfjgL 306Lx? jhfpg' /x]sf]5 . 3gf jgn] 9flsPsf] le/fnf] e"–jgf]6n]] b]Vg;lsg] cj:yf tyf emf8Ldf nfu]sf] cfuf]sf] ;fdfGo b[li6d"ns r]tfjgL cToGt ;Lldt ug]{ ePsf] x'FFbf of] cfjZos kb{5 . :yfgLo jfl;Gbfx?nfO{ pgLx?n] k"j{lgwf{l/t cUgL ;'/Iff of]hgfx? sfof{Gjog ug{ cTofj:os cltl/Qm ;do kfpg ;s'g eGg] o; ;ts{tfsf] ;f]rfO{ xf] . Pp6f Jojl:yt ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t lzIff cleofg cTolws k|efjsf/L k|dfl0ft ePsf]5 .

of] pGof}} vf]N;L emf8L 89]nf] ;t{stf k|0ffnL k'/fgf] tyf gofF k|ljlwx?sf] ;+of]hgsf] k|of]u ul/Psf] Pp6f pbfx/0f xf] / o;sf] Pp6f ;an kIf o;sf] ;/ntf xf] . ;d'bfodf k|z:t æu'0ffTdsÆ ;"rgfx? pknAw 5g\ / r]tfjgL 306L k|0ffnLn] ;fdfGo ædfqfTdsÆ ;Gb]z pknAw u/fpFb5 . o;n] dflg;x?nfO{ tTsfn} r]tfjgL 306Lsf] sf/0faf/] cfkm}+ ;';"lrt x'g tyf clUg ;'/Iff of]hgf sfof{Gjog ug{ k|f/lDes ;ts{tfsf] ?kdf sfd ub{5 . of] ;t{stf k|0ffnL 7fpF vfln ug{sf] nflu ;+s]t xf]Og . oL r]tfjgL 306L k|0ffnLx?df j}slNks phf{zlQmsf] pknAwtf tyf Jof6«L Jofsck ;d]t 5, o;sf] cy{ ljB't cfk"lt{ aGb x'g'n] ;ts{tf Ifdtf;Fu ;Demf}tf ug]{ 5}g .

;t{stf k|0ffnL tyf cUgL Joj:yfkgdf cfwf/e"t 1fgaf/] lzIff lj:tf/ ug{sf nflu ;d'bfo;Fu cfˆg} kxnx? 5g\ tfsL Pp6f r]tfjgL 306Lsf ;a} k|lts[ofx? tyf Pp6f emf8L 89]nf]sf]] cfsl:dstf pko'Qm tyf of]hgj4 x'g]5 . emf8L 89]nf]sf]] ;'/Iff ;Gb]z a'em\g'sf] dxTjaf/] gofF jfl;Gbfx?nfO{ AofVof ul/G5 . clUg k"j{ tof/L, Joj:yfkg tyf /f]syfddf ;'lglZrt x'g e/kbf]{ tyf cBfjlws ;"rgf pknAw u/fOG5 .

o; pGof}} vf]N;L emf8L 89]nf] ;t{stf k|0ffnLnfO{ leS6f]l/of k|fGtsf] cfsl:ds ;]jfx?sf] sld:g/sf] sfof{noaf6 d"NofÍg ul/of] / o;nfO{ leS6f]l/ofleq ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;t{stf k|0ffnLx?sf] cfwf/ dfks (benchmark) dflgof] . o; pGof}} emf8L 89]nf] ;t{stf k|0ffnLn] :yfgLo ;d'bfox?nfO{ Jo:t /xg] tyf clwsf/ ;DkGg x'g] cj;/ pknAw u/fPsf]5 . o;n] :yfgLo cfsl:ds ;]jf lgsfox? tyf :yfgLo, k|flGto tyf s]lGb|o ;/sf/x?sfaLrdf ;fem]bf/Lx?sf nflu pko'Qm jftfj/0f agfpFb5 tyf o;n] afl;Gbfx?nfO{ clUg Joj:yfkgdf pgLx?sf] e"ldsfx? a'em\g pTk|]l/t ub{5 .


d+uf]lnosf] vf/lu:tfO{ afofga'8{ jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xsf ;b:o jg 89]nf] /f]Sg jgsf] ;txaf6 xfFufljuf x6fpb} . tfkqmd j[l4 tyf jiff{df x'g] sdLsf sf/0f jg 89]nf]sf] hf]lvddf j[l4 e}/x]sf]5 . jg Joj:yfksx?n] e"–kl/lw :t/Lo of]hgf lgdf{0f, 89]nf] ;t{s e"–kl/lw tyf 89]nf] ;r]t kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnL ;d]6\g] u/L Plss[t 89]nf] Joj:yfkg pkfudx?sf] k|of]u ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .

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/f]uf0f'x? -xflgsf/s ls/fx?_ tyf /f]ux? (Pests and diseases)hnjfo' kl/jt{g ljz]ifu/L r/d df};dL 36gfx?n] jgsf xflgsf/s ls/fx? -/f]uf0f'_ tyf ltgLx?af6 x'g] IfltnfO{ k|ToIf Pj+ ck|ToIf ?kdf k|efj kfb{5g\ . o:tf] Iflt k|ToIf ?kdf ltgLx?sf] ljsf;, arfj6 tyf k'g/f]Tkfbg Pj+ lj:tf/df k|efj kf/L / k/kf]ifL (host) sf] k|lt/f]w Ifdtf tyf ;Dj]bgzLntf÷u|x0fzLntf÷sf]dntfdf leGgtf NofO{ tyf ck|ToIf ?kdf kfl/l:yltsLo ;DaGwx?df kl/jt{g NofO{ -h:t}M k|lt:kwL{x?, k/hLjLx? tyf lzsf/Lx?sf] k|fr'o{tfdf kl/jt{g cflb_ x'g ;Sb5 . /f]u tyf ls/fx? :yfgLo hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] k"j{ ;"rgf x'g ;Sb5g\ . xfn ;Dd :yfgLo tyf dflyNnf]:t/sf] hnjfo' kl/jt{gaf6 ljleGg :yfgx?df ls/f tyf /f]uf0f' (pathogen) x?sf] hLjgrqm tyf afgLJoxf]/fx? kl/jt{g ePsf c;+Vo pbfx/0fx? e]l6O;s]sf 5g\ -pbfx/0fsf nflu, pQ/ cd]l/sfsf] lxdfnL ;Nnfdf nfUg] v'Dn] ls/f (mountain pine beetle) tyf o'/f]ksf] ;Nnf tyf v;'|df nfUg] e'ml;NsL/f (caterpillar) .

xflgsf/s ls/fx?sf] Joj:yfkg tyf ltgsf] lj:tf/df /f]syfdn] hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] ;dIfdf jgh+un :j:y /x]sf] ;'lglZrt ug{ d2t ug]{ 5g\ . jgsf xflgsf/s ls/fx?nfO{ Joj:yfkg ug]{ ;a}eGbf k|efjsf/L pkfo Plss[t /f]uf0f' Joj:yfkg (integrated pests management) xf] . Plss[t /f]uf0f' Joj:yfkg eGgfn], /f]uf0f'x?sf] hg;+VofnfO{ :jLsfo{ xb;Dd sfod /fVg kfl/l:yltsLo Pj+ cfly{s b[li6sf]0fn] k|efjsf/L tyf ;fdflhs ?kdf :jLsfo{ /f]syfd, cjnf]sg tyf lg/fs/0f pkfox?sf] ;+of]hg a'lemG5 . /f]syfd cGtu{t :yfg ljz]if pko'Qm k|hflt tyf k|sf/x?sf] 5gf}6 ug]{, k|fs[lts k'g/f]Tkfbgsf] pkof]u ug]{ / j[Iff/f]k0f tyf s6gL56gL cEof;x? ug]{ h:tf sfo{x? kg{ ;Sb5g\ h;n] xflgsf/s ls/fx?sf] hg;+VofnfO{ 36fO{ ltgsf k|fs[lts zq'x?sf nflu pko'Qm jftfj/0f agfpg] 5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, cfFvfn] k|ToIf lgl/If0f tyf ;dfTg] k4ltåf/f xflgsf/s ls/fx?sf] hg;+Vofsf] xf]l;of/Lk"j{s ul/g] cg'udgn] lgoGq0fsf] lqmofsnfk slxn] cfjZos kb{5 eGg] s'/f lgwf] ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg]5 .

;fdfGotof xflgsf/s ls/fx? tyf /f]ux?sf] lj:tf/ jg Joj:yfkg OsfO{x?sf] l;dfx?eGbf aflx/ / Jofks x'g] ePsf] x'Fbf jg Joj:yfksx?n] Ps csf{;Fu tyf :yfgLo tyf If]qLo ;/f]sf/jfnfx?;Fu ;+rf/ tyf ;dGjo ug{'kg]{ x'G5 . k|efjsf/L Plss[t /f]uf0f' Joj:yfkgsf nflu ;a} jgsdL{x?nfO{ /f]u tyf ls/fx?sf] lj:tf/sf] klxrfg, cg'udg tyf lgoGq0fsf nflu k|lzlIft ul/g' kb{5 . o;sf nflu Pp6f cf}krfl/s of]hgf tyf pkfud tof/ /xg'kb{5 .


;]/fdljl;8L kl/jf/sf] v'Dn] ls/f, o;sf s/Lj @),))) k|hfltx? kfOG5, / ;a}n] la?jfsf kftx? vfOlbG5g\ . ;]/fdljl;8L kl/jf/sf] nfef{n] ?vsf sf08 vfG5g\ / sf7sf] u'0f:t/df lgSs} gf]S;fg k'¥ofpFb5 . hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf sf/0fn] jgdf xflgsf/s lhjf0f'sf] k|sf]kdf j[l4 ub{5 . o;sf] lgoGq0f tyf o;n] k'¥ofpg] gf]S;fgL sd ug{ jg Joj:yfksx?n] ljleGg lsl;dsf lqmofsnfk ;+rfng ug'{kb{5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu jg Joj:yfksx?n] /f]uf0f' tyf ls/fsf] k|sf]k kQf nufpg, k|sf]k ;+j]bgzLn If]q klxrfg ug{ tyf Plss[t /f]uf0f'÷hLjf0f' lgoGq0f ug{ tyf cfqmd0fnfO{ lg?T;flxt ug{ lgoldt jg ;e]{If0f ug'{ kb{5 .

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aS; &jgdf cfsl:ds lj£gjfwfx?

lxdfnL ;Nnfdf nfUg] v'Dn] ls/f (mountain pine beetle), 8]G8«f]S6f]g; kf]G8]/f];L klZrdL Sofg8fsf] nhkf]n ;Nnf jgx?df kfOg] /}yfg] af]s|] ls/f xf] . o;sf] hg;+Vof cfjlws ?kdf ljikmf]6 x'g] tx;Dd j[l4 x'g]ub{5 . t/ ;g\ !(() kl5 o;sf] ;+Vof ckTofl/nf] b/df j[l4e} j[l6; sf]nlDjofsf] ! s/f]8 #) nfv x]S6/ jgdf cfqmd0f ul/;s]sf]5 . o; dxfdf/Lsf hnjfo' kl/jt{g tyf jg Joj:yfkgsf] x:tIf]kx? ;d]t w]/} sf/0fx? 5g\ . ;g\ @)!% ;Dddf, lxdfnL ;Nnfdf nfUg] v'Dn] ls/fn] lj|l6; sf]nlDjofsf] tLg rf}yfO{ eGbf a9L nhkf]n ;Nnfx? -h;sf] sf7 kl/df0f () s/f]8 So'ljs ld6/ eGbf a9L x'G5_ dfl/;Sg]5 eGg] cg'dfg ul/Psf]5 . To;sf/0f lj|l6; sf]nlDjofdf hnjfo' kl/jt{g s]jn ;}4flGts dfq /x]g o;sf k|efjx? clxn]g}] cg'ej ul/O;s]sf 5g\ .

o; lxdfnL ;Nnfdf nfUg] v'Dn] ls/fsf] ljikmf]6sf] w]/} gsf/fTds k|efjx? kl/;s]sf 5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, :yfgLo kfgLsf] ;tx tyf hnLo rqmsf ;fy} la?jf tyf hGt'x?sf] jfgLJoxf]/fx? k|efljt ePsf5g\ . leqL efusf] jg sfj{gsf] cjzf]ifs geP/ sfj{g ;|f]t e};s]sf]5 h'g ;g\ @)@) ;Dd o:t} /xg] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 .

ljikmf]6sf] s]lGb|o efudf o; lxdfnL ;Nnfdf nfUg] v'Dn] ls/fsf] lj:tf/nfO{ l;ldt ug]{ k|of;x? t'?Gt} d/]sf ?vx?sf] cfly{s d"No k'g{k|flKtsfnfO{ clwsflws ug{lt/ nufOof] . ;a}eGbf a9L k|efljt If]qx?df s6fgnfO{ pknAw x'g] sfi7 cfotgsf] &) k|ltzteGbf a9L ;Nnfn] cf]u6\g] If]qdf s]lGb|t ul/of] . c:yfoL?kdf l:jsfo{ s6fgsf] tx (allowable harvest level) a9fOPsf] 5 / o; If]qdf s6fgnfO{ ;xlhs/0f ug{ gLltx?df kl/jt{g ul/Psf]5 . s6fg ;+rfnsx? glhs}sf] ck|efljt If]qaf6 v'Dn] ls/faf6 cfqmldt ?vx? s6fg ug{ cfPsf 5g\ .

p4f/ s6fgdf j[l4n] sfi7 k|zf]wgnfO{ c:yfoL ?kdf cl3 j9fPsf]5 hals lb3{sfndf of] v'Dn] ls/fsf] ljikmf]6sf] bzsf}+b]lv s6fg tyf sfi7 ldn Jofj;fodf lge{/ /x]sf ;d'bfox?df pNn]Vo cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts k|efjx? kg{]5g . lj|l6; sf]nlDjofn] cfly{s cj;/x?sf] ljljlws/0fåf/f ;d'bfox?sf] ;dfg's"ngdf j[l4sf nflu ;+o'Qm nufgLx? ul//x]sf] 5 . lb3{sflng :yfloTj pknAw u/fpg :yfgLo cfsf+Iffx? k|ltljlDjt x'g] lsl;dn] oL kxnx?sf] 9fFrf tof/ ul/Psf]5 .

o; lxdfnL ;Nnfdf nfUg] v'Dn] ls/fsf] dxfdf/Ln] lj|l6; sf]nlDjofsf jg Joj:yfksx?sf] ;f]r tyf sfo{k|0ffnLnfO{ j[xQ jgfPsf]5 . o;n] k|fs[lts k|0ffnLx?df dfgj x:tIf]kaf6 ;Defljt cgk]lIft b'ikl/0ffdx? tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf c;/x?nfO{ cufl8 NofPsf]5 . o;sf ;fy} o;n] kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLx?, hgtfx? tyf ;d'bfox?df ;dfg's"ng clej[l4sf] cfjZostfsf] klxrfgdf j[l4 u/]sf] 5 .


xflgsf/s ls/fx? tyf /f]ux?M l;kmfl/z ul/Psf cg's"ng sfo{x?hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf k|efj tyf hf]lvdx?


xflgsf/s ls/fx? tyf /f]ux? tyf cltqmd0fsf/L :yfgLo Pj+ k/:yfgLo jg:kltx?sf] a9\bf] lj:tf/ .

/f]u ls/fx?sf] lj:tf/x?af/] ;dod} yfxf kfpg tyf k/LIf0f ug{ ;xlhs/0fsf nflu lgoldt ;e]{If0f ;+rfng ug]{ .

xflgsf/s ls/fx? tyf /f]ux?k|lt clt ;+j]bgzLn jg If]qx?sf] klxrfg ug]{ -h:t}M clt ;+j]bgzLn If]qx?sf] gS;f+sg ug]{_ .

cfqmd0f /f]syfd ug{ tyf lgoGq0f ug{ Plss[t /f]uf0f' Joj:yfkg sfof{Gjog ug]{ .

k|efljt tyf clt;+j]bgzLn jg s6fgd'5fg u/L /f]uf0f' lj:tf/sf] hf]lvd Go"g ug{ s6fg tflnsfdf kl/dfh{g ug]{ .

/f]uf0f' lj:tf/sf] hf]lvd Go"g ug{ s6fg, jg ;+jw{g x:tIf]k tyf cfuf] nufpg] sfdsf] bf}/fg ?vx?df x'g] Iflt Go"g ug]{ .

k|lt/f]w Ifdtf a9fpg :6\of08 tyf ?vx?sf] :jf:Yo sfod ug]{ -h:t}M kfgLsf] bafa sd ug{ kTNofpg] sfo{ ug]{{_ .

/f]uf0f'x?sf] cltqmd0f k|lt/f]w a9fpg / ;dfg's"ngtfsf nflu ldl>t k|hfltx?sf] k|of]u tyf ldl>t jg sfod ug{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{ .

jg :6\of08x?df /f]uf0f' cfqmd0f k|lt/f]wL tyf ;dfg's"lnt j+zk|f?kx? tyf k|sf/x? k|of]udf Nofpg] tyf sfod ug]{ .

/fd|f] k|sf/sf] jg:klt :jf:Yos/ cEof;x? k|of]udf NofO{ /f]uf0f'sf] ;ª\qmd0faf6 hf]ufpg] -h:t}M aLp tyf la?jfx? cf];f/k;f/ ubf{ k~hfx?sf] k|of]u ug]{_ .

dflg;x?, kfn'jf hgfj/x? tyf oflGqs ;fdfu|Lx?af6 /f]uf0f' tyf /f]ux?sf] k|j]z x'g glbg] .

s6fg tyf jg ;Djw{g sfo{ ubf{ pTkfbg x'g] cltqmldt cjz]ifx? pko'Qm lsl;dn] gi6 ug]{ -h:t}M lgolGqt cfuf] nufpg] jf cjz]ifx?nfO{ h}ljs phf{ pTkfbgdf k|of]u ug]{_ .

