A CHINESE WEEKLY OF NEWS AND VIEWS

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0 VOL. 34, NO. 28 July 15-21, 1991

G i C A L ^

Beijing««!r' HIGHLIGHTS OF THE WEEK

How Has Marxism Developed in China? | • T h i s a r t i c l e b y H u Q i a o m u , a n o t e d C h i n e s e t h e o r i s t , d e s ­c r i b e s h o w t h e C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o f C h i n a h a s s u c c e s s f u l l y a p p l i e d a n d d e v e l o p e d M a r x i s m i n C h i n a . T h e a u t h o r l i s t s 1 2 a s p e c t s o f h o w t h e C P C h a s d e v e l o p e d M a r x i s m ( p . 1 3 ) .

Ecological Farming In China • C h i n a ' s e c o l o g i c a l a g r i b u s i n e s s w h i c h b e g a n i n t h e l a t e 1 9 7 0 s a n d n o w o p e r a t e s a t t h e c o u n t y , v i l l a g e a n d h o u s e h o l d l e v e l s h a s a c h i e v e d t a n g i b l e r e s u l t s . I n t h e 1 9 9 0 s , C h i n a p l a n s t o f u r t h e r e x p a n d t h e r o l e o f e c o l o g i c a l f a r m i n g i n t h e n a t i o n ( P . 1 9 ) .

A New Modern Pace-Setter • S u N i n g , a 3 7 - y e a r - o l d P L A m a n , h a s b e c o m e a n a t i o n a l h e r o f o r t h e p u b l i c t o e m u l a t e . H e d i e d w h i l e r e s c u i n g t w o s o l d i e r s f r o m a h a n d g r e n a d e e x p l o s i o n l a s t A p r i l . H i s d e a t h t e l l s t h e p u b l i c t h a t o n l y P a r t y m e m b e r s l i k e S u N i n g w h o c o m b i n e t h e i r s t r o n g s e n s e o f t i m e w i t h t r a d i t i o n a l m o r a l e x c e l l e n c e a n d r e f l e c t t h e b a s i c p r i n c i p l e s o f t h e P a r t y a r e a b l e t o m e e t t h e s t a n d a r d s s e t b y t h e C h i n e s e p e o p l e f o r t r u t h , h o n e s t y a n d b e a u t y . I t i s p e o p l e s u c h a s t h e s e w h o h a v e a p e r m a n e n t a n d p r o n o u n c e d i n f l u e n c e o n t h e p u b l i c ' s c o n s ­c i o u s n e s s ( p . 2 8 ) .

Steel Production Meet Haif-Year Target • C h i n a ' s s t e e l o u t p u t h a s m e t t h e h a l f - y e a r t a r g e t s e t b y t h e s t a t e f o r t h e f i r s t s i x m o n t h s . T h e s t e e l o u t p u t r e a c h e d 3 3 . 6 m i l l i o n t o n s , a 4 . 1 5 p e r c e n t i n c r e a s e o v e r t h e f i g u r e o f l a s t y e a r ' s c o r r e s p o n d i n g p e r i o d ( p . 6 ) .

impact of Gulf War on World Situation • A t a r e c e n t s y m p o s i u m C h i n e s e s c h o l a r s d i s c u s s e d t h e l i n g e r i n g i m p l i c a t i o n s o f t h e G u l f w a r : t h e r i s e o f U S i n f l u ­e n c e , t h e w e a k e n i n g o f A r a b s t r e n g t h , a n d t h e e m e r g i n g n e w w o r l d o r d e r . C o n c e r n s w e r e e x p r e s s e d t h a t p o w e r p o l i t i c s m i g h t d o m i n a t e i n t e r n a t i o n a l r e l a t i o n s ( p . 8 ) .

VOL. 34, NO. 28 J U L Y 15-21,1991

CONTENTS

EVENTS/TRENDS 4 7 C h i n e s e P r e m i e r i n C a i r o ,

A m m a n C h i n a , B r i t a i n R e a c h A c c o r d o n

A i r p o r t B e i j i n g T u n e s U p T a i w a n T r a d e

L i n k s I r o n , S t e e l H i t H a l f - Y e a r T a r g e t s W e e k e n d C l u b O f f e r s H o m e t o

L o n e l y H e a r t s

INTERNATIONAL

G u l f W a r I m p l i c a t i o n s L i n g e r 8 A p a r t h e i d W i t h e r s A w a y i n

S o u t h A f r i c a 1 0

CHINA

H o w H a s t h e C P C D e v e l o p e d M a r x i s m ? 13

E c o l o g i c a l F a r m i n g 19 E c o - F a r m i n g o n H u a i b e i P l a i n 2 2 O n e C o l l e g e ' s B i d f o r F a r m

M o d e r n i z a t i o n 2 4 S u N i n g — A P a c e - S e t t e r 2 8

BUSINESS/TRADE CULTURE/SCIENCE

2 9 - 3 1

3 2 - 3 4

COVER: " F i e l d s " ( T h i r d p r i z e w i n ­n e r a t t h e B l a c k - D i a m o n d P h o t o C o m ­p e t i t i o n s p o n s o r e d b y Beijing Review).

P h o t o b y Z h u Z h e n g m i n g

General Editorial Office Tel: 8314318 TLX: 222374 FLPDA CN FAX: 8314318 English Dept. Tel: 8315599 Ext. 546

Published every Monday by BEIJING REVIEW 24 Baiwanzhuang Road, Beijing 100037 The People's Republic of China Distributed by Ch ina In te rna t i ona l Book T rad ing Co rpo ra t i on (GUOJI SHUDIAN) P.O. Box 399, Beijing, China

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EVENTS/TRENDS

Chinese Premier in Cairo, Amman

China stands ready to active­ly promote friendly re­lations and co-operation

with the Middle East countries in various fields and contribute its part to the attainment of a just and reasonable settlement of the Middle East problem, said Chinese Premier Li Peng at a state banquet in his honour host­ed by Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak on July 3.

Li arrived in Egypt on July 2 for a five-day visit on the first leg of his six-nation Middle East tour that will also take him to Jordan, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Syr­ia and Kuwait. At the banquet, he expounded China's policy on the Middle East, stressing the great urgency to settle the four-decade-long Middle East issue in the wake of the Gulf War.

"The occupied Arab territo­ries should be returned, the legi­timate national rights of the Palestinian people should be restored, and Israel's sovereignty and security should also be res­pected and guaranteed," Li said.

"We likewise support the con­vocation of a well-prepared inter­national conference at an appro­priate time under the auspices of the United Nations and attended by the five permanent members of the Security Council and par­ties concerned," he noted.

"At the same time, all the par­ties concerned should agree to a balanced and comprehensive arms reduction and ban of the use and destruction of nuclear, biological and chemical wea­pons," Li said.

Li expressed the hope that all Middle East countries will try to establish a new political and eco­nomic order in the region based on the Five Principles of Peace­ful Coexistence so that the Mid­dle East countries, the Arab and the Jewish nations may live in

harmony and achieve common development.

The Chinese government ap­preciates the positive efforts made by President Mubarak and the Egyptian government to push forward the Mideast peace process, Li said.

On the situation in Africa, Li said Africa faces grave chal­lenges as well. The continuous economic difficulties, constant regional disputes and national conflicts make the continent tur­bulent, he said.

Encouragingly, however, the situation in Southern Africa has undertaken positive changes since Namibia won independ­ence, he said, adding that dif­ferent sides in Angola signed a peace agreement recently.

On bilateral relations, Mubar­ak said Egypt expects its co­operation with China in all fields to reach a new high in the next few years.

Talking with Egyptian Prime Minister Atef Sidqi the next day, Li said the Chinese and Egyptian governments shared identical, or

very similar, views on current international issues including the Middle East.

Sidqi said that Egypt attaches great importance to the role of China as she is one of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council and has "unas­sailable influence" in the world.

On July 6, Li ended his tour to Egypt and arrived in Amman for a two-day visit.

The Chinese premier had talks with Jordan's King Hussein. Both sides agreed that the world is going through an unbalanced period and expressed their wish for the establishment of a just new world order.

Li noted that in the present world there exist different so­cial systems and religious beliefs. "Therefore, no country should impose its standard on others," he stressed.

The two leaders urged the in­ternational community to speed up efforts aimed at a comprehen­sive, just and reasonable settle­ment to the Middle East issue on the basis of relevant United Na-

4 BEIJING REVIEW, JULY 15-21,1991

E V E N T S / T R E N D S

t i o n s r e s o l u t i o n s . T h e y a g r e e d t h a t t h e p r o ­

l o n g e d a b s e n c e o f a s o l u t i o n t o t h e i s s u e n o t o n l y t h r e a t e n s t h e M i d d l e E a s t b u t a l s o w o r l d p e a c e a n d s e c u r i t y .

A s c i e n c e a n d t e c h n o l o g y c o ­o p e r a t i o n a g r e e m e n t , w h i c h w a s t h e f i r s t s u c h a c c o r d b e t w e e n t h e t w o c o u n t r i e s s i n c e t h e y es­t a b l i s h e d d i p l o m a t i c r e l a t i o n s i n 1 9 7 7 , w a s s i g n e d d u r i n g t h e t a l k s .

