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KING FAHD UNIVERSITY OF PETROLEUM & MINERALSCOLLEGE OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

CRP 514: Introduction to GIS

GIS APPLICATIONS IN WATER RESOURCES &

ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

By:

SALIHU LUKMAN(201002740)

25th December, 2011

TERM 111

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Outline Introduction

- Objectives

Literature Review- GIS for Surface Water Hydrology- GIS for Groundwater Hydrology- GIS for Environmental Engineering

Case Study- GIS-Based approach for optimized siting of municipal solid

waste landfill Conclusion and summary

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INTRODUCTION Concepts and technologies of GIS are being extensively

applied in the planning, design and management ofwater resources and environmental engineeringstructures

information about water resources and the environmentis inherently geographic in nature

Water resources engineering is built on the core scienceof hydrology:- Occurrence- distribution- Movement- Properties- quantity and quality of surface & subsurface water

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The development of documents in map formats andthe use of map at different scales are typically done inWREE planning and design.

GIS provides an easy means of data analysis thatcould otherwise not be possible manually, due to thelarge of amount of data

It can identify, correlate and analyze the spatialrelationship that may exist among any mappedWREE phenomena

It enables policy-makers and professionals in the fieldto:- relate disparate sources of information- perform sophisticated analysis- visualize trends- project outcomes and strategize long-term planning goals

before hand

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GIS for surface water hydrology (floodforecasting and floodplain management, riverbasin planning and management, water supplyand irrigation systems)

GIS for groundwater hydrology

GIS for environmental engineering (solid wastemanagement, water quality, wastewatersystems)

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To undertake extensive literature review on GISapplications in the different sub-fields of water resourcesand environmental engineering

To highlight the different models (software) that are usedin conjunction or integrated with GIS in solving WREEproblems

To present detailed methodology and case study for aGIS-based approach for optimal siting of municipal solidwaste landfill sites

OBJECTIVES

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GIS for Surface Water Hydrology (SWH)

Water cycle- precipitation- evapo-transpiration- overland flow- infiltration and percolation

All these processes are inherently spatial in character, hencethe need to use GIS tools to organize the data and formulate

hydrologic models.

SWH has the largest applications of GIS

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Digital representations of landscape topography isachieved using digital elevation models (DEMs) ordigital terrain model (DTM) together with GISvisualizations.

DEMs can be used to determine landscape featuressuch as:- slope- aspect- flow length- contributing areas- drainage divides- channel network

DEMs or DTMs

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Other surface water hydrologic models thatutilize integrated GIS interfaces and databasesinclude:- ArcHydro- HEC-RAS- HEC-HMS- Geo-HMS- HSPF- MIKE 11 UHM and MIKE 11 RR- WATFLOOD- SWMM 5 and SWMM (RUNOFF) 4.30- Watershed Modeling System (WMS)- RiverCAD- GIS Stream Pro- FLO – 2D- TELEMAC -2D and 3D- TUTFLOW , etc

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White et al. [23] utilized GIS to model spatially distributed and time-varying data sets which include streamflow and precipitationmeasurements.

Rosenthal and Hoffman [24] used SWAT (Soil and WaterAssessment Tool) to simulate flows, sediment and nutrient loadingsinto streams so as to locate water quality monitoring stations usinginput from GRASS and NRCS databases.

Colby [25] applied GIS to determine the physical characteristics ofthe Navarro watershed in Costa Rica.

Application of HEC-RAS to a reach of Waller Creek, Austin Texas,USA, for floodplain mapping was undertaken by Maidment and Tate[26] .

Risk assessment resulting from possible dam break was studied bySeker et al. [27] using GIS linked to FLDWAV which models theoverflow wave occurring upstream after the collapse of a dam.

Other flood-related GIS application studies have been reported by Solaiman[28], Manandhar [29], Pistocchi and Mazzoli [30] and Chen et al. [31].

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River basin authorities are responsible for water resources planningand development.

Reservoir water projects usually serve more than one of the primarypurposes:- water supply, irrigation, hydroelectric power, navigation, floodcontrol, recreation, pollution control and wildlife conservation.

HEC-ResSim (Reservoir Simulation) is a river basin simulationsystem (developed by USACE HEC)

GEO-MODSIM can be used for creating and analyzing geo-referenced river basin networks inside ArcGIS [34].

Otun [35] utilized GIS to analyze precipitation and evaporation datain Tanzania and delineate the country into drought-prone zonesusing drought severity index.

River Basin

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The various ways by which GIS may be integrated into groundwatermodel include:

Using data transfer programs to link GIS to groundwater model Integrating a model with a GIS database Embeddng modeling capabilities within a GIS environment

High level expertise is required

MODFLOW or ArcHydro is used for the model simulations, whileGIS presents the results in a color coded format.