;dod} /f]uf0f' tyf /f]ux?sf] lj:tf/sf] klxrfg tyf Joj:yfkg k|j4{gsf nflu jgsld{x?nfO{ r]tgfd"ns tyf tflnd cEof;x?df ;xof]u ug]{ .

r/d df};dL 36gfx? (Extreme weather events)cfFwLa]/Lx?, af9Lx?, v8]/Lx? tyf r/d tfksf] cjlwx? h:tf lj£gjfwfx?sf] k'g/fj[lQ tyf lta|tf hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf sf/0f j[l4 x'g] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . jg Joj:yfksx?n] ljljw pd]/ ;d"xsf] jg -cufl8sf] jg pTkfbglzntf tyf h}ljs ljljwtf x]g'{xf];_ sfod u/L o:tf lj£gjfwfx?n] Nofpg] hf]lvdx? Go"g ug{ ;Sb5g\ . pgLx?n] lj£gjfwfo'Qm 36gfx?sf]] k"jf{g'dfg tyf tof/L u/L ljQLo 3f6fsf] lj?4 ;'/Iff j[l4 ug{ ;Sb5g\ . jg Joj:yfksx? e"–kl/lw:t/ tyf cGt/ljz]if1Lo (interdisciplinary) cg's"ngsf kxnx?af/] hfgsf/ /xg'kg]{ x'G5 .







kfls:tfgsf] l;Gw k|fGtdf af9Lsf] kfgLn] 8'jfg v]tx? h;n] @)!) df sl/a @ s/f]8 dflg;x?nfO{ k|efljt u/]sf] lyof] . cfFwLa]/Lx?, af9Lx?, v8]/Lx? tyf r/d tfksf] cjlwx? h:tf lj£gjfwfx?sf] k'g/fj[QL tyf lta|tf hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf sf/0f j[l4 x'g] cg'dfg ul/Psf]5 . jg Joj:yfksx?n] o:tf lj£gjfwfx?n] Nofpg] hf]lvdx? Go"g ug{ ;Sb5g\, pbfx/0fsf nflu, hnfwf/ ;+/If0f tyf Joj:yfkg lqmofsnfkx? dfkm{t dflyNnf] t6Lo kfgL ;+/If0f ug]{, t6Lo If]qx?df k|fs[lts jg:klt sfod ug]{ tyf cToflws ;'/Iff tTjx? ;lxtsf] ef}lts k"jf{wf/x?sf] vfsf tof/L tyf lgdf{0f ug]{ .

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r/d df};dL 36gfx?M l;kmfl/z ul/Psf cg's"ng sfo{x?hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf k|efjx? tyf hf]lvdx?


af9Lsf] k'g/fj[lQx? tyf lta|tfdf j[l4 .

;/f]sf/jfnfx? aLr k"j{ ;"rgf k|0ffnLx? tyf ;+rf/sf] :t/df ;'wf/ ug]{ .

hnfwf/ ;+/If0f tyf Joj:yfkg lqmofsnfk dfkm{t dflyNnf] t6Lo kfgL ;+/If0f ug]{ .

vf]nf, vf]N;L tyf vx/]nfO{ 9'+ufjfn'jfsf] lyu|g tyf cj/f]w /lxt /fvL lg/Gt/ kfgLsf] axfj ;'lglZrt ug]{ .

gbL t6Lo If]qdf k|fs[lts jg:klt sfod ug]{ tyf dflyNnf] t6Lo kfgL cGoq gn}hfg] .

cTolws ;'/Iff tTjx? ;lxtsf] ef}lts k"jf{wf/x?sf] vfsf tof/L tyf lgdf{0f ug]{ -h:t}M pko'Qm lgsf; ;lxtsf] jgkyx? tyf pRr e08f/0f Ifdtfsf] afFwx? lgdf{0f_ .

af6f]sf ;+hfnx? ljz]if u/L clt le/fnf] If]qsf af6fx?sf] k|z:t ;Def/ ePsf] ;'lglZrt ug]{ .

le/fnf] hldg tyf gbL t6Lo If]qx?df ef/L ;/;fdfu|Lx?sf] k|of]u jlGrt ug]{ .

df6f]sf] cGtM:kGbg (infiltration) sf] b/ tyf kfgL wf/0f Ifdtf sfod ug{ df6f] vfFlbg glbg] .

cfwLa]/Lsf] lta|tfx? tyf k'g/fj[QLx?df j[l4 .

cfFwLj]/L >[lht Iflt Go"g ug{ /f]6];g cjlwx? tyf s6fg rqmx?nfO{ ldnfpg] -h:t}M jfg:klts 5q 36]sf] sf/0f klx/f]x? tyf wfjg a9\g]_ .

k|hflt tyf jgsf] :yfloTjsf nflu s6fg k|jGwx?nfO{ kl/dfh{g ug]{ .

clt ;+j]bgzLn If]qx?df ;/k6 s6fg x'g glbg] .

cfFwLa]/Laf6 x'g] Iflt k|lt/f]w tyf Iflt kZrft\\ ;dfg's"ng k|j4{gsf nflu k|hftLo tyf ;+/rgfut ljljwtf sfod /fVg] jf j[l4 ug]{ .

a9\bf] lxdkft tyf lxd cfFwLx? cg'ej e}/x]sf If]qx?df lxpF tyf j/kmaf6 eflRrg ;Sg] r'gf}lt Go"g ug{ sf]0fwf/L k|hfltsf] ;§fdf s8fsf7 k|hfltx?nfO{ cg'df]bg ug]{af/] larf/ ug]{ .

cfFwLa]/L k|lt/f]wL k|hfltx? 5gf}6 ug]{ tyf ax' tnLo 5q ljsf;nfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{ .

klx/f] hfg] ;Defjgf tyf cfsf/ j[l4

w]/} le/fnf / klx/f] tyf e"–:vng k|efjL If]qx?df s6fg lgodx? tyf ;kmn cEof;x?sf] k|b{zg :yfkgf ug{ ;+nUg x'g] -h:t}M cEof;sf lgodx? tyf lgb]{lzsfx?_ .

w]/} le/fnf :yfgx?df cljl5Gg jfg:klts 5q sfod /fVg] .

h/f ulx/f] hfg] tyf h/f dflyNnf] efudf /xg] k|hfltx?sf] j[l4nfO{ k|f]T;fxg u/L ax'tnLo h/f k|0ffnLx? k|jw{g ug]{ -h:t}M k|fs[lts k'g/f]Tkfbg tyf j[Iff/f]k0f dfkm{t_ .

;dw/ftnLo -Pp6} ;dtndf_ j[Iff/f]k0fsf] cEof; ug]{ .


hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf k|efjx? tyf hf]lvdx?


;d'b|L t6x? ;g]{] hf]lvd j[l4

cl:y/ If]qx?df df6f]df ljWgjfwf x'g glbg] -grnfpg]_ .

;'/Iffsf] nflu Dofªu'|e tyf cGo t6Lo jg k'g{:yfkgf ug]{ tyf sfod /fVg] .

;d'Gb|L ;tx a9\g] (Sea-level rise)Dofªu|'ex?, ;dG'b| lsgf/sf jgx?, lk6 -vfN6f_ tyf bnbndf x'g] jgx? tyf xf]rf] hldgsf] cf]l;nf] pi0fLo jg h:tf t6Lo jgx?n] dxTjk"0f{ cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo e"ldsfx? lgjf{x ul//x]sf x'G5g\ . hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf sf/0f ;d'Gb|L ;txdf x'g] j[l4n] k|fs[lts t6Lo jgx?nfO{ r'gf}tL lbO/x]sf] x'G5 . t6Lo jgx?sf] Joj:yfkgsf nflu Plss[t, ax'–ljz]if1Lo (multidisciplinary) pkfud cfjZos kg]{ x'G5 h;nfO{ Plss[t t6Lo If]q Joj:yfkg elgG5 . t6Lo jg ;+/If0f tyf k'g{:yfkgx? hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf c;/x?nfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug{sf nflu dxTjk"0f{ x'G5g\ hasL cg's"lnt Joj:yfkg t6Lo jgsf] lg/Gt/ cl:tTjsf] ;'lglZrttfsf nflu cfjZos kg]{x'G5 .






hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] kxf8L If]qx?df klx/f]sf] hf]lvd a9fpFb5 . eljiodf s;/L oL hf]lvdx? kl/jt{g x'g ;Sg]5g\ tyf ljz]ifu/L ab\ln+bf] hnjfo'n] ljgf;sf/L÷xfgLsf/s klx/f]x?sf] cfsf/ tyf k'g/fj[QLdf s;/L c;/ k'¥ofpg]5 eGg] s'/f jg Joj:yfksx?sf nflu dxTjk"0f{ x'g]5 .

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;d'Gb|L ;tx a9\g]M l;kmfl/z ul/Psf cg's"ng sfo{x?hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf k|efj tyf hf]lvdx?


;d'b|L ;tx a9\g] tyf cfFwLsf] rk]6f

hldgsf] ;|f]tx?af6 ;kmf kfgL (fresh water) tyf lyu|gsf] k|j]z -lelqg]_ hf]ufpg] jf a9fpg] .

k'g{:yfkg, k'gM/f]k0f tyf j[Iff/f]k0fsf nflu g'g ;xgzLn k|hfltx? pkof]u ug]{ .

jg:klt tyf jGohGt' k|hfltx?sf] a;fO{;/fO{df /x]sf Jojwfgx?nfO{ x6fpg] jf k|hfltx?nfO{ a;fO{;/fO{df ;xof]u ug]{ -h:t}M Jojl:yt k'g{:yfg lgwf{/0f_ .

k"j{ ;"rgf k|0ffnLx? tyf ;/f]sf/jfnfx?aLrsf] ;+rf/ ;'wf/ ug]{ .

OG8fg]l;ofdf ev{/} j[Iff/f]k0f ul/Psf] Dofªu|'esf la?jfx? . hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf sf/0f ;d'b|L ;txdf x'g] j[l4n] k|fs[lts t6Lo jgx?nfO{ r'gf}tL lbO/x]sf] x'G5 t/ jg Joj:yfksx?n] o:tf r'gf}tLx?nfO{ Go"g ug{ cfjZos sbd rfNg ;Sb5g\ h:t}M k'g{:yfkg, k'g/f]k0f tyf j[Iff/f]k0fsf nflu g'g ;xgzLn k|hfltx? pkof]u ug]{ .

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aS; *>Ln+sfsf] k]/flnofdf ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;'gfdL k"j{–;ts{tf k|0ffnL

>Ln+sfn] ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t s]lGb|s[t ;'gfdL k"j–;ts{tf k|0ffnLsf] nflu kxnx? ;'? u/]sf]5 . s]lGb|o tyf :yfgLo txx?aLrsf] b"/L sd ug{, ;fob, k'/s ;d'bfodf–cfwfl/t s]lGb|s[t ;'gfdL k"j{–;ts{tf k|0ffnLx? ;d]t cfjZos kg{;Sg] x'g ;Sb5g\ . ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t k|0ffnLx?n] s]lGb|o k"j{ ;ts{tf s]Gb|af6 hfgsf/Lx? k|fKt u/L :yfgLo :t/df k|rfl/t ug]{5 tyf vt/fsf] ;"rgfx? Wjlgt ug]{5 .

Pp6f ;d'bfodf–cfwfl/t k|0ffnL, >Ln+sfsfsf] blIf0f klZrdL lsgf/fdf cjl:yt k]/flnof ufpFdf /x]sf] ;fd'bfoLs ;'gfdL k"j{–;ts{tf s]Gb| -;f=;'=k"=s]=_ xf] . of] If]q l8;]Dj/ @))$ sf] ;'gfdLaf6 Ifltu|:t ePsf] lyof] . pQm ;'gfdLsf] c;/kZrft\ k]/flnofn] ;+rf/ dfWodx?sf] Wofg cfs{if{0f u¥of] lsgeg] To; ;'gfdLn] Pp6f /]n n/vl/P/ n8\gu} @))) eGbf a9Lsf] Hofh lnPsf] lyof] . ;f=;'=k"=s]= n] o;sf] ;fj{hlgs ;Daf]wg k|0ffnL dfkm{t xfn k|ToIf?kdf kfFr ufpFx? ;d]6]sf]5 tyf o;n] ;fd'bflos kmf]sn ljGb" ;+hfn (community focal point network) dfkm{t cfgf ;]jfx? ;Dk"0f{ uNn] lhNnfe/L lj:tf/ u/]sf]5 .

;f=;'=k"=s]= n] hgtfx?nfO{ cfsl:ds k"j{tof/Lsf nflu 1fg tyf zLkaf6 ;';lHht ug{sf nflu ;fd'bflos ;r]tgf tyf z}lIfs sfo{qmdx? ;+rfng ub{5 / o;n] ;fd'bflos kmf]sn ljGb' ;+hfn h:t} M :jo+;]jsx?sf] ;d"xx? :yfkgf u/]sf]5 . oL ;d"xx?sf :jo+;]jsx?nfO{ cfsl:ds cj:yfdf cfjZos sfo{ ug{sf nflu tflnd k|bfg ul/Psf]5 tyf cfwf/e't hLjg /Iff, k|fylds pkrf/ tyf cUgLsf nflu tof/L ;daGwL zLkx?n] ;';lHht ul/Psf]5 . vfnL ug'{kg]{ If]qx? klxrfg ul/Psf]5 tyf ;fd'bflos cfsl:ds of]hgfsf] Ps efusf] ?kdf ;'gfdL ;ts{tf lrGxx? :yflkt ul/Psf]5 .

;f=;'=k"=s]= ;Fu s]lGb|o tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;ts{tf lgsfox?;Fu tyf ;+rf/dfWodx?;Fu ;DaGw /fVg ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwsf ;'ljwfx? 5g\ . ;d'bfoaf6 5gf}6 ul/Psf o'jfx?n] cfsl:ds ;"rgf tyf ;ts{tfx?sf nflu k|0ffnLsf] lg/Gt/ ?kdf cg'udg ub{5g\ . cfsl:ds ;dodf kfngf ug'{ kg]{ sfo{k|s[ofx? ljsf; ul/Psf]5 .

;fd'bfoLs ;'gfdL k"j–;ts{tf s]Gb -;f=;'=k"=s]=_ k]/flnofsf] :yfgLo ;d'bfodf ?rL /fVg] ;/f]]sf/jfnfx?sf] ;xof]udf :jo+;]jL b:tfaf6 Joj:yfkg ul/Psf] 5 .

;fdflhs lrGtgx? (Social considerations)hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] s]jn jg kfl/l:yltsLo k|0fnLx?sf] agfj6, :jf:Yo tyf :j:ys/ cj:yfnfO{ dfq ge} jg;Fu ;DalGwt ;fdflhs k|0ffnLx?nfO{ ;d]t r'gf}tL lbG5 . kfgLrqmsf] lgoldttf, e"–;+/If0f tyf h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f h:tf jg kfl/l:yltsLo ;]jfx?df x|f; cfpg'n] a9\bf] ;fdflhs clt;+j]bglzntf tkm{ ;+s]t ub{5g\ . u|fld0f If]qsf s/f]8f}+ dflg;x? vfBfGg, OGwg, sf7, hl8j'6Lx? h:tf u'hf/fsf cfjZostf k|flKtsf nflu tyf cfo cfh{gsf nflu jgh+unsf] k|of]u


ub{5g\ . w]/}h;f] cflbjf;L hghflt ;d'bfox?sf nflu jgh+unx? ;f+:s[lts klxrfg tyf cflTds ljZjf;x?sf] s]Gb| x'G5g\ . o;}u/L w]/} zx/L If]qx?;d]t jg kfl/l:yltsLo ;]jfx?df e/kg]{ x'G5g, h:t}M kfgLsf] cfk"lt{ tyf dgf]/~hg;Fu ;DalGwt ;]jfx? .

hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] jgh+unx?n] pknAw u/fpg] w]/}h;f] ;]jfx?nfO{ k|efljt ug]{5 . o;af6 ljleGg k|ToIf tyf ck|ToIf ;fdflhs k|efjx? kg]{ 5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu tfkdfgdf x'g] j[l4 tyf jiff{sf] 9fFrfx?df x'g] kl/jt{g;Fu} dn]l/of h:tf e]S6/jg{ (vector borne) /f]ux? s]xL If]qx?df a9\g] k|If]k0f ul/Psf]5 h;sf] jgdf cfwfl/t dgf]/~hgsf] VoftL tyf ;dfhn] b]v]sf] jgsf] dxTj df c;/ kg]{ ;Defjgf /xG5 .

jg Joj:yfksx?n] hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf nflu cfgf Joj:yfkg of]hgfx? kl/dfh{g ubf{ ;fdflhs kIfx?nfO{ ;d]6\g' dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . :yfgLo hgtfsf] cg's"ng Ifdtfx?df of]ubfg k'ofpg ;s] hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf gsf/fTds k|efjx?nfO{ Go"g ug{ rflng] sbdx?n] pQd glthf lbg] 5g\ .

u0ftGq sËf]sf] Ps jgdf pi0f k|b]zLo ?v r9\g] 8f]/Lsf] ;xf/fdf df}/Lsf] 3f/ glhs k'u]sf] Ps lkUdL hftsf] dx sf8\g] dflg; . :yfgLo hgtfsf] cg's"ng Ifdtfx?df of]ubfg k'¥ofpg ;s] hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf gsf/fTds k|efjx?nfO{ Go"g ug{ rflng] sbdx?n] pQd glthf lbg]5g\ . jg Joj:yfksx?n] rfNg] sbdx?n] a9\bf] vfB c;'/Iff tyf cToGt hf]lvd ;+j]bgzLn hLljsf]kfh{gsf pkfox?sf] ljgf;nfO{ nlIft ug{ ;Sg' kb{5 .

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;fdflhs lrGtgx?M l;kmfl/z ul/Psf cg's"ng sfo{x?hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf k|efj tyf hf]lvdx?


vfB ;'/Iff / hLljsf]kfh{gM vfBfGg pTkfbg, kx'Fr, pknAwtf, u'0f:t/ tyf kl/df0fdf kl/jt{gÙ ul/jL a9\g] / hLljsf]kfh{g gsf/fTds?kdf k|efljt x'g] .

kl/jlt{t hnjfo'jLo cj:yfdf vfB ;'/Iff tyf :yfgLo hLljsf]kfh{g sfod /fVg jf a9fpg gofF Plss[t e"–pkof]u of]hgfx? tof/L jf df}h'bf of]hgfdf kl/dfh{g ug]{ .

u/Lj, dlxnf tyf cGo kfvf kfl/Psf ;d"x h:tf cToGt hf]lvd ;+j]bgzLn ;d"xx?sf] a9\bf] vfB c;'/Iff tyf hLljsf]kfh{gsf pkfox?sf] ljgf;nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ sfo{x? nlIft ug]{ .

k|ToIf ?kdf hLljsf]kfh{gsf nfex? j[l4 ug{ jg Joj:yfkgdf :yfgLo ;d'bfox?sf] ;+nUgtfsf nflu pgLx?nfO{ ;Ifd jgfpg] tyf ;xof]u ug]{ .

:yfgLo ;d'bfox?sf] cfjZostfx? clwsflws ?kdf pknAw u/fpg jg Joj:yfkg of]hgfx? kl/dfh{g ug]{ -h:t}M ax'b2]lZo j[Ifx? /f]k0f ug{ k|f]T;fxg u/]/, of]hgfx?df sfi7hGo OGwg pTkfbg ;dfj]; u/]/ tyf sl[if jg Pj+ hns[lif (aqua culture) k|j4{g u/]/_ .

