gihan gawish.dr dr. gihan gawish. gihan gawish.dr

Gihan Gawish.DrGihan Gawish.Dr Dr. Gihan Gawish

Gihan Gawish.DrGihan Gawish.Dr


Blood measures about 5 liters in the adult human Blood measures about 5 liters in the adult human and accounts for 8 percent of the body weightand accounts for 8 percent of the body weight..

Blood cells are formed in the bone marrow, the Blood cells are formed in the bone marrow, the soft, spongy center of bones. soft, spongy center of bones.

New (immature) blood cells are called blasts. New (immature) blood cells are called blasts.

Some blasts stay in the marrow to mature. Some blasts stay in the marrow to mature.

Some travel to other parts of the body to Some travel to other parts of the body to mature.mature.


Blood is one of theBlood is one of the connective tissueconnective tissue..

It consists ofIt consists of

Hematic cells Hematic cells Matrix (plasmaMatrix (plasma).).

Erythrocytes Platelets LeucocytesErythrocytes Platelets Leucocytes (Red blood cells(Red blood cells( ( (White blood cells) (White blood cells)

Because blood has many functions you might be able to conclude that the Because blood has many functions you might be able to conclude that the blood is composed of many different parts. blood is composed of many different parts.


Whole blood Centrifuge

anticoagulant


PlasmaPlasma Plasma takes up about 55% of the total volume Plasma takes up about 55% of the total volume

of the blood. of the blood.

Cells free serum or plasma, can be obtained by Cells free serum or plasma, can be obtained by centrifugationcentrifugation. .

The plasma is a slightly alkaline fluid, with a The plasma is a slightly alkaline fluid, with a typical yellowish colortypical yellowish color. .


Composition of plasmaComposition of plasma

It consists of 90It consists of 90 % % water and 10% dry matterwater and 10% dry matter..

The other 10% contains many types of The other 10% contains many types of molecules, including molecules, including nutrientsnutrients, , glucoseglucose, ,

vitaminsvitamins, , cellular wastescellular wastes, , saltssalts, and , and proteinsproteins..

There are three major types of proteins which There are three major types of proteins which exist in plasmaexist in plasma) ) albumin, fibrinogen, and albumin, fibrinogen, and

globulinsglobulins((


Functions of plasma proteinsFunctions of plasma proteins The albuminThe albumin keeps water from leaving the blood and keeps water from leaving the blood and

entering the surrounding cells by osmosisentering the surrounding cells by osmosis. . It does this It does this by helping to keep the concentration of the water within by helping to keep the concentration of the water within

the blood the same as the concentration in the body the blood the same as the concentration in the body tissuestissues. .

The fibrinogenThe fibrinogen aids in the clotting of the blood aids in the clotting of the blood. .

Some globulinsSome globulins transport proteins and other substances transport proteins and other substances from one part of the body to the nextfrom one part of the body to the next. .

Other globulinsOther globulins are known as antibodies, which help to are known as antibodies, which help to fight of infectionfight of infection. . Antibodies are proteins that attach to Antibodies are proteins that attach to

and help destroy foreign substances in the bodyand help destroy foreign substances in the body. .


Hematic cellsHematic cells1. Red blood cells1. Red blood cells


The human body contains approximately 5 millions/mm3 of The human body contains approximately 5 millions/mm3 of blood blood

In humans, the matured red blood cells do not contain a In humans, the matured red blood cells do not contain a nucleinuclei. .

Their cytoplasm is filled with an ironTheir cytoplasm is filled with an iron--containing protein containing protein called hemoglobincalled hemoglobin. .

Hemoglobin is the substance that gives the blood its red Hemoglobin is the substance that gives the blood its red colorcolor..

When a person has an insufficient amount of hemoglobin or When a person has an insufficient amount of hemoglobin or too few red blood cells, this is referred to as anemiatoo few red blood cells, this is referred to as anemia. . Both Both

of these conditions lowers the amount of oxygen that can be of these conditions lowers the amount of oxygen that can be carried throughout the bloodcarried throughout the blood. .


New cells are produced at the same rate red New cells are produced at the same rate red blood cells are destroyed blood cells are destroyed . .

The old red cells are removed from the body The old red cells are removed from the body by the spleen and liver and are then broken by the spleen and liver and are then broken downdown. .

The iron from the hemoglobin is then The iron from the hemoglobin is then collected and reusedcollected and reused. .