MATLAB can also be integrated within GIS environment as reportedby Raterman et al. [37].

GIS for Groundwater Hydrology

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GIS can also be used to monitor and model oilspill distributions through time.

It helps to better understand hydrocarbon plumemigration, tracking site treatment and remediationprogress.

Li [40] developed a GIS planning model tocharacterize oil spills and determine preventiveand control measures available.

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Water supply systems Water supply systems consist of different components for raw watercollection, storage, treatment (if necessary) and subsequent release intothe distribution system for consumer use.

EPANET and InfoWater (H2ONET) models provide GIS interfaces andfunctions for building pipe network simulation models.

Szana [44] used the duo, to model a water distribution system.

Another GIS-based modeling package called GISAREG is aimed atimproving irrigation system scheduling.

Burst risk studies of water mains in the London supply area using GISwas undertaken by Ta [48].

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GIS for Environmental Engineering

Among the various EE software that integrate GIS, the followingare worth mentioning:

- ArcFM (manages and models facility data for water andwastewater)

- GeoMedia- MIMS (Municipal Infrastructure management system) - Oracle Water

Applications, etc.

Models linked with GIS that try to model water quality changeover time include:

- QUAL2E/QUAL2K- BASINS (Better Assessment Science Integrating Point and Non-

point Sources)- WAMView (watershed assessment model with an ArcViewinterface), etc.

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Diallo et al. [59] undertook a study to monitor and analyze thefate of waste-related pathogens (Cryptosporidium parkum,Giardia Lambia and E. Coli) using GIS.

Yang et al. [60] investigated the use of remote-sensing, waterquality model (QUAL2E) and GIS to forecast short-term waterquality of the Te-Chi reservoir in Taiwan.

Gemitzi et al. [62] utilized GIS in siting area for construction of naturaltreatment systems such as waste stabilization ponds in the region ofThrace, Greece.

Combining GIS with fuzzy multi-criteria decision making for siting landfillwas investigated by Chang et al. [64], Sumathi et al. [65] and Sharifi etal. [66].

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CASE STUDYGIS-Based Approach for Optimized Siting

of Municipal Solid Waste LandfillLandfill is engineered method of solid waste disposal.

It entails spreading the solid waste in thin layers, followed by compaction tothe smallest obtainable volume and then applying a cover at the end of theoperating day.

Large tracts of land are required for siting and development of a municipalsolid waste landfill.

The parameters influencing landfill siting decisions include:- environmental- geologic- hydrological- socio-economic condition of the area

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The study site is Pondicherry, an urban city in India.

Important thematic maps developed using GIS software in order to arrive atthe optimum site for the municipal landfill are;

- pre-existing land use- location of sensitive sites- infiltration- water bodies- water supply sources- groundwater quality- air quality- fault line and geology

Weightings were assigned to each criterion depending upon its importanceand ratings which in turn, depend on the relative magnitude of impact.

Ultimately, GIS-based feature called overlay analysis was undertaken for theidentification of the optimum landfill sites which fulfilled all the desiredcharacteristics.

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The following factors were considered for selecting the disposal sites:•Rivers•Water supply sources•Groundwater table•Groundwater quality•Infiltration•Air quality index•Geology•Fault line•Elevation•Land use•Habitation•Highways•Sensitive sites

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infiltration rate is an important parameter as it gives an idea of thepotential risk of groundwater contamination and hence serves asa key criterion for landfill development.

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Other maps include:

geology elevation waste land groundwater quality air quality index

Buffer distances considered:

ponds-200 mrivers-100 mroads-200 mhabitation-500 mwater supply sources-500 mfault lines - 500 m.

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Criteria used for site selection:

Land use criteria (proximity to water body, road network, agricultural land, settlement, wasteland, sensitive sites)

Hydro-geologic criteria (proximity to water table,degree of elevation, nature of geologic strata,degree of infiltration, nature of groundwaterquality)

Air quality criteria

Constraint parameterization

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Spatial Modeler of ArcGIS was employed for the multi-criteria analysis whose outcome is a final map indicating the most suitable sites.

Only 3 sites were selected as the most optimum sites out ofinitial proposed 17 potential sites.

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SUMMARY

Different GIS applications in WREE were highlighted.

In each case, emphasis was given on the different application packages (models) used in conjunction or integrated with GIS in solving WREE problems.

A case study which implemented GIS with MCDM for optimal siting of municipal solid waste municipal landfill was exhaustively discussed and presented.

Overlay analysis and MCDM were successfully and logically applied for solid waste landfill siting.

Conclusively, the importance of GIS in WREE cannot be over-emphasized. WREE can be considered synonymous with GIS.

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Thank you for listening

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