;d'bfox?n] ax'pkof]u ug{sf nflu jgsf] rf/}lt/ dWojtL{ If]qx? :yfkgf ug]{ .

vfBfGgsf] sdL tyf ef]sd/Lsf] ;dodf :yfgLo dflg;x?nfO{ h+unL vfBfGgx? -h:t}M h+unL df;' tyf la?jfx?_ ;+sng ug{ cg'dlt pknAw u/fpg] .

:yfgLo sfi7 jf u}/sfi7hGo pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wgdf cfwfl/t jgk}bfjf/hGo pBdx?sf] ljsf;df ;xof]u ug]{ .

:j:YoM /f]ux?df j[l4Ù kfgLsf] sdLÙ s'kf]if0fÙ 89]nf] tyf w'jfF;Fu ;DalGwt vt/fx?

;d'bfox?sf] hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ngdf ;'wf/ ug{ :yfgLo ljsf;df nufgL ug]{ -h:t}M sfi7hGo OGwg k|of]usf] s'zntfdf ;'wf/_ .

hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf c;/x?;Fu ;fdgf ug{ :yfgLo Ifdtfx? ljsf;df nufgL ug]{ .

:yfgLo ;d'bfox?nfO{ /f]huf/L tyf cfocfh{g pknAw u/fpgsf nflu kof{ko{6g lqmofsnfkx?sf] klxrfg tyf ljsf; ug]{ .

;a}:t/sf ;/f]sf/jfnfx?aLr k|efjsf/L ;+rf/, 1fg cfbfgk|bfg, hf]lvd ;r]tgf tyf ;xof]u ;'lglZrt ug]{ .

jgdf sfdug]{x? tyf :yfgLo ;d'bfox? dfem kfgLpTkflbt /f]ux?sf] ljikmf]6 / lj:tf/ x'g glbg jgleqsf kfgL d'xfgx? -h:t}M kf]v/Lx?, vf8Lx? tyf vf]nfx?_ sf] ;+/If0f ug]{ .

jg ;DaGwL lqmofsnfkx?df ;'/Iff lgodx?sf] clgjfo{ kfngf ug]{ .

jgsdL{ tyf jgdf cfl>t ;d'bfox?sf] :jf:y;]jfdf kx'Frsf nflu ;fem]bf/Lsf] ljsf; ug]{ .

/f]ux? -h:t}M cf}nf] tyf kfgLpTkflbt /f]ux?_ tyf tfk ;[lht bafasf] pRr hf]lvd af/] hgr]tgf a9fpg] .




jgsdL{ tyf :yfgLo ;d'bfox?df /f]ux?af6 c;'/Iff tyf -89]nf]sf] ;dodf_ w'jfF :jf; lnOg] ;Defjgf 36fpg k|efjsf/L :jf:y ;"rgf k|0ffnLx? :yflkt /x]sf] tyf k'j{ ;fjwfgLx? ckgfOg] u/]sf] ;'lglZrt ug]{ .

jgsdL{x?nfO{ ;+t'lnt cfxf/ pknAw u/fO{ tyf kf]if0faf/] ;"rgf pknAw u/fO{ /fd|f] cfxf/f k|f]T;fxg ug]{ .

cfly{s dlGb jf e"– pTkfbsTj 36\gfn] jg ;Dkbfdf a9\bf] bafa -h:t}M s[lifsf nflu_

jgnfO{ cglws[t lqmofsnfkx? h:t}M v]ltsf nflu cltqmd0f, u}/ sfg"gL s6fgL tyf lzsf/ af6 hf]ufpg] .

k|of]u s'zntfdf ;'wf/ u/L cTolws s6fgL Go"g ug{ jgk}bfjf/x?sf] ;b'kof]u lgolGqt ug]{ .

s[lif jg of]hgfx? tyf cGo cfo cfh{g lqmofsnfkx?nfO{ k|j4{g ug]{ .

ljz]if u/L cflbjf;L hghfltx? tyf :yfgLo ;d'bfox?sf] jgdf :jfldTj tyf ef]uflwsf/x? -j}wflgs tyf k/Dk/fut b'j}_ sf] klxrfg, ;Ddfg tyf ;'/Iff ug]{ .

cflbjf;L hghflt tyf cGo ;d'bfox?sf nflu k/Dk/fut :jfldTj k|0ffnL cg';f/ jgsf] ax'dxQfx? (multiple values) -h:t}M ;fF:s[lts, cfly{s, jftfj/0fLo, /fhg}lts, ;fdflhs tyf cflTds_ sf] kj4{g ug]{ .

e"–pkof]u kl/jt{gsf] ;d'bfox? tyf kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLx?df kg]{ ;Defljt kl/0ffdx? af/] ;r]tgf clej[l4sf nflu ;fem]bf/L lgdf{0f ug]{ .

lghL hUufx?sf] a]rljvg, vl/bstf{x?sf] p2]Zox?, tL hUufx?sf] k"j{cg'dflgt k|of]ux? tyf pTkGg x'g;Sg] kl/0ffdx?sf] cg'udg tyf k/LIf0f ug]{ .

jfnL ;+sngsf] ;do tyf s6fg rqmsf] cjlwdf kl/jt{g

kl/jlt{g x'g] s6fg tflnsf cg';f/ jgsdL{x?sf] s/f/ tyf ;Demf}tfx?sf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ .

/f]huf/Lsf nflu df};dL tyf :yfoL a;fO{;/fO{

dhb'/x?sf] pknAwtfdf ;Defljt kl/jt{gx? klxrfg ug]{ / of]hgf tof/Lsf] r/0fdf logLx?nfO{ dWogh/ ug]{ -h:t}M jgsdL{x?sf] Go"g ljrngk|lt ;'lglZrt x'g Psd'i6 jflif{s lqmofsnfkx?sf] of]hgf th'{df ug]{_ .

/f]huf/Lsf] cf;df x'g] dflg;x?sf] cGoq a;fO{;/fO{sf] sf/0f dlxnfx?, jfnjflnsfx? tyf j[4x?sf] hldg tyf jg;Dkbf dflysf] kx'Frdf gsf/fTds k|efj kg{ glbg ;hu /xg] . ;fy} hf]lvd ;+j]bgzLn /x]sf oL dflg;x?sf] hLljsf]kfh{gsf] ;'/Iff ;'lglZrt ug]{ .







cfly{s lrGtgx? (Economic considerations)hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] jgIf]qdf cfly{s k|efjx? kfg]{5 h;sf] kmn:j?k jg Joj:yfkgdf ;d]t k|efj kg]{5 . o:tf k|efjx? ;sf/fTds tyf gsf/fTds b'j} lsl;dsf x'g ;Sg] 5g\ . lglZrt cj:yfx?df Gofgf] tfkdfg tyf jfo'd08ndf sfj{g8fOcS;fO8sf] dfqf j[l4n] jgsf] pTkfbglzntf a9fpg ;Sg]5 . csf]{tkm{ jg 89]nf]sf 36gf a9\gfn] jghGo pTkfbg tyf kfl/l:yltsLo ;]jfx?sf] cfk"lt{ k|efljt x'g] 5g\ eGg] cg'dfg ul/Psf]5 h;n] 89]nf] Joj:yfkg tyf lgoGq0fsf nflu nfut a9fpg]5 . xflgsf/s ls/fx? -/f]uf0f'x?_ a9\g] 36gfx? tyf r/d df};dL 36gfx?sf] k'g/fj[QL tyf ltj|tf a9\gfn] ljQLo ?kdf dxTjk"0f{ v8f j[Ifv08x?df Iflt k'¥ofpg] tyf cf}Bf]lus ;+rfng cj?4 ug{ ;Sg]5, glthf:j?k pbfx/0fsf nflu, sf7 s6fg tyf 9'jfgLsf nflu pko'Qm cj:yf /xg] cjlw 36\g ;Sg]5 . o;sf ;fy} jiff{df x'g] j[l4 tyf cfFwLa]/Lsf 36gfx?n] ;8s ;+hfn tyf vf]nftg]{ k'n k'n];fx?df Iflt k'¥ofpg ;Sg] 5g\ .

hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] ubf{ sf7 s6fg tflnsfx?df kl/jt{g, s6fg k"jf{wf/x?df :t/f]GgtL, cg's"n s6fg tyf 9'jfgL ;fwg Pj+ k|ljlwx?sf] k|of]u / jg ;Djw{gsf tl/sfx?df kl/dfh{g ug{ cfjZos kg]{ x'G5 . o:tf kl/jt{gx?n] jg Joj:yfkgsf] nfutx?df j[l4 ug]{5 / s'g} s'g} cj:yfx?df k"jf{wf/, pks/0f tyf tflnddf pNn]Vo kF'hL nufgL cfjZos kg{;S5 . jg Joj:yfksx?n] cg's"ng sfo{x? sfof{Gjog ubf{ tyf sfof{Gjog gubf{ nfUg] nfutx?sf] cg'dfg ug{ cfly{s gd"gfx? -df]8nx?_ k|of]u ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .

cfly{s lrGtgx?M l;kmfl/z ul/Psf cg's"ng sfo{x?hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf k|efj tyf hf]lvdx?


cfly{s Ifltsf] pRr hf]lvd

jgn] pknAw u/fpg] ;fdfu|L tyf kfl/l:yltsLo ;]jfx?df kg]{ k|efjx?nfO{ dWogh/ ub]{ hnjfo' k|If]k0fsf ;a}eGbf e/kbf{ df]8nx? k|of]u u/L jg Joj:yfkg of]hgfx?df kl/dfh{g ubf{ nfUg] ;Defljt nfut tyf nfesf] k/LIf0f ug]{ .

ljQLo 3f6fx? x'g glbg jf Go"g ug{ jg Joj:yfkg of]hgfx?df kl/dfh{g ug]{ .

cg';Gwfg, pTkfbg ljljlws/0f, d"No clej[l4 k|s[ofx? tyf df}lns cg'udg Joj:yfx? -h:t}M ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t_ sf nflu nufgLx?sf] cj;/ klxrfg ug]{ .

gofF pTkfbgx?sf nflu ahf/x? tyf df}h'bf pTkfbgx?sf nflu j}slNks cj;/x? klxrfg ug]{ .

h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0fnfO{ jg Joj:yfkgsf] cleGg kIfsf] ?kdf k'/:s[t ug]{ ahf/x? klxrfg ug]{ .

kfgL;Fu ;DalGwt ;]jfx? pknAw u/fpg] jg Joj:yfkgsf] e"ldsf k|jw{g ug]{ :yfgLo kxnx?nfO{ Plss[t hnfwf/ Joj:yfkg dfkm{t ;xof]u ug]{ .

h}ljs ljljwtfdf x|f;sf sf/0fx? tyf o;sf cfly{s kl/0ffdx?af/] r]tgf clej[l4 ug]{ .

xflgsf/s ls/fx?, /f]ux?, 89]nf], cfFwLa]/L tyf cGo hnjfo' kl/jt{g;Fu ;DalGwt lj£g jfwfx?åf/f k|efljt k|hfltx?sf nflu ahf/sf] cj;/x? vf]hL ug]{ .




hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;DaGwL lj£g jfwfx?af6 x'g;Sg] Ifltsf] hf]lvdnfO{ kl/k"lt{ ug{ jg ljdfsf cj;/x?sf] vf]hL ug]{ .

gLlt lgdf{tfx?nfO{ hnjfo' kl/jt{g;Fu ;DalGwt a9\bf] hf]lvdx? tyf nfutx? ;DaGwL jx;df nufpg] .

Joj;fout hf]lvdx? ;Daf]wg ug{, k|lt:kwf{Tds l:yltdf ;'wf/ ug{, gofF ahf/df k|j]z kfpg, dxTjk"0f{ zLkx? yk ug{ tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf c;/x?sf] hf]lvdx? tyf nfutx?df jfF8kmfF8 ug{ /0fgLlts ;d"xx? lgdf{0f ug]{ .

89]nf], xflgsf/s ls/fx? tyf /f]ux? af/] k|lts[of k|0ffnLx?sf] sfof{Gjogsf] nflu k|f]T;fxgx?nfO{ k|jw{g ug]{ -h:t}M ls;fgx? tyf ;d'bfox?nfO{ ;"rgfsf] ;§fdf cg'bfg ;lxtsf] d"Nodf sfi7hGo OGwg pknAw u/fpg]_ .

gLltx? tyf ahf/x?df cfpg] kl/jt{gx?

hnjfo' kl/jt{g Go"gLs/0fsf nflu ljQLo k|f]T;fxgx? pknAw u/fpg] jgIf]q;Fu ;fGble{s gofF gLltx?, lgodx? tyf ljQLo ;fwgx? af/] hfgsf/ /xg] -h:t}M /]8 Kn;, :jR5 ljsf; ;+oGq, ;+o'Qm sfof{Gjog4 tyf :jo+;]jL sfj{g ahf/_ .

hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] NofPsf df}h'bf tyf gofF cfjZostfx? tyf cj;/x?sf] klxrfg ug]{ -h:t}M sfj{g ahf/, gLltut kl/jt{g tyf gjLg cg'udg tyf k|ltj]bg_ h;n] jgsf] sfo{ ;+rfng tyf ahf/nfO{ k|efljt ug{ ;Sg]5 .

s'g}klg ljQLo k|f]T;fxg of]hgfdf ;+nUg x'gk"j{ jf jg sfj{g laqmL ug'{k"j{ o;df ;+nUgtfsf lgodx? tyf nfut k|efjx?af/] k"0f{ hfgsf/ x'g] -h:t}M jgsfj{gdf :jfldTj clwsf/_ .

:yfgLo tyf /fHo clwsf/Lx?nfO{ h}ljs phf{ j[Iff/f]k0f tyf cem s'zn k|ljlw dfkm{t h}ljs phf{sf] pTkfbg tyf k|of]unfO{ a9fpg ;xof]u -h:t}M k|f]T;fxgx?sf] Joj:yf dfkm{t_ ug{ k|f]T;flxt ug]{ -h:t}M ;'wfl/Psf] r'Nxf]_ .

jftfj/0fLo d}qL lgdf{0f ;fdu|L tyf gljs/0fLo phf{ ;|f]tx?sf] ?kdf lbuf] lsl;dn] pTkfbg ul/Psf sf7 tyf cGo jg k}bfjf/x?sf] a9\bf] k|of]unfO{ k|j4{g ug]{ .

gLlt lgdf{tfx?nfO{ jftfj/0fLo ;]jf e'QmfgL ;DaGwL of]hgfx?sf kmfObfx?af/] ;Nnfx lbg] tyf pgLx?nfO{ o:tf of]hgfx? :yfkgf ug{ k|f]T;flxt ug]{ .

kfl/l:yltsLo ;]jfx?sf pkef]Qmfx? tyf nfeu|fxLx?nfO{ tL kfl/l:yltsLo ;]jfx?sf] e'QmfgL of]hgfx?df ;+nUg u/fpg] tyf :yfgLo of]hgfx?nfO{ k|j4{g ug]{ .

hnjfo' kl/jt{g;Fu cg's"lnt k|hfltx?sf] cg';Gwfg / ljsf;sf nflu nufgL klxrfg ug]{ .

h}ljs ljljwtf ;]jfx?sf] nflu e'QmfgL k|f]T;flxt ug]{ Jofj;flos df]8nx? ;[hgf ug]{ .

4 oL zAbx?sf] JofVofsf nflu zAbfjnL x]g'{xf];\ .







;+:yfut lrGtgx? (Institutional considerations)jg If]qdf hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] ;fdgf ug{sf nflu ;+:yfut ;+/rgfx? tyf Joj:yfdf kl/dfh{g cfjZos kg]{5 . o; cGtu{t kof{Kt /fli6«o gLltx? tyf sfg"gL 9fFrfx?nfO{ kl/eflift ug]{ / /fli6«o Pj+ If]qLo zfzg ;+/rgf leq pQ/bfloTjx? tf]Sg] tyf ;dGjo ug]{ cflb kb{5g\ . gofF gLltx? ;DaGwL ;"rgfx? k|rfl/t ul/Psf] tyf dgg ul/Psf] ;'lglZrt x'g s'g} g s'g} k|s[ofx?sf] cfjZostf kb{5 . o;n] ljz]if u/L e"–kl/lw:t/ Joj:yfkg sfo{x?sf] ;xeflutfd"ns, Plss[t cjwf/0ffx? tyf ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] b[9 ;+nUgtfdf k'g/fj[lQk"0f{ of]hgfth'{df nfO{ ;xlhs/0f ug]{5 . hnjfo' kl/jt{sf ;Defljt k|efjx?sf] clglZrttfx?;Fu sfd ug{sf nflu o; ;DaGwL ;+/rgfx? tyf lg0f{o k|s[ofx? nlrnf] x'g'kb{5 .

kfl/l:yltsLo ;]jfx? e'QmfgL ;DaGwL of]hgfx?sf] ;kmntfsf] nflu cg's"ng of]hgf th'{df, sfof{Gjog, cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgdf kfl/l:yltsLo ;]jfx?sf pkef]Qmfx?sf] k"0f{ ;+nUgtf dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 .

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;+:yfut lrGtgx?M l;kmfl/z ul/Psf cg's"ng sfo{x?hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf k|efj tyf hf]lvdx?


jg Joj:yfksx?sf nflu gofF bfloTjx? tyf cj;/x? ;[hgf ug]{ hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;DaGwL gofF gLltx? tyf /0fgLltx?

;fj{hlgs ;+rf/sf ;|f]tx?, jg clws[tx?, jg pTkfbs tyf Joj;foLx?;Fu k|ToIf ;Dks{ dfkm{t gLltdf x'g] kl/jt{g tyf jg Joj:yfkgdf ltgsf c;/x? ;DaGwdf ;';'lrt /xg] .

gLlt lgdf{tfx?nfO{ hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf k|efjx? tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;DaGwL gLlt x?sf] k|lts[of af/] ;"rgf pknAw u/fpg jg ;Fu7gx?dfkm{t tyf cGo dfWodx?åf/f cfjZos sfo{ ug]]{ .

jg ;Fu7gx?nfO{ ltgLx?sf] hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;DaGwL sfddf ;xof]u ug]{ tyf o; If]qdf ltgLx?sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{ .