Function of RBCsFunction of RBCs

The red blood cells transport oxygen The red blood cells transport oxygen from the lungs to the tissues in the from the lungs to the tissues in the bodybody. .

They also carry carbon dioxide from They also carry carbon dioxide from the body tissues to the lungsthe body tissues to the lungs. .


Hematic cellsHematic cells2. Platelets (2. Platelets (thrombocytes)thrombocytes)

The part of the blood which is involved in the clotting of The part of the blood which is involved in the clotting of bloodblood. .

Platelets are formed when bits of cytoplasm are pinchedPlatelets are formed when bits of cytoplasm are pinched. . Even though these bits of cytoplasm contain no nuclei, Even though these bits of cytoplasm contain no nuclei,

they surrounded by a membranethey surrounded by a membrane. .

There about a total of 1.5 trillion platelets in the blood of an There about a total of 1.5 trillion platelets in the blood of an adult humanadult human. .

There are about 300,000 platelets existing in a cubic There are about 300,000 platelets existing in a cubic millimeter of bloodmillimeter of blood. .

Their life lasts for about seven days and are produced at Their life lasts for about seven days and are produced at about 200 billion /dayabout 200 billion /day. .


Hematic cellsHematic cells3. White blood cells (3. White blood cells (LEUKOCYTES)LEUKOCYTES)

GranulocyteGranulocyte AgranulocyteAgranulocyte ((lymphoid cells)lymphoid cells)

Neutrophil Eosinophil BasophilNeutrophil Eosinophil Basophil

Lmphocytes Lmphocytes

MonocytesMonocytes The term granulocyte is due to the presence of granules in the The term granulocyte is due to the presence of granules in the cytoplasm of these cellscytoplasm of these cells. . These granules have a different affinity These granules have a different affinity

towards neutral, acid or basic stains and give the cytoplasm different towards neutral, acid or basic stains and give the cytoplasm different colorscolors. .


3


There is a variety of colorless blood cells which make There is a variety of colorless blood cells which make the white blood cells, or known as leukocytesthe white blood cells, or known as leukocytes. .

These white blood cells are defenders for the bodyThese white blood cells are defenders for the body. . They protect the body from bacteria and viruses, They protect the body from bacteria and viruses,

which are diseasewhich are disease--causing organismscausing organisms. .

Unlike red blood cells, the white blood cells contain a Unlike red blood cells, the white blood cells contain a nucleus and are larger than the red blood cellsnucleus and are larger than the red blood cells. .

There are fewer white blood cells than red, but there There are fewer white blood cells than red, but there are still about 60 billion in an adult human bodyare still about 60 billion in an adult human body. .


Function of WBCsFunction of WBCs There are five different types of white blood cells. There are five different types of white blood cells.

The majority of them function to protect the body in The majority of them function to protect the body in some form. some form.

A portion of the white blood cells are what are A portion of the white blood cells are what are called phagocytic (monocytes & neutrophils).called phagocytic (monocytes & neutrophils).

The lymphocytes take care of the production of The lymphocytes take care of the production of antibodies and the cells that destroy certain antibodies and the cells that destroy certain

substances and uncommon cellssubstances and uncommon cells. .


The body consists of The body consists of metabolically activemetabolically active cells cells that need a continuous supply of nutrients and that need a continuous supply of nutrients and oxygenoxygen. .

Metabolic waste products need to be removed Metabolic waste products need to be removed from the cells to maintain a stable cellular from the cells to maintain a stable cellular environmentenvironment. .

Blood is the primary transport medium that is Blood is the primary transport medium that is responsible for meeting these cellular demandsresponsible for meeting these cellular demands..


The transport functions includeThe transport functions include::

Carrying oxygen and nutrients to the cellsCarrying oxygen and nutrients to the cells. .

Transporting carbon dioxide and nitrogenous Transporting carbon dioxide and nitrogenous wastes from the tissues to the lungs and kidneys wastes from the tissues to the lungs and kidneys where these wastes can be removed from the where these wastes can be removed from the bodybody. .

Carrying hormones from the endocrine glands to Carrying hormones from the endocrine glands to the target tissuesthe target tissues. .


The regulation functions includeThe regulation functions include:: Helping regulate body temperature by removing heat Helping regulate body temperature by removing heat

from active areas, such as skeletal muscles, and from active areas, such as skeletal muscles, and transporting it to other regions or to the skin where it transporting it to other regions or to the skin where it

can be dissipatedcan be dissipated. .