U n d e r t h e p a c t , b o t h s i d e s w i l l d i s p a t c h e x p e r t s t o e x p l o r e p o ­t e n t i a l r e s e a r c h a n d d e v e l o p m e n t p r o j e c t s , e x c h a n g e i n f o r m a t i o n a n d s h a r e a c h i e v e m e n t s i n c o ­o p e r a t i v e s c i e n t i f i c r e s e a r c h e s .

China's Principles on Arms Sales T h e s a m e d a y , a s p o k e s ­m a n w h o w a s w i t h L i o n t h e t o u r a n n o u n c e d C h i n a ' s t h r e e p r i n c i ­p l e s o n t h e i s s u e o f a r m s s a l e s : C h i n a s e l l s a r m s o n l y t o c o u n ­t r i e s f o r s e l f - d e f e n c e ; c o n s i d e r a ­t i o n h a s b e e n t a k e n n o t t o t i p r e g i o n a l b a l a n c e s ; C h i n a w i l l n o t u se a r m s sa les t o i n t e r f e r e i n t h e i n t e r n a l a f f a i r s o f o t h e r c o u n ­t r i e s . •

China, Britain Reacli Accord on Airport

Ch i n a a n d B r i t a i n h a v e f i n ­a l l y r e a c h e d a n a g r e e m e n t o n t h e b u i l d i n g o f a n e w

a i r p o r t i n H o n g K o n g a f t e r s e v ­e r a l m o n t h s o f o f f - a n d - o n c o n ­s u l t a t i o n s .

R e c e n t t a l k s i n B e i j i n g b e ­t w e e n C h i n e s e o f f i c i a l s a n d S i r P e r c y C r a d o c k , f o r e i g n a f f a i r s a d v i s e r t o t h e B r i t i s h p r i m e m i n ­i s t e r , r e s u l t e d i n a n a g r e e m e n t , o r t h e M e m o r a n d u m o f U n d e r ­s t a n d i n g C o n c e r n i n g t h e C o n ­s t r u c t i o n o f t h e N e w A i r p o r t i n H o n g K o n g a n d R e l a t e d Q u e s ­t i o n s .

A c c o r d i n g t o t h e m e m o r a n ­d u m , t h e H o n g K o n g g o v e r n ­m e n t w i l l c o m p l e t e t h e c o r e p r o ­j e c t s o f t h e a i r p o r t t o t h e m a x i ­

m u m e x t e n t p o s s i b l e , w h i l e C h i n a w i l l s u p p o r t t h e c o n s t r u c ­t i o n , a n d B r i t a i n w i l l c o n s u l t C h i n a o n i m p o r t a n t m a t t e r s r e ­l a t e d t o t h e p r o j e c t s t r a d d l i n g J u n e 3 0 , 1 9 9 7 — t h e d a t e w h e n H o n g K o n g i s t o b e r e t u r n e d t o C h i n a .

T h e C h i n e s e g o v e r n m e n t ac ­c e p t e d t h a t t h e B a n k o f C h i n a w i l l p l a y a n a p p r o p r i a t e p a r t , f o r e x a m p l e , i n t h e s y n d i c a t i o n o f l o a n s f o r t h e a i r p o r t p r o j e c t s , a n d t h a t C h i n e s e c o n s t r u c t i o n f i r m s m a y c o m p e t e f o r p r o j e c t s c o n n e c t e d w i t h t h e a i r p o r t , t h e d o c u m e n t s a i d .

T h e m e m o r a n d u m w i l l c o m e i n t o e f f e c t a f t e r t h e s i g n i n g b y t h e h e a d s o f t h e C h i n e s e a n d B r i ­t i s h g o v e r n m e n t s .

T h e t w o g o v e r n m e n t s a g r e e d t o s t e p u p c o n s u l t a t i o n a n d c o ­o p e r a t i o n o v e r t h e H o n g K o n g i s s u e . T h e C h i n e s e f o r e i g n m i n i s ­t e r a n d t h e B r i t i s h f o r e i g n sec re ­t a r y w i l l m e e t t w i c e a y e a r a n d t h e d i r e c t o r o f t h e O f f i c e o f H o n g K o n g a n d M a c a o A f f a i r s u n d e r t h e C h i n e s e S t a t e C o u n c i l a n d t h e g o v e r n o r o f H o n g K o n g w i l l a l s o h o l d r e g u l a r m e e t i n g s .

A n a i r p o r t c o m m i t t e e w i l l b e f o r m e d f o r t h e t w o s ide s t o c a r ­r y o u t c o n s u l t a t i o n o n i m p o r ­t a n t m a t t e r s r e l a t e d t o t h e p r o ­j e c t .

A c c o r d i n g t o t h e m e m o r a n ­d u m , t h e H o n g K o n g g o v e r n ­m e n t w i l l p l a n i t s f i a n a n c e s w i t h t h e o b j e c t i v e t h a t t h e f i s c a l r e ­s e r v e s l e f t f o r t h e u s e o f t h e f u ­t u r e H o n g K o n g S p e c i a l A d m i n ­i s t r a t i v e R e g i o n g o v e r n m e n t w i l l n o t b e less t h a n H K $ 2 5 b i l l i o n .

I t w a s a l s o a g r e e d t h a t t h e C h i n e s e g o v e r n m e n t w i l l p r o v i d e n e c e s s a r y a n d r e a s o n a b l e l o a n s b y t h e H o n g K o n g g o v e r m m e n t t o b e r e p a i d a f t e r H o n g K o n g ' s h a n d o v e r .

D u r i n g h i s v i s i t as t h e r e p r e ­s e n t a t i v e o f B r i t i s h P r i m e M i n i s ­t e r M a j o r , S i r P e r c y w a s r e c e i v e d b y C h i n e s e l e a d e r s J i a n g Z e m i n a n d L i P e n g . H e a l s o h e l d a s e r i e s o f m e e t i n g s w i t h C h i n e s e F o r ­

e i g n M i n i s t e r Q i a n Q i c h e n a n d L u P i n g , d i r e c t o r o f t h e H o n g K o n g a n d M a c a o O f f i c e , o n f u r t h e r c o - o p e r a t i o n o v e r t h e t r a n s i t i o n o f H o n g K o n g a n d p a r t i c u l a r l y o n t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e n e w a i r p o r t .

A p re s s r e l e a s e i s s u e d j o i n t l y b y t h e B r i t i s h E m b a s s y i n B e i ­j i n g a n d X i n h u a N e w s A g e n c y c o m m e n t e d t h a t t h e a g r e e m e n t h a s n o t o n l y p r o v i d e d a f i r m bas ­i s f o r t h e b u i l d i n g o f a m o d e r n a i r p o r t t o s e r v e t h e e x p a n d i n g n e e d s o f H o n g K o n g i n t h e f u ­t u r e , b u t a l s o h a s e x p r e s s e d t h e w i s h o f t h e C h i n e s e a n d B r i t i s h g o v e r n m e n t s t o d e e p e n t h e i r c o ­o p e r a t i o n o v e r t h e H o n g K o n g i s s u e o n t h e b a s i s o f t h e J o i n t D e c l a r a t i o n , as w e l l as t h e i r c o n ­f i d e n c e i n t h e f u t u r e o f H o n g K o n g as a n i n t e r n a t i o n a l e c o ­n o m i c , f i n a n c i a l a n d t r a d i n g c e n t r e . •

Beijing Tunes Up Taiwan Trade Linlcs

Ch i n e s e a u t h o r i t i e s h a v e p r o ­p o s e d f i v e p r i n c i p l e s f o r d i r e c t e c o n o m i c a n d t r a d e

r e l a t i o n s b e t w e e n t h e m a i n l a n d a n d T a i w a n .

A s p o k e s m a n f o r t h e M i n i s t r y o f F o r e i g n E c o n o m i c R e l a t i o n s a n d T r a d e ( M O F E R T ) s a i d o n J u l y 2 t h a t t h e i n d i r e c t t r a d e v o l ­u m e b e t w e e n b o t h s i de s o f t h e T a i w a n S t r a i t s t o t a l l e d U S $ 1 5 . 7 4 b i l l i o n b e t w e e n 1 9 7 9 a n d 1 9 9 0 , w i t h a n a v e r a g e a n n u a l g r o w t h r a t e o f 4 3 . 3 p e r c e n t . M o r e t h a n 2 , 0 0 0 e n t e r p r i s e s h a v e b e e n b u i l t o n t h e m a i n l a n d w i t h f u n d s f r o m T a i w a n i n v e s t o r s .

S t a t i s t i c s i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e e x ­p a n s i o n o f e c o n o m i c a n d t r a d e c o n t a c t s a c r o s s t h e s t r a i t s h a v e b e n e f i t e d t h e e c o n o m i c d e v e l o p ­m e n t o n b o t h s i de s a n d w o u l d f a c i l i t a t e t h e p e a c e f u l r e u n i f i c a ­t i o n o f t h e c o u n t r y , t h e s p o k e s ­m a n s a i d .