;"rgf k|;f/0f, k|ljlwsf] ljsf; tyf gLltut k|ltlglwTjsf nflu ;DalGwt ;/f]sf/jfnfx?;Fu /0fgLlts ;d"xx? jgfpg] .

jg tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;DaGwL cg';Gwfgx?sf glthfx? jg Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL lg0f{ox?df ;dfj]z ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf

jg cg';Gwfg, k|;f/ Ph]lG;x? tyf lzIf0f ;+:yfgx?sf pknAw ;"rgfx? tyf ;]jfx? k|fKt ug]{ . ;fGble{s tyf k|efjsf/L cg';Gwfg, k|rf/ k|;f/ tyf ;+rf/sf nflu oL ;+:yfx?;Fu ;xsfo{ ug]{ .

aS; (;fd'bflos Joj:yfkgaf6 Dofªu'|esf] k'g/fudg -jfk;L_

blIf0fL yfONof08sf] 6«ofË k|fGtdf tLg bzs cufl8, ;d'b|L t6Lo d5'jf/fx?sf] ufpFx?sf ;|f]tx? pgLx?sf] df5f dfg]{ If]qdf cglws[t ?kdf k|j]z u/L Dofªu'|e jg s6fg ug]{ sf]Onf laqmL clwsf/ x:tfGtl/t If]qx?lt/ hfg] df5fdfg]{ 8'+ufx? (trawlers) af6 rf}tkmL{ cfqmd0f x'g yfNof] . ha df5fkg]{ b/ 36\g yfNof] ta lg/f; :yfgLo dflg;x?n] df5fdfg]{] ljgf;sf/L pkfox? ckgfpg yfn] . pgLx?n] trawlers x?df sfd lnO{ ar]sf] Dofªu'|ex? s6fgdf ;+nUg x'g yfn] . of8kmf]g gfd u/]sf] Ps ;fgf] u}/;/sf/L ljsf; ;Fu7gn] ufpFn]x?;Fu ldnL pglx?sf] Dofªu'|esf] jg ;+/If0f ug]{ sfd ug{ yfNof] h;n] ;d'bfosf] u|fx:y k|jGw tyf dT:okfng Joj;fosf] k'g{pTkfbgsf] ;'?jft u¥of] .







pQm 6«ofË k|fGtsf t6Lo ufpFx? s'g} ;do ;DkGg t6Lo dT:okfngsf ;fy} /a/ ;+sng (rubber tapping) tyf kz'kfng h:tf s[ofsnfkx?af6 u'hf/f ub{y] . Dofªu'|e jgx?n] cf}ifwLx?, 3/sf nflu 5fpg] ;fdu|L tyf df5f dfg]{ luo/sf nflu nufotsf cGo cfjZos ;fdu|Lx? pknAw u/fpFbYof] . ;g\ !(^) df # ls=ld= t6Lo If]qsf] l;df pNn+3g ub}{ tyf :yfgLo afl;Gbfx?sf] df5fdfg]{ If]q cltqmd0f ub}{ blIf0fL yfONof08sf t6x?df df5f dfg{sf nflu nflu 7"nf7"nf df5fdfg]{ 8'+ufx? k|of]u x'g yfn] . pgLx?sf df5f dfg]{ luo/ (fishing gear) x?n] tyf ljgf;sf/L tl/sfx?n] lzkL -sf]/n_ x?df Iflt k'–ofP, ;d'b|L tnx?nfO{ v'ls{P tyf gofF ;GtfGgf]klQ ;d]t u/L g;s]sf df5fx?nfO{ ;d]t lgsfNof] .

oxL ;dodf Dofªu'|esf jgx? sf7 s6fg laqmL 7]sfbf/x?nfO{ pknAw u/fpg v'Nnf ul/Psf] lyof] h;n] o; jgnfO{ df;' kf]Ngsf nflu la|s]6 sf]O{nf pTkfbgsf nflu s6fg ug{ yfn] . ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf s6fg ;+sngsf tl/sfx? cjnDjg ul/Pg tyf ;fdfGotof ;Dk"0f{ laqmL clwsf/ If]qx? Ps} k6sdf s6fg ul/of] . o;n] s]jn ufpFn]x?sf] ;fj{hlgssf] ;|f]tx?af6 k|fKt nfex?nfO{ dfq gsf/]g j? pgLx?nfO{ Joxf]g{sf nflu 7"nf] jftfj/0fLo nfutx? 5f8]/ uof] .

;g\ !(*^ df dWo:ystf{sf] ?kdf of8kmf]g, lnd dfvf{d ufpFsf k|ltlglwx?n] k|flGto jg clwsf/Lx?;Fu @#% Ps/ ;d'bfon] Joj:yfkg ug]{ jg tyf ;d'b|L 3fF; ;+/If0f If]q agfpg e]6 u/], o;k|sf/sf] kxn yfONof08df klxnf] lyof] . l;dfx? lrGxx?åf/f :ki6 5'6\ofOP, nu'gx? -;d'b|sf] kfgL jUg] tnfp_ df ;d'b|L 3fF;x? nufOP / Ifltu|:t If]qx?df Dofªu'|esf la?jfx? /f]lkP . ;"rgfsf] cfbfgk|bfg tyf larf/x? ;f6f;f6 ug{ Pp6f cGt/ ufpF ;+hfnsf] hGd eof] .

;fd'bflos Dofªu'|e jgx? of8kmf]gsf] ufpFx?;Fusf sfdx?sf] sf]0fzLnf -clt dxTjk"0f{ efu_ xf] . ToxfF lxhf]cfh lnd dfvf{ddf /x]sf] cg';f/s} !@ b]lv &)) x]S6/ ;Ddsf bzuf]6fhtL ;fd'bflos Dofªu'|e jgx? 5g\ . ;a} jgx? jgsf] jl/k/L /x]sf jf jgdf cf>Lt ufpFx?sf] ;d"xn] Joj:yfkg u/]sf5g\ . ufpFsf k|ltlgwLx? jg Joj:yfkgsf] /]vb]v ug{ ;d'bfosf ;ldtLx?df /xG5g\ . ;a} jgx?df cfˆg} lgodx? eP klg s'g}n] klg jg l;dfleq lem+u]df5fsf] (shrimp) v]tL ug{ cg'dlt lb+b}gg\ . ToxfF Dofªu'|e jgx?sf nflu lem+u]df5fsf v]tLx? (shrimp

farms) xflgsf/s x'G5g\ eGg] cfd ;xdtL 5, hjsL ;/sf/åf/f Jojl:yt jgx? leq y'k|} lem+u]df5fsf kf]v/Lx? 5g\ . s]xL jif{x?sf] cGt/fndf ufpFåf/f Jojl:yt Dofªu'|e jgx?sf] k'g/f]Tkfbg x'g yfNof] / t6Lo dT:okfng Jo'ltPsf] 5 . cufl8b]lvg} ;fd'bflos Dofªu'|e jgx? Joj:yfkg ul//x]sf ufpFx? gofF ;fd'bflos Dofªu'|e jgx? :yfkgf u/]sf tyf :yfkgf ug{ rfxg] ufpFx?nfO{ ;/;Nnfx lbg ;lqmo 5g\ .


Go"gLs/0f sfo{x?sf nflu lgb]{zgfTds k|f?k (Guiding framework for mitigation actions)e"–pkof]u If]qdf hnjfo' kl/jt{g Go"gLs/0f sfo{x? b'O{ j[xQ ju{x?df kb{5g\ M ;|f]taf6} xl/t u[x Uof; pT;h{g 36fpg] -pT;h{g Go"gLs/0f_ tyf ljnogIf]q (sink) af6} xl/t u[x Uof; s6f}tLdf j[l4 ug]{ -jfo'd08naf6 xl/t u[x Uof; s6f}tLdf j[l4_ . jg Joj:yfksx?sf nflu pknAw Go"gLs/0f ljsNkx? rf/ ju{df ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5, tL o; k|sf/ 5g\M ð jg ljgf; Go"g ug]{ tyf jg hf]ufpg] sfd tyf ;+/If0fnfO{ k|j4{g u/L jgn] 9flsPsf] If]q

sfod /fVgÙ] ð jgn] 9fs]sf] If]q a9fpg] -h:t}M k'g/f]k0f tyf j[Iff/f]k0f dfkm{t_Ù ð jg IfoLs/0f x'g glbO{ tyf sfi7 pTkfbg jg Joj:yfkg u/L -h;n] ubf{ lb3{sfndf cf};t sfj{g

df}Hbftx? l:y/ /xG5g\ jf ;doqmd;Fu} a9\b} hfG5g\_ jg :6\of08 :t/ tyf e"–kl/lw:t/df sfj{g 3gTj sfod /fVg] jf j[l4 ugÙ]{

ð s6fg ul/Psf] sfi7 pTkfbgsf] ?kdf cGoq sfj{g df}Hbftx? a9fpg] -h:t}M hLjfjz]if OGwgx?nfO{ sfi7hGo OGwgx?n] lj:yfkg ug]{ tyf l;d]G6, kmnfd, cfNd'lgod tyf Knfli6sx?sf] ;§f sf7n] k'g{:yfkg ug]{_ .

;+/If0fsf nflu -ljz]ifu/L lgs'~h nufot cGo k|sf/sf ;+/lIft If]qsf ?kdf_ tyf jrfj6sf nflu -ljz]ifu/L df6f] tyf hn;|f]t hf]ufpg_ jgIf]qx? 5'6\ofOg] sfd hxfF ?vx? x6fpg k|ltjGw nufOPsf] x'G5nfO{ ta;Dd Go"gLs/0f sfo{sf] ?kdf lng ;ls+b}g ha;Dd o:tf jgIf]qx? pk/f]Qmf cg';f/sf ;+/If0fsf sfo{ gu/]sf eP o;cl3g} km8fgL e};s]sf jf IfoLs/0f e};s]sf x'g] lyP .

j[Iff/f]]k0f u/]/, aLp 5/]/, k|fs[lts k'g/f]TkfbgnfO{ ;xof]u u/]/ tyf k|fs[lts cg'qmd0f (natural

succession) sf] dfWodaf6 jgIf]q a9fpg] sfd ug{ ;lsG5 . j[Iff/f]k0fn] hldg dfly tyf hldg d'lgsf h}ljs lk08x?sf ?kdf /xg] sfj{gsf] e08f/x? a9fpg] sfd ub{5 .

:6\of08:t/sf] jg sfj{g df}Hbft sfod ug]{ tyf j[l4 ug]{ lqmofsnfkx? cGtu{t sfi7 pTkfbg jgdf k|efjL s6fg (impact loging) 36fpg] tyf lbuf] pTkfbg Joj:yfkg ug]{Ù e"–Ifo tyf vf]l/of km8fgL h:tf pRr pT;h{g lqmofsnfkx? Go"g u/L s]xL efu jgn] 9flsPsf] sfod /fVg] tyf d[t sfj{lgs tTjx? tyf df6f]sf] sfj{g e08f/df Iflt Go\'g ug]{ cflb kb{5g\ . s6fg kZrft\ tyf k|fs[lts lj£gjfwfx? kZrft\ k'gMj[Iff/f]k0f sfo{n] k|fs[lts k'g/f]Tkfbgsf] t'ngfdf j[l4nfO{ ult lbg] tyf sfj{g Ifltx? Go"g ug]{5 . ;DalGwt If]qd} cltl/Qm sfj{g /flv/xg'n] s6fgaf6 x'g] /fh:j k|flKtdf l9nfO{ x'g]5 / jg Joj:yfksx?n] o:tf] cjwf/0ffx?sf] ;fjwfgLk"j{s nfe xfgLdf ljrf/ k'¥ofpg' kg]{ x'G5 .

s6fg ePsf sfi7hGo jg k}bfjf/x?sf] k|of]u ug'{ csf]{ Go"gLs/0f sfo{ xf] . sf7 ha ejgx? tyf kmlg{r/x? h:tf lb3{sfn;Dd /xg] pTkfbgdf kl/0ft x'G5, o:tf pTkfbgx?n] bzsf}+;Dd sfj{g e08f/sf] ?kdf sfd ub{5g\ . ;fdfGotof jg Joj:yfksx? phf{ pTkfbg tyf pTkfbg :yfgfkGg -abnfdf /fVg] sfd_ df ;+nUg x'b}gg\ hasL ltgLx?n] gLltut kl/jt{gx? tyf ahf/sf ;+s]tx?nfO{ ;Daf]wg ub{{5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, o'/f]lkog o'lgogdf phf{ pTkfbgsf nflu h}ljs OGwgsf] k|of]u a9fpg] ;DaGwL gLltx?nfO{ To;If]qsf jg Joj:yfksx?n] s;/L pgLx?sf] jgnfO{ Joj:yfkg ub{5g\ eGg] s'/fn] k|efj kfl//x]sf] x'G5 .


jg Joj:yfksx?n] pgLx?sf] Joj:yfkg p2]Zox?, jg /lxt jf Ifltu|:t afFemf] If]qsf] pkl:ylt, e"dLdf kl//x]sf] rfkx? -h:t}M cltqmd0fsf/L tyf 89]nf]af6_, sfg"gx? tyf lgodx? jf cGo e"–pkof]u tyf jg Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL pknAw ljleGg sfo{x?nfO{ k|efjkfg]{ zfzsLo tTjx?sf] k|sfzdf pknAw ljleGg Go"gLs/0f ljsNkx? tyf sfo{x?dfly ljrf/ k¥'ofpg'kg]{ x'G5 .

lgDg s'/fx?sf] kmn:j?k jg Joj:yfksx? hnjfo' kl/jt{g Go"gLs/0f sfo{x? ;+rfng ug{ clek|]l/t x'g ;Sg] 5g\M ð Go"gLs/0f sfo{x?nfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug]{ jf o:tf sfo{x? gckgfpg]nfO{ bl08t ug]{ ;/sf/L gLltx?

tyf sfo{qmdx?Ù ð sfj{g ahf/x? tyf cGo ljQLo k|f]T;fxgx?sf] ;xhtf jf pknAwtfÙ ð jt{dfg tyf eflj k':tfx?sf] jftfj/0fLo ;+j[l4sf] ;/f]sf/ .

hnjfo' kl/jt{g Go"gLs/0fdf of]ubfg ug]{ pTk|]/0ff tyf Ifdtf jg Joj:yfksx?sf] lsl;d, jt{dfg jg Joj:yfkg p2]Zox? tyf Joj:yfkg of]hgfx? nufotsf cGo tTjx? cg';f/ km/s kb{5 -h:t}M ;fj{hlgs jf lghL If]qsf] jg Joj:yfks_ . jg Joj:yfksx?n] Go"gLs/0f sfo{x? ;+rfng ubf{ nfUg] nfutx?nfO{ o;af6 x'g] ljQLo tyf cGo nfex?sf] t'ngfdf dfkg ug'{ kb{5 .

hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] cfly{s Ifltx?sf] hf]lvd a9fpg]5 . cGo s'/fx?;Fu} jg Joj:yfksx?n] ksfpgsf] nflu OGwg k|efjsf/L o:tf] r'Nxf] -of] j+unfb]zsf] h:tf]_ k|jw{g ug{ ;Sb5g\ . s'zn k|ljlwx?sf] k|of]usf cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo nfex? x'g ;Sg]5g\ .

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jg ;DaGwL cfof]hgfx?af6 k|fKtx'g] sfj{g qm]l86x?sf nflu :jo+;]jL ahf/x?sf] Go"gLs/0f nfex?sf ;fy;fy} ;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo nfex? /x]sf cfof]hgfx?nfO{ ;dy{g ug]{] k|j[lQ x'G5 . ;g\ @)!) df /]8 Kn;sf nflu o'=Pg=Pkm=l;=l;=l;=n] k|fKt u/]sf] ;xdltn] ;DalGwt d"n'sx?n] /]8Kn; sfo{qmdx? sfof{Gjogsf nflu ;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo ;'/Iffx?sf] kfngf ug'{kg]{ / tL ;'/Iffx?af/] ;"rgf k|ltj]bg ug'{kb{5 eGg] lglb{i6 u/]sf] 5 .

o'=Pg=Pkm=l;=l;=l;= jf :jo+;]jL ahf/x? cGtu{t hnjfo' kl/jt{g Go"gLs/0fsf pkfox?nfO{ nlIft u/]sf jg Joj:yfksx?n] ;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo ;'/Iffx? (safeguards) tyf ;x–nfex?;Fu ;DalGwt lgodx? tyf dfkb08x? (rules and standards) yfxf kfpg' kb{5 . s]jn sfj{g ahf/x?df tyf /]8Kn; k|f]T;fxg of]hgfx?df kx'Frsf nfludfq xf]Og, j? w]/}h;f] Go"gLs/0f sfo{x?sf] cg's"ng nfex? ;d]t /xg] ePsf] sf/0fn] ;d]t w]/}h;f] cj:yfx?df ;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo nfex? cToflws ug'{ jg Joj:yfksx?sf] lxtdf x'g]5 . jg Joj:yfksx?n] oL s'/fx? dWogh/ ug{ ;Sg] 5g\ tyf cGo lht–lht jf lht–lht–lht k|fKt x'g] jg Joj:yfkg cEof;x? klxrfg ug]{ rfxgf ug{ ;Sg] 5g\ .

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m= P= c

f]=÷gf]on

;]ln;_

lkmlnlkG;sf] bgfcf]df Ps ;3fp ;lxtsf] k|fs[lts k'g/f]k0f cfof]hgfIf]qdf ;xefuLx? emf/ ;kmf u/]/ Ps clUg/]vf c+lst ub}{ . jg Joj:yfksx?n] jg If]q lj:tf/ u/L hnjfo' kl/jt{g Go"gLs/0f ug{ ;xof]u ug{ ;Sg]5g\ .


Go"gLs/0f /0fgLlt tyf ljsNkx? / tt\ ;DaGwL jg Joj:yfkg sfo{x?

Go"gLs/0f /0fgLlt

Go"gLs/0f ljsNkGo"gLs/0f nfe÷sfj{g df k|efj


pT;h{g s6f}lt

jg ljgf; 36fpg]

jg ljgf;af6 sfj{g pT;h{g x'g gkfpg]

jg ljgf;sf sf/0fx?nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ pko'Qm clwsf/Lx? tyf ;/f]sf/jfnfx?;Fu sfd ug]{ -h:t}M s[lifsf nflu x'g] cltqmd0f / k"jf{wf/ ljsf;_ .

jgh+unnfO{ ;+/lIft If]qsf] ?kdf 3f]if0ff ug]{ -cyf{t, b]zsf] ;+/lIft If]q k4ltdf ;dfj]z ug]{_ jf kfl/l:yltsLo ;]jfx? pknAw u/fpg] If]qsf ?kdf tf]Sg] tyf ;f]xL cg'?k Joj:yfkgnfO{ ldnfpg] .

jg IfoLs/0f -jgsfj{g Iflt jf sfj{g zf]if0f ug]{ jgsf] Ifdtfdf x|f; cfpg]_ 36fpg]

df}h'bf jgdf hldgdflysf] h}ljs lk08 tyf cGo sfj{g e08f/x?af6 pT;h{g x'g gkfpg]

jgsf] sfj{g tyf sfj{g zf]if0f :t/nfO{ lbuf] /fVg Go"g k|eflj s6fgsf] cEof; ug]{ -cyf{t, tflnd k|fKt jgsdL{x?åf/f jg Joj:yfksx?sf] ;'kl/j]If0fdf k"0f{ of]hgfj4 s6fg_ .

u}/sfg"gL s6fg tyf u}/sfi7 jgk}bfjf/sf] u}/sfg"gL ;+sng lj?4 sfg"gsf] kfngfsf nflu k|f]T;fxg tyf ;xof]u ug]{ .

lbuf]:t/;Ddsf] bfp/f ;+sngnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{ .

sf7 ;+sng tyf cGo k|of]ux? Go"g u/L jf aGb u/L jgh+unx?df sfj{g df}Hbft j[l4 ug]{ .

cltrl/r/0f -3/kfn'jf tyf jGohGt' b'j}af6_ tyf sfi7 Pj+ u}/sfi7hGo jg k}bfjf/x?sf] clts6fgL x'g glbg] .

jg Joj:yfkg OsfO{ aflx/ 89]nf] cg'udg ;lxt Plss[t 89]nf] Joj:yfkg k4ltx?sf] ljsf; tyf sfof{Gjog ug]{ .

