gil¥gh‰wš fšé kiw æš bjhl® k‰w« kgikahd kÂ¥Õl tyñ£lš gæ‰Á · as far as...

gil¥gh‰wš fšé Kiw

kÂ¥ÕL

gil¥gh‰wš fšé Kiwæš bjhl® k‰W« KGikahd

kÂ¥ÕL – tYñ£lš gæ‰Á

ca® bjhl¡f ãiy

MÁça® f£lf«

2016-2017

æš bjhl® k‰W« KGikahd

Kidt® é.Á.Ïuhnk°tuKUf‹, Ïa¡Fe®,

khãy¡ fšéæaš MuhŒ¢Á k‰W« gæ‰Á ãWtd«, br‹id -6.

ÂU. it. ghyKUf‹, Ïiz Ïa¡Fe® (gæ‰Á),

khãy¡ fšéæaš MuhŒ¢Á k‰W« gæ‰Á ãWtd«, br‹id -6.

Kidt® Á.cõhuhâ Ïiz Ïa¡Fe® (gæ‰Á),

midtU¡F« fšé Ïa¡f«, br‹id -6.

nkyhŒths® njÁa ešyhÁça® ÂUkÂ uh. khyÂ, Mnyhrf®,

khãy¤ Â£l Ïa¡ff«, midtU¡f« fšé Ïa¡f«,br‹id -6.

Ehš MÁça®fŸ

gæ¿Á f£lf xU§»iz¥ghs® V.gî® mfkJ, Kjšt®, kht£l MÁça® fšé k‰W« gæ‰Á ãWtd«, Ïuhâ¥ng£il, ntY® kht£l«.

ÂUkÂ. br.b#aªÂ v°j®, cjé xU§»iz¥ghs®- gil¥gh‰wš fšé , khãy¤ Â£l Ïa¡ff«,

midtU¡f« fšé Ïa¡f«, br‹id -6.

1. ÂUkÂ r. ònshuh, thrf®, khãy fšéæaš k‰W« gæ‰Á Ïa¡f«, br‹id.

2. Á.Fkh® éçÎiuahs®, kht£l MÁça® fšé k‰W« gæ‰Á ãWtd«,Ïuhâ¥ng£il, ntY® kht£l«.

3. ÂU j. Ia¥g‹, éçÎiuahs®, kht£l MÁça® fšé k‰W« gæ‰Á ãWtd«, Ïuhâ¥ng£il, ntY® kht£l«.

4. ÂUkÂ . g. fiy¢bršé éçÎiuahs®, kht£l MÁça® fšé k‰W« gæ‰Á ãWtd«,fëah«ó©o, fhŠÁòu« kht£l«.

5. ÂU. kh. jduh#h, xU§»iz¥ghs®- gæ‰Á, khãy¤ Â£l Ïa¡ff«,

midtU¡f« fšé Ïa¡f«, br‹id -6

6. ÂUkÂ . v°.V. mKjh, cjé xU§»iz¥ghs®- gæ‰Á, khãy¤ Â£l Ïa¡ff«,

midtU¡f« fšé Ïa¡f«,br‹id -6 7. ÂU Á. RnuZFkh®,

MÁça® gæ‰We®, fh£lh§Fs¤ö®, t£lhu tsika«, fhŠÁòu« kht£l«.

8. ÂUkÂ . r. kça Ãur‹dh, MÁça® gæ‰We®, k©lš-5 òuirth¡f«, br‹id kht£l«.

ÂUkÂ . K. Á¤uhnjé, MÁça® gæ‰We®,

k©ly« 10, kæyh¥ó®t£lhu tsika«, br‹id kht£l«.

f£lf¤ jahç¥ò¡ FG FG¤jiyt®

bghUsl¡f«

t.v© jiy¥ò g¡f«

1 gil¥gh‰wš fšé-m¿Kf« k‰W« goãiyfŸ és¡f« 1-7

2 gæ‰Á¤jhŸ- (bghJ) 8-12

3 jäœ – ghl¤ Â£l« 13-20

4 gæ‰Á¤jhŸ –jäœ 21

5 M§»y« ghl¤Â£l« 22-28

6 gæ‰Á¤jhŸ –M§»y« 29-30

7 fâj«-ghl¤Â£l« 31-40

8 gæ‰Á¤jhŸ – fâj« 50

9 m¿éaš - ghl¤Â£l« 51-66

10 gæ‰Á¤jhŸ - m¿éaš 67

11 r_f m¿éaš - ghl¤Â£l« 68-80

12 gæ‰Á¤jhŸ - r_f m¿éaš 81

1

gil¥gh‰wš fšé

“c©ikahd òçjšjh‹ f‰wY¡F mo¥gil”

- nguhÁça® aZghš

Ïtç‹ T‰Wgo e« gil¥gh‰wš fšéÍ« x›bthU FHªijÍ« jhdhf,

neuoahf¡ f‰wš brašghLfëš <Lg£L bjëÎ bg‰W òçjš ãiy milªJ

gil¥òfŸ gy gil¤Âl tê tif brŒ»wJ.

x›bthU khztD« ghl¥bghUis jdJ Ra Ka‰Áæš kdtiugl«

tiutJ« fU¤J¡fis bjhF¥gJkhd ntiyia brŒtjhš, f‰wyhdJ MHKila

f‰wš M»wJ. nkY« jh‹ f‰wt‰iw g»®ªJbfhŸtÂ‹ _y« (tH§Fjš) f‰w

jftšfŸ kw¡fhkš ãidéš ãiy ãW¤j¥gL»wJ.

F¿¡nfhŸ

• ghl¡ fU¤J¡fis gil¥gh‰wš f‰wš goãiyfis¥ Ã‹g‰¿ Kiwahf

f‰Ã¥gij cWÂ brŒjš

• gil¥gh‰wš f‰wš Kiwæš bjhl® k‰W« KGikahd kÂ¥Õ£il

nk‰bfhŸS« têKiwfëš bjëÎ V‰gL¤Jjš

• khzt®fŸ brŒJ f‰fÎ«, fU¤J gçkh‰w« ãfœ¤jÎ«, FG kd¥gh‹ikia

ts®¡fÎkhd Nœãiyia cUth¡Fjš.

neh¡f§fŸ

• gil¥gh‰wš f‰wš goãiyfëYŸs Ïl®ghLfis milahs§fhQjš

k‰W« fisjš.

• kztiugl« tiujš k‰W« bjhF¤jiy¤ bjhl®ªJ tsu¿ kÂ¥ÕL (m)

k‰W« (M) Áw¥ghf ãfœ¤j têtif brŒjš.

2

gil¥gh‰wš fšé-m¿Kf« k‰W« goãiyfŸ és¡f«

gil¥gh‰wš fšé

FHªijfë‹ Ïa‰ifahd M®t¤ij ts®¥gJ« f‰wY¡fhd têKiwfis

cUth¡FtJnk f‰wè‹ neh¡f« MF«. nk‰f©l éj¤Âš f‰wš eilbgw

tF¥giw NHiy mik¤J f‰wèš <LgLtj‰fhd goãiyfis¥ gil¥gh‰wš fšé

V‰gL¤Â¤jU»wJ. Ï¥gil¥gh‰wš fšéæ‹ goãiyfis¡ ÑnHfhzyh«.

goãiyfŸ brašghLfŸ

m¿Kf« go¡F« ghl¥bghUS¡F V‰g Ma¤j¥gL¤J« t©z« ghl¤ bjhl®ghd

jftšfŸ më¡f¥gLjny m¿Kf«.

• ÁWghlšfŸ ghLjš mšyJ fijfŸ Twš.

• el¤j¥nghF« ghl¤Â‰F¥ òF« thæyhf.

• Kªija ghl¤ij ãidñ£Ltjhfnth m¿Kf« mik¤jš.

• ghl¥gFÂnahL bjhl®òila vëa nfŸéfŸ nf£lš.

• brašghLfŸ k‰W« gçnrhjid brŒJ fh©Ã¥gÂ‹ _y« vJ

ghl¥gFÂ¡F V‰w éjkhf mikÍnkh mj‹go ghl¤ij m¿Kf«

brŒjš.

• ghl¤Â‰F¤ bjhl®òila brašghLfŸjhdh v‹gij MÁça®

cWÂbrŒjš.

• mid¤J ghl§fS¡F« xnu khÂçahd brašghLfŸ më¥gij¤

jé®¤jš.

M§»y¥ ghl¤Â‰F k£L«

The main points of the lesson given by the teacher in English .

go¤jš gil¥gh‰wš fšéæš äf K¡»akhd goãiy go¤jš goãiy MF«. ÏJ

Áªjid¤ ÂwD¡F _yhjhukhf és§F»wJ. go¡F« Âw‹,

khztD¡F¡ bfhL¡f¥g£LŸs jftšfnshL, RakhfÎ« RjªÂukhfÎ«

xU bjhl®ig cUth¡»¡ bfhŸs cjÎ»wJ.

• ghl¥gFÂia Kjèš MÁça® go¤jš.

• Ã‹ò MÁça® têfh£LjYl‹ khzt® go¤jš.

• khzt® mo¡nfho£l òÂa brh‰fS¡F MÁça® bghUŸ Twš.

3

jäœ¥ ghl¤Â‰F k£L«

• brŒÍis¥ go¡F«nghJ brh‰fis¥ Ãç¤J¥ go¡F« Kiwæid¡

TWjš.

• ciueilæš ãW¤j¡F¿fS¡F V‰g go¡F« Kiwæid¥ gH¡Fjš.

• ciuahlš, fijfŸ ghl§fshf mikæ‹ Fuš V‰w Ïw¡f«, cz®¢Á

btë¥gL¤JkhW go¤jš.


• The Teacher guides the students to read the lesson with proper

pronunciation, stress and intonation.

• The students along with the help of the teacher, reads the lesson

in groups. Students are involved in silent reading and underline

the new words they come across while reading.

• The students are encouraged to use dictionary to find out the

meaning of the new words on their own.

• The teacher simultaneously writes the meaning of new words on

the blackboard.

• The new words are related to the context of the lesson with the

help of the teacher.

Note: For grammar part, Guided reading is not followed.

Instead, it is given as ‘Understanding’ so that the teacher can

teach the concept of grammar.

fz¡F¥ ghl¤Â‰F k£L«

nkyhŒÎ

• MÁça® Ï¥ghlntis¡Fça ghl¤Â‹ Mu«g« k‰W« KoÎ g¡f

v©fis¡ TWjš.

• khzt®fS¡F MÁça® F¿¥Ã£l g¡f¤ÂYŸs N¤Âu§fŸ,

tiuaiwfŸ, jiy¥òfŸ, cgjiy¥òfŸ, tiugl§fŸ, m£ltizfŸ,

F¿¥òfŸ ngh‹wt‰iw¢ RU¡fkhf¡ TWjš.

kdtiugl« ghl¡fU¤Âid cŸth§» khzt‹ òçªJ bfh©lij btë¥gL¤Jjny

kdtiugl«.

4

• kd tiugl¤Âid khzt®fŸ tiujš

• ghl¡fU¤Jfë‹ mo¥gilæš khzt®fŸ jahç¤j kdtiugl¤ij

tH§Fjš (xU FG khzt®fŸ k£L« xU ghlntisæš, kdtiugl¤ij

és¡Fjš nghJkhdJ. k‰w khzt®fS¡F mL¤j ghlntisfëš

RH‰Á Kiwæš thŒ¥ò më¡fyh«.

• éLg£l fU¤J¡fSl‹ MÁça® j« kdtiugl¤ij tH§Fjš.

• MÁça® kdtiugl« tiutÂš Áuk¥gL« khzt®fS¡F tiua nt©oa

têKiwfis¡ T¿ têel¤jyh«.


As far as Grammar is concerned, the teacher can give a guided mind map, if needed.


òçjš

fU¤J¢ brašghL

• fU¤J¢ brašghL v‹gJ fh»j« ko¤jš, fh»j« bt£o x£Ljš,

fijfŸ, c©ik¢ r«gt§fŸ, gl§fŸ, tiugl§fŸ, thœ¡ifæš

cgnah»¡F« bghU£fŸ Kjèat‰iw¥ ga‹gL¤Â brašghLfis¢

brŒtÂ‹ _y« fU¤ij¤ bjëÎ¥gL¤Jtjhf mika nt©L«. Ï~J

MÁça® braš MF«.

MÁça® brŒÍ« vëa fz¡F

• MÁça® fU¤J¤ Âwåš òçjš V‰gL« tifæš gæ‰Áæš

bfhL¡f¥g£LŸs xU fz¡»id és¡» Ô®Î f©L tH§Fjš.

khzt®fŸ jå¤J brŒÍ« fz¡F

• MÁça® brŒj fz¡»id vL¤J¡fh£lhf¡ bfh©L, mj‰F V‰w

fz¡Ffis¥ gæ‰Áæš milahs« f©L, m¡fz¡FfS¡F

khzt®fŸ jå¤J¤ Ô®Î fhQjš nt©L«. (FiwªjJ Ïu©L

fz¡Ffis khzt®fŸ brŒjš nt©L«)

bjhF¤jY« tH§FjY«

(bjhF¤jny ghl¥bghUë‹ KGik. )

• VnjD« xU Kiwæš ghl¡fU¤Âid¤ bjhF¤jš

5

• kdtiugl« tH§»a FG jé®¤J k‰bwhU FG bjhF¤jiy tH§Fjš

éLg£l fU¤JfSl‹ MÁça® bjhF¤jë¤jš.


Scope should be provided to enrich the speaking skill of the

students.


• neuoahf¢ N¤Âu¤ij¥ ga‹gL¤jhkš gy fU¤J¡fis¥

ga‹gL¤Â Ô®Î fhQ« fz¡F x‹¿id khzt®fël« ciuaho

MÁça® brŒJ fh£o tH§Fjš nt©L«.

Ka‹W brŒÍ« fz¡FfŸ

• ÁW FGéš, MÁçaç‹ cjéÍl‹ khzt®fŸ rthyhd

fz¡FfS¡F¤ Ô®Î fhQjš.

• x›bthU FGthf¡ fU«gyifæš tH§Fjš.

tYñ£Ljš ghl¥bghUis tYñ£L« tifæš V‰w brašghLfis totik¤J¤

jUjš nt©L«

• ghl¥bghUis tYñ£L« tifæš, V‰w brašghLfis totik¤J

tH§Fjš.

• ghl¡ fU¤Jfis thœéaš NHèš bjhl®ògL¤Â vëa brašghLfŸ

_y« MÁça® és¡Fjš


• bkhê¤Âw‹ btë¥gL« tifæš brašghLfŸ mikjš.


• The content of the lesson is reinforced with some activities

which can be designed in such a way to provide more space for

developing the listening and speaking skills.

• Book back activities can be utilized for further practice.

6


braš 1

ghl¡ fU¤Âid tYñ£L« éjkhf MÁça® kd¡fz¡Ffis

cUth¡» nf£lš. khzt®fisÍ« nfŸéfis cUth¡f¢ brŒjš.

braš 2

• Áªjidia¤ ö©L« brašghL v‹gJ x›bthU ghl¡ fU¤ij¡

f‰Ã¤jÃ‹D« Ñœ¡fhQkhW tH§Fjš.