H o w e v e r , h e p o i n t e d o u t , t h e

BEIJING I I E V I E W , , n J L V 15>21,19M 5

E V E N T S / T R E N D S

T a i w a n a u t h o r i t i e s ' p o h c y o f " n o c o n t a c t , n o c o m p r o m i s e a n d n o n e g o t i a t i o n s f o r r e u n i f i c a t i o n w i t h t h e m a i n l a n d " h a v e b e e n a n a r t i f i c i a l l y i m p o s e d o b s t a c l e w h i c h h a s k e p t e c o n o m i c a n d t r a d e c o n t a c t s b e t w e e n b o t h s i d e s o f t h e s t r a i t s i n a n i n d i r e c t o r o n e - w a y s t a t e .

T h e s p o k e s m a n s p e l l e d o u t t h e C h i n e s e g o v e r n m e n t ' s f i v e p r i n ­c ip l e s f o r t h e p r o m o t i o n o f d i r e c t e c o n o m i c a n d t r a d e e x c h a n g e s as f o l l o w s :

• E c o n o m i c a n d t r a d e e x ­c h a n g e s s h o u l d b e d i r e c t a n d b i ­l a t e r a l ;

• T h e e x c h a n g e s s h o u l d b e i n l i n e w i t h t h e p r i n c i p l e o f m u t u a l b e n e f i t a n d e q u a l i t y ;

• T h e e x c h a n g e s s h o u l d n o t be c o n f i n e d t o t r a d e a n d i n v e s t ­m e n t , b u t b e e x p a n d e d t o t e c h ­n o l o g y , s c i e n t i f i c r e s e a r c h , l a ­b o u r c o - o p e r a t i o n , a d v e r t i s e ­m e n t , t r a n s p o r t a t i o n a n d c o n ­s u l t i n g ;

• T h e b i l a t e r a l e x c h a n g e s a r e b y n o m e a n s a n e x p e d i e n t . T h e y s h o u l d b e m a i n t a i n e d a n d p r o m ­o t e d f r o m a l o n g - t e r m p o i n t o f v i e w ;

• B o t h s ides s h o u l d o b s e r v e c o n t r a c t s a n d e a c h s i d e s h o u l d p r o t e c t t h e l e g i t i m a t e r i g h t s a n d i n t e r e s t s o f b u s i n e s s p e o p l e f r o m t h e o t h e r s i d e .

T h e s e p r i n c i p l e s w e r e f o r m u ­l a t e d b y d r a w i n g o n e x p e r i e n c e s o f t h e p a s t f e w y e a r s , t h e s p o k e s ­m a n s a i d , a d d i n g t h a t t h e m a i n ­l a n d w o u l d l i k e t o h e a r t h e o p ­i n i o n s o f t h e i n d u s t r i a l a n d c o m m e r c i a l c i r c l e s i n T a i w a n . •

Iron, Steel Hit Half-Year Targets

Ch i n a ' s s t e e l o u t p u t r e a c h e d 3 3 . 6 m i l l i o n t o n s i n t h e f i r s t h a l f o f t h e y e a r , a n

i n c r e a s e o f 4 . 1 5 p e r c e n t o v e r t h a t o f t h e s a m e p e r i o d l a s t y e a r , a c ­c o r d i n g t o t h e M i n i s t r y o f M e t a l ­l u r g i c a l I n d u s t r y . T h e o u t p u t o f

t h e m a i n p r o d u c t s a l l o u t s t r i p p e d h a l f - y e a r q u o t a s se t b y t h e s t a t e .

T h e o u t p u t o f p i g i r o n a n d r o l l e d s t e e l w e r e 3 1 . 6 7 m i l l i o n t o n s a n d 2 6 . 6 m i l l i o n t o n s r e s p e c ­t i v e l y , u p 7.3 p e r c e n t a n d 5 . 6 4 p e r c e n t o v e r l a s t y e a r ' s c o r r e s ­p o n d i n g p e r i o d .

T h e o u t p u t v a l u e o f t h e l a r g e a n d m e d i u m - s i z e d i r o n a n d s t e e l e n t e r p r i s e s r e a c h e d 4 3 . 6 b i l l i o n y u a n i n t h e f i r s t f i v e m o n t h s , u p 5 . 2 4 p e r c e n t .

O n - s h o r e o i l a n d n a t u r a l gas o u t p u t i s a l s o e x p e c t e d t o m e e t t h e t a r g e t s se t b y t h e s t a t e f o r t h e f i r s t s i x m o n t h s , a c c o r d i n g t o t h e l a t e s t f i g u r e f r o m t h e C h i n a N a ­t i o n a l P e t r o l e u m a n d N a t u r a l G a s C o r p o r a t i o n .

T h e o i l i n d u s t r y i s e x p e c t e d t o t u r n o u t 6 8 . 0 7 m i l l i o n t o n s o f c r u d e o i l t h e f i r s t h a l f o f t h i s y e a r , 4 9 . 7 p e r c e n t o f t h e a n n u a l q u o t a . T h e n a t u r a l gas p r o d u c ­t i o n r e a c h e d 7 .5 b i l l i o n c u b i c m e t r e s , 5 0 . 9 p e r c e n t o f t h e y e a r l y t a r g e t .

T h e a v e r a g e d a i l y o i l o u t p u t i n t h e f i r s t s i x m o n t h s w a s e s t i m a t -

ZHANG PING China's best new blast furnace under construction at the Baoshan Iron and Steel Company.

e d a t 3 7 6 , 0 0 0 t o n s c o m p a r e d w i t h 3 7 5 , 3 0 0 t o n s as p l a n n e d .

T h e o l d o i l f i e l d s , e s p e c i a l l y t h o s e i n E a s t C h i n a , a r e t r y i n g t o e x p l o r e n e w o i l a n d gas r e s e r v e s w h i l e s t r i v i n g t o f u l f i l l t h e p r o d ­u c t i o n q u o t a s .

T h e m a j o r o i l f i e l d s , s u c h as S h e n g l i i n S h a n d o n g P r o v i n c e , L i a o h e i n L i a o n i n g , D a g a n g i n H e b e i a n d D a q i n g i n H e i -l o n g j i a n g , h a v e d i s c o v e r e d n e w o i l - b e a r i n g s t r u c t u i r e s .

A l a r g e n e w o i l f i e l d i n T a r i m B a s i n i n X i n j i a n g U y g u r A u t o n ­o m o u s R e g i o n w a s d i s c o v e r e d a n d i t s o i l - b e a r i n g s t r u c t u r e v e r ­i f i e d .

T h e B a n k o f C h i n a h a s l o a n e d t h e c o r p o r a t i o n U S $ 1 . 2 b i l l i o n t o e x p l o r e a n d d e v e l o p t h e n e w l y f o u n d T a r i m B a s i n - o i l f i e l d .

T h e b a s i n i s e x p e c t e d t o p r o d ­u c e 4 0 0 , 0 0 0 t o n s o f c r u d e o i l . W i t h t h e n e w l y d i s c o v e r e d r e ­s o u r c e s , t h e o i l i n d u s t r y e x p e c t s t o i n f u l f i l t h i s y e a r ' s q u o t a .

A l a r g e gas f i e l d d i s c o v e r e d r e ­c e n t l y i n t h e n o r t h e r n S h a a n x i P r o v i n c e i s e x p e c t e d t o b e c o m e a n o t h e r m a j o r g a s p r o d u c i n g c e n t r e . •

Weekend Club Offers Home to Lonely Hearts

I t w a s r a i n i n g c a t s a n d d o g s o n e S a t u r d a y a f t e r n o o n i n l a t e M a y i n B e i j i n g . R e s t a u r ­

a n t s , s h o p p i n g m a l l s , t h e a t r e s a n d c l u b s h a d f e w e r w e e k e n d c u s t o m e r s t h a n u s u a l b e c a u s e o f t h e f o u l w e a t h e r . H o w e v e r , i t w a s b u s i n e s s as u s u a l f o r H e h u C l u b , a " n e s t i n g p l a c e " f o r s i n ­g l e s i n t h e c i t y ' s w e s t e r n s u b ­u r b s . H e h u m e a n s " r i v e r l a k e " i n C h i n e s e .

T h i s s m a l l o n e - f l o o r c o m m u n ­i t y h o u s e n e x t t o Y u y u a n t a n P a r k w a s l i t t l e k n o w n u n t i l i t s r e c e n t r i s e t o f a m e as a p o p u ­l a r g a t h e r i n g p l a c e f o r s m a r t o r " s w i n g i n g s i n g l e s . "

M e m b e r s o f t h e B e i j i n g W e e k -

6 S E I j i N G R£<tEW;'jtlLy 1 5 - 2 1 , 1 9 9 1

E V E N T S / T R E N D S

end Club braved the downpour to enjoy their first get-together. BWC, formed in the "merry month of May," offers a warm and welcome haven for the city's divorcees, widows and widow­ers, bachelors and single women. Called the "Lonely Hearts Club" of Beijing, it attracts many who want to have a go at it. .

"We want to provide oppor­tunities for the singles to meet, to exchange views, to understand and help each other, while enjoy­ing themselves as they become friends," said Wang Xingjuan, one of the club's initiators and president of the Women's Re­search Centre under the non­governmental China Managerial Science Academy.