Plss[t /f]uff0f' tyf /f]u Joj:yfkg k4ltx?sf] ljsf; tyf sfof{Gjog ug]{ .

xl/t u[x Uof; s6f}tLdf j9f]Q/L

jg sfj{g df}Hbft j[l4 ug]{

jgsf] If]qkmn lj:tf/ u/L sfj{g df}Hbft a9\g] -cyf{t, e"–kl/lwsf] sfj{g df}Hbft a9\g]_

jgsf] ?kdf jlu{s[t gul/Psf] t/ klxn] jg /x]sf] Ifltu|:t hldgdf j[Iff/f]k0f u/L jf ljp 5g]{ sfd u/L jg :yfkgf ug]{ .


Go"gLs/0f /0fgLlt

Go"gLs/0f ljsNkGo"gLs/0f nfe÷sfj{g df k|efj


jgsf] ?kdf jlu{s/0f ul/Psf] hldgdf j[Iff/f]k0f u/L jf ;3fp ;lxtsf] k|fs[lts k'g/f]Tkfbg (assisted natural regeneration) åf/f Joj:yfkg ul/Psf] jgnfO{ k'g{:yflkt ug]{ jf cGo pkof]ux?df /x]sf hldgx?df k|fs[lts cg'qmd0fåf/f jf ;3fp ;lxtsf] k|fs[lts k'g/f]Tkfbgåf/f jgsf] k|fs[lts lj:tf/nfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{ -o;cl3 s[lifsf] ?kdf k|of]u e}/x]sf] hldgdf jgsf] cg'qmd0f_ .

k|lt x]S6/ jgdf sfj{g 3gTj j[l4 e} sfj{g df}Hbftx? a9\g]

x|f; ePsf] jg k'g{:yfkg ug]{ -j[Iff/f]k0f u/L jf k|fs[lts k'g{:yfkg k|f]T;fxg u/L_ .

sf7 s6fgLsf] kl/qmd0f cjlw (rotation period) a9fpg]

s[lif hUufdf j[Ifn] 9fs]sf] If]q a9fpg] -h:t}M s[lifjg dfkm{t_ .

:yfkGgtf -abnfdf k|of]u_ tyf sfj{g e08f/0f

lhjfjz]if OGwgx? tyf sfj{g a9L ePsf pTkfbgx?sf] :yfgdf jgk}bfjf/x? -h'g sfj{g t6:y x'G5g\_ sf] k|of]u ug'{

jgdf cfwfl/t gljs/0fLo phf{ ;|f]tx?åf/f lhjfjz]if OGwgx?nfO{ k|lt:yfg u/L o;sf] k|Hjngaf6 x'g] xl/t u[x Uof; pT;h{g 6g]{

lhjfjz]if OGwgx?sf] abnfdf k|of]u ug{ h}ljs phf{sf] lbuf]?kdf pTkfbg ug]{ -h:t}M s[lifsf] b[li6sf]0fn] sd;n jf x|f;ePsf] hldgdf phf{ j[Iff/f]k0f_ .

OGwg vkt sd ug]{ k|ljlwx?sf] k|of]unfO{ a9fjf lbg] -h:t}M ;'wfl/Psf] r'Nxf]_ .

l:6n, l;d]G6, cNd'lgod, Knfli6sx? tyf cGo ;fdflu|x?nfO{ sfi7hGo pTkfbgx?åf/f :yfgfkGg ug]{, h;sf] pTkfbg, k|zf]wg / 9'jfgdf sfj{g kblrGx guGo /xG5 .

sfj{g e08f/0f a9fpg l6sfp -lb3{hLjL_ jghGo pTkfbgx?sf] lgdf{0fdf ;xof]u ug]{ -h:t}M kmlg{r/ tyf lgdf{0f ;fdfu|Lx?_ .







jgdf ul/g] Go"gLs/0f sfo{x?sf] cg's"ng, cfly{s–;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo nfex?jgdf ul/g] Go"gLs/0f sfo{

cg's"ng nfex? cfly{s–;fdflhs nfex? jftfj/0fLo nfex?

jgh+unnfO{ ;+/lIft If]qsf] ?kdf 3f]lift ug]{ -b]zsf] ;+/lIft If]q k4ltdf ;dflji6_ jf ;+/If0f ;'ljwf (easement) sf] ?kdf /fVg]

lb3{sflng cg's"ngsf nflu k|hflto tyf j+zfg'ut ;fdfu|Lx?sf] pknAwtf tyf o:tf If]qx? cfkt\sflng ;dodf ;'/Iff sjrsf] ?kdf k|of]usf nflu lbOg] cg'dlt .

ljz]ifu/L :yfgLo ;d'bfox?sf nflu jgk}bfjf/x?, dgf]/~hgsf cj;/x? cflbsf] pknAwtf .

h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0fÙ jgsf] sfo{k|0ffnLx? tyf kfl/l:yltsLo ;]jfx?sf] ;Def/

df6f] kfgL hf]ufpg ;+/lIft If]qsf] ?kdf jgh+unnfO{ 3f]lift ug]{

hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf sf/0f e"–:vngdf j[l4sf] nflu clt;+j]bgzLn /x]sf Hofb} le/fnfx? tyf cGo If]qx?sf] ;'/Iff x'g] .

:jR5 tyf a9L e/kbf]{ kfgLsf] cfk"lt{Ù :jR5 jfo' .

e"–:vng hf]lvd 36\g] tyf kfgL cfk"lt{ tyf kfgLsf] u'0f:t/ ;'wfl/Psf] x'g]

a9\bf] tfkqmd tyf cfFlwa]/Laf6 x'g] e"–:vng k|lt hn kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLx?sf] clt;Dj]bgzLntf 36fpg gbL t6Lo nDjfO{sf jg:kltx? ;'/lIft x'g] .

:yfgLo dflg;x?sf nflu df5f tyf cGo hn–pTkfbgx? ;+sngsf cj;/x? sfod /xg] .

hn k|hfltx?sf nflu ;'wfl/Psf] jfz:yfg

jGohGt' Joj:yfkg k|4tLx?df ;3gtf

hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf nflu cTolws clt;+j]bgzLn kfl/Psf If]qx?df IfoLs/0f x'g glbg] .

jg k}bfjf/ tyf jg kfl/l:yltsLo ;]jfx?sf] pTkfbg sfod /xg] .

jg:klt tyf jGohGt' k|hfltx?sf] Iflt 6g]{

j[Iff/f]k0f tyf k'gM /f]k0f

hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] clt ;+j]bglzntf Go"g ug{ :yfgLo k|hfltx? tyf jt{dfg Pj+ eflj :yfg cj:yfx?df k'0f{ cg's"lnt x'g;Sg] ljleGg ef}uf]lns If]qsf k|hfltx?sf] k|of]u x'g] .

:yfgLo dflg;x?sf] hLljsf]kfh{gdf 6]jf k'¥ofpg ;Sg] ljleGg k}bfjf/x?sf] pTkfbg x'g] -olb s6fg cg'dlt lbOg] eP_ .

ax' k|hfltx? -Psn v]tLsf] ;§f_ :yflkt e}, :yfgLo jGohGt'x?nfO{ kmfObf k'¥ofpg] k|hfltx?sf] k|of]ue} tyf jGohGt' dfu{x? ;[hgf e} h}ljs ljljwtfdf j[l4 x'g]

jgsf] k|fs[lts lj:tf/ k|f]T;fxg ug]{ tyf jgh+un k'g{:yfkg ug]{

cg's"ngsf nflu dxTjk"0f{ kfl/l:yltsLo sfo{k|0ffnL k'g{:yflkt x'g] .

k'g{:yfkg cfof]hgfx?df /f]huf/L pknAw x'g], ljleGg jghGo k}bfjf/x?sf] pTkfbg -obL s6fg cg'dlt lbOg] eP_ tyf jg kfl/l:yltsLo ;]jfx?df ;'wf/ x'g] .

h}ljs ljljwtf k|jw{g x'g]


;+o'Qm u0ftGq tfGhlgofsf] ;f]lsg s[lif ljZjljBfnodf /fli6«o jg ;j]{If0fsf] Ps efusf] ?kdf df6f]sf] gd"gfx?df /x]sf] sfj{gsf] dfqf dfkg ub}{ Ps k|of]uzfnf k|fljlws . Ps k6s cg'udgsf] cfjZostf klxrfg e};s]kl5 s] cg'udg ug]{ eGg] k|ZgnfO{ ;Daf]wg ul/g'kb{5 .

-kmf]6

f] ;f}hGoM Pk

m= P= c

f]=÷l;df]g

d}gf_

jg Joj:yfksx?n] cfgf cg's"ng tyf Go"gLs/0f sfo{x?nfO{ lgb]{lzt ug{ cltl/Qm cg'udg ug'{kg]{ x'g ;Sb5 . df}h'bf cg'udg k|0ffnLx?df kl/jt{g cfjZos kg{ ;Sg]5 h'g lgDg s'/fx?df lge{/ ub{5 . s] ;/sf/ /fli6«o cg's"ng tyf Go"gLs/0f sfo{qmdx?nfO{ ;"lrt ug{ tyf o'=Pg=Pkm=l;=l;=l;= df k|ltj]bg ug{ cltl/Qm ;"rgfx? cg'/f]w ub5{Ù Joj:yfksx?n] sfof{Gjogsf nflu 5gf}6 u/]sf cg's"ng tyf Go"gLs/0f sfo{x? / s] jg Joj:yfksx?sf] df}h'bf cg'udg k|0ffnL ;"rgfsf gofF cfjZostfx? cfk"lt{ ug{ kof{Kt 5 < hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] c;/x? tyf Joj:yfkg k|lts[ofx?sf] k|efsfl/tf b'j}sf] cg'udg sfo{, cg's"lnt Joj:yfkg pkfudsf] d'Vo efu xf] -o;sf] cy{, cnu cnu Joj:yfkg of]hgfx?;Fu k|of]u ub}{ cg'ejaf6 l;sfO{ k|fKt ug]{_ . hnjfo' kl/jt{g Go"gLs/0f lqmofsnfkx?df ;+nUg /xg]x? h;sf nflu Go"gLs/0f nfex?sf] n]vfhf]vf, :jLsfo{tf tyf k|ltj]bg cfjZos kb{5, pgLx?n] jg sfj{gdf kl/jt{g tyf w]/} cj:yfx?df tL lqmofsnfkx?sf] ;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo k|efjx? ;d]t cg'udg ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . cg'udg lqmofsnfkx?sf o:tf cltl/Qm cfjZostfx? df}h'bf cfwf/ tYofÍx?, k/LIf0f cfwf/ tyf ;"rs k|s[ofx? tyf jg k|dfl0fs/0f of]hgfx?nfO{ dfq cg'udgsf] vfsfsf] ?kdf k|of]u ug{ ;Ifd /x]sf jg Joj:yfksx?sf nflu Pp6f pNn]Vo emGem6 jGg ;Sg]5 .

hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;DaGwL jg Joj:yfksx?n] k|of]u ug]{ tl/sfx? jg ;Dkbfx?sf] hf]lvd tyf clt;+j]bglzntf, ljQLo tyf k|fljlws ;|f]tx?sf] pknAwtf / ;+rfngsf] :yfg -If]q_ :t/df e/ kg]{5 . 7"nf] cf}Bf]lus jg Joj:yfksx?n] :yfoL gd"gf Kn6x? / ;fob b'/;+j]bg Ifdtf ;lxtsf] a9L hl6n ;e]{If0f u0fgf k4ltx? c+ufNg rfxg] x'G5g\ . t'ngfTds ?kdf ;fgf jg Joj:yfkg OsfO{x?sf Joj:yfksx?n] tyf ;fd'bflos jgsf Joj:yfksx?n] lkmN8 ;e]{If0f b]lv Jojl:yt cjnf]sg tyf ;"rgfx?sf cln cgf}krfl/s ;+sng k4ltx? c+ufNg] 5g\ . cfjZos cg'udgsf] :t/nfO{ hqf] ePklg jg Joj:yfksx?n] ;xeflutfd"ns pkfudx?sf] k|of]u ub}{ :yfgLo dflg;x? tyf k/Dk/fut tl/sfx?nfO{ ;+nUg ug'{kb{5 . :yfgLo ;d'bfox? pko'Qm tflnd k|fKt ul/g;s]sf tyf km/skm/s :t/sf] zLk, ljz]if1tf, ;fdflhs e"ldsf tyf ?rLx? ePsf x'g;Sg] 5g\ .

Ps k6s cg'udgsf] cfjZostf klxrfg e};s]kl5 s] cg'udg ug]{ eGg] k|ZgnfO{ ;Daf]wg ul/g'kb{5 . cg's"ng k|of]hgsf nflu ul/g] cg'udgsf nflu hnjfo' k|]l/t c;/x?sf] k/LIf0f cfwf/x? ;DaGwL tYofÍx?sf] ;+sng cfjZos kg]{5 -h:t}M jgsf] pTkfbsTj, jgsf] :jf:yl:ylt tyf jgsf /f]uf0f' ;DaGwL kf7 $ x]g'{xf];_ . logLx? dWo] w]/}h;f] tYofÍx? ;fdfGotyf Pp6f :t/Lo jg;|f]t ;e]{If0f k4ltx?åf/f ;+slnt x'g] 5g\ . h}ljs ljljwtfsf] cg'udgsf nflu hnjfo' kl/jt{gdf clt ;+j]bgzLn x'g] cg'dfg ul/Psf tyf ;lhn} ;e]{If0f ug{ ;lsg] k|hfltx? cfbz{ dflgG5g\ . b[i6fGtsf] ?kdf o:tf k|hfltx? ljz]if ;/f]sf/sf k|hfltx? ;d]t x'g] 5g\ .

%

cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg


hn cg'udgsf nflu ;'Vvf df};dsf] axfjx? tyf Go"g axfjsf] ;dox?df kfgLdf em'lG8Psf lyu|gx? pko'Qm ;"rsx? x'g ;Sg] 5g\ . ;fy} vf]nfx?df kfOg] d]?b08ljlxg 7'nf hGt'x?n] kfl/l:yltsLo cIf'0ftfsf nflu /fd|f] ;"rssf] sfd ug{ ;Sg] 5g\ .

89]nf]af6 x'g;Sg] xfgLsf nflu jgdf df}h'bf 89]nf]–OGwgsf] dfqf tyf To;df /x]sf] kfgLsf] dfqfsf] cg'udg k/LIf0fsf] klxnf] r/0f x'g\ .

clt;+j]bglzntf tyf cg's"ng pkfox?sf nfex?;Fu ;DalGwt tTjx? k|rlnt :t/sf] jg;|f]t ;e]{If0fx?df ;dfj]z gx'g ;S5 . o:tf ;"rgfx? pknAw u/fpg cfjZos kg]{ jg Joj:yfksx?n] cfˆg} k4ltx?af6 cyjf ;"rgfsf cGo ;|f]tx?af6 cg'udg ug{ ;lsg] ;fdflhs ;"rsx? ljsf; ug'{kg]{ x'G5 -h:t}M ;/sf/n] /fv]sf hgu0fgf tYofÍ jf u|fld0f ljsf; tYofÍ cfwf/x?_ .

;o'Qm u0ftGq tfGhlgofsf] df];Lsf] /f]Djf] lhNnfsf] d]UgL lstf;fdf Ps jg /]Gh/ df6f]sf] gd"gf ;+sng ub}{ . hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] kl/k|]Ifdf jg Joj:yfksx?n] cfgf cg's"ng tyf Go"gLs/0f sfo{x?nfO{ lgb]{lzt ug{ cltl/Qm ?kdf cg'udg ug'{kg]{ x'g ;Sb5 .

-kmf]6

f] ;f}hGoM Pk

m= P= c

f]=÷l;df]g

d}gf_

63cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg

hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] k|lts[of :j?k jg cg'udgcg'udg sfo{ ljsNkx?

s] cg'udg ug]{ < hnjfo' kl/jt{gzLntf tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{g .

ljz]ifu/L ;a}eGbf a9L clt;+j]bgzLn jgx? tyf dflg;x?df k/]sf] hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] ;a}eGbf pNn]Vo c;/x? .

hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] k|ltlqmof :j?k cjnDjg ul/Psf pkfox?sf] k|efjx? . ;a}eGbf a9L ;fGble{saf6 z'? u/L ;+rflnt sfo{x?nfO{ k|fyldsLs/0f ug]{ .

;DalGwt If]qdf -:yfgLo_ hf/L ;fGble{s cg';Gwfgx? tyf c;/x?nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ cfjZos dfgjLo -1fg tyf zLk_ tyf ljQLo ;|f]tx?sf] cfjZostf ;DaGwL tYofÍx? .

cg';Gwfgsf glthfx?, pQd cEof;x? tyf l;sfO{x?sf] k|;f/ .

gLltut pkfox?sf] ljsf;, kl/dfh{g tyf sfof{Gjog .

s;/L cg'udg ug]{ <

kl/jt{gx?nfO{ clen]lvt ug{ cfwf//]vf tyf ;"rsx? :yfkgf ug]{ .

