gis in prevention, county profiles, series 3 (2006) 6. risk factors: community risk factors –...

1 GIS in Prevention, County Profiles, Series 3 (2006)

6. Risk Factors: Community Risk Factors – Extreme Economic & Social Deprivation

GIS in Prevention County Profiles Series, No. 3

Hamilton County, Indiana

Barbara Seitz de Martinez, PhD, MLS, CPP

The Indiana Prevention Resource Center at Indiana University is funded, in part, by a contract with the Indiana Family and Social Services Administration, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, financially supported through HHS/Substance Abuse Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Substance Abuse Prevention, Substance Abuse Prevention and Treatment Block Grant. The IPRC is operated by the Department of Applied Health Science and The School of Health, Physical Education and Recreation.

THE INDIANA PREVENTION RESOURCE CENTER

GIS in Prevention, County Profiles, Series 3 (2006)


GIS in Prevention County Profile Series, No. 3

Hamilton County, Indiana

Barbara Seitz de Martinez, PhD, MLS, CPP

Project Staff:

Indiana Prevention Resource Center

Opinions expressed herein are those of the authors, and not necessarily those of the Trustees of Indiana University or the Division of Mental Health and Addiction. Indiana University accepts full Responsibility for the content of this publication. ©2005 The Trustees of Indiana University. Permission is extended to reproduce this County Profile for non-profit educational purposes. All other rights reserved.

Ritika Bhawal, MPHSolomon BriggsKyoungsun Heo, MPASrinivasa Konchada



6.16 - 6.26 Archival Risk Factors

Community Risk Factors: Extreme Economic & Social Deprivation

6.16 Unemployment6.17 Free Lunch/Textbooks6.18 Food Stamp Recipients6.19 TANF6.20 Adults w/o HS Diploma 6.21 Single Parent Family Households

Poverty: Introduction6.22 Total Poverty and by Age6.23 Families with Own Children in Poverty6.24 Poverty by Race6.25 Single Parent Families in Poverty6.26 Lack of Health Insurance



6.16 Unemployment Rates

Extreme deprivation, either due lack of sufficient funds for basic necessities or due to lack of sufficient social support (e.g., parenting, mentoring and role modeling) has known detrimental implications for child development and creates a high risk environment for the community. This section will explore data related to various forms of extreme deprivation in the county. The archival indicators included by CSAP for this risk factor include unemployment, free and reduced school lunch, Aid to Families with Dependent Children, Food Stamp recipients, adults without a high school diploma, and single parent households. To these variables, PREV-STAT™ adds total poverty statistics, child poverty by age group, and single-parent families living in poverty, and lack of health insurance coverage.

Table 6.16: Unemployment Rates, January of 2000, 2001, 2003, 2004, 2005 from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, for county and Indiana reported by www.stats.indiana.edu/laus/laus_view3.html.

Unemployment rates from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Unemployment Rates - Annual (Percents)

Hamilton Indiana U.S.

2000 1.8(q) 2.9 4

2001 1.7(t) 4.2 4.7

2002 2.6(t) 5.2 5.8

2003 2.8(t) 5.3 6

2004 2.8(t) 5.3 5.5

2005 3.1(d) 5.4 5.1



6.17 Free/Reduced Lunch/Textbooks

Table 6.17: Percent of Children Eligible for Free Lunches/Textbooks, K-12, 2003 (*Department of Education, Division of School and Community Nutrition Programs, 2004), 2003 (** Ibid., 2005), and the Change from 2003 to 2004.

The following table shows the percent of students in grades K-12 who received free lunch and textbooks, according to the Department of Education, and also the change over the past 2 years, for this county and for the state.

Free Lunch/Textbook (DOE)

Hamilton Indiana

2004 5.9 26.1

2003 5.4 24.6

% Change 2003-4 0.5 1.5

Rank for 2004 % 92



6.18 Food Stamp Recipients

Table 6.18: Food Stamp Recipients per Month in 2004 (FSSA, Division of Family and Children, 2005) and Rate per 1,000 Total Population for 2004 and 2005 and Change in Rate (calculations from the IPRC based on data from FSSA, Division of Family and Children, 2004 and 2005).

CSAP calculates this as the average number of persons who receive food stamps each month, stated as the rate per 1,000 persons in the total population. This statistic for Indiana comes from Indiana Family and Social Services Administration, Family Resources Bureau as reported in the Indiana Youth Institute Kids Count in Indiana 2005. The rate calculation comes from the Indiana Prevention Resource Center. The following table shows the rate for 2004 for this county with comparisons for the state and nation.