"We don't intend to make matches, as this is not a match­making office anyway. It's a club much like a large and caring family. Everyone needs warmth, intimacy and love. We try to of­fer a supportive environment.

"But we are happy to see cou­ples fall in love here. It's ob­viously possible," Wang said. "When people in my club get married," she continued, "we would like to hold a wedding party for them, celebrating their future and the removal of their names from the roster of club membership."

According to the club rule, any single man and woman more than 27 and 25 years old repec-tively can apply for membership, regardless of nationality and re­ligious belief.

However, the applicants must be college graduates. This re­quirement, explained Wang, is aimed at maintaining "a high-quality clientele."

Foreigners and overseas Chinese now living in Beijing are welcome to join the coummuni-ty, provided they meet the re­quirements, said Wang.

The club espouses singles' rights, said a middle-aged club member.

"The club's claim of opposing discrimination against singles en­courages me. We really need an organization to speak for us, to win the rights that belong to us. We have been told many times that people are created equal. But in fact we are not treated equally, simply because we're single," she said.

Old tradition does not look kindly upon the unmarried sta­tus of someone at the marriage­able age. Someone over 30 years of age and single can easily be­come the target of bias, contempt and unkind rumours. In addi­tion, urban singles are at a disad­vantage obstaining living acco-madation.

There are more than 44 mil­lion single people in the country. They have never made them­selves heard as a social group in the past, and sociologists haven't paid enough attention to them. Now, with the club, things are expected to change.

The Beijing Weekend Club ad­vocates self-reliance and modern social awareness, which is be­lieved to be the hallmark of civ­ilization, said Zhang Xuan, a well-known Chinese writer.

Zhang offered his newly-finished movie script — A Bach­

elor Girl — to the club, and Pan Hong, a just-divorced ac­tress, will play the leading role in the movie.

Chen Yijun, a sociologist with the China Academy of Social Sciences, suggested that May 6 be acclairhed the Festival of Chinese Singles. Indeed, as many said, the club offers solace to those without family.

"I had a very wonderful and enjoyable time here, I hope ever­ybody is as happy as I am," said 70-year-old Qu Duyi, daughter of late Qu Qiubai, one of the leaders of the Communist Party in the 1930s.

Having, fun is what people come here for, but it is not the me"-'^ers' only purpose. Some members, especially the young, said they joined the club in order to leave it.

"People here are all identified singles, but most of them I be­lieve do not intent to remain sin­gle for the rest of their lives," said Chen Fan, an engineer in his thirties. Perhaps, Chen said, it was the purpose for some to come here to speak out their minds. "For me, I come here to find a wife," he said.

by Staff Reporter Li Haibo BEIJING REVIEW„aVI'Y-J5t21,19S1 7

INTERNATIONAL

Gulf War Implications Linger by Our Staff Reporter She Duanzhi

Recently the Institute of Afro-Asian Studies of Beijing University sponsored a symposium on the Gulf war and its implications on the world situation About 100 Chinese specialists and scholars attended the meeting. The following is a summary of the viewpoints expressed at the meeting.

r r ^ h e Gulf war, though over I for almost half a year, still

exerts a considerable im­pact on the current international situation in several significant ways.

Rise of US Influence The Gulf war consolidated the

position of the United States as the only superpower and provid­ed an opportunity for Washing­ton to establish a US-led "new world order" with the Middle East being a trial spot, some par­ticipants noted.

Domestically, the Bush ad­ministration and the Republican Party scored politically because of the US-led allied victory in the brief war. Economically, the prompt victory helped check the sliding US economy, thereby mi­tigating the effects of the reces­sion.

Internationally, the US-led al­lied forces destroyed Iraq's mili­

tary potential and removed the threat of Baghdad's control over the oil resources in the Gulf. This led to a rise of pro-US mod­erate forces in the Middle East. Washington attempts to take ad­vantage of its role as "victor" and "liberator" to orchestrate a post-Gulf war security arrangement.

Security Arrangement However, the United States is

impeded by a series of con­straints in its efforts to establish a US-led security system in the Middle East. First of all, it is restricted by its own limited strength. The fact that it had to fight the war using foreign finan­cial donations and allied troops points to the US weakness. Na­tionalistic sentiments in the Mid­dle East, the rivalling influence of Britain and France, and the attempts by some regional pow­ers to seek dominance combine to counter Washington's efforts

to design a US-orchestrated se­curity system.

Some experts questioned the stabilizing role of the United States in this region, contending that Washington is concerned primarily not about the political and economic stability in the Middle East but rather the stability of its own position and oil prices. These people cited as evidence the fact that the United States supplied Iraq with the in­telligence of Kuwait drilling oil along the Kuwaiti-Iraqi border prior to the outbreak of the Gulf crisis, called on the Iraqis to overthrow the Saddam Hussein regime after the war and then finally abandoned the rebels.

IMideast Peace Process The Gulf war brought the

Middle East problem once again in the limelight. It is a world consensus that without a resolu­tion of the Middle East problem, world peace will not last. Precise­ly because of this, the Middle East peace process re-started af­ter the war. In this positive sense, the Gulf war accelerated the pro­cess.

At the same time, however, the Gulf war added to the difficul­ties and complexities of the Mid­dle East labyrinth. At present, the balance of Arab-Israeli and Palestinian-Israeli forces slants towards Israel. The war seriously damaged Kuwait and Iraq, two Arab nations, and widened the rift among Arab countries to a degree unseen in history. All this

8 BEIJINt; KBVIEW, JULY 15-21,1991

I N T E R N A T I O N A L

UN representative in Kuwait to investigate war damages.

has reduced Arab strength. The Palestine Liberation Organiza­tion suffered a- serious setback in its international standing be­cause of its siding with Iraq dur­ing the Gulf war. The Gulf na­tions suspended financial sup­port for the organization. The United States has a bigger say in Middle Eastern affairs and is re­luctant to pressure Israel to ac­cept relevant UN resolutions.

Israel gained politically, econ­omically and in safeguarding its security during the war. Moder­ate forces in and out of the Israe­li government are forced into a disadvantageous position and it is likely the Israeli government will toughen its position in for­eign policy. Under such cir­cumstances, a resolution of the Middle East problem, should there be any, will naturally be unfavourable for the Palestini­ans and the Arabs.

Commenting on the US pro­posal of "dual-track" separate dialogues between the Arab countries and Israel and between the Palestinians and Israel, and the proposed regional peace con­ference on the Middle East, many scholars pointed out that the proposed regional peace con­ference bypassed the United Na­tions and therefore reduced the possibility of a just and reason­

able resolution of the Middle East conflict. The prospects of such a meeting will be favour­able for Israel, not Palestine; it will only lead to new chaos rath­er than stability. A r m s R a c e

The Gulf war called into atten­tion arms control in the Middle East. In reality, however, a new round of arms race is being waged in that region. The United States, while claiming that the arms race must be halted for Middle East peace, continued to sell weapons to countries in the region. Britain, France, Ger­

many and the Soviet Union are following suit. These countries sell weapons to make money and, even more importantly, to ex­pand their influence. As for the Middle Eastern nations, some, buy weapons to consolidate their defence capabilities, but it can­not be ruled out that others may attempt to use the weapons to seek dominance in the region. With the escalation of the arms race, possibility of a new war in­creases.

A N e w W o r l d O r d e r

The Gulf war, although a sig­nificant event, did not change the basic pattern in world poli­tics and economics.

Politically, Soviet influence in the world has been significant­ly reduced due to domestic changes, while the United States is on the decline, too. However, the Gulf war elevated US nation­al mood and strengthened US position in the world, prompting Washington to ponder on the es­tablishment of a new world or­der. Although the post-Gulf war world continues to see the inter­national situation tending to­wards relaxation, regional con­flicts, North-South differences.

People in oil-rich Kuwait wait in line for gas which is in short supply.

BEIJING REVIEW, JULY 15-21,1»«1 9

INTERNATIONAL

a n d c o n t r a d i c t i o n s a m o n g c a p i ­t a l i s t c o u n t r i e s a n d b e t w e e n t h e c a p i t a l i s t a n d s o c i a l i s t n a t i o n s r e ­m a i n . T h e w o r l d t o d a y i s b y n o m e a n s p e a c e f u l . M a n y a t t e n ­d a n t s t o t h e m e e t i n g d i s c u s s e d t h e m e a n i n g , o r i g i n a n d d e v e l o p ­m e n t o f t h e n e w w o r l d o r d e r t o be e s t a b l i s h e d a n d e x p r e s s e d c o n ­c e r n t h a t n e w f o r m s o f h e ­g e m o n y m i g h t d o m i n a t e i n t e r n a ­t i o n a l r e l a t i o n s .

T h e w a r b r o u g h t d i s a s t r o u s d a m a g e t o K u w a i t i a n d I r a q i e c o n o m i e s a n d w e a k e n e d t h e e c o n o m i c c o - o p e r a t i v e r e l a t i o n s a m o n g A r a b c o u n t r i e s . D e m a n d f o r l a b o u r i n l a b o u r - i m p o r t i n g G u l f n a t i o n s s h r i n k s , a n d i n v e s t ­m e n t i n t h i s r e g i o n i s a f f e c t e d .