� MÁça®fŸ brhªjkhf cUth¡»a fz¡Ffis Ïªj¢ brašgh£oš

tH§Fjš.

Âwªj ãiy (Open ended questions) édh¡fS¡F¥ gÂyë¡f

khzt®fis¤ jah®gL¤Jjš.

kÂ¥ÕL • khzt®fë‹ f‰wš miléid cWÂ brŒtj‰fhf MÁça®

édh¡fis¡ nf£lš.

• brašghLfŸ, vëa vG¤J¤ nj®Î, òÂ® édh éil mik¤jš ngh‹w

brašghLfŸ _y« kÂ¥Ãlš.

FiwÔ® f‰wš • f‰wš miléš FiwghLila khzt®fis kÂ¥Õ£o‹nghJ

f©l¿ªJ, mt®fS¡F V‰w FiwÔ® f‰wiy tH§Fjš.

• brašghLfŸ vëikahf ÏU¤jš.

vGJjš f‰w ghl¡fU¤J¡fis tY¥gL¤J« brašghLfis totik¤J¤ jUjny vGJjš.

• ghl¡fU¤Jfis tY¥gL¤J« tifæY« ghl¡fU¤Jfë‹ thæyhf

vGJ« Âw‹ tsU« tifæY« brašghLfis totik¤J¡

bfhL¤jš.

• üyf¤ij¥ ga‹gL¤J« Âwid khzt®fël« ts®¤jš.

bjhl®gâ • ghl¡ fU¤JfS¡F¥ bghU¤jkhf xU gUt¤Â‰F 1 mšyJ 2

brašÂ£l§fis¡ (project) bfhL¡f nt©L«. MÁça®

têfh£LjYl‹ jåahfnth, Á¿a (m) bgça FGényh

brašgL¤jyh«.

7


• bkhê¥ghl¤Â‹ ca®ãiy¤ Âw‹fshd féij, f£Liu, foj«,

ciueilia ciuahlyh¡Fjš, ciuahliy¢ brŒÂah¡Fjš ngh‹w

bjhl®gâæid tH§Fjš.


The students are encouraged to involve in gathering information

from other sources like newspaper, reference books and internet.

This task helps the students enrich their language skills.

Note: As far as English subject is concerned, the teacher has to

communicate in English in the classroom, which provides

opportunity for students to listen to English language.


ghl¡fU¤Âid ikakhf¡ bfh©L thœ¡if¡ fz¡FfŸ k‰W«

gæ‰Áæid mo¥gilahf¡ bfh©l fz¡Ffis bjhl® gâahf

tH§Fjš.

kd tiugl¤Â‰fhd K¡»a F¿¥ò:

• Kj‹ik fU¤ij ikakhf¡ bfh©L TLjš/ JizfU¤J¡fis¤ (rh®ò

fU¤J¡fŸ) bjhl®ògL¤Â tçir¡»uk¥go fh£Á¥gL¤Jtif kdtiugl«

v‹»nwh«.

• kdtiugl¤Â‹ ika¤Âš xU ika¡fU¤njh, mšyJ xU édhnth

mikÍ«. Ïjid¤ bjhl®ªJ tU« TLjš/ Jiz¡fU¤J¡fis bt›ntW

mik¥òfŸ _y« bjhl®ògL¤Â éçÎgL¤j nt©oaJ mtÁakhF«.

• jå¤njh mšyJ FGthfnth cŸth§»a fU¤J¡fis¤ bjhl®ògL¤Â¡

fh£Á¥gL¤j kdtiugl« cjÎ»wJ. ÏJ xU f‰wš/ f‰Ã¤jš c¤Â vdyh«.

• jh§fŸ òçªJbfh©lij btë¥gL¤JtÂš x›bthUtU« ntWgL»wh®fŸ.

vdnt kdtiuglK« ntWgL«. Ïj‹ _y« mt®fS¡F©lhd òçjèš

cŸs F¿¥Ãl¤ jFªj kh‰w¤Âid msél KoÍ«.

8

• j‰nghija m¿Îl‹ òÂa¡fU¤J¡fis xU§»iz¡fÎ«; Â£lälš k‰W«

gF¤jhŒÎ brŒaÎ«; fU¤J¡fŸ, v©z§fŸ k‰W« jftšfis¤

bjëthfÎ« JšèakhfÎ« btë¥gL¤jÎ« kdtiugl« Jiz òç»‹wJ.

goãiyfis¤ jé®¥gÂdhš V‰gL« éisÎfŸ (gæ‰Á¤jhŸ)

t.

v© goãiyfŸ goãiyfis¤ jé®¥gÂdhš V‰gL« éisÎfŸ

1 m¿Kf«

• ghl¤Â‹ Ûjhd M®t« FiwÍ«.

• go¡F«nghJ ghl¤Â‹ ika¡ fU¤Âid m¿ahkš

nghfyh«.

• ghl¤Â‰fhd neh¡f§fŸ k‰W« mo¥gilahd

jftšfŸ/c©ikfŸ/ fU¤J¡fŸ ngh‹wt‰iw¤

jé®¡f neçL«.

• òÂa fU¤Âid bjhl®ªJ, K‹bdL¤J bršy

Ïayhkš nghfyh«.

2 go¤jš

3 kdtiugl«

• fU¤J¡fŸ, v©z§fŸ k‰W« jftšfis¤

bjëthfÎ« JšèakhfÎ« btë¥gL¤j thŒ¥òfŸ

FiwÍ«.

• mid¤J¡ fU¤J¡fisÍ« KGikahf btë¥gL¤j

thŒ¥òfŸ Ïšyhkš nghF«.

• ghl¡fU¤J¡fis xU§fik¡f Ïayhkš nghF«.

• ghl¥bghUŸ Ú©l ehŸ ãidéš ãiy¡fhJ.

9

• khzt®fë‹ jå¤Jt« k‰W« MSik¤Âw‹fis

btë¥gL¤j thŒ¥òfŸ Ïšyhkš nghF«.

• Â£lälš k‰W« gF¤jhÍ« Âw‹fŸ FiwÍ«.

• fU¤J¡fŸ F¿¤J éthj« jilgL«.

4

bjhF¤jY«

tH§FjY«

• ghl¡fU¤J¡fis¥ òçjYl‹ xU§fik¡fÎ«,

xUKf¥gL¤jÎ« khzt®fS¡F Ïayhãiy

fhz¥gL«.

• brh‰fis Ïiz¤J¤ bjhluhf mik¤jš jilgL«.

• rçahd brh‰fSl‹ bjhl® mik¤jš/Ko¤jš ngh‹w

brašghLfëš Ã‹j§»a ãiy fhz¥gL«.

• khzt®fëilna éthÂ¤J vGJ« braš

eilbgwhjbghGJ khzt® kdÂš fU¤JfŸ

cŸth§Fjš jilgL«. (xU Kiw vGJjš g¤J Kiw

go¤jY¡F¢ rk«)

• khzt®fŸ gaä‹¿ RjªÂukhf¤ j§fŸ fU¤J¡fis

vL¤Jiu¥gj‰fhd thŒ¥òfŸ ÏšyhkšnghF«.

• k‰wt®fë‹ fU¤J¡fis¡ nf£F« jåkåj

cz®ÎfS¡F kÂ¥gë¡F« g©òfŸ tsuhJ.

• FGéš tH§Fjš eilbgwhjjhš nj®éš j§F

jilæ‹¿ édh¡fS¡F cça éilia më¤Âl

ÏayhJ.

5 tYñ£Ljš

6 kÂ¥ÕL

• khzt®fë‹ f‰wš milit m¿a ÏayhJ.

• fšéæ‹ neh¡f¤ij ãiwÎ brŒa ÏayhJ.

• khzt®fë‹ Âwikfis¥ òçªJbfh©L

10

btë¡bfhzu ÏayhJ.

• khzt®fël« FiwghLfis¡ f©l¿ªJ fisa

ÏayhJ.

7

FiwÔ®

f‰wš

8 vGJjš

• ghl¡fU¤Jfis tY¥gL¤j ÏayhJ • khzt®fë‹ vGJ« gæ‰Á jilg£L vGJjèš M®t«

FiwÍ«. • khzt®fë‹ ifbaG¤J (vGJjš) Áw¥ghf mikahJ.

9 bjhl®gâ

gil¥gh‰wš fšéÍ« bjhl® k‰W« KGikahd kÂ¥ÕL«

gil¥gh‰wš fšéæš khzt®fis¡ FGthfnth jåahfnth kÂ¥ÕL

brŒayh«. m›thW f‰wiy btë¥gL¤j Ïayhj khzt®fis¡ f©l¿ªJ

mt®fS¡F¡ FiwÔ® f‰Ã¤jè‹nghJ jå¡ftd« brY¤Â nk«gL¤jyh«.

bjhl® k‰W« KGikahd kÂ¥ÕL v‹gJ f‰nghç‹ fšérh® k‰W« fšé

Ïiz¢ brašghLfis¤ bjhl®ªJ kÂ¥ÃLjyhF«. xU khzt‹ fšé k‰W« fšé

Ïiz¢brašghLfëš fh£L« <LghL, M®t«, Ka‰Á, xG§FKiw, brašÂw‹,

MSik ts®¢Á vd m¿Î, clš, kd«, r_f« rh®ªj mid¤J¡ TWfisÍ«

bjhl®ªJ kÂ¥ÃLjyhF«. Ï›thW kÂ¥ÃLtjdhš, f‰wš – f‰Ã¤jèš cŸs

FiwghLfis¡ fisªJ nk«gL¤jyh«.

11

gil¥gh‰wš fšé Kiwæš cŸs x‹gJ goãiyæš Ñœ¡fhQ« goãiyfëš

tsu¿ kÂ¥ÕL brŒtj‰fhd thŒ¥òfŸ Ïašghf mikªJŸsd.

* go¤jš

* kdtiugl«

* tYñ£lš

* kÂ¥ÕL

* bjhl®gâ

gæ‰Á¤jhŸ

1. gil¥gh‰wš fšéæ‹ goãiyfis KGikahf tF¥giwæš

eilKiw¥ggL¤j më¡f¥g£LŸs fhy« ------------------------

2. Kjš 45 ãäl§fëš ---------------- goãiyæèUªJ --------------------

goãiytiu

3. mL¤j 45 ãäl§fëš ---------------- goãiyæèUªJ --------------------

goãiytiu

f£èæl¤ij ãu¥òf

1. m¿Kf«

2. ---------

3. kdtiugl«

4. --------------

5. tYñ£Ljš

6. -----------

7. FiwÔ®¡f‰wš

8. -------------

9. bjhl®gâ

5.fâj¥ghl¤Âš nkyhŒÎ goãiyæš MÁçaç‹gâ v‹d ?

---------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------

6.fâj¥ ghl¤Âš òçjš brašgh£o‹ _‹W ãiyfŸ

1. ----------------------------------

2. -----------------------------------

3. --------------------------------------

12

7. rf khzt® cjéÍl‹ ÁW FG¡fëš fz¡Ffis khzt®fŸ brŒÍ«

brašghLfŸ vªj¥ goãiyæš mikªJŸsJ ?

--------------------------------------------------------------

8.gil¥gh‰wš fšé Kiwæš tsu¿ kÂ¥ÕL brŒtj‰fhd goãiyfŸ

* ------------

* ------------

* ------------

* ------------

* ------------

* ------------

13

jäœ

tF¥ò : v£lh« tF¥ò –Kjš gUt«

ghl« : jäœ ts®¤j rh‹nwh®fŸ

g¡f« : 8,9

1.m¿Kf«

khzt®fS¡F¡ Ñœ¡fhQ« brašgh£oid¡ bfhL¤J Ma¤j¥gL¤Jf.

brašghL

• g¤J ciwfis vL¤J¡bfh©L mt‰¿‹nkš Ñœ¡fhQ« bga®fis¤

jå¤jåna vGÂ¡bfhŸf.

1. ghuÂah® 2. ghuÂjhr‹ 3. ÂU. é. f. 4. kiwkiy mofŸ 5. m¿P® m©zh 6. òJik¥ Ã¤j‹ 7. jhÍkhdt® 8. ÂUtŸSt® 9. ÂU¤j¡f¤ njt® 10. f«g®

• ciwæDŸ, nkny cŸs rh‹nwh® F¿¤j fU¤J¡fis¢ ÁW jhëš vGÂ

it¡f.

• mjid khzt®fël« bfhL¤J, ciwæ‹ nkYŸs rh‹nwhiu¥g‰¿,

mt®fS¡F¤ bjçªjt‰iw¡ Tw¢ brŒf. (m¥bgaiu v¥ghl¤Âš

go¤ÂU¡»‹wd® vd¡ T¿dhY« nghJkhdJ)

• mt® T¿ Ko¤jÃ‹, ciwæDŸ cŸs¡ fU¤ij¥ go¡f¢ brŒf.

• mt®fŸ T¿at‰iw¤ bjhF¤J, jäœ ts®¤j rh‹nwh®fŸ vD« ghl¤Âid

m¿Kf« brŒf.

14

2.go¤jš

g¡f v© 8,9Ïš cŸs ÅukhKåt® v‹D« jiy¥Ã‹ Ñœ cŸs ciu¥ g¤Âfis¥

go¤J¥ òÂa brh‰fis mo¡nfhol brŒf.

• mo¡nfho£l brh‰fis¡ fU«gyifæš vGJf.

• brh‰fS¡fhd bghUis khzt®fisna Tw¢ brŒf.

• khzt®fŸ jLkhW« brh‰fS¡F MÁça® bghUŸ TWf.

òÂa brh‰fŸ

mfit tçtot«

<®¡f¥g£lh® fy«gf«

g‰W m«khid

N£o¡bfh©lh® Á‰¿y¡»a«

gæ‹W fj«g«

f‰W Ïy§F

M‰¿a K¤jhu«

15

3.kdtiugl«

ÅukhKåt®

ehL

Ïa‰bga®

òfHhu«

N£oat®

vG¤J¢

Ó®ÂU¤j«

Ïa‰¿a

üšfŸ

ijçaehj‹

m¿ªj

bkhêfŸ

rka¤ ÂU¥gâ

bjhl¡f«

fh‹°lh©o‹

n#hr¥ bg°»

Ï¤jhè

K¥gjh« mfit

jäHf« tUif

M§»y«, vÃnua«,

»nu¡f«, jäœ,

bjY§F, tlbkhê

ÅukhKåt®

rJufuhÂ, nj«ghtâ, bjh‹}š és¡f«, gukh®¤j¡ FU fij, fhtYh®¡ fy«gf«

tçtot¤ ÂU¤j«

uh.Ã. nrJ¥ÃŸis

16

4.bjhF¤jY« tH§FjY«

kdtiugl¤Âš cŸs fU¤Jfis¥ g£oaš Kiwæš bjhF¡f¢ brŒJ, tH§f¢

brŒf.

