GINGER (Zingiber officinale Rosc.)

Dea Anita Ariani K. 260112070200

Wahyu Purwita Sari 260112070202

Mirhansyah Ardana 260112070206

CLASS B PHARMACIST 2007/2008

PADJADJARAN UNIVERSITY

GINGER

This plant is indigenous to Southern China, and is cultivated in India, China, and tropical regions.

Its rhizome has been used as a medicine in Asian, Indian, and Arabic since ancient times.

Uses

Fresh ginger is used as spices and beverage

A number of traditional drink from Java use ginger as the main constituent

Ginger is also made for candy Dried rhizome is used for

Indonesian traditional medicine

Plant Description Ginger is a creeping

perennial on a thick tuberous rhizome, which spreads underground.

The stem extends roughly 12 inches above ground with long, narrow, ribbed, green leaves, and white or yellowish-green flowers.

Other names of ginger Arabic : Zanjabil India : Aadu Canada : Shoonti Tamil : Inji Indonesia : Jahè Hindi/Urdu : Adrak English : Ginger French : Gingembre German : Ingwer

Available Forms

Powder Extracts Tinctures Capsules Essential oils Food & drinks

Ginger’s Chemical Components

Gingerol

Shogaol

Pharmacological ActionsPharmacological Actions

Immuno-modulatoryImmuno-modulatory Anti-tAnti-thrombotichrombotic Anti-inflammatoryAnti-inflammatory AntiAntisepticseptic Anti-lipidemic Anti-lipidemic Anti-emeticAnti-emetic Has aHas anti-oxidant substancenti-oxidant substance CControl nausea and vomitingontrol nausea and vomiting No record on toxicity of gingerNo record on toxicity of ginger

Extraction

Using ethanol 98% Ginger rhizome:ethanol = 1:4 The extraction time is carred out for 6

hour at 650C and 1 atm in extractor 98% solvent is remove under vacuum

at 175 mBar in the Buchi R205 rotary evaporator.

Fractination

Petroleum ether to a mixture of petroleum ether and diethyl ether, followed by 100 % of diethyl ether until PE:Et2O (4:6 v/v)

The slurry mixture was poured into the vertically oriented glass column (30 cm x 1.5 cm i.d.) to yield 41 fractions

Each fraction was analysed by TLC and was performed using TLC aluminium plate, gel silica Merck 60 F254 with 0.20 mm thickness

The spots of the isolated compounds on TLC plate were examined under a UV lamp (254) nm and were clearly visualised by iodine

vapour that form a brown spots

Using gravity column chromatography over 10 g silica gel with 70-230 mesh

Isolation and Purification

Vacuum Liquid Chromatography (VLC)

Gravity Liquid Chromatography (GLC)

Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC)

Structure Elucidation

Infrared SpectroscopyGC-MS1H-NMR and 13C-NMR spectra were

recorded using spectrometer NMR Varian Unity INOVA 400, which operated at 400 MHz and 100 MHz, respectively. CDCl3 was used as a solvent and TMS as an internal standard.

Infrared Spectroscopy Infrared spectra of the pure components

were recorded in the region of 4000-400 cm-1 using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Perkin Elmer Spectrometer.

About 1 mg of solid sample was finely ground with about 100 mg of dry KBr.

The mixture was placed in a steel die and subjected to a pressure of approximately 15,000 psi.

GC-MS The samples were injected in the split

mode, using pressure controlled by helium as a carrier gas at 50 cm3/min.

The injector and detector temperatures were maintained at 250ºC.

The oven temperature program from 60ºC (10 min) to 250 ºC at 3ºC/min and the final time was 1 min.

Vacuum Liquid Chromatography (VLC)

250 g SiO2 (230-400 Mesh, Silica Merck 9385) were packed inside vacuum column (diameter, 6 cm) acted as stationary phase.

15 g crude extract were dropped to the column wall to make homogenous.

Round filter paper was placed in the column, served to give flat base to the column of adsorbent and the sample while solvent was poured and suck dry.

Series of solvent mixtures, starting with non-polar (PE to a mixture of PE:Et2O with increasing polarity then Et2O 100%, Et2O:EtOAC, 50:50 and finally EtOAC 100%) All the fractions are collected and analyzed by TLC.

All the fractions are collected and analyzed by TLC. The same Rf value are combined to get the main fraction.

Gravity Liquid Chromatography (GLC)

100 g SiO2 (100-140 Mesh, Silica Merck 7734) were packed inside gravity column (diameter, 4 cm) acted as stationary phase

2.43 g fraction from VLC was dropped to the column wall to make homogenous

9:1 (PE:Et2O) and 8.5:1.5 (PE:Et2O) will be the solvent system used as a mobile phase to isolate the major compound

All the fractions are collected and analyzed by TLC. The same Rf value was combined to get the main fraction.

Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC)

Standard and sample were spotted on the baseline (0.5 cm) drawn on the TLC

After the sample solvent has evaporated, the plate is placed in a close container that is saturated with vapours of the developing solvents.

After development 4 cm from the origin, the plate is removed and examined under a UV lamp (254 nm)

The spot were clearly visualized by iodine vapour that forms a brown spot

Production of ginger oilFresh ginger

Crushed and dispersed in

water, filtered

Starch and water

Marc

Sedimentation and decantation

Ginger starch Water

Steam distillation

Water with pungent taste

Ginger oil

Beverage Extract for herbal medicine

Composition of ginger Composition of ginger oiloil

BBisaboleneisabolene CCineolineol PPhellandrenehellandrene CCitralitral BBoornrneoleol CCitronellolitronellol

GGeranialeranial LLinaloolinalool LLimoneneimonene ZZingiberolingiberol ZZingibereneingiberene CCampheneamphene