Oil Market T h e b i g o i l - c o n s u m i n g c o u n ­

t r i e s , s u c h as t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s , B r i t a i n a n d F r a n c e , h a v e i n ­c r e a s e d t h e i r c l o u t o v e r t h e w o r l d o i l m a r k e t . T h e w a r r e ­d u c e d o i l p r o d u c t i o n c a p a c i t i e s o f K u w a i t a n d I r a q , a n d o t h e r m e m b e r s o f t h e O r g a n i z a t i o n o f P e t r o l e u m E x p o r t i n g C o u n t r i e s ( O P E C ) r a i s e d t h e i r p r o d u c t i o n d u r i n g t h e w a r . T h i s m a k e s i t m o r e d i f f i c u l t f o r t h e o i l c a r t e l t o a d h e r e t o t h e p o l i c y o f p r o t e c t i n g o i l p r i c e s b y l i m i t i n g p r o d u c t i o n . T h e w a r a l s o c h a n g e d t h e i n ­t e r n a l b a l a n c e o f f o r c e w i t h i n O P E C , w i t h m o d e r a t e c o u n t r i e s h e a d e d b y S a u d i A r a b i a g a i n i n g t h e u p p e r h a n d .

D e s p i t e t h i s , h o w e v e r , s o m e e x p e r t s p r e d i c t e d t h a t a r e p l a y o f t h e " o i l p r i c e w a r " o f 1 9 8 6 , w h e n o i l p r i c e p l u m m e t e d t o b e l o w U S $ 1 0 a b a r r e l a t t h e l o w e s t p o i n t , w a s u n l i k e l y . T h e y b e ­l i e v e d t h a t o i l p r i c e s o n t h e i n ­t e r n a t i o n a l m a r k e t f o r a l o n g t i m e t o c o m e w o u l d h o v e r a t a l o w l e v e l b e c a u s e t h e g l u t o n t h e w o r l d o i l m a r k e t r e m a i n s b a s i ­c a l l y u n c h a n g e d , a n d o i l p r o d u c ­t i o n i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s a n d t h e S o v i e t U n i o n a r e d w i n d l i n g . •

Apartheid Withers Away in South Africa

by Yang Lihua

A crucial social change is occurring in South Africa whereby the old apartheid system, though reluctantly, has to give way to a new one.

T nnhe o l d p o l i t i c a l s y s t e m o f S o u t h A f r i c a i s a d e e p -r o o t e d r a c i s t o n e . S i n c e t h e

f o u n d i n g o f t h e U n i o n o f S o u t h A f r i c a i n 1 9 1 0 , t h e w h i t e p e o ­p l e ' s r a c i s t r u l e h a s l a s t e d f o r m o r e t h a n 8 0 y e a r s . T h i s s y s t e m i s c h a r a c t e r i z e d b y m e a n s o f l e g i s l a t i o n a n d a d m i n i s t r a t i o n w h i c h a r e u s e d t o g u a r a n t e e t h e p o l i t i c a l s u p r e m a c y o f t h e w h i t e p e o p l e ( o n l y 15 p e r c e n t o f t h e w h i t e p o p u l a t i o n ) a n d t h e i r p r i ­v i l e g e s i n t h e e c o n o m y a n d s o c i a l l i f e . T h e s o - c a l l e d " n o n - w h i t e s , " n a m e l y , t h e A f r i c a n s t h a t ac ­c o u n t f o r t h e m a j o r i t y o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n , t h e C o l o u r e d s a n d

A s i a n s h a v e b e e n d e p r i v e d o f p o l i t i c a l r i g h t s , s u b j e c t e d t o e c o ­n o m i c o p p r e s s i o n a n d e x p l o i t a ­t i o n . A l s o , t h e y h a v e b e e n r e s -t r i c t e d - a n d d i s c r i m i n a t e d a g a i n s t i n s o c i a l l i f e . T h e r a c i s t r u l e r s p u t t h e n a t i o n a l r e s o u r c e s u n d e r t h e c o n t r o l o f t h e w h i t e s a n d u s e d c h e a p b l a c k l a b o u r t o se­c u r e t h e m a x i m u m p r o f i t .

F o r t h i s p u r p o s e , t h e r a c i s t a u ­t h o r i t i e s h a v e m a d e c o m p r e h e n ­s i v e a n d o v e r e l a b o r a t e l a w s t o c a r r y o u t a p a r t h e i d i n S o u t h A f ­r i c a .

T h e S o u t h A f r i c a A c t o f 1 9 0 9 i s t h e c o n s t i t u t i o n w r i t t e n f o r t h e w h i t e p e o p l e . T h i s a c t s t i p u l a t e s

Black people in Alexandra, South Africa protesting for the release of detained hlacks.

10 B E I J I N G «EVIB«V, J U L Y 15-21, 1991

INTERNATIONAL that the whites have a monopoly over the political power, while the "non-whites" are excluded from participation in the govern­ment.

The land acts adopted in 1913 and 1936 were a legislation which permitted the usurpation of African people's land by the whites. This law initially as­signed 7.35 percent of the total land as the aborigines' reserva­tion and later the reservation was expanded to 12.9 percent of South Africa's territory as the permanent division of land. The majority of Africans lost the land on which their livelihood depended and became cheap la­bourers.

The various labour acts were aimed at guaranteeing an ade­quate supply of cheap black la­bourers and at strengthening control over them. The Africans, excluded from formal employ­ment, could only engage in non­technical work and had no right to organize trade unions.

The apartheid decree about living areas served to restrict the Africans' flow into white neigh­bourhoods.

Since the racist system of South Africa is a white minority rule, the white rulers have al­ways had a sense of crisis. Dur­ing World War II and the post­war period, with the enhance­ment of black working forces and the development of African national liberation movement, the ruling group of whites was afraid of being inundated by the blacks. So a plan to divide South Africa was plotted in an attempt to artificially prevent the trend towards integration of South Af­rican society which was promot­ed by economic development. In 1948, the South Africa National Party dominated by Dutch des­cendants rose to power and made a series of apartheid decrees. The existing racist system was put to extremes.

The National Party adopted

the Population Regis­tration Act of 1950, the Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act of 1949, the Immoral­ity Amendment Act of 1950 and the Group Areas Act of 1950, erecting in­surmountable colour barriers in the multi­racial country. The segregation in educa­tion and social life has subsequently been strengthened.

A major purpose of apartheid is to restrict the number of Af­ricans in the white areas, thus removing the threat to the white minority rule.

Various laws were enacted to limit the flow of Afri­can people into cities and towns and force the "surplus" of them to move out from the white areas. The notorious Pass Law of 1952 stipulates that Africans at the age of 16 or over must bring passes with them and be pre­pared to be questioned by the police. Every year tens of thou­sands of Africans have been im­prisoned in violation of the Pass Law. A total of 3.5 million Afri­cans have been forced to move out from the white areas.

In spite of this, the white au­thorities cannot reduce the fear of the growth of the black peo­ple's strength.

The Bantu Authorities Act adopted in 1951 and the Prom­otion of the Bantu Self-Government Act of 1959 have divided the aboriginals' reserved land, which only makes up 12.7 percent of South African land, into 10 Bantustans (Later on they were called black home­lands). All Africans are assigned into black homelands according to their tribes and have become citizens of these homelands. Those Africans who work and

A black activist demands the authorities withdraw troops from black communities.

live in the white areas became "alien labourers" and did not share any political rights. Thus the black South Africans, who account for 75 percent of the po­pulation, have been deprived of their nationality.

Such a fantastic scheme of ra­cial segregation has caused the broad masses untold suffering and has been strongly opposed by the black people. At the same time this policy seriously imped­ed South Africa's economic and social development. In the late 1970s the apartheid system fell into a predicament and the South African authorities began to re­vise some acts of racial segrega­tion.

The South African govern­ment first made compromises to­wards the African workers who account for 70 percent of the country's total labour force. The revised bill of Industrial Co­ordination Law of 1979 first re­cognized the workers' right to organize trade unions and can­celled the whites' job reservation system. Later, dozens of laws and decrees which controlled the Af­ricans' movements were re-

BEIJING REVIEW, JULY 15-21,1991 11

I N T E R N A T I O N A L

p e a l e d . T h e s e c h a n g e s w e r e m a d e t o o v e r c o m e t h e s h o r ­t a g e o f s k i l l e d l a b o u r e r s a n d t o b r i n g t h e t r a d e u n i o n m o v e m e n t w i t h i n t h e o f f i c i a l o r b i t .

I n t h e m i d - 1 9 8 0 s t h e S o u t h A f r i c a n a u t h o r i t i e s r e s c i n d e d t h e P r o h i b i t i o n o f M i x e d M a r r i a g e s A c t , t h e I m m o r a l i t y A m e n d ­m e n t A c t a n d t h e P a s s L a w i n f a c e o f t h e s h a r p s t r u g g l e o f t h e b l a c k p e o p l e a g a i n s t r a c i a l s e g r e g a t i o n a n d f o r t h e r i g h t t o e q u a l i t y .