ÅukhKåt®

Ïa‰bga® fh‹°lh©o‹ n#hr¥ bg°»

ehL Ï¤jhè

rka¥gâ jkJ K¥gjh« mfitæš rka¥ gâah‰w, jäHf« tªjh®.

m¿ªj bkhêfŸ M§»y«, vÃnua«, »nu¡f«, jäœ, bjY§F, tlbkhê

ijçaehj‹ jäœÛJ bfh©l g‰¿dhš ijçaehj‹ v‹D« bgaiu

ÅukhKåt® vd kh‰¿¡ bfh©lh®.

Ïa‰¿a üšfŸ rJufuhÂ (mfuKjè), nj«ghtâ (»¿¤Jt¡ fh¥Ãa üš),

bjh‹}š és¡f« (F£o¤ bjhšfh¥Ãa«)

vG¤J¢

Ó®ÂU¤j«

jäœ tçtot¤Âš ÂU¤j¤ij¡ bfh©L tªjh®.

òfHhu« uh.Ã. nrJ¥ÃŸis Ñœ¡fhQkhW òfœªjh®.

“nj«ghtâ, fhtÿ®¡fy«gf« fj«gkhiyahf¡

fh£Áaë¡»‹wJ; bjh‹}š bgh‹}yhf Ïy§F»‹wJ;

rJufuhÂ K¤jhukhf äs®»‹wJ; ÅukhKåt® jäœ

Kåt®fSŸ xUtuhf és§F»‹wh®.”

5.tYñ£Ljš

brašghL-1 ne®fhzš

• khzt® ÏUtiu miH¤J, ne®fhzš el¤Jf.

• xU khzt‹ ÅukhKåtuhfÎ«, k‰bwhU khzt‹ ne®fhzš

brŒgtuhfÎ« eo¡f/brašgl¢ brŒf.

17

v.fh.

ne®fhzš

ne®fhzš brŒgt® : Iah! tz¡f«.

ÅukhKåt® : tz¡f« thU§fŸ…

ne®fhzš brŒgt® : j§fis¥ g‰¿Í« j§fŸ jäœ¥ g‰W g‰¿Í«

nfŸé¥g£nl‹. mJF¿¤J, j§fëlnk édé

m¿ayhbk‹W tªJŸns‹.

ÅukhKåt® : ešyJ; nfS§fŸ; TW»nw‹.

ne®fhzš brŒgt® : j§fë‹ ehL?

ÅukhKåt® : Ï¤jhè.

ne®fhzš brŒgt® : ÅukhKåt® v‹gJjh‹ j§fë‹ bganuh?

ÅukhKåt® : Ïšiy Ïšiy. vdJ bg‰nwh® vd¡F it¤j

bga®, fh‹°lh©o‹ n#hr¥ bg°».

ne®fhzš brŒgt® : Ã‹ v¥nghJ, v¥go ÅukhKåt® v‹D« bga®

tªjJ?

ÅukhKåt® : rka¤ ÂU¥gâah‰w jäHf« tªjnghJ ijçaehj® v‹w bgaiu¢ N£o¡bfh©nl‹. Ã‹ jäœÛJ bfh©l g‰¿dhš, ijçaehj‹ v‹gij ÅukhKåt® vd kh‰¿¡bfh©nl‹.

ne®fhzš brŒgt® : v¥nghJ jäHf« tªÔ®?

ÅukhKåt® : vdJ K¥gjh« mfitæš jäHf« tªnj‹.

rka¤ij¥ gu¥òtj‰fhf…

ne®fhzš brŒgt® : jäœeh£oš rka¤ij¥ gu¥òtJ v‹whš jäœ

bkhê bjçªÂU¡f nt©Lnk?

c§fS¡F K‹dnu jäœ bjçÍnkh?

ÅukhKåt® : Ïšiy… Ïšiy… vd¡F M§»y«, vÃnua«,

»nu¡f«jh‹ Kjèš bjçÍ«. jäœeh£o‰F

tªjÃwF jäiH¡ f‰W¡ bfh©nl‹. mjDl‹

bjY§ifÍ« tlbkhêiaÍ« f‰nw‹.

18

ne®fhzš brŒgt® : Áw¥ò… Áw¥ò… Iah! jäêš jh§fŸ brŒj

bjh©oid m¿ªJbfhŸs éU«ò»nw‹.

ÅukhKåt® : jäêš…. tçtot¢ Ó®ÂU¤j« Áyt‰iw

nk‰bfh©nl‹; m¤Jl‹ rJufuhÂ, nj«ghtâ,

bjh‹}š és¡f«, gukh®¤j¡ FU fij,

fhtÿ®¡ fy«gf« Kjèa üšfis Ïa‰¿

cŸns‹.

ne®fhzš brŒgt® : mitbašyh« äf Áwªj gil¥òfŸ Iah

mjdhšjh‹ uh.Ã. nrJ¥ÃŸis, “nj«ghtâ,

fhtÿ®¡fy«gf« fj«gkhiyahf¡

fh£Áaë¡»‹wJ; bjh‹}š bgh‹}yhf

Ïy§F»‹wJ; rJufuhÂ K¤jhukhf äs®»‹wJ;

ÅukhKåt® jäœ Kåt®fSŸ xUtuhf

és§F»‹wh®” vd¥ òfHhu« N£oÍŸsh®.

ÅukhKåt® : mJ vd¡F¤ jäœ bfhL¤j bfhil; jäG¡F

eh‹ v‹W« flik¥g£LŸns‹.

ne®fhzš brŒgt® : Iah! j§fël« ngÁaÂš bgUk»œ¢Á

bfh©nl‹. j§fis¥ g‰¿a brŒÂfis¤

j§fë‹ _ykhfnt m¿ªJbfh©nl‹.

jäê‹ghš äf <®¥ò bfh©nl‹. e‹¿!

tU»nw‹ Iah!…

ÅukhKåt® : ešyJ … thU§fŸ…

19

brašghL-2

Ñœ¡fhQ« brh‰fis¢ brhšy¡nf£L vGJf.

1 fh‹°lh©o‹ n#hr¥ bg°» 6 F£o¤bjhšfh¥Ãa«

2 ijçaehj‹ 7 fy«gf«

3 ÅukhKåt® 8 m«khid

4 rJufuhÂ 9 gukh®¤j¡FU fij

5 nj«ghtâ 10 uh.Ã. nrJ¥ÃŸis

6.kÂ¥ÕL

brašghL-1

ghlüèš cŸs ÅukhKåt® g‰¿a édh¡fS¡F éilaë¡f (g¡f«-11)

brašghL-2

ghlüèš cŸs édh¡fis¤ jé®¤J MÁça® òwta édh¡fis cUth¡»,

kÂ¥ÕL brŒf.

(v.fh.)

1. ÅukhKåt® Kj‹ Kjyhf ___________v‹D« mfu Kjèia btëæ£lh®.

2. »¿¤Jt¡ fh¥Ãakhd ___________ ÅukhKåtuhš Ïa‰w¥g£lJ.

3. gukh®¤j¡ FU fij v‹gJ ___________üš MF«.

4. bjh‹}š ___________ Ïy§F»‹wJ.

5. rJufuhÂ ___________ äë®»‹wJ.

7. FiwÔ® f‰wš

brašghL-1

ghlüèš t©z vG¤Âš cŸs brh‰fis¥ gh®¤J vGj¢ brŒf

20

brašghL-2

rçahd Ïizia¥ ghlüiy¥ gh®¤J¡ F¿¡f¢ brŒf.

1 ÅukhKåt® - fh‹°lh©o‹ n#hr¥ bg°»

2 rJufuhÂ - mfuKjè

3 nj«ghtâ - »¿¤Jt¡ fh¥Ãa«

4 bjh‹}š és¡f« - F£o¤ bjhšfh¥Ãa«

5 gukh®¤j¡ FU fij - eif¢Rit üš

6 fhtÿ®¡ fy«gf« - K¤jhu«

8. vGJjš

1. Ñœ¡fhQ« brh‰fis¡ bfh©L bjhluik¡f.

1. ÅukhKåt®-Ï¤jhè-Ãw¥ò

2. jäœ¥g‰W-ijçaehj‹-ÅukhKåt®

3. rJufuhÂ-mfuKjè-btëælš

4. nj«ghtâ-fhtÿ®¡ fy«gf«-fj«g khiy

5. uh.Ã.nrJ¥ÃŸis-ÅukhKåt®-òfHhu«

2. ÅukhKåt® F¿¤j j‹étu¡F¿¥Ãid¡ Ñœ¡fhQ« jiy¥òfS¡F V‰g vGÂ

tUf

1 Ïa‰bga® :

2 ehL :

3 m¿ªj bkhêfŸ :

4 Ïa‰¿a üšfŸ :

5 uh.Ã.nrJ¥ÃŸis N£oa òfHhu« :

21

9.bjhl®gâ

1. ÅukhKåt® F¿¤j fU¤Âid¡ Ñœ¡fhQ« jiy¥òfëš f£Liuahf¤ bjhF¡f¢

brŒf.

1. Ãw¥ò

2. jäœ¥ g‰W

3. Ïa‰¿a üšfŸ

4. òfHhu«

2. ÅukhKåt® brŒj vG¤J¢ Ó®ÂU¤j¤ij üyf« / Ïizajs¤Âš njo, f©l¿ªJ

vGÂ tUf.

gæ‰Á¤jhŸ

1. tYñ£lš goãiyæš cŸs Kjš brašghL vªjÂwid ts®¡F« tifæš

cŸsJ?m¤Âwid ts®¡f Úé® v¤jifa brašgh£il tH§FÅ®? mjid

totik¡f.

22

English- Lesson Plan

Class: VII – I term

Lesson : Unit I (Prose)- Gone Forever – Barbara Reeves (Page 81)

1.Introduction:

The teacher distributes the picture of some animals to students at random. 1.

Elephant 2. Cheetah 3.Tiger 4. Rhinoceros 5. Panda 6. Whale 7. Bear 8. Dinosaur

• The names of these animals are written in chits and given to another

group of children

• The children hold up their animal picture one by one and the student who

has got that animal’s name should stand up and read out the name. It

continues till all the animals are identified and read out

• Simultaneously the teacher puts up the chart containing a few questions

for conversation

• The students are asked to involve in answering the questions in pair, after

identifying the picture

Questions

1. Have you ever seen these animals?

2. If yes, where? If no, why?

3. Can you say any two things about these animals?

4. What is the animal famous for?

After this activity is over, the teacher leads into the content of the lesson by

asking them the difference between Dinosaur and other animals given in the list. After

receiving responses from students, the teacher conveys that Dinosaur is extinct where

as the rest are existing.

In this lesson, “Gone Forever”, the students are introduced into the world of

animals. It deals with various animals and how they are endangered and slowly

disappear due to Hunting and Deforestation.

23

2. Guided Reading :

The teacher gives the model reading with proper stress, pause and intonation.

Then the students repeat after the teacher phrase by phrase.

Reading practice is given to students in small groups and the teacher checks them in

random individually.

Students are asked to read silently and underline the new words. Simultaneously, the

teacher writes some new words with their meanings on the blackboard.

The students find meanings for the new words in dictionary.

The teacher then explains the words with the context of the lesson.

Example

1. Abundance – plenty, large quantity

2. Endangered – in danger of extinction

3. Exotic – unusual

4. Extinct – destroyed

5. Fascinate- to attract.

24

3. Mind Map

Endangered Species

For

Horns

For Ivory

Tusk

Human

Encroachment

Human Encroachment

& Habitation Shrinking

Deforest

ation of

Bamboos

Hunted

for Fur

Hunted

for Sport

Sea

Pollution

&

Hunting

Africa North America South America Asia

Rhinoceros Elephant Cheetah

a

Bear Red wolf American

Crocodile

Howler

Monkey

Three -Toed

Sloth

Macaw &

Parakeet

Panda Snow

Leopard

Tiger Blue

Whale

Destruction of rain forest Sold as exotic pets

25

4. Consolidation

� The content of the selected paragraph is consolidated using the technique, ‘facts’

� African Rhinoceros are powerful and dangerous, hunted for horns and magical

powers

� African Elephants are gentle and intelegent, hunted for Ivory Tusk

� Cheetah, living in Africa, is the fastest land animal, endangered because of

habitation shrinking

� Grizzly Bears of North America, wandering great distances, endangerd because

of habitation shrinking

� Red Wolf and American crocodile living in North America, endangerd because of

habitation shrinking

5. Reinforcement Activity

Survey Activity:

The teacher divides the class into four groups. Each group is given a question in a chit.

They need to conduct a survey based on the question. They have to ask the question to

everyone in the class and note down the answers. The group members have to

consolidate their answers to prepare a Survey report.

Questions

1. Pick any one animal which you want to protect.

2. Pick any one animal which you think is highly endangered.

3. Which animal do you think can be protected by preventing deforestration?

4. Which species do you think is used as a pet?

Note: The following scaffolded model can be given for the children to present

their survey report.

26

S.L

No Name of the Student Answer for the given question

Example:

Group I

We conducted a survey based on the question _____________________

__________________. Totally ______________________ students took part in the

survey. Out of __________ students __________ reported as they would protect

Panda. ____________ Students said as they would protect _____________.

____________ said they would protect ___________.

6. Evaluation

Read the paragraph and answer the questions given below:

The giant Panda of Asia is a fascinating and unique animal. Yet there are only

about 1000 still living in the wild. The giant Panda’s diet consists mainly of the bamboo

plant, so when the bamboo forests die, so does the panda. China is now making an

effort to protect these special creatures from becoming extinct.

27

Asia’s big cats are also in trouble. The exotic snow Leopard lives high in the

mountains. Even there, it faces the loss of its natural habitat and hunters who kill it for

the fur. The tiger, the largest of all the big cats, is hunted merely for sport.

Questions & Answers

1. Where do the Snow Leopards live?

2. What do Pandas mainly eat?

3. Which animal is the largest of all the big cats?

4. How many Pandas are still living in the wild?

5. Which country is taking special effort to protect Pandas?

7. Remedial Teaching:

The late bloomers are encouraged to go through the lesson with the help of peer

group. Reading practice can be given to them by adopting certain strategies like

phonics and blending and syllabification. The following crossword activity has been

given as a sample for the late bloomers.

28

Cross word Activity

Find and circle the names of animals

W E L E P H A N T M H S

X O L E A P A R D A O O

M R L A P O B E O C R R

P A R A K E E T N A S E

A S S L F M A O K W E C

N E T L E R R S E C Y O

D H O L C H E E T A H N

A W A W E M G H O R E I

V H M O U S I J Z D N H

W Z Q S L O T H P T A R

Match the animals and adjectives.

1. Whale Asia’s big

2. Leopard The giant

3. Bear lightning quick

4. Rhinoceros intelligent

5. Wolf golden

6. Monkey great green

7. Macaw howler

8. Parakeet red

9. Elephant grizzly

10. Cheetah powerful

11. Pandas snow

12. Cat Blue

29

8. Writing:

Answer the following questions:

1. How do people cause problems to the animals?

2. What can we do to help endangered animals?

3. List out the names of the endangered animals?

4. What will happen if we allow even one species on earth to become extinct?

9. Follow up activity-9

Students are assigned a project to search and collect information about a few extinct /

endangered species.