Food Stamps, 2004 (FSSA, Family Resources Bureau, 2006)

Hamilton Indiana

Population, 2004 227,306 6,230,346

Food Stamp Recipients per mo., 2004 3,308 516,360

Rate per 1000 persons, 2004 14.6 82.9

Rate per 1000 persons, 2003 12.3 73.1

Change in Rate per 1,000 from 2003 to 2004 2.2 9.8

Rank for 2004 Rate per 1,000 Persons 92



6.19 Temporary Aid to Needy Families (TANF)

Table 6.19: Temporary Aid to Needy Families as Rate per 1,000 Total Population (*data from FSSA, Division of Family and Children, 2005)

CSAP calculates this indicator as the rate of persons of all ages who participate in the Aid to Families with Dependent Children (TANF in Indiana), stating the rate as the number per 1,000 persons. This table shows the average monthly average statistics for families and for recipients from the county and for Indiana as reported by the Indiana Family and Social Services Administration, Division of Family and Children. PREV-STAT™ has calculated the rate of TANF recipients per month per 1000 residents of the county.

TANF Statistics for 2004 (FSSA)

Hamilton Indiana

Population 227306 6,230,346

Average Monthly Cases 227 54,330

Average Monthly Persons 591 155,549

Rate of TANF per 1,000 persons 2.6 25.0

Rank for Rate per 1,000 persons 90



6.20 Adults w/out a High School Diploma

Lack of education places a person at extreme disadvantage in many areas of life, including health and income potential. CSAP calculates this risk factor as the percent of persons aged 25 and older who have reached 9th-12th grades but without obtaining a high school diploma. The following table presents 3 statistics for persons over 25 in the county: the percent who have not completed 9th grade; the percent who attended high school but did not graduate; and the percent whose educational attainment is less than a high school diploma (the sum of the first 2 statistics), compared with the state and the nation. This information points to need and also is important to prevention planning for marketing and for activities involving parents and other adults.

Table 6.20: Adults Who Have Not Finished High School (AGS, 2004 est., 2005)

Educational Attainment, 2004 est. (AGS, 2005)

Hamilton Co. Indiana U.S.

Less than 9th grade 1.7 5.3 7.6

9th to 12th grade, no diploma 4.2 12.6 12

Total, Less Than 9th or less than HS Diploma 5.9 17.8 19.6

High school graduate 20.1 37.2 28.6

Some college, no degree 18.9 19.8 21.1

Associate degree 6.8 5.8 6.3

Bachelor's degree 32.9 12.2 15.6

Graduate or profession degree 15.4 7.2 8.9

Rank for % of Pop 25+ w/ less than HS Diploma 92 26th of 51

Rank for % of Pop 25+ w/ a college degree 1 43rd of 51



Map: Education Less Than 9th Grade

AGS, Core Demographics,2004 est., 2005




Map: Education Less Than 9th Grade

AGS, Core Demographics,2004 est., 2005Indiana Prevention Resource Center



Map: Education: Less Than HS Diploma





6.21 Single Parent Family Households

CSAP calculates this risk factor as the percent of family households with a spouse absent. The following table reports the percent of households with children where one parent is absent.

Table 6.21: Single Parent Families (AGS, 2004 est., 2005)

In addition to the above risk factors listed by CSAP, PREV-STAT™ includes additional basic demographic statistics on total poverty, child poverty and poverty by age group, single parent families living in poverty, lack of health insurance, and households with no vehicle.

Types of Households w/ Children and Median Family Income, 2004 est. (AGS, 2005)

County Hamilton Indiana U.S.

HHs w/ children (2004) 36,645 864,296 40,102,709

Married Couple Family (Percent) 84.1 70 69

Lone Parent Male (Percent) 3.9 6.9 6.8

Lone Parent Female (Percent) 11.4 21.8 23.2

Non-family Male Head (Percent) 0.5 1.1 0.8

Non-family Female Head (Percent) 0.1 0.2 0.2

Median Family Income 86,222 54,393 54,087

Rank for Married Couple Family (% of HHs w/ children) 1 26th of 51

Rank for Median Family Income 1 21st of 51



Map: Single Parent Families





Map: Single Parent Families (contour)





Map: Single Parent Families (prism)




Map: Single Moms with Children under 18





Map: Single Moms (contour)





Map: Single Moms (prism)




6. 22 Community Risk Factor -- Poverty

Poverty can be calculated based on the total population or subsets of the population. It can be expressed as a count of persons or as a percent of persons. The poverty statistics presented in this report come from the 2000 U.S. Census, SF3 figures published in 2003.

Looking at the total population of persons living in a place, the poverty rate can be expressed as the number or count of persons living in poverty or as the percent of the total population in poverty. For example, in Indiana, as of the 2000 census, there were 559,484 persons living in poverty or 9% percent of the total population. This means that 9 of every 100 persons living in Indiana lived in poverty. By age, 2 of every 100 Indiana children ages 6-17 in the year 2000 lived in poverty, hence 2%.