H o w e v e r , t h e p a t c h w o r k c a n n o t s a v e t h e a p a r t h e i d s y s t e m . T h e b r o a d m a s s e s o f t h e b l a c k p e o p l e b e l i e v e t h a t t h e a p a r t h e i d s y s t e m c a n n o t b e r e f o r m e d ; i t m u s t b e e h m i n a t e d . U n d e r p r e s s u r e o f t h e S o u t h A f ­r i c a n p e o p l e a n d t h e s a n c ­t i o n s p l a c e d b y t h e i n t e r ­n a t i o n a l c o m m u n i t y . P r e s i ­d e n t F . W . d e K l e r k , w h o t o o k o f f i c e i n 1 9 8 9 , d e ­c l a r e d t h a t h e w a s t o r e n ­o u n c e t h e p o l i c y o f r a c i a l s e g r e ­g a t i o n . H e s a i d h e w a n t s t o u n i f y t h e c o u n t r y a n d g r a n t t h e b l a c k p e o p l e e q u a l r i g h t s .

I n F e b r u a r y 1 9 9 0 t h e S o u t h A f r i c a n a u t h o r i t i e s l i f t e d t h e b a n

Soweto people demonstrate to demand the resignation of councillors in favour of an anti-apartheid council.

o n p o l i t i c a l p a r t i e s . T h e l e a d e r o f t h e b l a c k p e o p l e . N e l s o n M a n d e ­l a , a n d s o m e o t h e r p o l i t i c a l p r i ­s o n e r s w e r e r e l e a s e d . F o l l o w i n g t h i s , a d i a l o g u e b e g a n w i t h t h e l e a d e r s o f t h e A f r i c a n N a t i o n a l

Thousands of blacks and whites pay their last respect to white activist David Webster.

C o n g r e s s . T h e p o l i t i c a l de ­v e l o p m e n t o f S o u t h A f r i c a h a s e n t e r e d a n e w p e r i o d .

U n d e r g r e a t p o l i t i c a l a n d e c o n o m i c p r e s s u r e a t h o m e a n d a b r o a d , t h e S o u t h A f r i ­c a n a u t h o r i t i e s h a v e g r a d ­u a l l y c a n c e l l e d l a w s a n d d e c r e e s o f a p a r t h e i d . S o f a r t h e y h a v e r e s c i n d e d t h e f o u r p i l l a r s o f t h e a p a r t h ­e i d p o l i c y — t h e S e p e r a t e A m e n i t i e s A c t , t h e L a n d A c t , t h e G r o u p A r e a s A c t a n d t h e P o p u l a t i o n R e g i s ­t r a t i o n A c t .

T h e s e m o v e s a r e w e l ­c o m e d b y t h e A f r i c a n N a ­t i o n a l C o n g r e s s a n d t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l c o m m u n i t y . H o w e v e r , t h e c a n c e l l a t i o n o f t h e a p a r t h e i d l a w s i s n o t e q u a l t o e l i m i n a t i o n o f t h e a p a r t h e i d s y s t e m . T h e A f ­r i c a n N a t i o n a l C o n g r e s s p o i n t e d o u t t h a t t h e c a n ­c e l l a t i o n o f t h e P o p u l a t i o n R e g i s t r a t i o n A c t w o u l d n o t l e a d t o a n y s u b s t a n t i a l c h a n g e .

T h e t a s k o f e l i m i n a t i n g t h e a p a r t h e i d s y s t e m h a s n o t b e e n c o m p l e t e l y f u l f i l l e d . T h e p o l i t i ­c a l r u l e i s s t i l l i n t h e h a n d s o f t h e w h i t e s . T h e n e g o t i a t i o n o n t h e c o n s t i t u t i o n h a s n o t s t a r t e d . T o w h a t d e g r e e t h e b l a c k p e o p l e w i l l g a i n p o l i t i c a l a n d e c o n o m i c l i b ­e r a t i o n i s t o be d e c i d e d b y t h e t r i a l s o f s t r e n g t h i n t h e n e g o t i a ­t i o n s . E v e n i f t h e a p a r t h e i d sys ­t e m b y l a w i s e l i m i n a t e d , t h e e x t r e m e d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n t h e w h i t e a n d b l a c k p e o p l e i n t h e e c o n o m i c a r e n a , e d u c a t i o n a l l e v ­e l a n d l i v i n g s t a n d a r d s r e s u l t i n g f r o m t h e s y s t e m o f r a c i a l s eg re ­g a t i o n f o r h u n d r e d s o f y e a r s a n d p a r t i c u l a r l y t h i s c e n t u r y w i l l n o t b e r e m o v e d i n a s h o r t p e r i o d . R a c i a l c o n f r o n t a t i o n a n d c o n ­f l i c t s c a n n o t b e a u t o m a t i c a l l y r e ­s o l v e d . T h e t r a u m a t a c a u s e d b y t h e a p a r t h e i d s y s t e m w i l l a f f e c t t h e s o c i a l d e v e l o p m e n t o f S o u t h A f r i c a f o r a l o n g p e r i o d . •

12 BEIJING REVIEW, J U L Y 15-21,1991 ,

CHINA

How Has the CPC Developed Marxism? by Hu Qiaomu

Hu Qiaomu is a noted theorist of the Communist Party of China. The following is an abridged translation of his 20,000-word article carried in "Renmin Ribao'' (People's Daily) on June 25.—Ed. During its 70-year history,

the Communist Party of China (CPC) has success­

fully applied and developed Marxism in China. In what as­pects has the CPC developed Marxism?

(1) Put forward the idea of Agrarian Revolutionary War waged by peasants under the leadership of the proletariat and the use of the countryside to en­circle the cities as the road to the development of the revolution. The agrarian revolutionary war waged by peasants under the leadership of the proletariat was inconceivable during the times of Marx and Engles. Although both Marx and Engles noted the importance of winning over peasants as allies of the proletar­iat, peasants in Western Europe lacked the desire for revolution (their situation was quite differ­ent from that of Chinese peas­ants) while proletariat revo­lutionary forces were not strong in the East. Although Lenin pro­posed that the Oriental proletar­iat should attach importance to exercising leadership over the re­volutionary struggle of the peas­ants, Lenin's Party had not gained enough experience to lead the peasant struggle. In the Soviet Union, the slogan that land belonged to the peasants was raised and then realized by the working class when it seized

political power during the Oc­tober Revolution; it was not achieved by the peasantry through its own revolution. The broad masses of the peasants in China, however, particularly poor peasants, lived in wretched poverty and hence had a strong desire for revolution. Therefore, the peasant revolutionary strug­gle led by the working class was necessary not only for Chinese peasants but also for the Chinese revolution. It was Mao Zedong who first pointed this out. In 1927, he created China's first rural revolutionary base area in Jinggang Mountains and after­wards established large tracts of revolutionary base areas (known as the Central Soviet Areas) in southern Jiangxi and western Fujian. When the Red Army reached northern Shaanxi after the Long March in 1935 and af­ter the eight years of War of Resistance Against the Japanese Aggression and the three years of Liberation War, the numer­ous rural revolutionary bases in the end triumphantly developed into the great People's Republic.

(2) Put forward a series of creative ideas on the people's army and people's war. The de­velopment of the rural agrarian revolution and the establishment of the revolutionary bases in the rural areas are inseparable from the people's armed forces which

are led, independently, by the Communist Party of China. The Party formed the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army in 1927 and determined that the nature of the army was to be "an armed body for carrying out the politi­cal task of the revolution." "Be­sides fighting to destroy the ene­my's strength, it should shoulder such important tasks as doing propaganda among the masses, organizing the masses, arming them, helping them to establish revolutionary political power and setting up Party organiza­tions." The army followed the principle of unity between of­ficers and men, unity between army and people and winning over the enemy troops. It prac­ticed political freedom and free­dom in its financial and military affairs. It is this kind of close relationship between the army and the masses that enabled the Red Army to formulate a whole set of strategy and tactics for carrying out people's war. This was a new chapter in the history of state development and in the Marxist theory on the state.

(3) Create a unique experience by forming a revolutionary united front together with other political forces, and working out a series of new theories and tactical prin­ciples. Revolution called for the establishment of an extensive united front as well as the esta­blishment of a united front be­tween the Party and the bour­geois political parties at a specif­ic stage in the development of the revolution. This idea was not created by the Communist Party

BEUING REVIEW, JULY 15-21,1991 13

CHINA of China but was included in the Manifesto of the Communist Party: "In Germany they fight with the bourgeoisie whenever it acts in a revolutionary war, against the absolute monarchy, the feudal squirearchy, and the petty bourgeoisie." Unfortunate­ly, the international communist movement failed to gain enough successful experience in this re­gard. The eight years of anti-Japanese war saw eight years of co-operation between the Com­

munist Party and Kuomintang and sharp conflict between them. The Communist Party of China, however, having a cor­rect understanding of a com­plicated situation, formulated a series of principles and policies, such, as "developing progressive forces, winning over the middle-of-the-roaders (middle forces) and isolating the die-hards (the die-hard forces)," "seeking unity through struggle," and waging a struggle "with good reason, ad-

Upper: The First Congress of the China Soviet is held in the Jiangxi Central Revolutionary Base set up by the Communist Party of China. Lower: The China Soviet Republic holds its first executive meeting. XINHUA NEWS AGENCY

vantage and restraint." As a re­sult, the people's army and other people's forces, led by the Party, were able to tide over one terri­fying period after another and eventually gained a substantial edge over the Kuomintang. Af­ter the founding of the People's Republic of China, the forma­tion of a united front with the democratic parties became an important aspect of the state's political life. Multi-party co­operation under the leadership of the Communist Party of China is now a basic part of our nation's political system.