Imagine and write down your views if there are no animals in the world.

Work sheet

Read the following passage silently and answer the questions.

In South America, the destruction of rain forest threatens many animals. Unusual

mammals, such as the howler monkey and the three – toed sloth, are endangered.

Beautiful birds like the great green macaw, and the golden parakeet are also becoming

extinct. They are losing their homes in the rain forest and thousands die when they are

caught and shipped off to be sold as exotic pets.

1. What are the difficulties in reading the passage?

2. What kind of preparation is needed for giving a guided reading?

30

3. What strategies will you adopt to explain the following words? toed sloth green macaw extinct exotic pets

4. Why is reinforcement activity more important for English subject?

5. How does ‘Survey Report’ activity serve the purpose of skill enrichment?

31

gil¥gh‰wš fšé -fâj«

fâj¥ghl« jd¡nf cç¤jhd bkhê tot« bfh©lJ. nkY« ÏJ fU¤J¢

br¿Î ä¡f ghl« v‹gÂš Iaäšiy. tF¥giwæš fU¤JfisÍ« Âw‹fisÍ«

xU§»iz¤J brštJ mtÁakhF«. gšntW Âw‹fŸ fâj¤Âš Ïl« bg‰¿UªjhY«

bghJthd neh¡f§fis¥ Ã‹tUkhW tiuaW¡fyh«.

Á¡fiy¤ Ô®¤jš (Mathematical problem solving)

bt›ntW NHšfëš V‰gL« Á¡fšfis mQfÎ«; fâj fU¤J¡fŸ, Âw‹fŸ

k‰W« »il¡f¥g£l bjhl®òfŸ _y« mªj¢ Á¡fšfS¡F¤ Ô®Î fh©gJ« fâj¤Â‹

mo¥gilahd xU brayhf¡ fUjyh«. tF¥giw¡F cŸnsÍ« btënaÍ« m‹whl

thœéš vG« Á¡fiy Kiwahf milahs§fhzÎ«, Á¡fiy¡ f£lik¤J

cUth¡»lÎ«; Ã‹ò cfªj Ô®it¥ ga‹gL¤Â¤ Ô®¡fÎ« khzt®fis¥

gH¡f¥gL¤Jjš mtÁakhd fâj¥ g©ghF«. Ï¤jifa Ïy¡if milÍ« éjkhf

khzt®fS¡»ilna bt›ntW Á¡fiy¤ Ô®¥gj‰fhd Âw‹fisÍ«, têãiyfisÍ«

ts®¤bjL¥gJ MÁçaç‹ flik MF«. fâj¤Â‹ äf K¡»a neh¡fkhdJ

khzt®fis¢ Áwªj Á¡fiy¤ Ô®¡F« eguhf kh‰w cjÎtjhF«.

fâj¡fU¤J¥ gçkh‰w« (Mathematical communication)

fâjbkhê¡fhd brh‰fsŠÁa« k‰W« F¿pLfë‹ Jizbfh©L

fâj¡fU¤J¡fis¤ Jšèakhf btë¥gL¤JtJ fâj¡fU¤J¥gçkh‰w« vdyh«.

fâjbkhêæš nf£gjhY«, vGJtjhY«, go¥gjhY«, éthÂ¥gjhY« F¿¤jyhY«

khzt®fël« fâj¡fU¤J¡fëš Áªjid bjëÎ«, Mœªj òçjY« V‰gL»wJ.

fâj MuhÍ« Âw‹ (Mathematical Reasoning)

fâj¤Â‹ mo¥gil Âw‹fshd MuhÍ« Âw‹ k‰W« ãUÃ¡F« Âwid

khzt®fël« ts®¤jš mtÁakhF«. fâj¡ T‰Wfis MuhŒªJ, j®¡f ßÂahf

mQ» Koit¥ bgw éÂtUKiw k‰W« éÂés¡F KiwfŸ monfhY»‹wd.

khzt®fŸ xU fâj¡ T‰¿id¥ gF¤jhuhŒªJ, KoÎ e«gf¤j‹ik thŒªjjh vd

Ô®khå¡f¤ j®¡fßÂahf MuhÍ« Kiw ga‹gL»wJ. é»j« k‰W« tot§fŸ F¿¤j

32

Âwid m¿ªJ ga‹gL¤Jjš, tiugl«, k‰W« m£ltizfŸ _y« bt›ntW

Kiwfëš F¿¤J¡ fh£lÎ« m¿ªÂU¤jš nt©L«.

Ãwghl§fSl‹ fâj¤Â‹ bjhl®ò (Mathematical Connections)

fâj¥ghl¤ÂYŸs bt›ntW jiy¥òfëš Ïl«bgW« fU¤J¡fŸ k‰W«

brašKiwfis khzt®fŸ bjhl®ògL¤j¤ bjçªÂU¤jš nt©L«. nkY«,

fâjkhdJ Ãwghl§fnshL Ïizªj ghlkhF«. fâj¥ghl¤Â‹ m‹whl ga‹ghL

k‰W« brašKiw¤Âw‹ _ykhf khzt®fŸ fâj¥ghl¥ ÃçÎ¡FŸS« Ãw

ghl§fS¡F« cŸs bjhl®Ãid¡ f©Lz®jš nt©L« (F¿¥ghf m¿éaš ghl«).

Ï‹iwa fhy¡f£l¤Â‹ mtÁa¤jhš fâj« k‰W« m¿éaiy cŸsl¡»a xU

fiy¤Â£l¤Âid cUth¡FtÂš fâj« k‰W« m¿éaš MÁça® <LgL»wh®.

fâjbkhêæš F¿¤J¡fh£Ljš (Mathematical Representations)

gšntW fâj¡fU¤J¡fis és¡fÎ«, bghJik¥gL¤jÎ«, bjhl®ògL¤jÎ«

bt›ntW Kiwfëš F¿¤J¡ fh£lÎ« khzt®fis¥ gH¡Fjš nt©L«.

fâj¡fU¤J¡fis f‰fÎ«, brŒJ gh®¡fÎ«, vL¤Jiu¡fÎ«, fâjbkhêæš

F¿¤J¡fh£Ljš äfÎ« mtÁa« v‹gij khzt®fŸ òçªJ bfhŸsnt©L«.

tiugl«, v©âaš, Ïa‰fâj«, thŒbkhê, clyirÎ k‰W« milahs« fhQjš vd

khzt®fŸ vëikæèUªJ fod têfëš F¿¤J¡fh£lÎ«, mj‹ _y« brašKiw

k‰W« éisit¥ bgwÎ« F¿¤J¡ fh£Ljš (representations) mtÁakh»wJ.

fâj¥ghl¤Â‰F¥ gil¥gh‰wš f‰wš goãiyfis¥ Ã‹g‰¿ Ïu©L

ghlkhÂçfŸ tH§f¥g£LŸsd.

33

khÂç ghl¤Â£l« -fâj«

jiy¥ò: bkŒba©fë‹ bjhF¥ò

tF¥ò : 8

neh¡f« : • é»jKW v©fis v©nfh£oš F¿¤J¡fh£Ljš

• é»jKW v©fë‹ g©òfis¥ òçªJ bfhŸSjš (T£lš

k‰W« fê¤jiy¢ rh®ªJ k£Lnk)

go:1 m¿Kf« :

M®t_£lš : • MÁça® v©nfh£oš ‘0’ Ïl¤Âš ã‹W bfh©L,

tyJòw« 5 myFfŸ ef®»wh®. ÃwF ÏlJòw« 8 myFfŸ

ef®»wh®. Ã‹ 2 myFfŸ tyòw« ef®»wh® v‹whš

MÁça® vªj v©âš ã‰gh®?

ãidÎTWjš : Ñœ¡fhQ« T‰Wfis khzt®fël« nf£L, MÁça®

éilfhz nt©L«.

• mid¤J Ïaš v©fS« KG¡fns.

• mid¤J KG¡fS« é»jKW v©fns.

• mid¤J Ã‹d v©fS« é»jKW v©fns.

Ïaš v©fŸ, KG v©fŸ, KG¡fŸ M»at‰iw cŸsl¡»a é»jKW v©

bjhF¥Ã‰F khzt®fis bt‹gl« tiua¢ brŒjš nt©L«.

go:2 nkyhŒÎ: g¡f« 3 ÏèUªJ 7 tiu MÁça® fU¤J¡fis¢ RU¡fkhf¡ TWjš.

go:3 fU¤J¥ òçjš :

é»jKW v©fŸ :

�� , �, � M»ait KG¡fŸ k‰W« � ≠ 0 v‹wthW mikÍ« v©fis

é»jKW v©fŸ v‹»nwh«. Ïaš v©fŸ, KG v©fŸ, KG¡fŸ

M»at‰iw cŸsl¡»aitahf é»jKW v© bjhF¥ò mik»‹wJ.

34

brašghL

ÑœfhQ« v©fŸ v›tif v©tif v‹gij ( / x ) Mš F¿¤J¡ fh£Lf

v©fŸ

v© tif 79 -4

87 0

12

−20132014

Ïaš v©fŸ

KG v©fŸ

KG¡fŸ

Fiw KG¡fŸ

äif KG¡fŸ

MÁça® brŒÍ« fz¡F :

I é»jKW v©fis¡ F¿¤J¡ fh£Ljš

Kjèš khzt®fis 8, -7, -9.8 ngh‹w v©fis v©nfh£oš F¿¡f¥ gH¡Fjš

nt©L«. �� k‰W«

�� M»a é»jKW v©fis¥ Ã‹tUkhW MÁça® f‰Ã¡fyh«

mšyJ fhbzhè fh£Á têahf¡ f‰Ã¡fyh«.

1. �� I¡ F¿¤J¡fh£lš:

�� v‹w v©âš bjhFÂiaél, gFÂ bgça v©zhf mikªjhš mªj v© MdJ

0-¡F« 1 F« Ïilæš mikÍ«. 0 k‰W« 1 I cŸsl¡»a nfh£L¤J©il 7

J©Lfshf¥ Ãç¡f.

�� I Ã‹tUkhW F¿¤J¡fh£lÎ«

0 ��

��

��

��

��

�� 1

0 1

35

2. �� v‹w v©iz v©nfh£oš MÁça® Ã‹tUkhW F¿¤J¡ fh£l nt©L«.

−87 = −117

ÏJ −1¡F« - 2 ¡F« Ïilna mik»wJ. vdnt -1 Ï¡F« -2 Ï¡F« Ïilnaahd

gFÂia 7 rkJ©Lfshf¥ Ãç¤J, mÂš �� I F¿¡f m›élkÂ¥ò −1 �

�

−2 ��

��

��

��

��

�� −1

khzt® brŒÍ« fz¡F

Ã‹tU« v©fis v©nfh£oš F¿¤J¡fh£Lf.

1) ��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

2) ��

��

� ��

��

��

��

go -4 :

FGntiy: �� I v©nfh£oš F¿¤J¡ fh£l¢ brŒjš nt©L«.

II. é»jKW v©fë‹ g©òfŸ

T£liy¥ bghW¤J milÎ¥ g©ò, nr®¥ò¥ g©ò, gçkh‰W¥ g©ò, rkå, vÂ®kiw

M»a g©òfis MÁça® éthÂ¤jš nt©L«.

0 1

-1 0

36

brašghL:

1. �� Ï‹ T£lš vÂ®kiw_____________

2. �� + 12 = _____________+

��

3. rçgh®:

�13 + 23� +

73 = 13 + �23 + 5

3�

Ïnj ngh‹W fê¤jiy¥ bghW¤J milÎ¥ g©ò, nr®¥ò¥g©ò, gçkh‰W¥ g©ò M»a

g©òfis MÁça® éthÂ¤jš nt©L«.

brašghL :

g©òfis¡ f©LÃo

fz¡F +/ - I bghW¤J g©Ã‹ bga®

5 + 73 = 7

3 + 5 + gçkh‰W g©ò

0 + − ��! = − �

�!+0 + ‘0’ xU T£lš rkå

112 + �−1

12� = 0 ‘+’ �� v‹gJ

�� Ï‹ T£lš vÂ®kiw

12 + �15 + 7

12� = �15 + 712� +

712 + nr®¥ò éÂ

1 − ��! − 3 =1− �� − 3! -

nr®¥ò éÂia ãiwÎ brŒaéšiy

12 + "−7# = −7 +12 + gçkh‰W g©ò

FG ntiy : �� , ��

� k‰W« �� M»a v©fŸ T£lš k‰W« fê¤jiy¥ bghW¤J nr®¥ò¥

g©ig ãiwÎ brŒ»wjh v‹gij¢ nrhÂ¤J éilfhQjš nt©L«.

37

go:5 tYñ£lš: khzt®fis miH¤J m£ltizia¥ ó®¤Â brŒJ

fhuz¤Âid tH§Fjš nt©L«.

v©fŸ fê¤jš

milÎ¥ g©ò gçkh‰W¥ g©ò nr®¥ò¥ g©ò

Ïaš v©fŸ X 3-2 = 2-3 X X

KG v©fŸ X X X

KG¡fŸ X X X

é»jKW v©fŸ X X

go : 6 kÂ¥ÕL :

1. Ñœ¡fhQ« v©fS¡F¡ T£liy¥ bghW¤J gçkh‰W k‰W« milÎ g©ig¢

nrhÂ¡f

m. �� , 4

M. −3,−8

2. Ñœ¡fhQ« é»jKW v©fëš _‹W _‹W v©fshf¤ bjçÎbrŒJ fê¤jiy¥

bghW¤J gçkh‰W g©Ãid¢ nrhÂ¡f.

− ��,

��,

��, 5, -7

go :7 FiwÔ® f‰wš:

nk‰fhQ« fz¡Ffëš ÃiHbrŒÍ« khzt®fS¡F¤ jåahfnth mšyJ

FGthfnth f‰f MÁça® cjt nt©L« mšyJ bjhl®ghd fhbzhè

fh£Áia¡ fh©Ã¤J f‰gij cWÂ brŒayh«.

go : 8 vGJjš:

gæ‰Á 1.1 Ïš cŸs T£lš k‰W« fê¤jš rh®ªj é»jKW g©òfis¥

gçnrhÂ¡F« fz¡Ffis khzt®fis¢ brŒa brhšYjš.

go : 9 bjhl® gâ:

bt›ntW v©tiffëš cŸs v©fis¤ bjçÎ brŒJ (Ïaš v©fŸ, KG

v©fŸ, KG¡fŸ) T£lš / fê¤jiy¥ bghW¤J milÎ, nr®¥ò, gçkh‰W, rkå,

vÂ®kiw ngh‹w g©òfis¢ nrhÂ¤J¥ gh®.