;+efljt sf/0fx? ;lxt kl/jt{gx?sf] clen]v /fVg] .

cg'udg ul/g] jgsf] l;dfx?nfO{ kl/eflift ug]{ .

df}h'bf ;e]{If0f tyf cGo cg'udg k4ltx?df cltl/Qm cg'udgsf cfjZostfx?nfO{ Plss[t ug]{ .

slxn] cg'udg ug]{ <

cg'udgsf nflu lglZrt ;do/]vfx? :yflkt ug]{ -h:t}M @ jf # jif{_ . lgDg cj:yfx?df logLx?df kl/dfh{g ug{ ;lsG5 Mð ha hnjfo'df :ki6 kl/jt{gx? b]vfkb{5g\ jf ha Pp6f gLltdf kl/jt{g x'G5,ð olb b|'t ultdf kl/jt{gx? b]vfkb{5g\ / c;/x? pNn]Vo x'G5g\ olb ;DalGwt jgIf]q sfj{g ahf/ cfof]hgf cGtu{t /x]sf] 5 eg] k|To]s % jif{df sfj{g cg'udg cfjZos kg]{5 .

s;n] cg'udg ug]{ <

hnjfo'df kl/jt{gx?M cg';Gwfgstf{x?Ù jg clws[tx?Ù jg ;DaGwL lgsfox?Ù jg Joj:yfksx?Ù ;d'bfox?Ù :yfgLo u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx?Ù df};d tyf hnjfo' cWoog ljefu -:yfgLo, If]qLo tyf /fli6«o_Ù s[lif tyf k|;f/ clws[tÙ s[lif ;DaGwL ;Fu7gx? -h:t}M jfnL tyf kz'wg / hn;|f]t_Ù jGohGt' Joj:yfkg clwsf/Lx?Ù :yfgLo tyf /fHo :t/Lo clwsf/Lx?

hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf dxTjk"0f{ c;/x?M cg';Gwfgstf{x?Ù lhNnf jg clws[tx?Ù jg ;DaGwL lgsfox?Ù jg Joj:yfksx?Ù ;d'bfox?Ù :yfgLo u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx?Ù df};d tyf hnjfo' cWoog ljefu -:yfgLo, If]qLo tyf /fli6«o_Ù s[lif tyf k|;f/ clws[tÙ s[lif ;DaGwL ;Fu7gx? -h:t}M jfnL tyf kz'wg / hn;|f]t_Ù jGohGt' Joj:yfkg clwsf/Lx?Ù :yfgLo tyf /fHo :t/Lo clwsf/Lx?

cjnDjg ul/Psf pkfox?sf] k|efjM cg';Gwfgstf{x?Ù lhNnf jg clws[tx?Ù jg ;DaGwL lgsfox?Ù jg Joj:yfksx?Ù ;d'bfox?Ù :yfgLo u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx?Ù s[lif tyf k|;f/ clws[tÙ s[lif ;DaGwL ;Fu7gx? -h:t}M jfnL tyf kz'wg / hn;|f]t_Ù jGohGt' Joj:yfkg clwsf/Lx?Ù :yfgLo tyf /fHo :t/Lo clwsf/Lx?

tfhf cg';Gwfgx?M cg';Gwfgstf{x?

gLltut k|f?kM cg';Gwfgstf{x?Ù lhNnf jg clws[tx?Ù jg ;DaGwL lgsfox?Ù jg Joj:yfksx?Ù ;d'bfox?Ù :yfgLo u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx?

cg'udgsf] nfut cfwf/e"t df};dL cg'udgsf nflu ;/sf/n] nufgL ug'{k5{ . cGo nfutx? jgsf wgLx?, jg Joj:yfksx? tyf ;DalGwt If]qsf cGo ;/f]sf/jfnfx? aLr ljt/0f ug{ ;lsG5 .

nfut k|efjsfl/tfsf nflu ljleGg cg'udg pkfox?sf] d"NofÍg ug]{ .


jg Joj:yfksx? h;nfO{ Go"gLs/0f sfo{x?sf] k|ltj]bg ug'{kg]{ cfjZos x'G5 jf hf] sfj{g ahf/x? -h:t}M :jR5 ljsf; ;+oGq tyf /]8Kn; cGt/utsf cfof]hgfx?_ df kxF'rsf nflu k|oTg/t x'G5g\ pgLx?nfO{ jg sfj{g cg'udg ug{ cfjZos kg]{ x'G5 . vf;u/L o:tf jg Joj:yfksx?df pgLx?sf] Joj:yfkgaf6 x'g] cltl/Qm sfj{g nfex? :ki6 k|bz{g ug{sf nflu cg'udg, ;Tofkg tyf k|ltj]bgsf] bfloTj /xg] x'G5 . pgLx?sf tL sfo{n] cfgf] Joj:yfkg If]qx?sf] l;df aflx/ sfj{g pT;h{g lqmofsnfkx? pTkGg x'b}gg\ -r'xfj6_ tyf cfof]hgf If]qdf x'g] sfj{g df}Hbftsf] s'g} klg Iflt -h:t}M sf7 s6fg tyf jg 89]nf]af6_ kl/k"lt{ x'g]5 -:yfloTj_ eGg] s'/fsf] ;d]t k|df0f pknAw u/fpg'kg]{ x'G5 . sfj{g ahf/df kx'FrnfO{ xl/t u[x Uof;x?sf] pT;h{g 36fpg] lqmofsnfkx?af6 ;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo nfex?sf] pknAwtf k|dfl0ft u/L ;'wf/ ug{ ;lsG5 hnjfo', ;d'bfo tyf h}ljs ljljwtf ;d"x5n] o; k|of]hgsf nflt dfkb08 ljsf; u/]sf]5 . Go"gLs/0f cfof]hgfx?af6 ;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo nfex? k|blz{t ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf tyf o:tf cfof]hgfx?sf] gsf/fTds k|efjx? xF'b}gg\ eGg] s'/fdf ljZjf; lbnfpg clwstd cltl/Qm cg'udgsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, h}ljs ljljwtfdf c;/sf] ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ lglZrt k|hfltx? jf hg;+Vofx?sf] cg'udg ul/g' cfjZos kg]{ x'g;Sb5 .

Joj:yfksx?n] ;dtf, k|efjsfl/tf, tyf s'zntf -cyf{t, nfe–nfut ljZn]if0f h;df nfut hf]lvd tyf nfex?sf] ljt/0f ;dfj]z x'G5g\_ h:tf ;fdflhs tTjx?df tyf cflbjf;L hghflt, jgdf /xg] ;d'bfox? tyf dlxnfx? h:tf clt ;+j]bgzLn ;d"xx?df kg]{ k|efjx? ;d]t cg'udg ug'{kg]{ x'g;Sb5 .

hnjfo' kl/jt{g Go"gLs/0fsf nflu sfof{Gjog ul/g] Joj:yfkg sfo{x?sf clglR5t kl/0ffdx? ;DaGwdf a9\bf] rf;f]sf] cy{ Joj:yfksx? ;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo lgwf{/0f k|s[ofx? (parameters) sf] cg'udg ug{ cfˆgf] sfo{k|lt rgfvf] x'g'kb{5 eGg] xf] . pgLx?n] hnjfo' kl/jt{g gLlt tyf sfg"gx?sf] ljsf;sf] nflu ;d]t lgu/fgL ug'{kg]{ xG5 h;n] Joj:yfkg tyf pgLx?n] ;/sf/nfO{ ug]{ k|ltj]bgnfO{ k|efljt ug]{ 5g\ . jg Joj:yfksx? hf/L cg';Gwfgx? jf/] ;d]t cBfjlws /xg'kg]{ x'G5 .

cg'udg ljz]if1tf k|foh;f] :yfgLo ?kd} pknAw x'G5g\ -h:t}M ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t Joj:yfkg_ . w]/}h;f] cj:yfx?df, :yfgLo ljz]if1tf ;dfj]z ug{ ;lsg] / cGo ;+:yfx? -h:t}M :yfgLo tyf If]qLo ;/sf/x? tyf ;+:yfx?_af6 ;xof]u x'g ;Sg] df}lns Joj:yfx? ug'{kg]{ x'g;S5 . s]xL cj:yfx?df -h:t}M Go"gLs/0f cfof]hgfx?sf nflu jg sfj{g cg'udgsf nflu_ cg'udgsf s'g} kIfx?sf] nflu aflx/L hgzlQmsf] Joj:yf ul/g'kg]{ x'G5 -h:t}M ljz]if k|of]uzfnfx? ;lxtsf ;+3;+:yfx? jf :gfts tyf ;f]eGbf dflysf cg';Gwfgstf{x? ;lxtsf z}lIfs ;+:yfx?_ . hxfF ;+ej x'G5 hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf ;Defljt r'gf}tLx?;Fu ;fdgf ug{ cfjZos kg]{ cg'udgsf] zlQmnfO{ a9fpg tyf ;|f]t Joj:yfkgsf nflu cfjZos d~r -ynf]_ pknAw u/fpg z}lIfs, cEof;stf{ tyf ;|f]t k|of]ustf{ ;d'bfox?sf lj1sf] 1fgx? ;+of]hg ug'{kg]{ x'g ;Sb5 . cg'udg h;af6 e}/x]sf] eP klg Joj:yfksx?n] o;n] jf:tljs cfjZostfx?nfO{ kl/k'lt{ ub{5 tyf of] nfe k|efjL 5 eGg] s'/fdf ;'lglZrt x'g ;ldkdf /x]/ ;fd]n x'g cfjZos kb{5 . ;a} cj:yfx?df ;DalGwt If]qsf cGo jg Joj:yfksx? nufot cGo ;+3 ;+:yfx?;Fusf] ;dGjosf] pNn]Vo pknAwLx? /xG5g\ .

5 www.climate-standards.org

65cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg

cg'udg h:t} hnjfo' kl/jt{g;Fu ;DalGwt Joj:yfkgx?sf] csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ k|ltkmn, s:tf k|s[ofx?åf/f pknlJwx? xfl;n -k|fKt_ e}/x]sf 5g\ tyf ljleGg kl/j]z -jgk|sf/x?, jgsf] :jldTj tyf qf;sf k|sf/x?_ x?df ltgLx? s;/L km/s kb{5g\ eGg]] s'/fsf]] cfBf]kfGt -z'?b]lv cGt;Ddsf]_ k/LIf0f xf] . k|efj d"NofÍgn] cfkm' lhDd]jf/ /x]sf] jgsf r'gf}tLx? tyf clt;+j]bglzntfx? a9fpg] tTjx? a'‰g] tyf k|lts[of ug]{ jg Joj:yfksx?sf] Ifdtfx?nfO{ w]/} a9fpg]5 .

;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfsf] kmf]6{ sf]lnG; glhs} lhK;L eGg] dy -lg;fr/ k'tnL_ sf] pkl:ylt cg'udg ug{ kf;f] -w/fk_ yfKb} nfOdflG6«of l8:k/ gfd u/]sL Ps ls6 ljz]if1 . hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] c;/x? tyf Joj:yfkg k|lts[ofx?sf] k|efjsfl/tf b'j}sf] cg'udg cg's"lnt Joj:yfkg pkfudsf] d'Vo efu xf] .

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lgsf/fu'cfdf ?v dfkg ub{} Ps jg clws[t . jgsf] k|efjsf/L cg'udg tyf k|ltj]bg k|0ffnL hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf nflu jgdf cfwfl/t k|lts[ofsf] d'Vo kIf xf] .

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jgn] j[xt bfo/fdf ;fdfu|L tyf kfl/l:yltsLo ;]jfx? pknAw u/fpFb5 h'g dfgjdfqsf] ;DkGgtf, vfB ;'/Iff, ul/jL Go"gLs/0f tyf hLljsf]kfh{gsf nflu dxTjk"0f{ x'G5g\ . hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] jg ljgf;, jg IfoLs/0f tyf hg;+Vofsf] rfk;Fu ;+o'Qm?kdf o:tf ;fdfu|L tyf ;]jfx?sf] lg/Gt/ pknAwtfdf vt/f k}bf ub{5 . jg kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLx?df hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf c;/x?sf] dfqf tyf ;do l;dfdf clglZrttf /x]sf] ePtf klg kxnsf] z'?jft ug{sf nflu ca k|z:t j}1flgs ;"rgf pknAw 5 . ð hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] jgsf k|sf/x?sf], j[If k|hfltx?sf], jgsf] pTkfbglzntf, :yn tyf df6f]sf]

cj:yf, jgsf] ;+/rgfx?sf] ljt/0fdf k|efj kfg]{5 tyf jg 89]nf], ldrfxf k|hfltx?, ls/fx?, /f]ux?, af9Lx?, v8]/Lx?, r/d tfkqmdx?, klx/f] tyf cfwLa]/Lsf] rk]6f h:tf lj£gjfwfsf k|f?kx?sf] 36gf, s7f]/tf tyf c;/x?df kl/jt{g NofpFb5 .

ð To;sf/0f hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] jg Joj:yfksx?nfO{ d'Vo tyf ;DejtM 6fg{ g;lsg] r'gf}tLx? lbG5 . Joj:yfkg of]hgfx? tyf Joj:yfkg cEof;x?df ;'wf/ NofO{ jg Joj:yfksx?n] ;fob hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] b/nfO{ ;':t ug{, ;dfhnfO{ hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ngdf ;xof]u ug{, jgsf cGo w]/} dxTjx?nfO{ sfod ug{ tyf o:tf jgx?n] ltgLx?sf] ljljw ;fdfu|L tyf kfl/l:yltsLo ;]jfx? lg/Gt/ ?kdf pknAw u/fpg] 5g\ .

ð jg cg's"ng ;'lglZrt ug]{ pkfox? ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo cfjZostfx? kl/k'lt{ ug{ :yflkt lbuf] jg Joj:yfkg cEof;x?;Fu d]n vfg] tyf cS;/ ;dfg x'G5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, ;+/rgfut tyf jgfj6 ljljwtf sfod /fVg'n] hnjfo' kl/jt{g;Fu ;DalGwt ;d]t j[xt bfo/fsf h}ljs tyf ch}ljs r'gf}tLx?sf] ;Gbe{df dxTj /fVb5 .

ð lbuf] jg Joj:yfkg cEof;x?n] jgsf ;fdfu|Lx?, kfl/l:yltsLo tyf ;f+:s[lts ;]jfx?sf] pknAwtf ;d]t ax'–nfex? pTkfbg u/L hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf nflu tyf jgdf cfl>t ;d'bfox?sf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo clt;+j]bglzntf 36fpg ;xof]u ug]{5 .

ð hnjfo' kl/jt{g Go"gLs/0f sfo{qmdx? k|s6 e}/x]sf 5g\ h;n] jg ljgf; tyf jgsf] IfoLs/0faf6 x'g] xl/t u[x Uof; pT;h{gx? 36fpg] tyf jgsf] sfj{g df}Hbft a9fpg] sfo{x?sf] nfutx? k'lt{ ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] 5g\ .

ð jg Joj:yfksx?n] k|fljlws Ifdtfsf] pknAwtf tyf ;xof]uL gLltut jftfj/0f ePdf hnjfo' kl/jt{g Go"gLs/0f tyf cg's"ng ljsNkx?sf] nfut k|efjsfl/tfsf] k/LIf0f ug'{kg]{ x'G5 tyf ;a}eGbf ;DefJo ljsNkx? klxrfg ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 .

^

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ð jgsf] k|efjsf/L cg'udg tyf k|ltj]bg k|0ffnLx? hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf nflu jgdf cfwfl/t k|To'Q/ -k|lts[of_ x?sf] dxTjk"0f{ kIfx? x'g\ . o:tf k|0ffnLx?n] r/d 36gfx? tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf k|efjx?sf] k"j{–;ts{tf Pj+ Joj:yfkg k|lts[ofsf] k|efjsfl/tf ;DaGwL pkof]uL ;"rgf pknAw u/fpg]5 .

ð jgsf] cg'udg / hnjfo' kl/jt{gaf6 clt;+j]bglzntfdf kg]{ ;DefJo k|efjx? ;DaGwL df}h'bf 1fgx? tyf hf]lvd k/LIf0fx?sf] ;+of]hg hnjfo' kl/jt{g /0fgLltx?sf] ljsf;df dxTjk"0f{ r/0f xf] .

ð cg'udgsf nflu ;DejtM cltl/Qm k|fljlws tyf dfgjLo ;|f]tx? cfjZos kg]{5 .

hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf nflu ljlzi7 -vf;_ /0fgLltx? tyf sfo{x? cjl:ylt, jgsf] pTkfbglzntf, :yfgLo Joj:yfkg p2]Zox? tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf ;Defljt k|efjx?sf] xb tyf rl/q -k|s[tL_ cg';f/ km/s kg]{ 5g\ . Joj:yfksx?n] hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf r'gf}tLx? tyf cj;/x?nfO{ ltgLx?sf] pTkQL;Fu} j'‰g] cfˆgf] kxnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg' cfjZos x'G5 .

cg's"ng (Adaptation) jf:tljs tyf cg'dflgt hnjfo'jLo k|]/0ffx? (climatic stimuli) tyf ltgsf] c;/x?sf] k|To'Q/df k|fs[lts tyf dfgjLo k|0ffnLx?df ul/g]] jGbf]j:t -tfnd]n_ h;n] xfgLgf]S;fgLx?nfO{ sdug]{ tyf nfebfos cj;/x?sf] ;b'kof]u ug]{5 . 5f]6s/Ldf, cg's"ngn] hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf hf]lvd tyf k|efjx?nfO{ ;Daf]wg ub{5 .

cg's"ng x'g] Ifdtf (Adaptive capacity) k|0ffnLx?sf] hnjfo' kl/jt{g -hnjfo' kl/jt{gzLntf tyf r/dtf ;d]t_ ;Fu ldNg], ;Defljt IfltnfO{ sd ug]{, cj;/x?af6 kmfObf lng;Sg] tyf glthfx?;Fu ;fdgf ug{;Sg] Ifdtf .

cg's"lnt Joj:yfkg (Adaptive management)

o:tf] k|lqmof h;af6 cg';Gwfg tyf l;sfOnfO{ lg/Gt/ ?kdf Joj:yfkg of]hgf th'{df tyf cEofzx?df ;dfj]z ul/G5 . cg's"lnt x'g / l;sfOsf nflu ljz]ifu/L dfGotfx?sf] Jojl:yt k/LIf0fx?;Fu 9fFrf, Joj:yfkg, tyf cg'udg k4ltsf] Plss/0f ug'{ .

-clt_ ;+j]bglzntf (Vulnerability) hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] k|lts"n k|efj tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{gzLntf / r/d 36gfx? ;d]t k|lt Pp6f k|0ffnLsf] ;+j]bglzntfsf] dfqf . clt;+j]bglzntf hnjfo' kl/jt{gzLntfsf] rl/q, kl/df0f tyf b/ / o;df /x]sf] k|0ffnLsf] ;+j]bglzntf / cg's"ng Ifdtfdf lge{/ /xG5 .