(4) Create work methods to im­plement the Party's mass line. This is one of the outstanding contributions made by the Com­munist Party of China to Party construction. Mao Zedong's idea of serving the people whole­heartedly and the masses strug­gling themselves for self-liberation may have their origin in Marx and Engles who said that the movement of the work­ing class was a movement parti­cipated in by the overwhelming majority of the people and an independent movement aimed at winning benefits for the majori­ty of the people; the emancipa­tion of the working class should be a matter of the working class itself. Mao Zedong's "from the masses, to the masses," however, was his own creation. According to Mao Zedong, the mass line means: "Take the ideas of the masses (scattered and unsys­tematic ideas) and concentrate them (through study turn them into concentrated and systematic ideas), then go to the masses and propagate and explain these ideas until the masses embrace them as their own, hold fast to them and translate them into ac­tion, and test the correctness of these ideas in such action. Then once again concentrate ideas from the masses and once again go to the masses so that the ideas

14 BEIJING REVIEW, JULY 15-21,1991

are preserved in and carried through. This should continue. And so on, over and over again in an endless spiral, with the ideas becoming more correct, more vital and richer each time."

(5) Lay down the principle for the correct handling of the inner-Party contradictions, the correct differentiation and handling of contradictions among the people and between the people and the enemy. In the history of the international communist move­ment, there have been many dis­cussions on inner-Party struggle but very few were devoted to the correct handling of inner-Party contradictions. In actual life, it is common to see inner-Party diversity of ideology and action because, for a large party like the Communist Party of China, such diversity is unavoidable. In order to maintain the Party's dis­cipline, unity and combat effec­tiveness, therefore, the correct handling of inner-Party contrad­iction has been an important question facing Party life. In the history of the Chinese Commun­ist Party, there have been sever­al major inner-Party struggles. Some of these were erroneous, the methods used were wrong and results negative. In 1942, Mao Zedong set forth the princi­ple of "learning from past mis­takes to avoid future ones and curing illness to save the pa­tient," also known as the prin­ciple of "unity—criticism—un­ity." Thanks to this principle which is characterized by strict ideological education and len­ient discipline, our Party achieved unity. Later, our Party successfully extended the scope of this principle in its handling of relations between leaders and the masses, between the army and people, between officers and men, among the troops, and among cadres. After national liberation, Mao Zedong applied the principle to democratic par-

XINHUA NEWS AGENCY A unit of the Eighth Route Army led by the Communist Party of China ambushes the Japanese invaders at the Great Wall.

ties and industrial and commer­cial circles and, in his report en­titled On the Correct Handling of Contradictions Among the People in 1957, made a systemat­ic explanation of the principle and methods for differentiating and correctly handling the two different kinds of contradictions (i.e. the contradiction among the people and the contradiction be­tween ourselves and the enemy). In dealing with the political dis­turbances between the spring and summer of 1989, our Party followed the principle for cor­rectly handling inner-Party con­tradictions, correctly differen­tiating and handling the con­tradiction among the people and the contradiction between our­selves and the enemy. This is how the domestic situation was resolved so quickly.

(6) Create a complete set of theories on new democracy. Len­in said in 1920 that backward countries might follow the So­viet system without having to go through the development stage of capitalism and then enter the stage of communism after cer­tain development stages. Due to the lack of practical experience, however, it was impossible to shape a well-considered idea. The Chinese revolution created a new experience in this regard; this was Mao Zedong's contri­bution to Marxism. In January

1940, Mao Zedong completed his work On New Democra­cy which answered in a systemat­ic way such questions as what kind of state should be founded in a country subject to the influ­ence of the October Revolution and a country where the political strength of the working class and its allies is comparatively strong while the capitalist class had a comparatively weak enthusiasm for the anti-imperialism and anti-feudalism democratic revo­lution, how the country could best determine its political, eco­nomic and cultural systems, and what should be the future goals for the country. The devel­opment of Chinese history testi­fies to the correctness of Mao's predictions in his On New Demo­cracy. This work of Mao's re­presents major development of Marxist theory on national de­mocratic revolution.

(7) Create new experience in human history for peaceful so­cialist transformation. Marx, En-gles and Lenin all envisioned methods that could be used by the working class which won state power to buy out capital­ists. However, Marx and Engles failed to have a chance to realize their envision. Lenin proposed the redemption policy in dealing with the capitalist class twice in 1918 and 1921 but failed due to lack of co-operation from Rus-

BEIJING REVIEW, JULY 15-21,1991 15

CHINA

XINHUA NEWS AGENCY The anti-Japanese united front policy formulated and Implemented by the Commun­ist Party of China has ensured victory in the anti-Japanese war. Upper: Part of the Red Army reach northern Shaanxi after the Long March. Lower: The Eighth Route Army reorganized from the Red Army meet in Yanan before marching to the anti-Japanese front. sian capitalists. The Commun­ist Party of China experienced a very different domestic situa­tion: the Chinese national bour­geoisie once took part in the Anti-Japanese National United Front, and was, in large part, politically neutral during the War of Liberation. Some in­fluential people had behaved progressive and supported the new democracy. Hence China's national bourgeoisie (industrial­ists and businesspeople) as a col­

lective took part in the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference and had representa­tives in the government organs. Many national industrialists and businesspeople who had operat­ing difficulties in the early per­iod of China's liberation re­ceived government support. La­ter, they became more depen­dent on the people's government and the state economy and ex­pressed support for the govern­ment's policies on state capital­

ism and on distribution. In 1956, after the implementation of joint state-private ownership, they agreed to withdraw dividends from their private shares at an annual rate of 5 percent within a given period. Thus the question concerning the bourgeoisie was solved by a buying-out method in the world's most populated country.

(8) Successfully initiate the so­cialist cause of reform and open­ing up. The reform and opening up is a continuation of the so­cialist transformation of the 1950s. The initiators of Marxism said on several occasions that they couldn't foretell the form of socialist society and that it would have to be decided upon by future generations through their practice and in accordance with concrete conditions. Some of the theses and tentative ideas proposed by Marx, Engels and Lenin, however, have been treat­ed in a dogmatic way for a long time. In keeping with these, the Chinese Communists with Deng Xiaoping as their representative, decided to introduce the reform policy in the late 1970s.

China's reform started first in rural areas when, according to the wishes of farmers, the prod­uction management system of the people's communes was transformed into the household contract responsibility system with remuneration linked to out­put. The successful rural reform promoted overall reform. The subsequent urban economic res­tructuring focusing on invigorat­ing enterprises reformed the planning, finance, taxation, banking, material supply, com­merce, foreign trade, pricing and wage systems. At the same time, the single-sector system of public ownership of the means of prod­uction has been changed into a system wherein diverse econo­mic sectors exist side by side with public ownership as the

16 BEIJING REVIEW, JULY 15-21, 1991

CHINA

XINHUA NEWS AGENCY In February 1984, Deng Xiaoping writes during his inspection to the Xiamen Special Economic Zone: "Running the special economic zone at a quicker pace and in a better way."

main body. The reform of the relation of distribution (adopt­ing diverse forms of distribution which dominated by the princi­ple of "to each according to his work") and the redivision of the decision-making power of the central and local governments over their economic activities are being carried out, and re­form in the educational, scientif­ic and technological fields and in social life is under way as well.

While carrying out the econo­mic reform, China has opened its doors to the outside world and strengthened its economic, technological and cultural ex­changes and co-operation with foreign countries. In order to attract foreign investment, mo­reover, China has encouraged the establishment of Sino-foreign joint ventures, co­operative enterprises and whol­ly foreign-owned enterprises in China and has also established a group of special economic zones, open cities, development areas and coastal economic open zones. China's policies of econo­mic reform and opening to the outside world have thus greatly contributed to the economic de­velopment of the 1980s.

(9) Put forward the principle of a socialist commodity econo­my and the theory on the primary stage of socialism. The principle guiding the reform of the econo­mic structure is development of

the socialist commodity econo­my. This is a breakthrough in traditional socialist economic concepts because the principle of socialist commodity economy is also a principle of combining the planned economy with market regulation. Although it has not yet been perfected and matured, it is the road forward for China's economic restructuring and has allowed the accumulation of some practical experiences. In 1987, the Chinese Communist Party put forward the complete theory on the primary stage of socialism and pointed out that the socialist primary stage is a specific period which China has

to undergo to build socialism because China's productivity is backward and its commodity economy underdeveloped. It will be at least 100 years from the socialist transformation China completed in the 1950s to the essential realization of socialist modernization. This theory is the summing-up of the basic ex­perience gained in the question concerning the stages of socialist development since the founding of New China in 1949 and sets the realistic tasks for current economic and social develop­ment.