38

ghlkhÂç -2

ghl¥gFÂ : toéaš

jiy¥ò : òŸë, nfhL, nfh£L¤J©L, js«

tF¥ò : 6

neh¡f« : • òŸë, nfhL, nfh£L¤J©L, js« Ït‰¿‹ fU¤J¡fis¥ òçªJbfhŸSjš.

• òŸë, nfhL, nfh£L¤J©L, js« Ït‰iw¡ F¿¡fÎ«, ga‹gL¤jÎ« m¿jš.

1.m¿Kf«

M®t_£lš /

Áªjidia¤ ö©L«

édh¡fŸ

:

:

• ínah gyif / òŸë¤jhis¡ bfh©L bt›ntW

tot§fis mik¡f khzt®fis m¿ÎW¤Jjš.

• c¿ŠR FHhŒ (straw) fis x‹nwhL x‹W

Ïiz¡f¢ brŒJ Ús« v›tsÎ v‹gij¡ fhz¢

brŒjš.

• c‹ Å£o‹ mfy« v›tsÎ?

• c‹ tF¥giwæ‹ Ús« v›tsÎ?

2.nkyhŒÎ : g¡f« 66 Kjš 69 tiu cŸs K¡»a fU¤J¡fis

MÁça® RU¡fkhf¡ TWjš.

3.fU¤J¢ brašghL

òŸë

:

• òŸë v‹gJ xU F¿¥Ã£l Ïl¤Âid /

ãiyæid¡ F¿¥gjhF«.

• òŸë¡F Ús«, mfy«, cau«, »ilahJ.

• bghJthf¥ òŸëfis M§»y bgça

vG¤J¡fshd A,B,C……… ngh‹w vG¤J¡fshŒ

F¿¥gJ tH¡f«.

• òŸëia A vd F¿¤J¡fh£Ljš.

nfhL

: • bjhl®¢Áahd òŸëfë‹ bjhF¥ò nfhL MF«.

• nfhlhdJ nfh£L¤J©lhfnth, fÂuhfnth

mikayh«.

39

• nfhL $% vd F¿¡f¥gL»wJ $, % v‹w òŸëfŸ

têahf¢ bršY« nfhL Ã‹tUkhW.

A B

nfh£L¤J©L :

• xU nfhlhdJ KoÎW Ús¤Âid¡ bfh©oU¥Ã‹ mjid¡ nfh£L¤J©L

v‹»nwh«.

• ÏJ ne®¡nfh£o‹ xU gFÂ.

• F¿¥Ã£l Ús« bfh©lJ. bjhl¡f k‰W« KoÎ¥òŸë c©L.

• A,B v‹w òŸëahš Ïiz¡f¥g£l nfh£L¤J©L $% Ã‹tUkhW:

A B

nfh£L¡fÂ® :

• xU F¿¥Ã£l òŸëæèUªJ tiua¥gL« nfhL nfh£L¡fÂ® MF«.

• bjhl¡f¥òŸë c©L, KoÎ¥òŸë Ïšiy.

• Kot‰w Ús« cilaJ.

A,B v‹w òŸë tê¢ bršY« nfh£L¡fÂ® $% Ã‹tUkhW:

A B

js« :

xnu ne®¡nfh£oš mikahj _‹W òŸëfshš V‰gL« gFÂ js« vd¥gL«.

(v.fh) jiu, Rt®, nkir, jhŸ.

40

khzt® brŒÍ« brašghL

1. A v‹w òŸë tê¢bršY« eh‹F nfhLfis tiuf.

2. VnjD« eh‹F òŸëfis¡ F¿¤J mt‰ow¡ nfh£L¤ J©odhš Ïiz¡f.

4.FGntiy :

rJu«, br›tf«, K¡nfhz« M»at‰iw tiua njit¥gL« Kid¥òŸëfŸ,

nfh£L¤J©LfŸ ahit?

5.tYñ£Ljš :

fU¤J¡fŸ tiuaiw Ús« F¿¡F« Kiw

òŸë

nfh£L¤J©L

nfh£L¡fÂ®

nfhL

41

6.kÂ¥ÕLjš :

1. Ï‹ bga® v‹d?

X Y

2.

A E F D

cŸs nfh£L¤J©Lfis vGJf.

3.

nk‰fhQ« gl¤Âš Ïl«bgW« nfh£L¤ J©Lfis vGJf.

7. FiwÔ® f‰wš:

nk‰fhQ« fU¤J¡fëš bjëÎ bgwhj khzt®fS¡F vëa tot§fë‹

Jizbfh©L fU¤J¡fis és¡Fjš.

8. bjhl® gâ:

m‹whl thœéš Ú§fŸ fhQ« bt›ntW cUt§fŸ tot§fis tiuªJ, mÂš Ïl«

bg‰¿U¥gJ nfhlh/ nfh£L¤ J©lh/ nfh£L¡ fÂuh v‹gij¡ f©LÃo¤jš.

B

D F

H

J

A

C

E G

I

42

kdtiugl¤ij¤ bjçÎ brŒjš

8 M« tF¥ò fâj¥ ghl¤ÂYŸs Ïaš v©fŸ, KG v©fŸ, KG¡fŸ, é»jKW

v©fŸ M»a v©bjhF¥ig kdtiuglkhf Ã‹tU« ÏUntW têfëš F¿¤J

fh£Ltjhf bfhŸsyh«.

kdtiugl«

Ïªj ÏU kdtiugl§fS« x¤j fU¤Âid¡ fh£Á¥gL¤J»‹wd. ÏU¥ÃD«

Ïul©lhtJ kd tiugl« khzt®fël¤Âš vëikahd òçjiy bfh©L brš»wJ.

vL¤J¡fh£lhf KG¡fŸ v›thW mik»wJ vªj v© mik¥ÃèUªJ ts®¢Á

bgW»‹wJ vdgij kdtiugl« _y« òçªJbfhŸtÂš (Ïaš v©fŸ � KG v©fŸ

� KG¡fŸ) r‰W fodkhfÎ« Mdhš kdtiugl« 2 š Ïaš v©fŸ KG v©fS¡FŸ

tU«, KG v©fŸ, KG¡fS¡F cŸshfÎ« miktij¡ fhzyh«.

vdnt òçªjt‰iw¢ Áw¥ghf btë¡bfhzU« tifæyhd kdtiugl¤Âid¤

(tiufiy mik¥Ãid) bjçÎ brŒtJ äf äf mtÁakhF«.

é»jKW v©fŸ

KG¡fŸ

KG v©fŸ

Ïaš v©fŸ

é»j KWv©fŸ

KG¡fŸ

KG v©fŸ

Ïaš v©fŸ

43

fâj¥ghl¤Âš kÂ¥ÕL

bfhL¡f¥g£LŸs g¤Âæid¥ go¤J rçahd fâj¢ brh‰fis¤ nj®ªbjL¤J ãu¥òf.

1. ________ v‹gJ v©âaè‹ bghJik¥gL¤j¥g£l fâj¥ÃçÎ MF«.

________ v‹gJ bt›ntW v© kÂ¥ig V‰F« xU cU vdyh«. xU F¿¥Ã£l

xU kÂ¥Ãid kh¿ V‰F«nghJ ________v‹»nwh«. xU kh¿ k‰W« xU kh¿è

mšyJ kh¿è k‰W« kh¿fë‹ bgU¡f‰gyid ________v‹»nwh«. jå¤j

cW¥ghfnth mšyJ cW¥òfis T£lš, fê¤jš F¿pLfshš Ïiz¤J

F¿¥ÃLtij ________ v‹»nwh«. bghJthf Ïa‰fâj¤Âš nfhitfŸ ÏU

tiffshF«. x‹W Ïa‰fâj¡ nfhit k‰bwh‹W ________. mid¤J

v©fâj¡ nfhitfS« Ïa‰fâj¡ nfhitfns. Ïj‹ kWjiy c©ika‹W.

(kh¿; Ïa‰fâj«; cW¥ò; kh¿è; v©fâj; nfhit Ïa‰fâj nfhit;

nfhit)

2. ________v‹gJ xU KG¥bghUis¢ rkghf§fshf¥ Ãç¤J xU F¿¥Ã£l

ghf¤Âid¡ F¿¤J fh£l¥gL« v© vdyh«. KG gFÂæ‹ ghf« rkkhf ÏU¡f

nt©L«. Ã‹d¤Âš nkèU¡F« v© bjhFÂahfÎ«, ÑêU¡F« v©

gFÂahfÎ« miH¡f¥gL«.

xU Ã‹d¤Â‰F Ãw Ã‹d§fŸ rkhd Ã‹d§fshf mik»‹wJ våš Ãw

Ã‹d§fë‹ RU§»a kÂ¥ghf m¥Ã‹d§fŸ mikÍ«. Ã‹dkhdJ ÏU

tif¥gL«. x‹W ________ k‰bwh‹W jfh Ã‹d«. bjhFÂia¡ fh£oY« gFÂ

bgçajhf mikªjhš m¥Ã‹d¤ij ________ v‹W« miH¡»nwh«. Ïu©L

mšyJ Ïu©o‰F nk‰g£l Ã‹d§fis x¥Ã£lhš mt‰¿‹ gFÂfŸ x‹whf

ÏUªjhš mit ________ vdÎ«, gFÂfŸ bt›ntwhf ÏUªjhš mit nt¿d

Ã‹d§fŸ vdÎ« tiuaW¡f¥gL»‹wd. bghJthf jfh Ã‹d§fis fy¥ò

Ã‹dkhf vGJtJ©L. ________ xU KG v© k‰W« jF Ã‹dkhf

F¿¡f¥gL«.

(jfh Ã‹d«, fy¥ò Ã‹d§fŸ, jF Ã‹d«, Ã‹d«, Xçd Ã‹d§fŸ)

44

khÂç tiufiy mik¥òfŸ (kdtiugl«)

x¥ÕL« ntWghL« - gF v©fŸ & gfh v©fŸ

x‰iw v©fS« gfh v©fS«

X® Ïaš v©â‰F

Ïu©L¡F« nk‰g£l

tF¤ÂfŸ ÏU¥Ã‹

m›bt© gF v©

vd¥gL«.

v.fh 4, 6

x¤j¡ fU¤J¡fŸ

Ïšiy.

X® Ïaš v©â‰F

Ïu©L tF¤ÂfŸ

k£Lnk ÏU¥Ã‹

m›bt© gfh v©

vd¥gL«.

v.fh 2, 5

gF v©fŸ gfh v©fŸ

X® Ïaš v©âid

Ïu©lhš tF¡f ÛÂ

»il¡Fkhdhš

m›nt© x‰iw

v© vd¥gL«. 1 «

x‰iw v©nz.

v.fh 245

3,5,7…

X® Ïaš v©â‰F

Ïu©L¡F« nk‰g£l

tF¤Â ÏU¥Ã‹

m›bt© gfh v©

vd¥gL«.

v.fh 2; 97

x‰iw gfh v©fŸ

45

6 br. Û

700

600

500

VnjD« ÏU

g¡f msÎfŸ

rk«

_‹W g¡f§fS«

bt›ntW

msÎilait

_‹W nfhz

msÎfS« < 900

5 br. Û 5 br. Û

3 br. Û 5 br. Û

4 br. Û

8 br. Û 8 br. Û

8 br. Û

K¡nfhz¤Â‹ tiffŸ

g¡f§fë‹ mo¥gilæš nfhz§fë‹ mo¥gilæš

rkg¡f

K¡nfhz«

ÏU rkg¡f

K¡nfhz«

mrk g¡f

K¡nfhz« FW§nfhz

K¡nfhz«

br§nfhz

K¡nfhz«

éçnfhz

K¡nfhz«

_‹W nfhz

mséš VnjD«

xU nfhz msÎ

900

_‹W nfhz

mséš VnjD«

xU nfhz msÎ

> 900

900

_‹W

g¡f§fS«

rk«

46

3x-7=8 v‹w rk‹gh£il¤ Ô®¤jš

3x-7=8 3x-7+7 =8+7 3x=15 �&� = ��

x=5

ÏUòw« +7 Mš T£l ÏUòw« 3 Mš tF¡f

47

98

8887

12212

124

12

10011002

11102

4122

1 ��

3 ��

12 ��

13 ��

vL¤J¡fh£LfŸ vL¤J¡fh£LfŸ

tiuaiw tiuaiw

Ã‹d«

Ã‹d¤Â‹ tiffŸ

jFÃ‹d« jfhÃ‹d«

fy¥ò Ã‹d«

gFÂia él bjhFÂ rkkhf

mšyJ bgçajhf cila Ã‹d«

jfh Ã‹d«.

gFÂia él bjhFÂ Á¿ajhf

cila Ã‹d« jF Ã‹d«

48

Xçd Ã‹d« nt‰¿d Ã‹d«

Ã‹d¤ij x¥Ãlš

��,

��,

��

��,

��,

��

Ïu©L mšyJ

Ïu©o‰F nk‰g£l

Ã‹d§fis x¥ÃL«

nghJ mt‰¿‹

gFÂfŸ bt›ntW

v©zhf mikªjhš

mit nt‰¿d

Ã‹d§fŸ

Ïu©L mšyJ

Ïu©o‰F nk‰g£l

Ã‹d§fis

x¥ÃL«nghJ

mt‰¿‹ gFÂfŸ

xnu v©zhf

mikªjhš mitfŸ

Xçd Ã‹d§fŸ

49

ó{ía«

Áw¥ò g©òfŸ

Ïu£il v©

ÏªÂah

cŸsl¡»a fz§fŸ

cŸsl§fh v© tif

f©l¿ªj ehL

0 + x® v© =mªj v©

0-x® v© =-mnj v©

0x x® v© =0

(( = njw¥bgwh tot«

KG v©fŸ, KG¡fŸ,

é»jKW v©fŸ,

bkŒ v©fŸ

Ïaš v©fŸ

T£lš rkå

50

fâj« mk®Î gæ‰Á¤jhŸ –é»jKW v©fŸ

1. tiuaiwfë‹ és¡fkhdJ vªj goãiyæš tH§f¥gL»wJ?

2. �� v‹w é»j KW v©iz v©nfh£oš F¿¤J¡ fh£Lf.

3. Ï¥ghl¤Â‰fhd tY¥gL¤J« brašghL x‹¿id tH§Ff.

4. ÑœfhQ« T‰¿‰F¡ fhuz fhça¤Jl‹ és¡f« jUf.

a) 3, -4 MdJ KG v©fëš T£liy¥ bghW¤J milÎ g©ig ãiwÎ

brŒÍ«.

b) é»jKW v©dhdJ T£liy¥ bghW¤J nr®¥ò éÂia ãiwÎ brŒÍ«.

5. xU filæš 50 thiH¥gH§fŸ th§»tu¥gL»‹wd. mt‰¿èUªJ �� g§F

Kjš ehëš é‰»wJ. Ïu©lh« ehŸ �� g§F é‰gidah»wJ våš _‹wh«

ehëš cŸs thiH¥gH§fŸ v¤jid?