-clt_ ;+j]bglzntf k/LIf0f (Vulnerability assessment)

tLg d'Vo nIo /fvL ul/g] k/LIf0fM hnjfo' kl/jt{g tyf ;d'b|L ;tx j[l4af6 k|]l/t efjL hf]lvdx?sf] dfqf klxrfg ug{Ù Pp6f b]zleq d'Vo clt;+j]bgzLn If]qx? tyf :yfgx? klxrfg ug{Ù / cg's"ng /0fgLltx?sf] vfsf tof/ ug{ tyf ltgsf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu Pp6f jlnof] cfwf/ pknAw u/fpg .

cw{ k|fs[lts jg (Semi-natural forest) j[Iff/f]k0f u/L, aLp 5/L jf ;3fp ;lxtsf] k|fs[lts k'g/f]Tkfbgåf/f :yflkt jg jf cGo /}yfg] k|hfltx? ePsf] hldg .

cfqmfds -ldrfxf_ k|hfltx? (Invasive species)

s'g} lglZrt kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLsf] nflu ck|fs[lts -c:yfgLo_ k|hfltx? h;sf] k|j]z tyf lj:tf/n] o:tf kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLx?df ;fdflhs–;fF:s[lts, cfly{s tyf jftfj/0fLo b'ikl/0ffdx? lgDTofpg] 5 jf dfgj :jf:ydf gsf/fTds k|efj kfg]{5 .

pTkfbg jg (Production forest) d'Vo?kdf sf7, kmfOj/, h}ljs phf{ tyf÷jf u}/sfi7hGo jgk}bfjf/ pTkfbgsf nflu 5'6\ofOPsf] jg .

6 of] zAbfjnL kf7sx?nfO{ of] lgb]{lzsf k|of]u ug{ ;xof]u ug]{ clek|fon] ljleGg ;|f]tx?af6 ;+sng ul/Psf] xf] . lbOPsf kl/efiffx? Pkm=P=cf]= sf] cflwsfl/s kl/efiffx? gx'g klg ;Sb5g\ .

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Plss[t 89]nf] Joj:yfkg (Integrated fire management)

lj1fg tyf 89]nf] Joj:yfkgnfO{ cfly{s–;fdflhs tTjx?;Fu ax':t/x?df Plss/0f ul/Psf] . h}ljs, jftfj/0fLo, ;fF:s[lts, ;fdflhs, cfly{s tyf /fhg}lts cGtlqmofx?nfO{ dWogh/ ub}{ 89]nf] ;DaGwL ;jfnx?nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ Ps ;du| pkfud .

s6fgrqm (Cutting cycle) ?vx?sf] Ps} jg v08 leq d'Vo s6fg sfo{x? aLrsf] of]hgfj4 ;do cGt/fn -;fdfGotofM c;dfg pd]/ jgv08df_ .

sfj{g ahf/ (Carbon market) ljlgdo k|0ffnL h;sf] dfWodaf6 d'n'sx?n] pT;h{gsf nflu ltgLx?sf] /fli6«o xb -l;df_ k|fKt ug]{ kxn:j?k Sof]6f] cle;lGw jf cGo ;xdlt cGtu{t -pbfx/0fsf nflu o'/f]lkog kl/;+3sf ;b:o /fi6«x? aLr_] xl/t u[x Uof; pT;h{g OsfO{x? vl/b laqmL ug{ ;Sb5g\ . o:tf] ljlgdo k|0fnLnfO{ a'emfpg] Pp6f k|rlnt zAb æsfj{g ahf/Æ xf] . of] zJb sfj{g8fOcS;fO8 d'Vo xl/t u[x Uof; xf] / cGo Uof;x? æsfj{g8fOcS;fO8 Oso'Eofn]G6Æ eGg] OsfO{af6 gflkG5 eGg] tYoaf6 cfPsf] xf] .

sfj{g ljnog If]q (Carbon sink) jfo'd08naf6 sfj{g8fOcS;fO8sf] ?kdf sfj{g zf]if0f u/L ;+lrt /xg] :yfg jf e08f/ nfO{ sfj{g ljnogIf]q elgG5 . ha jg j[l4 x'G5 To;n] sfj{g ljnogIf]qsf] ?kdf sfd ub{5 . ljZjJofkL ?kdf jfo'd08naf6 sfj{g8fOcS;fO8sf] 7"nf] lx:;f x6fpg] sfddf jgh+unn] e"ldsf v]n]sf]5 .

sfj{g ;|f]t (Carbon source) xl/t u[x Uof; lg:sf;gsf ;|f]tx? To:tf k|s[of tyf lqmofsnfkx? x'g h;n] jfo'd08ndf xl/t u[x Uof; k7fpFb5 . jg ljgf; tyf jg IfoLs/0fg} xl/t u[x Uof; lg:sf;gsf d'Vo ;|f]tx? x'g lsgeg] logLx?sf] sf/0fn] sfj{g8fOcS;fO8sf ?kdf jgh+undf e08f/0f eP/ /x]sf] sfj{g tyf ldy]g h:tf xl/t u[x Uof;x? jfo'd08ndf hfG5g\ .

Sof]6f] cle;lGw (Kyoto Protocol) cfkm}+df cnUu} Ps cGt/f{li6«o ;Demf}tf h;sf] nflu ;/sf/af6 5'§} cg'df]bgsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . of] hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf nflu ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;‹Lo k|f?k dxf;lGw;Fu ;DalGwt 5 . cGo s'/fx?sf] cnfjf o;n] cf}Bf]lus d'n'sx?sf nflu xl/t u[x Uof; pT;h{g s6f}tL ug{ clgjfo{ nIox? to u/]sf] 5 .

s[lif jg (Agroforestry) k/Dk/fut tyf cfw'lgs e"–pkof]u k|0ffnLx? h;df s[lif jfnL jf j:t' pTkfbg ;Fu} s[lif kl/j]zdf j[Ifx?sf]] Joj:yfkg ul/G5 .

r/d df};dL 36gf (Extreme weather event)

s'g} lglZrt :yfgdf cfˆg} tYofÍLo ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L leq xfn;Dd gePsf] -b'n{e_ 36gf . lglZrt ;doleqsf w]/} uf]6f df};dL 36gfx?sf] cf};t -h:t}M s'g} df};ddf ePsf] jiff{_ hf] cfkm}+df r/d x'G5 . ljleGg :yfgx?df r/d df};dL 36gfsf] rl/q -ljz]iftf_ km/skm/s x'g ;Sb5g\ .

r'xfj6 (Leakage) ljsl;t b]zx? -Sof]6f] cle;lGwsf jfWofTds l;dfx?nfO{ k|fKt ug{ k|of;/t_ af6 ul/g] xl/t u[x Uof; pT;h{g s6f}tLsf] efu h'g o:tf l;dfdf gjfFlwPsf cGo d'n'sx?df k'g b]vfkg{ ;Sg]5 .

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hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf nflu ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;‹Lo k|f?k dxf;lGw (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change - UNFCCC)

( dO{ !((@ df Go'of]s{df :jLsf/ ul/Psf] tyf l/of] bL h]g]l/of]df ePsf] !((@ sf] k[YjL ;Dd]ngdf !%) eGbf w]/} b]zx? tyf o'/f]lkog ;d'bfox?åf/f x:tfIf/ ul/Psf] Pp6f cGt{/fli6«o ;Demf}tf . o;sf] d'Vo p2]Zo æjfo'd08ndf xl/t u[x Uof;sf] dfqf lglZrt :t/df l:y/ /fVg] h;n] hnjfo' k|0ffnLdf xflgsf/s dfgjLo x:tIf]k x'gaf6 hf]ufpg] 5Æ eGg] lyof] .

hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf nflu cGt/ ;/sf/L lgsfo (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change)

hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] d"NofÍgsf nflu cu'jfO{ ug]{ cGt/f{li6«o lgsfo . ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;‹Lo jftfj/0f sfo{qmd tyf ljZj hnjfo' lj1fg ;Fu7gåf/f ljZjnfO{ hnjfo' kl/jt{g tyf o;sf ;Defljt jftfj/0fLo Pj+ cfly{s–;fdflhs kl/0ffdx? ;DaGwdf tfhf tyf :ki6 j}1flgs b[li6sf]0f lbgsf] nflu ;g\ !(** df :yflkt .

hnv]tL k|0ffnL (Aquaculture system) df5f, ;]nlkm; cflb sf] ;Gtfgf]Tkfbg tyf kfng jf ljz]if kf]v/Lx?df jg:kltx? x'sf{pg] sfd .

hnjfo' kl/jt{g (Climate change) k|ToIf jf k/f]If ?kdf dfgj lqofsnfk;Fu ;DalGwte} hnjfo'df x'g]] kl/jt{g h;n] ljZj jfo'd08nsf] ;+/rgfdf kl/jt{g NofpF5 / h'g t'ngfTds ;dofjlwdf cg'ej ul/Psf k|fs[lts hnjfo' kl/jt{gzLntfsf] cltl/Qm xf] .

hnjfo' kl/jt{gzLntf (Climate variability)

s'g} ljz]if df};dL 36gfx?eGbf aflx/ h'g;'s} :t/sf] :yfg tyf ;dodf hnjfo'sf] cf};t cj:yf tyf cGo dfkg cfwf/x? -h:t}M :6\ofG88{ 8]leP;g tyf r/d 36gfx?_ df x'g] km/skgf . of] hnjfo' k|0ffnL leqsf] cGtl/s k|fs[lts k|s[of -cfGtl/s kl/jt{gzLntf_ jf aflx/L k|fs[lts jf dfgjLo x:tIf]k -jfXo kl/jt{gzLntf_ sf sf/0fx?n] x'g ;Sb5 .

h}ljs ljljwtf (Biodiversity) cGos'/fsf] cltl/Qm :yn, ;fd'lGb|s tyf cGo hn kof{j/0fLo k|0ffnL ;d]t ;Dk"0f{ ;|f]tx?sf hLljt lhjf0f'x? aLrsf] kl/jt{gzLntf tyf ltgLx? ;dfj]z /x]sf]] kof{j/0fLo ;lDd>0f . o; cGtu{t k|hfltx? aLrsf], k|hflt leqsf] tyf kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLx? aLrsf] ljljwtf kb{5 .

h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f (Biodiversity conservation)

jgIf]qnfO{ k|fylds ?kdf h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0fsf nflu 3f]if0ff ug'{ . o;df ;+/lIft If]q leq h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0fsf nflu 5'6\ofOPsf] If]q kb{5 t/ o;}dfdfq l;ldt /xFb}g .

h}ljsphf{ (Biofuel) bfp/f, sf]O{nf, h}ljs Oyfgf]n, h}ljs l8hn, h}ljs Uof; -ldy]g_ tyf h}ljs sfj{g h:tf h}ljs lk08x?af6 k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf ?kdf pTkflbt OGwg . clwsf+z dflg;x? jfof]OGwgnfO{ t/n jfof]OGwg;Fu hf]8\b 5g\ -h:t}M h}ljs Oyfgf]n, h}ljs l8hn tyf l;w} jfg:klts t]n cflb_ .

hf]lvd k/LIf0f (Risk assessment) Pp6f k|efj d"NofÍg h;n] ?rL /x]sf] lglZrt If]qdf hnjfo' kl/jt{g tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{gzLntfsf kl/0ffdx?;Fu ;DalGwt clglZrttfdf ljrf/ k'¥ofpg]5 .


89]nf] ;zQm e"–kl/lw (Fire-smart landscape)

7"nf, pRr ltj|tfsf tyf pRr ljgf;sf/L 89]nf]x? nfUg ;Sg] ;Defjgf tyf o;;Fu ;DalGwt hf]lvdx?nfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug{;Sg] ;f]rsf ;fy k|f?k tof/ ul/Psf] e"–kl/lw .

t6Lo jg (Coastal forests) hldgdf /x]sf 7"nf tfnx? ;d]t hldg tyf ;d'Gb|sf] aLrsf If]qx? -hldgaf6 ;d'Gb|df kl/jt{g x'g] efu_ . t6Lo jgx? ultzLn, sfo{k|0ffnL tyf jgfj6df ljljwtf /x]sf] x'G5g\ / cfkm'nfO{ /fd|f];Fu :yfgut l;dfx? leq kl/eflift ug{ lbb}gg\ . o;df l;d;f/x? h:tf] 7\ofSs} k|fs[lts l;dfgfx? x'Fb}gg\ h;n] ubf{ t6Lo jgx?nfO{ :ki6 kl/eflift ug{ ;lsb}g .

lbuf] jg Joj:yfkg (Sustainable forest management-SFM)

Pp6f ultlzn tyf plbodfg cjwf/0ff h;n] jt{dfg tyf efjL k':tfsf] kmfObfsf] nflu ;a} k|sf/sf jgx?sf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo d"Nox?nfO{ sfod jf clej[l4 ub{5 .

gbLt6Lo If]q (Riparian zone) :yn tyf hn jftfj/0fx? aLrsf] efu h;n] Pp6f hnfwf/leq dxTjk"0f{ /;folgs, ef}lts / h}ljs sfo{;+rfng pknAw u/fpFb5 h; cGtu{t vlgh kbfy{x?sf] k|zf]wg, vf]nfx?df sfi7 lyu|g tyf sfj{lgs kbfy{ pknAw u/fpg], kfgL tsf{pg] sfo{, df6f] l:y/Ls/0f, ;'Id hnjfo' lgoldt ug]{, tyf cGo dxTjk"0f{ sfo{;+rfngx? kb{5g\ .

Go"gk|efjL s6fg (Reduced impact logging)

k"j{–s6fg, s6fg tyf s6fg kZrft\sf] of]hgf th'{df tyf vfsfsf] k|of]uåf/f 5fl8g] -afFsL /xg_] ?vx?df x'g] Iflt tyf jgIf]qsf] IfoLs/0f Go"g x'g] u/L ?vx? s6fg–;+sng ug]{ tl/sf . of] lglZrt lzkmfl/; xf]Og t/ :yfgLo :yfg tyf ahf/sf] cj:yf / cg's"ntf ;'xfpFbf] x'g]u/L ;DefJo pQd s6fg k|ljlwx?sf] cjnDjg xf] .

Go"gLs/0f (Mitigation) xl/t u[x Uof;x?sf] ;|f]t 36fpg jf ljnogIf]qx? a9fpg ul/g] dfgjLo x:tIf]k . 5f]6f]df Go"gLs/0fn] hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf dfgj ;[lht sf/0fx?nfO{ ;Daf]wg ub{5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu cf}Bf]lus k|zf]wg tyf ljB't pTkfbgsf] nflu lhjfjz]if OGwgx?sf] cem k|efjsf/L k|of]u ug'{, ;f}o{ phf{ tyf jfo' zQmLsf] k|of]u a9fpg', ejgx?sf] insulation ;'wf/ ug'{ tyf jfo'd08naf6 a9L dfqfdf sfj{g8fOcS;fO8 x6fpg jgh+un tyf cGo sfj{g ljnog If]qx? j[l4 ug'{ .

kfl/l:yltsLo ;]jfx?sf nflu e'QmfgL (Payment for ecosystem services)

Pp6f :jo+;]jL lsgj]r h;df k"0f{ kl/eflift kfl/l:yltsLo ;]jf -jf To; ;]jfnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{;Sg] e"–pkof]u_ Go"gtd Ps kfl/l:yltsLo ;]jf vl/bstf{åf/f -Go"gtd Ps_ o;sf] ljqm]tfaf6 vl/b ul/G5 . o:tf] lsga]r ta dfq x'G5 ha kfl/l:yltsLo ;]jf ljqm]tf kfl/l:yltsLo ;]jfsf] pknAwtf ;'/lIft ug{ ;Sb5 -zt{_ .

kfgL ;+/If0f (Water conservation) pko'Qm l;+rfO{ kfgL Joj:yfkgåf/f ;|f]t 36fpg]Ù sd ulx/f] kfgLsf] ;tx Joj:yfkg ug]{Ù ;tx d'lgsf] kfgL Joj:yfkgÙ tyf hUuf lgj[QL cflbåf/f ;tx d'lgsf] kfgLsf] lgsf;nfO{ Joj:yfkg tyf lgoGq0f ug]{ k|s[of .

kfl/l:yltsLo ;]jfx? (Ecosystem services)

JolQm tyf ;dfh;Ddsf nflu df}lb|s tyf u}/df}lb|s d"No /x]sf] kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnL k|s[of jf sfo{ -kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLx?sf] ;]jf h:t}M e"–;+/If0f, kfgL ;+/If0f, sfj{g Go"gLs/0f cflb_ .


lk6Nof08 (Peat-land) kfgLn] 5]lsP/ /x]sf] jfSnf] sfj{gLs df6f]sf] tx /x]sf] -vf]lkN6f]_ d[t tyf ;8L/x]sf jg:klt kbfy{x?af6 jg]sf] l;d;f/ . o; cGtu{t v'nf tyf afFemf hUufx?, jf]6 la?jf ;8]/ jg]sf bnbn] hldgx?, l;d;f/, wfk vfN6fsf jgx? tyf :yfoL ?kdf lxpFn] 9flsPsf 6'G8«fx? kb{5g\ .

k'gM/f]k0f (Reforestation) j[Iff/f]k0f u/]/ tyf÷jf ;'lgof]lht ?kdf aLp 5/]/ ;fljsd} jgsf] ?kdf jlu{s[t ul/Psf] hldgdf k'gM:yfkgf ul/Psf] jg .

k"j{–;ts{tf k|0ffnL (Early-warning system) dfgl;x?sf] ;Dj[l4 -;'/Iff ;d]t_ sf] cg'udg ug{sf nflu cfsl:ds r'gf}tLx?sf j]nf ;'/Iffsf] nflu ;dod} ;"rgf pknAw u/fpg] tyf pko'Qm k|lts[of ug]{ k|of]hgsf nflu tYofÍ ;+sng tyf ljZn]if0f ug]{ k4lt .

k|sfz ;+:n]if0f (Photosynthesis) o:tf] k|s[of h;sf] dfWodaf6 hLljt la?jfx?, n]p tyf s]xL JofS6]l/ofx?n] xfjfaf6 sfj{g8fOcS;fO8 -jf kfgLaf6 jfOsfjf]{g]6_ lnO{ sfjf]{xfO8«]8 tof/ ub{5g\ .

e"–pkof]u kl/jt{g (Land-use change) dfgjåf/f hldgsf] k|of]u jf Joj:yfkgdf x'g] kl/jt{g, h;n] e"–9sgLdf kl/jt{g tkm{ 8f]¥ofpg ;Sg]5 .

e"–kl/lw cGt/ ;DaGwtf (Landscape connectivity)

;|f]t v08x? aLr k|hfltx?sf] cfjt–hfjtsf nflu Pp6f e"–kl/lw -e"–If]q_ n] ug]{ ;xlhs/0f jf jfwf Jojwfgsf] xb -dfqf_ .

e"–kl/lw Joj:yfkg (Landscape management)

lglZrt e"–kl/lwnfO{ k|j4{g ug{ nlIft tyf lbuf] Joj:yfkg pkfudsf] Ps c+usf] ?kdf pko'Qm ;fwgx?sf] k|of]u u/L tyf e"–kl/lw kl/of]hgfdf to ul/Psf sfo{qmd tyf lqmofsnfkx? sfof{Gjog u/L dfgjLo hLjg:t/ ;'wf/ ug{sf nflu /0fgLltx? tof/ ug]{, lnkLj4 ug]{, tyf ljsf; ug]{ k|s[of .

e"–;+/If0f (Soil conservation) :vng x'gaf6 tyf cGo lsl;dx?af6 lju|g glbg df6fsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ h;n] ubf{ df6f]sf] dlnnf]kgf tyf pTkfbglzntf sfod /xG5 . ;fdfGotof o;df hnfwf/ Joj:yfkg tyf kfgLsf] k|of]u ;dfj]z x'G5 .

dWojlt{ If]q (Buffer zone) ;+/lIft If]qsf] s]Gb|Lo efu tyf jl/kl/sf] e"–kl/lw jf ;fd'lb|s–kl/lwsf] aLrdf /x]sf] If]q h;n] s]Gb|nfO{ ;Defljt Iflt k'¥ofpg ;Sg] aflx/L k|efjx?af6 ;+/If0f ub{5 .