Looking at the population of persons who live in poverty (that 9% of the total population), it can be very useful to understand what their ages are. If we consider all persons living in poverty in Indiana as a group, we learn from the 2000 Census that of that group 11% were between the ages of 0 and 4 years, 2% were 5 years old, 11% were 6-11, and 9% were 12-17 years old.

This description of poverty risk factors will report on total poverty and poverty by age group, on poverty and child poverty as percent of all persons living in poverty, poverty by race, and on single parent families in poverty.



6.22a Total Poverty and Poverty by Age

Table 6.22a: Total Poverty and Poverty by Age as Percent (U.S. Census Bureau, on Stats Indiana website, 2006)

The following table shows total poverty and poverty by age of the total population of the county with comparisons to the state of Indiana and the nation.

Poverty: Total Poverty and Poverty by Age Group (Percent), US Census


Total Persons 3.6 10 12.5

0-17 Yrs. 3.9 13.7 17.6

5-17 Yrs. 3.2 11.4 n/a

Rank for All Persons 92

Rank for Ages 0-17 92

Rank for 5-17Ages 92



6.22b Total Poverty and Poverty by Age

Table 6.22b: Children Ages 0-17 in Poverty as Number and Percent (U.S. Census Bureau, on Stats Indiana website, 2006)

The following table shows child poverty for children ages 0-17 as number (of children in poverty) and percent (of children in poverty) for this county.

Child Poverty, Ages 0-17, 2003 est. (US Census on Stats IN 2006)


Number in Poverty 2670 217076 12.9 million

Rank for Number 19

90% Confidence Interval 1,970 to 3,371 196,861 to 237,291

Percent in Poverty 3.9 13.7 17.6

90% Confidence Interval 2.9 to 4.9 12.4 to 14.9

Rank for Percent 92



6.22c Total Poverty and Poverty by Age

Table 6.22c: Children Ages 5-17 in Poverty as Number and Percent (U.S. Census Bureau, on Stats Indiana website, 2006)

The following table shows child poverty for children ages 5-17 as number (of children in poverty) and percent (of children in poverty) for this county.

Poverty by Age, 5-17, 2003 est. (US Census Bureau , Stats IN, 2006)

County Hamilton Indiana

Number 1588 129,513

Rank 19

90% Confidence Interval 1,112 to 2,064 114,258 to 144,768

Percent 3.2 11.4

Rank among IN counties 92

90% Confidence Interval 2.2 to 4.1 10.0 to 12.7



6.23 Families w/ Own Children in Poverty

Table 6.23: Families with Own Children in Poverty (Claritas 2004 Updates, 2005)

The following table of 2004 estimates presents various statistics concerning families with own children that live in poverty: percent of families with own children that live in poverty, percent of married couple families, percent of single fathers, percent of single mothers, and percent of single parents for this county and for the state.

Families in Poverty as Percent, 2004


Percent of All Families Below Poverty As Percent of All Families 2.6 7.1 9.4

Percent of Families w/ Own Children Below Poverty Level As Percent of All Families w/ Own Children 3.4 11.6 15.1

Percent of Married Couples w/ Own Children Below Poverty 1.3 4.1 6.9

Percent of Single Fathers w/ Own Children Below Poverty 17.3 22.1 25

Percent of Single Mothers w/ Own Children Below Poverty 15.6 34.9 39.8

Percent of Single Parents w/ Own Children < 18 Below Poverty 16.1 31.8 36.4



6.23 Families w/ Own Children in Poverty

Table 6.23: Rankings for Families with Own Children in Poverty (Claritas 2004 Updates, 2005)

The following table of 2004 estimates presents various statistics concerning families with own children that live in poverty: percent of families with own children that live in poverty, percent of married couple families, percent of single fathers, percent of single mothers, and percent of single parents for this county and for the state.

Rankings of Counties and State for Families in Poverty as Percent, 2004

Hamilton IN in US

Percent of All Families Below Poverty 92 36

Percent of Families w/ Own Children Below Poverty Level As Percent of All Families w/ Own Children 92 35

Percent of Married Couples w/ Own Children Below Poverty 91 42

Percent of Single Fathers w/ Own Children Below Poverty 69 32

Percent of Single Mothers w/ Own Children Below Poverty 92 34

Percent of Single Parents w/ Own Children < 18 Below Poverty 91 34



Map: Families with Children in Poverty

Claritas, Core Demographics,2004 est., 2005


No. of Families w/ Children under 18 as Percent of All Families with Children under 18



6.24 Poverty by Race

Table 6.24: Poverty by Race, 2000 (U.S. Census 2K, SF3 Indiana)

In the effort to understand the dynamics a community, its needs and how best to design and carry-out prevention programs to meet those needs, it is helpful to analyze data by many different variables. Poverty is an example of how this principle applies. Rates of poverty differ not only between age groups but also in conjunction with other variables, such as race/ethnicity and marital and parenting status. PREV-STAT™ can help the prevention professional look at such combinations of variables to identify an area of need or to better understand a target audience. First we report on poverty and race, secondly on marital status, parent status and poverty (single parents in poverty).