51

m¿éaš

Ïa‰Ãaš

tF¥ò : Mwh« tF¥ò

ghl« : msÅLfS« Ïa¡fK«

gUt« : Kjš

g¡f« : 127-130

m¿Kf«-1

brašghL -1

khzt®fS¡F mçÁ, gU¥ò, fhŒf¿fŸ, thiH¥ gH§fŸ v©bzŒ, ghš Jâ, ó

ngh‹w bghU£fis¡ bfhL¤jš

khzt®fŸ j§fŸ ifæš cŸs bghU£fis mséL« Kiwia¥ g‰¿

bjçªjt‰iw¡ Tw¢brŒjš Ïj‹ _y« msÅ£L Kiwæš cŸs ntWghLfis

MÁça® vL¤Jiu¤jš.

brašghL-3

tF¥giwæš cŸs fU«gyifæ‹ Ús¤ij v¤jid rh© vdÎ« msªJ msÎ

nfhiy¥ ga‹gL¤Â msªj msitÍ« khzt®fŸ f©LÃo¤J Ã‹tU«

m£ltizia ãu¥g¢ brŒjš.

t.v© khzt® bga® khzt® msªj rh©fë‹

v©â¡if

msÎnfhè‹ _y«

»il¤j msÎ

52

nk‰f©l msÎfë‹ _y« Â£l msÅL k‰W« Â£l myFfë‹ K¡»a¤Jt¤ij

òçait¤jš (bjëÎgL¤Jjš)

myF

msÎ x‹iw msªj¿a eh« v¥nghJ« xU Áy go¤ju ( standard ) msÎl‹

mjid x¥ÃL»nwh«. fæW x‹¿‹ Ús« 10 Û£l® v‹gj‹ bghUŸ v‹d? 1 Û£l®

ÚsKila bghUbsh‹¿‹ Ús¤ij¥nghš fæW 10 kl§F ÚsKŸsJ. Ï§F Û£l®

v‹gJ go¤ju msthF«. Ïªj go¤ju msÎ myF vd¥gL«. bfhL¡f¥g£LŸs

Ïa‰Ãaš msÎl‹ x¥Ãl¥ ga‹gL« xU ãWt¥g£l go¤ju msÎ Ïa‰Ãaš msé‹

myF vd tiuaW¡f¥gL»wJ. mo¥gil msÎfis msªj¿Í« myFfŸ mo¥gil

myFfŸ vd¥gL«.

Ús«

1895-M« M©L Â£l msitfis Kiw¥gL¤J« bghU£L cyfséš

International Bureau of Weight and Measures v‹w mik¥ò ÃbuŠR eh£oš

njh‰Wé¡f¥g£lJ. Ï›tik¥ò Û£l® msÎnfhèid cUth¡» mij fh£Á¥gL¤Â

guhkç¤J tU»‹wJ. Û£l® msÎnfhyhdJ Ãsh£od« (90%) k‰W Ïçoa« (10%) M»a

cnyhf¡ fyitfis¡ bfh©L xU ÚŸ tot g£oæid cUth¡» Ïu©L nfhLfis

mj‹ ÛJ 1 Û£l® bjhiyéš tiuªJ 0° bt¥gãiyæš guhkç¤J tU»wJ.

bt¥g¤Âdhš V‰gL« Ú£Áæid¤ jé®¤J Jšèa msthf ga‹gL¤Âl Ï›thW

brašgL¤J»wJ.

xëæ‹ ntf¤ij ga‹gL¤Â Û£l® msÎnfhš nkY« Jšèakhf¡

fz¡»l¥g£lJ. mjhtJ xëahdJ xU behoæš (édhoæš) bt‰¿l¤Â‹ têna

bršY« bjhiyéš 1/299 792 450 ghf¤ij 1 Û£l® msthf ã®zæ¡f¥g£lJ.

ãiw

bghUbsh‹W bg‰WŸs gU¥bghUë‹ msÎ ãiw MF«. ÏJ bt¥gãiyiaÍ«

mG¤j¤ijÍ« bghU¤jjšy. ãiwahdJ Ïl¤Â‰F Ïl« khWglhJ, ãiwæ‹ myF

»nyh»uh« MF«.

53

Ãuh‹ìš ghßR¡F mU»š r›bu° v‹w Ïl¤Âš vilfŸ k‰W« msÅLfë‹

mid¤Jyf ãWtd¤Âš it¡f¥g£LŸs Ãsh£od« - Ïçoa« cnyhf¡ fyitæyhd

cUisæ‹ efè‹ ãiw xU »nyh»uhä‰F¢ rk« MF«.

mQé‹ mo¥gilæyhd go¤ju ãiw ÏJtiu V‰W¡bfhŸs¥gléšiy

Vbdåš, bgça msÎnfhš ngh‹W Jšèakhf mQé‹ msÎnfhèš ãiwfis

msªj¿a Koaéšiy.

fhy«

1960- M©L tiu go¤ju fhy«, ruhrç Nça ehis¡ bfh©L fz¡»l¥g£lJ.

mjhtJ, Ô®¡fnuif têahf, äf caukhd òŸëæš Nça‹ fl¡f¡Toa mL¤jL¤j

ÏU ãfœÎfS¡fhd fhy Ïilbtëia¡ bfh©L fhy« fz¡»l¥g£lJ. xU

M©o‹ ruhrçahf mJ fz¡»l¥g£lJ. fhy¤Â‹ SI myfhd édho, 1967 –M«

M©L mQé‹ go¤ju¤Âš V‰W¡bfhŸs¥g£lJ.

xU go¤ju beho (édho) v‹gJ, ÓÁa«-133 mQé‹ ÏU mo M‰wš ãiyfë‹ Û

E©âa k£l§fS¡»ilna Óuhd gçkh‰w« ãfœtjhš V‰gL« fÂ® Å¢Á‰Fça 9 192

631 770 miyÎ¡ fhy§fshF«.

SI myF Kiw (System International Units)

K‰fhy¤Âš Ïa‰Ãaš msÎfis msél gy my»L« KiwfŸ Ã‹g‰w¥g£ld,

Ãç£oZ Kiwahd mo – gÎ©L – édho mšyJ FPS Kiw, fhìa‹ (Gaussian)

Kiwahd br‹oÛ£l® - »uh« - édho mšyJ CGS Kiw, Û£l® - »nyh»uh« - édho

mšyJ MKS Kiw M»a _‹W KiwfŸ Ã‹g‰w¥g£ld. xU Óuhd xG§F Kiwia¥

Ã‹g‰Wtj‰fhf 1960M« M©oš eilbg‰w vilfŸ k‰W« msÅLfŸ kheh£oš SI

myFKiw cUth¡f¥g£L, midtuhY« V‰W¡ bfhŸs¥g£lJ. Ï«KiwahdJ Áy

kh‰w§fSl‹ Toa MKS KiwahF« Ïa‰Ãaèš cŸs mid¤J Ïa‰Ãaš

msÎfS¡F« myFfis bgw Ïªj m¿Î¥ ó®tkhd j‹ik mtÁakh»wJ.

54

SI myFfisÍ« mt‰¿‹ F¿pLfisÍ« ga‹gL¤Jjèš Ã‹g‰w nt©oa éÂfS«

kuòfS« :

1. F¿¥Ã£l bgauhš tH§f¥glhj myFfë‹ F¿pLfis¢ Á¿a vG¤jhš (Small letter)

vGj nt©L«.

(v.fh) metre v‹gJ m

kilogram v‹gJ kg

second v‹gJ s

2. myFfë‹ F¿pLfS¡F ÏWÂænyh mšyJ Ïilænyh ãW¤j‰F¿fŸ ngh‹w

vªj¡ F¿fS« Ïl¡ TlhJ .

(v.fh) 50 m v‹gij 50 m. vd¡ F¿¥Ãl¡ TlhJ.

3. myFfë‹ F¿pLfis¥ g‹ikæš vGj¡ TlhJ.

(v.fh) 10 kg v‹gij 10 kgs vd vGj¡ TlhJ.

4. V‰W¡ bfhŸs¥g£l F¿pLfis k£Lnk ga‹gL¤j nt©L«.

(v.fh) second v‹gij sec v‹¿šyhkš s v‹nw F¿¥Ãl nt©L«.

5. v©â‰F« my»‹ F¿p£o‰F« Ïilna Ïilbtë é£L vGj nt©L«.

(v.fh) 25m v‹W vGj¡ TlhJ. 25 m v‹W vGj nt©L«.

2. go¤jš

khzt®fŸ ÁW FG¡fshf¥ ÃçªJ x›bthU FGÎ« jå¤jåahf

ghl¥gFÂia¥ go¤J òçahj òÂa th®¤ijfis bg‹Áyhš mo¡nfho£L¤ j§fŸ

neh£L¥ ò¤jf¤Âš vGÂ¡bfhŸSjš nt©L«. òçahj mo¡nfho£l

th®¤ijfS¡fhd és¡f¤Âid ÁW FGényh mšyJ bgça FGényh ( MÁça®)

bg‰W j§fŸ neh£L¥ ò¤jf¤Âš vGÂ¡ bfhŸSjš nt©L«.

55

3.kdtiugl«

msÅLfŸ

mo¥gil

myFfŸ

FPS Kiw mo, gÎ©L, édho

CGS Kiw br‹o

Û£l®, »uh«, édho

MKS Kiw Û£l®, »nyh»uh«, édho

SI Kiw Û£l®, »nyh»uh«, édho

mo¥gil

msÎfŸ

Ús«

ãiw

fhy«

56


mo¥gil

msÎfŸ myFfŸ

FPS Kiw CGS Kiw MKS Kiw SI Kiw

Ús« mo br‹o Û£l® Û£l® Û£l®

ãiw gÎ©L »uh« »nyh »uh« »nyh »uh«

fhy« édho édho édho édho

5.tYñ£Ljš

khzt®fS¡F vëÂš »il¡f¡Toa bghU£fŸ k‰W« ãfœÎfisÍ«

fUéfisÍ« tH§» ms¡f¢ brŒjš. (ngdh, bg‹Áš, mê¥gh‹, üš ò¤jf«, fš,

tF¥giwæèUªJ jiyik MÁça® miw¡F bršY« neu« ngh‹wit)

fUéfŸ: RUŸéš juhR, msÎ ehlh, msÎ nfhš, juhR k‰W« ãW¤J¡ fofhu«

ngh‹wit)

6.kÂ¥ÕL

1. bjçªj khwhj msnthL bjçahj msit x¥Ã£L¥ gh®¥gJ _________

vd¥gL«.

2. bjçªj khwhj msÎ _________ vd¥gL«.

3. mo¥gil msÎfŸ _________, _________, _________ MF«

4. mo¥gil msÎfis ms¡f¥ ga‹gL¤j¥gL« myFfŸ _________ vd¥gL«.

5. _________, _________, _________ ngh‹wit Â£l myFfshF«.

7.FiwÔ® f‰wš

kÂ¥Õ£L édh¡fŸ _y« khzt®fë‹ f‰wš btë¥gh£oid MÁça®

òçªJbfh©lÃ‹ Û©L« vëa brašghLfë‹ _y« ghl¤ij vëikahf és¡Fjš.

57

bghU£fŸ/ãfœÎfŸ M»at‰iw xU m£ilæY« mt‰¿‹ Â£l myFfis xU

m£ilæY« vGÂ mt‰iw bghU¤j¢ brŒjš.

8.vGJjš

ghl¥gFÂæ‹ bjhl®¢Áahf¡ bfhL¡f¥g£LŸs édh¡fS¡fhd éilfis

khzt®fŸ vGÂtu¢ brŒjš. mt‰iw¤ ÂU¤j« brŒJ tH§Fjš.

9.bjhl® gâ

• Å£oš ga‹gL¤j¥gL« bghU£fŸ k‰W« mt‰iw ms¡f ga‹gL¤j¥gL«

fUéfis¥ g£oaèLf.

• Å£oš cŸs miwfë‹ Ús mfy§fis msÎ nfhiy¥ ga‹gL¤Â msªJ

vGJf.

• Å£oš rikaY¡F¥ ga‹gL¤j¥gL« mçÁ k‰W« gU¥Ã‹ msit msªJ

vGJf.

• njh£l¤Âš cŸs brofS¡F xU thëæš j©Ù® Kf®ªJ C‰w MF«

neu¤ij¡ if¡fofhu« _y« fz¡»£L 10 thë j©Ù® C‰w MF« neu¤ij

fz¡»Lf.

58

m¿éaš

cæçaš

tF¥ò : VHh« tF¥ò

ghl« : kåj clšmik¥ò k‰W« Ïa¡f«

gUt« : Ïu©lh« gUt«

g¡f« : 61 Kjš 65

m¿Kf«

1. kåj k©ly§fë‹ cW¥ò gl§fis x›bth‹whf g§nf‰ghs®fël«

bfhL¤J mit g‰¿ mt®fS¡F¤ bjçªjt‰iw¡ Tw¢ brŒjš

2.

59

nkny bfhL¡f¥g£l gl§fis¥ g§nf‰ghs®fël« bfhL¤J mt®fël«

bfhL¡f¥g£l gl§fëš fhz¥gL« brašfŸ v‹d? m¢brašghLfS¡F

bjhl®òila cW¥òk©ly« vJ vd¡ nf£L mJ g‰¿ mt®fS¡F¤ bjçªjt‰iw¡

Tw¢ brŒjš.

2.go¤jš

khzt®fŸ kåj cW¥ò k‹ly¤Â‹ mik¥ò« brašghLfS« v‹w

gFÂæèUªJ (g¡f« v© 61-65) Ïd¥bgU¡f k©ly« v‹w gFÂ tiu thÁ¤J

òÂajhŒ fUJ« th®¤ijfis¥ bg‹Áyhš mo¡nfhoLjš. j§fS¡F¤ bjçahj /

òÂa th®¤ijfS¡fhd bghUis e©g®fŸ / MÁça® cjéÍl‹ bjçªJbfh©L,

tiujhëš vGÂ tF¥giwæš it¤ÂU¤jš nt©L«.

3.kdtiugl«

cW¥ò k©ly« - gâfŸ

njhYW¥ò

njhš

cnuhk«

ef«

éa®it Ru¥ÃfŸ

gâfŸ

cz® cW¥ò

cŸ cW¥òfis ghJfh¤jš

Vit-D cUth¡Fjš

brçkhd k©ly«

thŒ

Ïiu¥ig

fšÄuš

czÎ¥ bghUŸfis¢ brç¤jš

czÎ _y¥bghU£fŸ

c¿Šr¥g£L Ïu¤Â¤Â‹ _y«

fl¤j¥gLjš.

czÎ¡ FHhŒ

ÁWFlš Ru¥ÃfŸ

60

jir k©ly«

vY«ò¤jir

(tçÍila jirfŸ)

Ïja¤ jirfŸ

clY¡F cUt¤ijÍ«

Ïa¡f¤ijÍ« më¡»‹wd.

clš bt¥g ãiyia Óuhf

it¡»‹wd.