Playing a significant role in fluid and electrolyte Playing a significant role in fluid and electrolyte balance because the salts and plasma proteins contribute balance because the salts and plasma proteins contribute

to the to the osmoticosmotic pressure. pressure.

Functioning in pH regulation through the action of Functioning in pH regulation through the action of buffers in the blood. buffers in the blood.


The protection functions includeThe protection functions include:: Preventing fluid loss through hemorrhage when Preventing fluid loss through hemorrhage when

blood vessels are damaged due to its clotting blood vessels are damaged due to its clotting mechanismsmechanisms. .

Helping (phagocytic white-blood cells) to protect Helping (phagocytic white-blood cells) to protect the body against microorganisms that cause the body against microorganisms that cause

disease by engulfing and destroying the agent. disease by engulfing and destroying the agent.

Protecting (antibodies in the plasma) protect Protecting (antibodies in the plasma) protect against disease by their reactions with offending against disease by their reactions with offending

agents.agents.


Total volumeTotal volume It measures about 5 liters in the adult human It measures about 5 liters in the adult human

and accounts for 8 percent of the body and accounts for 8 percent of the body weightweight..

Infants have a large amount of blood volume Infants have a large amount of blood volume in proportion to their body weight compared in proportion to their body weight compared to the body weight of adultto the body weight of adult


HematocriteHematocrite

Hematocrite= (length of RBC column / Total length of Hematocrite= (length of RBC column / Total length of blood column) x 100blood column) x 100

The range of hematocrite in males is from 42% to 52%The range of hematocrite in males is from 42% to 52%

The range of hematocrite in females is from 37% to 47%The range of hematocrite in females is from 37% to 47%


Specific GravitySpecific Gravity SG= density of blood / density of water ORSG= density of blood / density of water OR

= = mass of given wt of blood / mass of equal wt. watermass of given wt of blood / mass of equal wt. water

SG of blood ≈ 1.055 to 1.065SG of blood ≈ 1.055 to 1.065

It means the density of blood more than of It means the density of blood more than of water water


ViscosityViscosity The viscosity of plasma is about 1.8-times the The viscosity of plasma is about 1.8-times the

viscosity of water viscosity of water ((termedtermed relative viscosityrelative viscosity at at 37°C) and is related to the protein composition 37°C) and is related to the protein composition

of the plasmaof the plasma..

Whole blood has a relative viscosity of 3-4 Whole blood has a relative viscosity of 3-4 depending upon hematocrit, temperature, and depending upon hematocrit, temperature, and

flow rateflow rate. .


HematocritHematocrit : : Therefore, a 50% increase in hematocrit from a normal value increases blood viscosity by about 100%. Such

changes in hematocrit and blood viscosity occur in a patients with polycythemia.

TemperatureTemperature : As temperature decreases, viscosity : As temperature decreases, viscosity increases. Viscosity increases approximate 2% for each increases. Viscosity increases approximate 2% for each

°C decrease in temperature. This effect has several °C decrease in temperature. This effect has several implications. implications.

The The flow rateflow rate : At very low flow states in the : At very low flow states in the microcirculation, as occurs during circulatory shock, the microcirculation, as occurs during circulatory shock, the

blood viscosity can increase quite significantly. blood viscosity can increase quite significantly.


Osmotic pressure of the Blood Osmotic pressure of the Blood ≈ 25mmHg≈ 25mmHg ItIt is the hydrostatic pressure produced by a solution in a space is the hydrostatic pressure produced by a solution in a space

divided by a semi permeable membrane due to a differential in divided by a semi permeable membrane due to a differential in the concentrations of solute.the concentrations of solute.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Osmotic_pressure_on_blood_cells_diagram.svg


Osmotic potentialOsmotic potential is the opposite of water is the opposite of water potential with the former meaning the degree to potential with the former meaning the degree to

which a solvent (usually water) would want to which a solvent (usually water) would want to stay in a liquid.stay in a liquid.

When a biological cell is in a When a biological cell is in a hypotonichypotonic environment (the cell interior contains a lower environment (the cell interior contains a lower

concentration of water and a higher concentration of water and a higher concentration of other molecules than its concentration of other molecules than its

exterior), water flows across the cell membrane exterior), water flows across the cell membrane into the cell, causing it to expand due to osmotic into the cell, causing it to expand due to osmotic

pressure. pressure.

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