Dofªu|'e jg (Mangrove forest) j;Gt Ct'sf 5fnx?sf] pRr kfgLsf] ;tx d'lg j[l4 x'g] ?v tyf emfl8x? h;df ltgLx?sf] h/f k|0ffnLx? lgoldt ?kdf g'lgnf] kfgLleq 8'la/x]sf x'G5g\ .

jg (Forests) )=% x]S6/ eGbf a9L hUufdf km}lnPsf % ld6/ eGbf cUnf ?vx? ePsf] tyf !) k|ltzt eGbf a9L jg 5q 9sgL ePsf] hUuf jf oL y]|;xf]N8x? -;+3f/ ljGb'x?_ df k'Ug ;Sg] :j:yfgLo ?vx? . o;n] s[lif tyf zx/L e"–pkof]un] d'Vo ?kdf cf]u6]sf] hUufnfO{ ;dfj]z ub}{g .


jg sfj{g df}Hbft (Forest carbon stock) s'g} Ps e08f/df /x]sf]] sfj{gsf] kl/df0f . sfj{g hDdf ug]{ tyf 5f]8\g ;Sg] Ifdtf ePsf] e08f/ jf k|0ffnL nfO{ sfj{g e08f/ -sfj{g k"n_ elgG5 . hLljt h}ljs lk08 -hldg dfly tyf hldg tnsf h}ljs lk08_, d[t sfj{lgs kbfy{x? -d[t sf7 tyf kft kltË/ ;d]t_ tyf df6f] -df6f]df /x]sf sfj{lgs kbfy{x?_ sfj{g e08f/sf pbfx/0fx? x'g\ .

jg vl08s/0f (Forest fragmentation) Pp6f k|s[of h;sf] glthf:j?k ;fljsdf lg/Gt/ /x]sf] jg cGo k|sf/sf -jg /lxt_ hldgx?n] 5'6\ofO{Psf]] ljleGg jg v08x?df ljeQm x'G5 .

jgdf cfl>t ;d'bfox? (Forest-dependent communities)

jg leq tyf jgsf] glhs j;f]jf; ug]{ dflg;x?sf] ;d'bfo hf] cfgf] lhljsf]kfh{gsf nflu k|ToIf ?kdf jgdf cfl>t /xG5g\ . o;leq cflbjf;L hghflt, tyf cNk;+Vos ;d"xsf dflg;x? kb{5g\ . o;df kf;f] yfKg], vlghkbfy{x? ;+sng ug]{ tyf sf7 sf6g] h:tf jgdf cfwfl/t Joj;flos lqmofsnfkx?df ;+nUg /xg] dflg;x? ;d]t kb{5g\\ .

jg Joj:yfks (Forest manager) jg Joj:yfkgsf pkfox?sf] of]hgf th'{df, sfof{Gjog tyf cg'udgsf nflu pQ/bfoL Pp6f JolQm jf OsfO{g} jg Joj:yfks xf] .

jg Joj:yfkg (Forest management) jg Joj:yfkg cGtu{t k|fs[lts tyf j[Iff/f]k0f jgx?sf] ;+/If0f, ;Da4{g tyf ;b'kof]usf nflu ckgfOg] k|zf;lgs, cfly{s, sfg"gL, ;fdflhs tyf k|fljlws nufotsf pkfox? k{b5g\ . o;n] jg kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLx? tyf ltgLx?sf] sfo{;+rfng ;'/lIft ug{sf] nflu ljleGg dfqf (degree) sf] dfgj x:tIf]k nufot k|fKt ug{ ;lsg]] pTkfbg tyf kfl/l:yltsLo ;]jfx?sf] lbuf] pTkfbgsf] nflu rflxg] ;|f]tx? ;d]6\b5 .

jg Joj:yfkg of]hgf (Forest management plan)

o;n] /fli6«o jf If]qLo :t/sf jg gLltx?nfO{ lglZrt ;do cjlwsf] nflu lglZrt nIox?, sfo{ tyf lgoGq0f Joj:yfsf] l;kmfl/zx? sfof{Gjogsf] dfWodaf6 jg tyf jg ;DaGwL lqmofsnfkx?nfO{ lgoldt ug{ uxgtfsf ;fy ;dGjo u/L tof/ ul/Psf] sfof{Gjogof]Uo sfo{qmddf -sfo{of]hgfdf_ ?kfGtl/t ub{5 . of] Pp6f jg Joj:yfkgsf k4ltsf nflu 5f]8\g g;lsg] efu xf] / o;n] ;+/If0f, ;e]{If0f, pTkfbg lgwf{/0f, s6fg–;+sng, jg ;Da4{g, cg'udg nufot cGo jgsf sfo{x?nfO{ lgoGq0f ug'kg]{ x'G5 . jg Joj:yfkg OsfO{ (Forest management unit) lb3{sflng jg Joj:yfkg of]hgf cg';f/ :ki6 p2]Zox?sf nflu Joj:yfkg ul/Psf] clwsf/ jgx?n] 9flsPsf] :ki6?kdf l;dfÍg ul/Psf] hUufsf] If]q . o:tf If]qx? Ps x]S6/sf] s]xL efu b]lv ;of}+ tyf xhf/f}+ x]S6/;Ddsf x'g] u/L cfsf/df km/s kg{;Sg] 5g\ . o;df ;x–OsfO{x? ;d]t ;dfj]z x'g ;Sg] 5g\ .

jg pTkfbglzntf (Forest productivity) ;doqmddf jfg:klts sf}zn tyf ch}ljs tTjx?aLrsf] cGt/s[ofaf6 k|efljte} jgsf] lglZrt k}bfjf/x? -pTkfbgx?_ pTkfbg ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf -h:t}M h}ljs lk08, sf7 tyf u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/x?_ .


jg ljgf; (Deforestation) jgnfO{ cGo e"–pkof]udf kl/jt{g ug'{ jf j[If 5q 9sfO{ :yfoL ?kdf Go"gtd y|];xf]N8 -;+3f/_ !)∞ eGbf sd ug'{ .

jg ljgf; tyf jg IfoLs/0faf6 x'g] pT;h{g Go"gLs/0f tyf ;+/If0fsf] e'ldsf jgsf] lbuf] Joj:yfkg tyf jgsfj{g k|j4{g -/]8 Kn;_ [Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation and the role of conservation, sustainable forest management and enhancement of forest carbon (REDD +)]

hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf nflu ;+o'Qm /fli6«o k|f?k dxf;lGwn] k|dfl0ft pT;h{g s6f}tL k|fKt ug]{ tyf jg ;DaGwL sfo{x?åf/f jfo'd08nLo xl/t u[x Uof; s6f}tL ug]{ d'n'sx?nfO{ k|f]T;fxg pknAw u/fpgsf nflu ;xdlt u/]sf] Ps cf}hf/ .

jg ;Dj4{g (Silviculture) jgjfnLx? v]lt ug]{ -h:t}M x'sf{pg] tyf ;Def/ ug]{_ lj1fg tyf snf .

ax'pkof]u (Multiple use) k|fylds ?kdf Ps eGbf a9L nIox?sf nflu jgIf]q lgwf{l/t ug'{ h;df s'g} Ps nIonfO{ d'Vo sfo{sf] ?kdf tf]lsPsf] xF'b}g .

jfo' e"–Ifo (Wind erosion) xfjf jf jtf;af6 df6f]sf tTjx? otfptf ;g]{ . ha rnfodfg xfjfsf] prfNg ;Sg] zlQm u'?Tjfsif{0f zlQm tyf df6f]sf s0fx?nfO{ ;dft]/ ;txdf /fVg] 3if{0f eGbf a9L x'G5 ta jfo' e"–Ifo x'g]ub{5 -h:t}M afn'jfsf y'k|f] otfplt ;g]{_ .

ljWgjfwfx? (Disturbance regime) s'g}klg :yfgut tyf ;fdlos :t/df jgsf] :jf:ydf, ;+/rgfdf tyf ;|f]tx? jf ef}lts jftfj/0fdf lj£g k'¥ofpg] jf kl/jt{g Nofpg] jftfj/0fLo ptf/r9fj tyf ljgf;sf/L 36gfx? .

ljZjJofkL tfkdfg j[l4 (Global warming) xfn}sf] tyf hf/L k[YjLsf] ;tx glhssf] ;/b/ -cf};t_ tfkqmddf ljZjJofkL j[l4 .

j[Iff/f]k0f (Afforestation) ljutdf jgsf] ?kdf jlu{s[t gul/Psf] hldgdf ?v k|hfltsf] j[Iff/f]k0f u/L cyjf ;'lgof]lht ?kdf ljp 5/]/ jg :yfkgf ug]{ sfd .

j[Iff/f]k0f jg (Planted forest) d'Vo?kdf j[Iff/f]k0f u/]/ jf ;'lgof]lht ?kdf aLp 5/]/ :yfkgf ul/Psf ?vx? /x]sf] jg .

;dw/ftnLo j[Iff/f]k0f (Contour planting) hf]Tg] tyf la?jf /f]k0f ug]{ t];f{ /]vfx? wfjgsf] ;fdfGo axfjsf] ;dsf]0fdf x'G5g\ . sG6'/ /f]k0fn] df6f]sf] dflyNnf] ;tx leq} ljnDj e08f/ (detention storage) ;[hgf ub{5 / wfjgsf] b/nfO{ 36fpFb5 . o;k|sf/ kfgLnfO{ df6f]df cGt:kGbgsf nflu ;do pknAw u/fpFb5 . kfgL tyf df6f] ;+/If0fsf nflu sG6'/ /f]k0fsf] k|efjsfl/tf k|0ffnLsf] agfj6 nufot df6f], hnjfo', le/fnf]kgf, kIf tyf e"–pkof]u cflbdf e/kb{5 .


;dfg's"ng (Resilience) Pp6f k|0ffnLn] cfˆgf] cj:yfdf kl/jt{g gx'g] u/L ;fdgf ug{ ;Sg] kl/jt{gsf] dfqf .

;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] cGt/lqmof (Stakeholder dialogue)

Pp6f cGt/lqmofTds, sfo{d"ns ;+rf/ k|s[of h;df ;a} k|sf/sf ;/f]sf/jfnfx? lg0f{o k|s[of tyf sfof{Gjog kxnx?df ;+nUg ul/G5g\ .

;+o'Qm sfof{Gjog (Joint implementation) Sof]6f] cle;lGwsf] wf/f ^ df kl/eflift ul/Psf] ahf/df cfwfl/t Ps k|sf/sf] sfof{Gjog k4lt h;n] cg';"rL ! sf /fi6«x? Tfyf sDkgLx?nfO{ ;+o'Qm ?kdf pT;h{gx?nfO{ l;dfleq sfod ug{ jf 36fpg jf ljnog If]qx?sf] k|j4{g ug{ / pT;h{g s6f}tL OsfO{x? afF8kmfF8 ug{ cfof]hgfx? sfof{Gjog ug{ cg'dlt lbg]5 .

:jR5 ljsf; ;+oGq (Clean Development Mechanism)

Sof]6f] cle;lGw cGtu{t d'n'sx?nfO{ pgLx?sf] pT;h{g s6f}tL tyf pT;h{g xb -l;df_ k|ltj4tfx? k'/f ug{ lbgsf] nflu ljsf;zLn /fi6«x?df pT;h{g s6f}tL cfof]hgfx? ;+rfng ug{ ;xdlt pknAw u/fpg Sof]6f] cle;lGw cGtu{t :yflkt Ps k4lt .

:yfloTj (Permanence) lglZrt Joj:yfkg tyf lj£gjfwfsf] jftfj/0fdf sfj{g e08f/sf] lb3f{o' tyf o;sf] df}Hbftx?sf] :yfloTj .

;+/If0f If]q (Protected area) o:tf] If]q h'g h}ljs ljljwtf tyf k|fs[lts Pj+ o;;Fu ;DalGwt ;fF:s[lts ;|f]tx? ;+/If0f tyf ;Def/sf nflu ;dlk{t x'G5 / sfg"gL jf cGo k|efjsf/L dfWodåf/f Joj:yfkg ul/Psf] x'G5 .

:yfgfkGgtf÷abnfdf /fVg] (Substitution) sf7sf] s'g} k|of]u h;n] p:t} ;]jfx? jf sfo{;+rfng pknAw u/fpg] cGo pTkfbgsf nufgLx?nfO{ lj:yflkt ub{5 -h:t}M hLjfjz]if OGwgx?sf] abnf sf7sf] k|of]u jf u}/sfi7 pTkfbgsf] abnf sf7sf] k|of]u_ .

xl/t hnjfo' sf]if (Green Climate Fund) hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf nflu ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;‹Lo k|f?k dxf;lGwn] cg's"ng tyf Go"gLs/0f sfo{x?sf nflu d'n'sx?sf] ;/n tyf ;d'Ggt kx'Frsf nflu ;g\ @)!) df :yfkgf u/]sf] Ps sf]if .

xl/t u[x Uof;x? (Greenhouse gases) b'j} k|fs[lts tyf dfgj ;[lht jfo'd08nsf] jfo'?k 36sx? -tTjx?_ h;n] k[YjLsf] ;tx, jfo'd08n tyf jfbnx?n] lgisf;g u/]sf] OGk|mf/]8 ljls/0f :k|]S6«dsf] l;df leq lglZrt t/Ë nDjfO{x?df ljls/0fx?nfO{ zf]if0f tyf lg:sf;g ub{5 . of] u'0fn] xl/t u[x k|efj kfg]{5 . kfgLsf] jfik, sfj{g8fOcS;fO8, gfO6«; cS;fO8, ldy]g, tyf cf]hf]gx? k[YjLsf d'Vo xl/t u[x Uof;x? x'g\ .

IfoLs/0f (Degradation) s'g} klg jgsf] ;fdu|L tyf ;]jfx? pknAw u/fpg] Ifdtf 36\g' .

hnjfo' kl/jt{g tyf jg Joj:yfkg uf]i7L cfof]hgf kZrft\\ rf/kfnf ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x, j'6jn !$, ?kGb]xLsf ;xefuLx?

hnjfo' kl/jt{g tyf jg Joj:yfkg uf]i7Ldf ;xhLs/0f ub}{ ?kGb]xL lhNnf jg clws[t lbks 1jfnL

jg Joj:yfksx?sf nflu hnjfo' kl/jt{g lgb]{lzsfsf] ;d'bfo:t/df pkof]lutf÷k|efjsfl/tf k/LIf0fsf s]xL b[Zox?

!&@Pkm=P=cf]= jg ;DaGwL k|sfzg

jg Joj:yfksx?sf nflu hnjfo' kl/jt{g lgb]{lzsf

hnjfo' kl/jt{g tyf hnjfo'df kl/jt{glzntfsf] c;/ jg kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLx?df kl//x]sf] s'/f ljZje/g} k|dfl0ft e};s]sf]5 / slDtdf klg 5f]6f] b]lv dWod ;dofjlwdf c? yk c;/x? kg]{s'/f cj:o+efjL 5 . hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] NofPsf r'gf}tLx?nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ jg ;DaGwL /0fgLltx?, jg Joj:yfkg of]hgf tyf cEof;x?df kl/dfh{g Pj+ ;dfof]hg ug{ cfjZos kg]{5 .

of] lgb]{lzsf hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf r'gf}tL tyf cj;/x?nfO{ k|efjsf/L ?kdf k/LIf0f ug{ tyf ;Daf]wg ug{ jg Joj:yfksx?nfO{ jg Joj:yfkg OsfO{sf] txdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg tof/ ul/Psf] xf] . o; lgb]{lzsfn] k|Ztfj u/]sf sfo{x? ;a} lsl;dsf jgsf Joj:yfksx?, h:t}M lghL jgsf wgL, lghL jg pwdL, ;/sf/L lgsfo, cflbjf;L hghflt ;d"x / ;fd'bflos jg ;Fu7gx?nfO{ ;fGble{s 5g\ . ltgLx? ;a} If]q / k|sf/sf jgx?df tyf ;a} lsl;dsf Joj:yfkg p2]Zox?sf nflu pkof]uL 5g\ .

o;df jg Joj:yfksx?n] hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;+j]bglzntf, hf]lvd tyf Go"gLs/0f ljsNkx? -pkfox?_ sf] k/LIf0f jf d"NofÍg ubf{ ljrf/ k'¥ofpg'kg]{ ;jfnx? Pj+ hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng tyf Go"gLs/0fdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpgsf nflu pgLx?n] ;+rfng ug{;Sg] sfo{x?af/] dfu{bz{g k|fKt ug]{5g\ . jg Joj:yfksx?n] hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] ;Dd'vdf jgh+unx?df cfjZos kg]{ cltl/Qm cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgsf ;DaGwdf ;d]t ;'emfj k|fKt ug]{5g\ .

o; bZtfj]hn] hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf ;/f]sf/x?nfO{ jg ;DaGwL df}h'bf jf gofF gLltx? tyf /fli6«o sfo{qmdx?df Plss[t ug]{ sfddf gLlt lgdf{tfx?nfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg ljZj vfB tyf s[lif ;Fu7g -Pkm=P=cf]=_ åf/f ;g\ @)!) df

tof/ ul/Psf] lgb]{lzsfnfO{ k"0f{tf lbg]5 .

jg joj:yfksx?sf nflu hnjfo' kl/jt{g lgb]{lzsf - coin.fao.org · jg joj:yfksx?sf nflu...

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