Ãw jirfŸ cŸSW¥òfS¡F

cjÎ»‹wd.

bk‹ jirfŸ (tça‰w jirfŸ)

Rthr k©ly«

_¡F

Eiupuš

fh‰¿èUªJ cæ®tëia

vL¤J Ïu¤j X£l¤Â‹ _y«

ÂR¡fS¡F¡ fl¤Jjš

c£bfhŸS« czÎ¥bghUS«

vç¡f¥g£L M‰wyhf

khW»wJ Ï›éidæ‹ _y«

btë¥gL« fçaäy thÍ

Eiupuš _y«

btëæl¥gL»wJ.

_¢R¡ FHš

vY«òfŸ

FU¤bjY«òfŸ

jir eh®fŸ

_£LfŸ

vY«ò k©ly«

clY¡F totkë¡»wJ

clš Ïa¡f¤Â‰F cjÎ»wJ

cŸcW¥òfis¥ ghJfh¡»wJ

Ïu¤j btŸisaQ¡fŸ,

Át¥gQ¡fŸ Ïu¤j¤ j£LfŸ

ngh‹wit vY«ò kŠirahš

cUth¡f¥gL»‹wd.

61

eu«ò k©ly«

_is

eu«òfŸ

clè‹ mid¤J

brašfisÍ«

f£L¥gL¤J»wJ

j©Ltl«

ehsäšyh Ru¥Ã

k©ly«

ehsäšyh

Ru¥Ãfë‹ bjhF¥ò

clš braèfis c‰g¤Â

brŒJ f£L¥gL¤J»wJ

fêÎ Ú¡f k©ly«

ÁWÚuf«

ÁWÚ®¥ig

clè‹ fêÎfis Ú¡» cliy

rkãiyæš it¡»wJ ÁWÚ® ehs«

Ïd¥bgU¡f

k©ly«

éªjf§fŸ

cæçd§fë‹ bjhl®¢Á,

ãiybgw cjÎ»wJ.

m©lf§fŸ

Ïu¤j X£l k©ly«

Ïja«

jireh®fŸ

r¤J¥bghU£fŸ, cæ®të,

Ah®nkh‹fŸ mid¤ijÍ«

fl¤J»wJ.

clš bt¥gãiyia

f£L¥gL¤J»wJ.

Ïu¤j FHhŒfŸ

62

4.bjhF¤jY«-tH§FjY«

th®¤ij tiy

khzt®fëš xU FGéd®, jh§fŸ bjhF¤j ghl¥gFÂia tF¥giw¡F K‹

és¡fkhf vL¤Jiu¤jš nt©L«.

RH‰Á Kiwæš tH§F« thŒ¥ò mid¤J khzt®fS¡F« »il¡»‹wjh? v‹gjid

MÁça® cWÂ brŒÂlš nt©L«.

5.tYñ£Ljš

brašghL-1

(cW¥ò k©ly§fë‹ gl§fis tiuªJ x£o¥ ga‹gL¤jyh«)

FGéèUªJ xUt®, xU gl¤ij¡ ifæš Ão¤jgo / Kf_oahŒ mâªjgo mt®fŸ

it¤ÂU¡F« cW¥ò k©ly¤Â‹ brašghLfŸ g‰¿ étç¤jš nt©L«

63

brašghL-2

eh‹ ah®? v‹ gâ v‹d f©LÃo

ÑnH bfhL¡f¥g£LŸs gl§fis¥ gh®¤J mt‰¿‹ bga®fis vGJf mt‰¿‹

brašghLfnshL bghU¤Jf.

brašghL-3

• Ú xU kh«gH¤ij¢ rh¥ÃL»whŒ. mJ cdJ thŒ têahf¢ br‹W brçkhd

k©ly¤ij mil»wJ. mJ vªbjªj cW¥òfis¡ flªJ brš»wJ v‹gJ

tçirahf¢ bfhL¡f¥gléšiy. mjid rçahd tçiræš vGJf.

Ïiu¥ig eh¡F ÁWFlš czÎ¡ FHhŒ bgU§Flš

1. eh‹ jirfshš Mdt‹- vY«Ãid _lÎ« Ïa¡fÎ« cjÎnt‹

2. eh‹ cæ® tëia c¿ŠrÎ« CO2 I btëélÎ« cjÎnt‹.

3. czÎ brç¥gj‰F cjÎgt‹ ehnd.

4. clè‹ fêÎfis btëna‰Wgt‹ eh‹.

5. gšntW Ru¥ÃfŸ v‹åš cŸsd.

64

7.kÂ¥ÕL

1.nfho£l Ïl§fis ãu¥òf

1. ___________ ekJ brašfŸ mid¤ijÍ« f£LgL¤J»wJ.

2. ___________ Ïu¤j¤ij clè‹ mid¤J ghf§fS¡F« fl¤J»wJ.

3. ÁWÚuf¤ÂèUªJ ___________ fêthf btëna‰W»wJ.

4. x¤j ÂR¡fŸ x‹¿izªJ ___________ M»ÍŸsJ.

5. cy»š cæçd§fŸ bjhl®¢Áahf njh‹w ___________ cjÎ»wJ.

( Ïu¤j ehs§fŸ, Ïd¥bgU¡f k©ly«, ÁWÚ®, eu«ò k©ly«, cW¥òfŸ)

2.rçahd éilia o¡ brŒaÎ«.

ÑnH bfhL¡f¥g£LŸs cæçfëš Át¥ò ãw Ïu¤j« bfh©l cæç

a. fu¥gh‹ ó¢Á

b. fš Ïwhš

c. nfhê

3. gŸëæš T£L cl‰gæ‰Á (Mass drill) eilbgW»wJ khzt® midtU«

Få»‹wd®, ãä®»‹wd®, FÂ¡»‹wd®. cl«Ã‹ vªj k©ly« Ï¢ brašgh£il

brŒa cjÎ»wJ.

a. vY«ò k©ly«

b. jir k©ly«

c. Rthr k©ly«

(rçahdij o¡ brŒaÎ«)

1. a

2. b

3. a, b k‰W« c

a b c

a b c

65

8.FiwÔ® f‰wš

brašghL-1

cdJ ÏU¡ifæš ãä®ªJ mk®f. cdJ iffis cdJ beŠÁ‹ eL¥gFÂæš it¤J

Ïja« Jo¥gij cz®f. xU ãäl¤Âš v¤jid Kiw Jo¡»wJ v‹gij vGJf…

15 Kiw FÂ¤j Ã‹ Û©L« Ïja¤ Jo¥ig cz®ªJ vGJf.

nkY« cdJ Ïja¤Jo¥Ãid vªbjªj Ïl§fëš bjëthf czÎ KoÍ«?

(kâ¡f£L, fG¤Â‹ K‹òw«, fQ¡fhš gFÂ?

brašghL-2

ghl¥ò¤jf¤Âš (73 M« g¡f«) kÂ¥ÕL gFÂæš bfhL¡f¥g£LŸs rçahdt‰iw¤

nj®ªbjL¤J vGJf, Kjš bghU¤Jf tiuæyhd nfŸéfS¡F gÂèid FGéš

éthÂ¤J vGJf.

vGJjš

g¡f« v© 74-š bfhL¡f¥g£LŸs 7, 8 nfŸéfS¡fhd gÂšfis¥ gæ‰Á V£oš

vGÂtUjš.

bjhl®gâ

brašghL-1

bfhL¡f¥g£LŸs

cæçfë‹ bga®

m›Îæçfë‹

njhšmik¥ò

mt‰¿‰Fça thêl§fëš thœtj‰fhd jftik¥ò

brašghL-2

ÑnH bfhL¡f¥g£LŸs cæçd§fëš fhz¥gL« Rthr cW¥ò vJ?

k©òG

jtis

ehŒ

Û‹

g£lh«ó¢Á

Rwh lhšÃ‹ ngh‹w cæçfŸ mo¡fo Úç‹ nkšk£l¤Â‰F tªJ _¢R éL»‹wdnt

V‹? cd¡F¤ bjçªjij vGJf?

66



V‹? cd¡F¤ bjçªjij vGJf?



67

gæ‰Á¤ jhŸ (nfŸéfŸ)

1. SI myFKiw k‰w myFKiwfisél nk«g£lJ V‹?

2. bfhL¡f¥g£LŸs ghl¥gFÂ¡F ntW v«Kiwæš kÂ¥ÕL brŒÅ®fŸ v‹gjid

jahç¤J tH§Ff?

3. kåj clš cW¥òfis¥ g‰¿a Ï¥ghl¤Â‰F bfhL¡f¥g£LŸs m¿Kf¤ij¤ jéu

ntW m¿Kf§fŸ bfhL¡fyhkh.

4. go¤jè‹ nghJ khzt®fS¡F¤ bjçahj/òÂa th®¤ijfS¡Fça bghUis vGÂ

tF¥giwæš it¡F«nghJ Tlnt mªj th®¤ijfS¡Fça M§»y

th®¤ijfisÍ« vGÂ it¥gjhš V‰gL« e‹ikfŸ v‹d?

5. bfhL¡f¥g£LŸs kdtiugl« khzt®fS¡F ãiyahd f‰wš mDgt¤ij

tH§Fkh? Ïnj ghl¥ gFÂ¡F c§fŸ kdtiugl« v‹dthf ÏU¡F«.

6. Ïªj ghl¥ gFÂæš bfhŸF¿tif nfŸéfŸ k£Lnk bfhL¡f¥g£LŸsd.

éçthd nfŸéfŸ bfhL¡f¥glhkš khzt®fë‹ f‰wš miléid kÂ¥Ãl

KoÍkh? c§fŸ fU¤J v‹d?

7. bfhL¡f¥g£l ghl¥gFÂæš FiwÔ® f‰wiy cWÂ¥gL¤j Science Lab/Science

Kit/khÂçfŸ v›thW cjÎ»‹wd.

68

gil¥gh‰wš fšé – r_f m¿éaš

tF¥ò : v£lh« tF¥ò – Kjš gUt«

ghl¤jiy¥ò : ts Mjhu§fS« mj‹ tiffS«

g¡f« : 295-301

1.m¿Kf« :

ekJ òé¡nfhë‹ _‹W K¡»a TWfis¥ g‰¿ Ñœ¡fhQ« brašghL _y«

és¡Fjš.

brašghL-1:

ekJ thœéš m‹whl« ga‹gL¤j¡ Toa Ñœ¡fhQ« bghU£fis¡ t©z

m£ilfëš vGÂ FG¡fëš bfhL¤J mt‰¿‹ mtÁa¤ij¡ Tw¢ brŒf.

1. gz«

2. Ïå¥ò

3. j©Ù®

4. czÎ

5. ãy«

6. thfd«

7. ä‹éÁ¿

8. fh‰W

9. if¥ngÁ

10. j§f«

Ã‹ò nk‰f©l bghUŸfëš äf Ï‹¿ahikahj¥ bghUis¤ bjçÎ brŒÍkhW T¿

Ït‰¿š äfÎ« mtÁakhd ãy«, Ú® k‰W« fh‰W M»aitfë‹¿ eh« cæ® thH

KoahJ v‹gij és¡f nt©L«.

2 go¤jš

• khzt®fS¡F¥ òçahj òÂa brh‰fŸ / fiy¢ brh‰fis mo¡nfholš.

69

• mo¡nfho£l fiy¢ brh‰fS¡F¥ bghUŸ k‰W« és¡f« jUjš

(v.fh. ) Ú®¡ nfhs«, të¡ nfhs«, ghiw¡ nfhs«, nguhêfŸ, cnyhf§fŸ.

3. kdtiugl«

kåj‹

ts Mjhu§fë‹ ghJfh¥ò

ts Mjhu§fŸ

òJ¥Ã¡f¡Toa tsMjhu§fŸ òJ¥Ã¡fÏayhj tsMjhu§fŸ

Ú® ä‹r¡Â

Nça M‰wš

fh‰W M‰wš ãy¡fç

mQr¡Â fåk§fŸ

v©bzŒ k‰W«

Ïa‰if thÍ

70


òJ¥Ã¡f Ïayhj ts Mjhu§fŸ:

ãy¡fç òJ¥Ã¡f Ïayhj ts Mjhu§fŸ gy äšèa‹

tUl§fshf cUthd fåk« MF«. ÏJ òij

vçbghUŸ vd miH¡f¥gL»wJ.

v©bzŒ k‰W« Ïa‰if thÍ bghJthf v©bzŒ fl‰fiuæYŸs

goÎ¥ghiwfshd nr‰W k©goÎfŸ (mud

stone) bk‹fëfŸ (shale) k‰W« kz‰ghiw

(sand stone) ngh‹w mL¡Ffëš fhz¥gL«.

mQr¡Â fåk§fŸ Ínuåa«, njhça« ngh‹w fåk§fŸ

mQr¡Âia c‰g¤Â brŒa¥ ga‹gL»‹wd.

òJ¥Ã¡f¡Toa ts Mjhu§fŸ:

bjhl®ªJ Ïa‰ifahfnt òJÃ¡f¥gL»wJ. Ïªj ts§fis¤ bjhl®ªJ eh«

ga‹gL¤Â¡ bfh©nl ÏU¡fyh«.

Ú® ä‹r¡Â ÏJ Ú® éG« gFÂfëèUªJ c‰g¤Â brŒa¥gL»‹wJ.

Nça M‰wš

Nça M‰wš, ÅLfŸ k‰W« mYtyf¡ f£ol§fëš Ú® Nlh¡Fjš

ngh‹w gy têfëš ga‹gL¤j¥gL»wJ.

fh‰W M‰wš

fh‰W ntfkhf¤ bjhl®ªJ ÅR« gFÂfëš fh‰wh‰wš c‰g¤Â

brŒa¥gL»wJ. Ïj‰F éir¥ bgh¿ cUis äfÎ« ga‹gL»wJ.

ts Mjhu§fë‹ ghJfh¥ò:

kåjå‹ thœÎ k‰W« K‹nd‰w« M»ait òéæ‹ Ïa‰if ts Mjhu§fis¢

rh®ªJ ÏU¥gjhš m¤jifa ts¤ij¥ ghJfh¤jš mtÁa« MF«.

kåj®fŸ j§fsJ thœ¡if¡F ts Mjhu§fisna rh®ªJ cŸsd®. X® Ïl¤Âš

»il¡f¥ bgW»w ts Mjhu§fis¥ bghW¤nj kåj®fë‹ bjhêšfŸ

ã®zæ¡f¥gL»‹wd.

71

5.tYñ£lš

• khz®fis IªJ FG¡fshf¥

ãfœÎ-1

FGéš cŸs xU egçl«, xU igæš Áy Ã°f£Lfis ãu¥Ã¡ bfhL¡f.

gæ‰Áahs®, R‰W 1 vd¡ T¿aÎl‹ Ã°f£ it¤ÂU¡F« egçläUªJ FGéš cŸs

k‰wt®fŸ mt®fë‹ éU¥g¤Â‰F V‰g Ã°f£Lfis vL¤J¡bfhŸs¢ brŒf.