Poverty Statistics by Race (Percent of Group in Poverty), 2000

Hamilton Co. Indiana U.S.

Black 4% 23% 25%

Asian 7% 16% 13%

Hispanic/Latino 4% 18% 23%

White 3% 8% 9%



6.25 Single Parent Families w/ Children in Poverty

Table 6.25: Single Parent Families as Percent of All Persons in Poverty (Claritas™, 2004 est., 2005)

The following table shows the various types of households with children under 18 living in poverty with comparisons to the state and the nation.

Families in Poverty as Percent, 2004


Percent of All Families Below Poverty As Percent of All Families 2.6 7.1 9.4

Percent of Families w/ Own Children Below Poverty Level As Percent of All Families w/ Own Children 3.4 11.6 15.1

Percent of Married Couples w/ Own Children Below Poverty 1.3 4.1 6.9

Percent of Single Fathers w/ Own Children Below Poverty 17.3 22.1 25

Percent of Single Mothers w/ Own Children Below Poverty 15.6 34.9 39.8

Percent of Single Parents w/ Own Children < 18 Below Poverty 16.1 31.8 36.4



6.25 Single Parent Families w/ Children in Poverty

Table 6.25: Rankings for Single Parent Families as Percent of All Persons in Poverty (Claritas™, 2004 est., 2005)

The following table shows the various types of households with children under 18 living in poverty with comparisons to the state and the nation.

Rankings of Counties and State for Families in Poverty as Percent, 2004

Hamilton IN in US

Percent of All Families Below Poverty 92 36

Percent of Families w/ Own Children Below Poverty Level As Percent of All Families w/ Own Children 92 35

Percent of Married Couples w/ Own Children Below Poverty 91 42

Percent of Single Fathers w/ Own Children Below Poverty 69 32

Percent of Single Mothers w/ Own Children Below Poverty 92 34

Percent of Single Parents w/ Own Children < 18 Below Poverty 91 34



Map: Single Moms w/ Children under 18 in Poverty



(20)(11)(20)(21)(20)



Map: Single Parents Below Poverty



No. of Single Parents w/ Children under 18 as Percent of All Single Parents with Children under 18



6.26 Lack of Health Insurance

Table 6.26a: Insurance Coverage, 2004 (MRI, Consumer Behavior Insurance 2004, 2005)

We consider lack of health insurance to be a form of extreme deprivation. Research has shown that two of the strongest indicators of self-reported health status and routine preventative care are having a consistent source of medical care and having health insurance. Where either is absent there is a higher risk of health problems and particularly of not receiving preventative care. Lack of health insurance is often associated with lack of employment or underemployment, poverty, being in transition, and/or undocumented immigrant status. The following table shows rates of health insurance coverage for this county, compared with Indiana and the nation.

Percent of Persons 18 and over with No Health Insurance, 2005, est. (AGS, 2006)


Current Year Population 18 years and over 174,155 4,676,573 233,030,794

Percent of Pop 18 and over with No Health Insurance 22.3% 27.9% 33.1%

Rank for No Health Insurance 92 37th of 51



6.26b Source of Health Insurance

Table 6.26b: Source of Insurance Coverage, 2004 (MRI, Consumer Behavior Insurance 2004, 2005)

The source of health insurance provides insight into the circumstances of the individual. A county where more people are receiving Medicaid or Medicare are more subject to the impact of legislation that would affect those programs. A county where more people are receiving insurance from a union may be impacted by factory closures and outsourcing of jobs. Insurance from jobs is a sign of employment status. The following table shows the sources of health insurance for this county, compared with Indiana and the nation.

Health Insurance Source, 2005 est. (AGS, 2006)


Member of HMO or pre-paid group health care program 29.9 23.4 24.3

From a union 3.2 3.6 3.4

From a place of work 57.8 46.8 44.9

From fraternal member group 1 1 0.9

From a union or from work 61 50.4 48.3

Medicaid 1.9 4.4 4.1

RANK, Src HMO or Pre-Pd Gr Plan 1 29th of 51

RANK, Src Union or Pl of Wk 1 20th of 51

RANK, Medicaid 92 16th of 51



Map: No Health Insurance

AGS, Consumer Behavior, Insurance2004 est., 2005




Map: Health Insurance from Union or Work

AGS, Consumer Behavior, Insurance2004 est., 2005


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