R‰W Ïu©oidÍ« m›thnw brŒf.

igæš ÛjKŸs Ã°f£Lfis th§»¡ bfhŸf

ãfœÎ-2

j‰nghJ FGé‹ v©â¡if¡F V‰g, ÏU R‰W¡F tUksé‰F k£L«

Ã°f£Lfis¡ bfhL¡f.

ÏU R‰WfŸ KoªjÎl‹, Kjš k‰W« Ïu©lh« ãfœÎfS¡F Ïilna cŸs

ntWgh£il éthÂ¡f.

mt‰¿‹ Ky« òJ¥Ã¡f ÏaY«, Ïayh ts Mjhu§fŸ F¿¤J és¡fkë¡f.

6.kÂ¥ÕL

1. jäœeh£oš fh‰whiy mÂfkhf cŸs Ïl« vJ ________.

2. ÏªÂahéš K¡»akhd v©bzŒ tašfŸ________ ãy¥gFÂfëš

fhz¥gL»‹wd.

3. ÏªÂahé‹ äf¥bgça Ú® ä‹r¡Â ãiya« mikªJŸs Ïl« ________

4. jäœ eh£oš bt£obaL¡f¥gL« ãy¡fç ________.

5. mQr¡Â fåk¤Â‰F vL¤J¡fh£L x‹W TW ________.

72

7. FiwÔ® f‰wš

bkšy f‰F« khzt®fis Ïd« f©L m«khzt®fis Û¤Âw‹ khzt®fis¡

bfh©L gæ‰Á më¡f¢ brŒjš nt©L«.

brašghL-1

ÑœfhQ« gl§fë‹ bga®fis cça f£l¤Âš ãu¥òf

ÑnH bfhL¡f¥g£LŸs bghU£fëš òJÃ¡f ÏaY« ts§fŸ våš RR vdÎ«, òJ¥Ã¡f

Ïayh ts§fŸ mÂš NRR, vdÎ« F¿¡fÎ«

Non – Renewable Resource - NRR

Renewable Resource - RR

òJÃ¡f¡ Toa ts§fŸ òJ¥Ã¡f Ïayhj ts§fŸ

fh‰W

j§f«

Ãsh°o¡

I° f£o

Ú®

fh»j¤jhŸ

RR

74

brašghL-2

ÂdK« ga‹gL¤j¡Toa bghU£fŸ - òJ¥Ã¡f Ïayhts§fŸ - òJ¥Ã¡f ÏaY« ts§fŸ

1. j©Ù®

2. ä‹rhu«

3. Nça M‰wš

4. K£il

5. fh¥Ã

6. fhŒfå

7. fhŒf¿

8. ir¡»ëš mo¡F« fh‰W

9. k©

10. ghiw

8.vGJjš

ghl¥gFÂæ‹ bjhl®¢Áahf¡ bfhL¡f¥g£LŸs édh¡fS¡fhd éilfis

khzt®fis vGÂ tu¢brŒjš nt©L«.

9.bjhl®gâ

Å£oš / gŸëæš ÂdK« ga‹gL¤j¥gL« òJ¥Ã¡f Ïayhj ts Mjhu§fŸ òJ¥Ã¡f

ÏaY« ts Mjhu§fŸ vd¥ Ãç¤J òJ¥Ã¡f Ïayhj ts Mjhu§fŸ vit vd¡

F¿¤J, Ã‹ò mij v›thW ghJfh¡f nt©L« v‹W vGÂ tu¢ brŒjš nt©L«.

75

gil¥gh‰wš fšé – r_f m¿éaš

tF¥ò : v£lh« tF¥ò – _‹wh« gUt«

ghl¤jiy¥ò : khbgU« òu£Á

g¡f« : 188-190

neh¡f« :

• ÏªÂa RjªÂu nghuh£l¤Â‹ é¤jhd khbgU« fyf« 1857 fhuz§fis m¿jš

• K¡»a ãfœÎfis¥ òçªJ¡bfhŸSjš

1.m¿Kf«:

Ñœ¡fhQ« m£ltizia khzt®fis¡ bfh©L ãu¥g¢ brŒJ òu£Á¡fhd

fhuz§fis m¿a¢ brŒjš nt©L«

M§»y MSe® bfhŸiffŸ ãfœÎfŸ

btšy°è Jiz¥gil¤Â£l« -

éšéa« bg©o§ rKjha Ó®ÂU¤j§fŸ -

lšbAsÁ ehoH¡F« bfhŸif

rKjha Ó®ÂU¤j§fŸ

-

khbgU« òu£Á ÂO® v‹W njh‹¿aJ mšy M§»y M£Á¡F vÂuhf ÏªÂa®fŸ bg‰w

bjhl® Jau§fë‹ btë¥ghnl v‹gij khzt®fŸ m¿a¢ brŒJ ghl¤ij

bjhl§fyh«.

go¤jš

g¡f« 188 èUªJ 190 tiu cŸs khbgU« òu£Á¡fhd fhuz§fisÍ« mj‹ K¡»a

ãfœÎfisÍ« go¤J òÂa k‰W« K¡»a th®¤ijfis bg‹Áyhš mo¡nfhoLjš.

76

kdtiugl«

77

bjhF¤jY« tH§FjY«

t.v

© òu£Á¡fhd fhuz§fŸ M§»nyaç‹ brašghLfŸ éisÎfŸ

1 muÁaš fhuz§fŸ M§»nyaç‹ ehLÃo¡F« bfhŸif,nguuir

éçth¡F« elto¡iffshd

btšy°èæ‹ Jiz¥gil¤ Â£l«

lšbAsÁæ‹ ehoH¡F« bfhŸif.

ÏªÂa k‹d®fis M§»nyaç‹ vÂçfshf

kh‰¿aJ

2 bghUshjhu¡fhuz§fŸ ÏaªÂu§fŸ m¿Kf«-

Foir¤bjhêšfŸ mêÎ,

ü‰W¡ fz¡fz¡fhndh® ntiythŒò ÏH¥ò.

ÏªÂa®fë‹ kdÂš M§»nyaU¡F vÂuhd

v©z¤ij cUth¡»aJ

3 rKjha k‰W«

rka¡fhuz§fŸ

ÏU¥ò¥ghij m¿Kf«, jghš, jªÂ k‰W« nkiy

eh£L¡ fšé

rÂ xê¥ò, FHªijfŸ kzKiw, éjitfŸ

kWkz¤ij C¡Fé¤jš

M§»nya®fŸ j§fis¡ »¿¤Jt kj¤Â‰F

kjkh‰w« brŒant vd ÏªÂa®fŸ fUÂd®.

4 ÏuhQt¡fhuz§fŸ 1856 M« M©L bghJ¥gâ gil¢r£l¤Â‹ go

flš flªJ br‹W ngh® òçjš

jho Ûirfis xG§FgL¤Jjš

rka¡F¿fŸ be‰¿æèl jil

njhèyhd jiy¥ghif

ÏªJ k‰W« K°Ä«fŸ, ÏJ j§fŸ kj¤Â‰F

vÂuhdJ v‹W fUÂd®. Ó¡»a®fŸ jho,

Ûiria bt£l kW¤jd®, ÏJ

M§»nya®fS¡F vÂuhd v©z¤ij

V‰gL¤ÂaJ.

5 cldo¡fhuz§fŸ òÂa v‹ÕšL tif J¥gh¡»¡F m¿Kf¥gL¤j¥g£l

bfhG¥ò jléa njh£lh¡fŸ MF«.

ÏªJ¡fŸ gRit òåjkhf¡ fUÂajhY«

K°Ä«fŸ g‹¿ia btW¤jjhY« njh£lhit

bjhlkW¤J vÂ®¥ò bjçé¤jd®.

78

K¡»a ãfœÎfŸ

vÂ®¥ghs® Ïl« eilbg‰w ãfœÎ òu£Áia ml¡»a

M§»y¤ jsgÂ

òu£Áæ‹ KoÎ

k§fŸ gh©nl (34

tJ fhyh£gil

Ãçit¢ nr®ªjt®)

t§fhs¤ÂYŸs

guh¡ó®

njh£lh¡fis¤ bjhlkW¤J

M§»y mÂfhçfis¢ R£L

bfh‹wh®.

- V¥uš 8 1857 ö¡»èl¥g£lh®

Kfyha k‹duhd

Ïu©lh« gfö®õh

blšè òu£Áahs®fŸ M§»nya®

ÅLfS¡F¤ Ôit¤J blšèia

neh¡» mâtF¤J br‹W

Ïu©lh« gfö®õh it

mçaizæš mk®¤Âd®

r® #h‹ã¡fšr‹ eh‹F

khj K‰Wif¡F¥ ÃwF

blšèia Û©L«

if¥g‰¿dh®.

Ïu©lh« gfö®õh it

if¥g‰¿ u§TD¡F

mD¥Ãdh® ÏtuJ

kuz¤Jl‹ Kfyha¥ nguuR

KoÎ‰wJ.

ÕZth Ïu©lh«

ghÉuhé‹ ts®¥ò

kfŸ ehdhrh»¥

fh‹ó® fh‹ó® nfh£ilia if¥g‰¿

j‹id ÕZththf

m¿é¤J¡bfh©lh®.

M§»y¤ jsgÂfshd

f®dš Ah›yh¡ f®dš

Xbeæš ehdhrh»¥ig¤

njh‰fo¤J fh‹óiu¡

if¥g‰¿d®.

ehdhrh»¥ neghs¤Â‰F¤

j¥Ã¢ br‹wh®.

ngf« Aõu¤ kfhš y¡ndh jdJ kf‹Ã®í° fhj® v‹gtiu

mnah¤Â eth¥ghf m¿é¤jh®

M§»y¤ jsgÂfshd

M£uh«, f®dš Ah›yh¡

y¡ndh M§»nyauhš

if¥g‰w¥g£lJ.

#h‹Áuhâ k¤Âa ÏªÂah M§»nyaU¡F vÂuhf ÅuKl‹

vÂ®¤J nghç£lh®

Fthèa® nfh£ilia¡

if¥g‰¿dh®

r®A¡nuh° Åukuz« milªjh®

79

tYñ£lš

ghl¥bghUis tYñ£L« tifæš, V‰w brašghLfis totik¤J tH§Fjš.

ghl¡ fU¤Jfis thœéaš NHèš bjhl®ògL¤Â vëa brašghLfŸ _y« MÁça®

és¡Fjš.

r_f m¿éaš ghl«, nj®ÎfS¡fhf kd¥ghl« brŒtj‰fhd òŸëétu§fë‹

bjhF¥ghf ÏU¥gijél khzt®fis¥ bghW¥òŸs Fokfdhf kh‰w nt©L« Ïjid

mo¥gilahf¡ bfh©L tYñ£lš mik¡f¥g£LŸsJ.

éLjiy bg‰w ÏªÂahit vÂ®neh¡»æU¡F« Ãu¢ridfŸ

m‹W ( khbgU« òu£Á ) Ï‹W rjÅj«

FHªijfŸ kzKiw, bg© FHªijfŸ bfhšy¥gLjš jil r£l«, rÂ xê¥ò

k¡fŸ bjhif fz¡bfL¥Ã‹ go ÏªÂahéš 1000 M©fS¡F 944 bg©fns cŸsd®

m¿ahik , _l¥gH¡ftH¡f§fŸ

ÏªÂahéš fšé m¿Î bg‰wt®fë‹ rjÅj« »uhkòw§fëš 71 %

ef®òw§fëš 86 % cŸsd®

btšy°èæ‹ Jiz¥gil¤

Â£l«

lšbAsÁæ‹ ehoH¡F« bfhŸif

ÏªÂa RjªÂu¤Â‰F¥

Ã‹ò eilbg‰w fh®»š

nghçš 500 ngh®Åu®fŸ

Åukuz« milªjd®.

1000 fz¡fhndh®

fhakilªjd®

80

kÂ¥ÕL

khzt®fë‹ f‰wš miléid cWÂ brŒtj‰fhf MÁça® édh¡fis¡

nf£lš, brašghLfŸ vëa vG¤J¤ nj®Î, òÂ® édh éil mik¤jš ngh‹w

brašghLfŸ _y« kÂ¥ÕL brŒayh«.

1. ».Ã 1857 M« M©L òu£Á ____________ v‹gt® fhy¤Âš njh‹¿aJ

2. Á¥ghŒ òu£Á Kjèš njh‹¿a Ïl« ____________

3. bfhG¥ò jléa njh£lhit Kjèš bjhl kW¤jt® ah® ____________

4. 1857 M« M©L njh‹¿a khbgU« òu£Á ____________ v‹W«

miH¡f¥gL»wJ.

5. #h‹Á uhâ y£RäghŒ ÁWF¿¥ò vGJf

FiwÔ® f‰wš

• f‰wš miléš FiwghLila khzt®fis kÂ¥Õ£o‹nghJ f©l¿ªJ,

mt®fS¡F V‰w FiwÔ®¢ brašfis tH§Fjš.

• vëa brašghLfshf ÏU¤jš.

vGJjš

• ghl¡fU¤Jfis tY¥gL¤J« tifæY« ghl¡fU¤Jfë‹ thæyhf vGJ«

Âwid ts®¡F« tifæY« brašghLfŸ totik¤J¡ bfhL¤jš.

• üyf¤ij¥ ga‹gL¤J« Âwid khzt®fël« ts®¤jš.

Foir¤bjhêšfŸ mêÎ,

ü‰W¡ fz¡fz¡fhndh® ntiythŒ¥ò ÏH¥ò.

k¡fë‹ m¿ahikædhš

murh§f« më¡F« fšé¢

rYifis khzt®fŸ

m¿ahkY« ntiy

Ï‹ikædhY« go¥Ã‰F

V‰w CÂa«

ÏšyhikædhY« k¡fŸ

mtÂÍW»‹wd®.

81

bjhl®gâ

brašÂ£l«

jftš nrfç¤J vGÂtu¢ brŒjš nt©L«.

Kjš ÏªÂa RjªÂu¥ngh®

v‹W miH¤j

tuyh‰whÁça®fŸ

1857 òu£Á v‹W miH¤j

tuyh‰whÁça®fŸ

Ú Ï¥òu£Áia v›thW

miH¥ghŒ fhuz« TW

gæ‰Á – gæ‰Á¤jhŸ

1. cæ® nfhs¤Â‰F Mjhukhf¤ ÂfœtJ vJ?

2. Ô®ªJ nghf¡Toa ts§fŸ vit? bga®fis¥ g£oaèLf?

3. ts§fis äFªj ftd¤Jl‹ ga‹gL¤j nt©oaj‹ fhuz« ahJ?

4. fU¤J¢ br¿Îila r_f m¿éaš ghl§fS¡F kd tiugl« tiuÍ« bghGJ

mij v›thW totik¡fyh«?

5. r_f m¿éaš ghl¤Âš tYñ£lš brašghLfŸ: thœéaš Âw‹fnshL

x¥Ã£L brašghLfis më¥gjhš khzt®fŸ bgW« g©òfŸ vit?

gil¥gh‰wš fšé kiw æš bjhl® k‰w« kgikahd kÂ¥Õl tyñ£lš gæ‰Á · as far as...

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