(10) Defend China's socialist system from corruption and sub­version during reform and open­ing to the outside world. The Chinese Communist Party made it clear in the early days of re­form and opening up that China was introducing the economic reform in order to perfect its so­cialist system; while opening up, however, it is necessary to guard against the infiltration of decad­ent, unhealthy and anti-socialist ideas and prevent the reappear­ance of corrupt and evil pheno­mena within the Party and the country. To realize the four

In 1956 China completes the socialist transformation of agriculture, handicraft industry, and capitalist industry and commerce. Here peasants in suburban Beijing register for membership in an agricultural co-operative. XINHUA NEWS AGENCY

C H I N A

Y U ] I E

Wu Yusheng (second left) has become rich by con­tracting 20 hectares of lake surface. He teaches fel­low farmers how to breed fish.

m o d e r n i z a t i o n s i n C h i n a , i t i s n e c e s s a r y t o p e r s i s t i n t h e ' f o u r c a r d i n a l p r i n c i p l e s ( k e e p i n g t o t h e s o c i a l i s t r o a d , u p h o l d i n g t h e p e o p l e ' s d e m o c r a t i c d i c t a t o r s h i p , t h e C o m m u n i s t P a r t y l e a d e r s h i p a n d M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m a n d M a o Z e d o n g T h o u g h t ) . T h e r e i s n o d o u b t t h a t w e h a v e a d o p t e d t h e p o l i c i e s o f o p e n i n g u p , s t i ­m u l a t i n g t h e e c o n o m y a n d r e ­f o r m i n g t h e e c o n o m i c s t r u c t u r e i n o r d e r t o d e v e l o p t h e s o c i a l ­i s t e c o n o m y . T o b u i l d s o c i a l ­i s m w i t h C h i n e s e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s r e q u i r e s t h a t w e s h o u l d f i r m l y f o l l o w t h e p o l i c i e s o f r e f o r m a n d o p e n i n g t o t h e o u t s i d e w o r l d a n d a t t h e s a m e t i m e p r e v e n t p e a c e ­f u l e v o l u t i o n .

(11) Propose and implement the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence in international re­lations. T h e f o r e i g n p o l i c y o f p e a c e f u l c o e x i s t e n c e t o w a r d s c o u n t r i e s w i t h d i f f e r e n t s o c i a l s y s t e m s w a s p r o p o s e d b y L e n i n

a f t e r t h e O c t o b e r R e v o l u t i o n . T h e C h i n e s e a n d I n d i a n g o v e r n m e n t s i n i t i a t e d t h e F i v e P r i n c i p l e s o f P e a c e f u l C o e x i s t e n c e i n 1 9 5 4 . T h e f i v e p r i n c i p l e s a r e m u t u a l r e s p e c t f o r s o v e r e i g n ­t y , t e r r i t o r i a l i n t e g r i ­t y , m u t u a l n o n -a g g r e s s i o n , n o n ­i n t e r f e r e n c e i n e a c h o t h e r ' s i n t e r n a l a f ­f a i r s , e q u a l i t y a n d m u t u a l b e n e f i t , a n d p e a c e f u l c o e x i s t e n c e . T h e C h i n e s e g o v e r n ­m e n t h a s a l w a y s i m ­p l e m e n t e d t h e F i v e P r i n c i p l e s o f P e a c e f u l C o e x i s t e n c e i n d e v e l ­o p i n g i t s r e l a t i o n s w i t h o t h e r c o u n t r i e s . I t h a s a l w a y s u s e d t h e s e p r i n c i p l e s i n i t s r e l a t i o n s w i t h o t h e r s o c i a l i s t c o u n t r i e s .

I n k e e p i n g w i t h t h e s e f i v e p r i n c i p l e s , t h e C h i n e s e C o m m u n i s t P a r t y h a s f o l l o w e d t h e p r i n c i p l e s o f i n d e p e n d e n c e , c o m p l e t e e q u a l i t y , m u t u a l r e s ­p e c t a n d n o n - i n t e r f e r e n c e i n

e a c h o t h e r ' s i n t e r n a l a f f a i r s w h i l e h a n d l i n g i t s r e l a t i o n s w i t h p a r t i e s o f o t h e r c o u n t r i e s ( i n ­c l u d i n g b o u r g e o i s p a r t i e s ) .

(12) Apply dialectical materi­alism and historical materialist concepts to all of the Party's work. T h e C h i n e s e C o m m u n i s t P a r t y h a s p a i d s p e c i a l a t t e n t i o n t o p r o c e e d i n g f r o m r e a l i t y i n h a n d l i n g e v e r y f i e l d o f w o r k , ( e m p h a s i z i n g i n v e s t i g a t i o n a n d s t u d y a n d s e e k i n g t r u t h f r o m f a c t s ) . S o c i a l p r a c t i c e i s a b a s i s o f c o g n i t i o n . T h e r o o t c a u s e s o f d e v e l o p m e n t a r e c o n t r a d i c t i o n s w i t h i n m a t t e r s a n d c l a s s s t r u g ­g l e , t h e r e f o r e , i s a h i s t o r i c a l m o ­t i v a t i o n o f a c l a s s s o c i e t y . A l l s o c i a l p h e n o m e n a s h o u l d b e a n a ­l y s e d a c c o r d i n g t o c la s ses . T h e s e c o n c e p t s a r e t h e p r i n c i p l e s g u i d ­i n g t h e P a r t y ' s w o r k . T h e a b o v e v i e w s s h o u l d b e u s e d as a g u i d e t o a l l o f t h e P a r t y ' s w o r k . T h e a b o v e - m e n t i o n e d c o n t r i b u t i o n s m a d e b y t h e C h i n e s e C o m m u n ­i s t P a r t y t o t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f M a r x i s m a r e a l l t h e r e s u l t o f o b ­s e r v i n g a n d r e s o l v i n g p r o b l e m s t h r o u g h t h e d i a l e c t i c a l a n d h i s ­t o r i c a l m a t e r i a l i s t v i e w p o i n t i n t h e P a r t y ' s p r a c t i c a l w o r k . •

The Zhanjiang Economic and Technological Development Zone has set up a number of export-oriented enterprises yielding good economic returns. P A N J I A M I N

18 BEIJING REVIEW, J U L Y 15-21, 1991

CHINA

Ecological Farming by Liu Qi

China's eco-farming industry which began in the late 1970s, has now been in operation at the county, village and household levels and achieved tangible results. In the I990s, China plans to further expand the industry's role.

Over the past ten years, as China's agriculture was marching towards moder­

nization, ecological problems similar to those found in West­ern petroleum-based agriculture have occurred. These problems include soil erosion, grassland deterioration, desertified land, reduction of soil fertility, ener­gy shortages and environmental pollution. These not only hamper the further development of agri­culture and retard the process of modernization, but threaten the very existence and growth of the Chinese nation. Facing such a reaUty, China is searching for a mode of eco-farming which will better suit its own national con­ditions.

Pilot Projects In the late 1970s, extensive dis­

cussions were held within aca­demic circles on how best to de­velop China's agriculture. Not­ed ecologists and environmental scientists Ma Shijun, Hou Xueyu and Qu Geping suggested that agricultural development be guided by ecological and eco-economic principles and that en­vironmental protection and economy be developed co-ordinatedly. In 1982, the Beijing Environmental Protection Re­search Institute began an eco-farming pilot in Liuminying Vil­lage of Daxing County, Beijing.

Other research institutes also carried out similar experiments and research, ensuring that the theoretical research of eco-farming was put into practical use. Subsequently, most of the nation's provinces, municipali­ties and autonomous regions have done exemplary work in the field, continuing to expand its scale from eco-farming house­holds and villages to eco-farming townships and counties. The pil­ot research projects have been very successful in several vil­lages. For example, Liuminying Village in Daxing County, Bei­jing, Shanyi Village in Xiaoshan City, Zhejiang Province, Heh-eng Village in Taixian County, Jiangsu Province, and Xiaoz-hang Village in Yingshang Coun­ty, Anhui Province, each won the top prize for the 1987, 1988, 1990 and 1991 global environ­mental project award from the United Nations Environmental Programme for their achieve­ments in eco-farming. By early 1990, some 29 eco-farming pil­ot units had been set up at the county level, 138 at the township level and more than 1,200 at the village or farm levels. They are scattered in every province and municipality in the nation except for the Tibet Autonomous Re­gion and Taiwan Province. The number of eco-farming house­holds in the country is going up too. Today, in Sichuan Province

alone, there are at least 10,000 such households. Features

China's eco-farming industry is a comprehensive agricultural production system based on a multi-tiered and multi-purpose intensive management system and the successful experiences of various agricultural production practices (especially the experi­ence of China's traditional or­ganic farming) in accordance with ecological and eco-economic principles and by ap­plying modern scientific and technological methods. It is marked by the following fea­tures:

—Modern China's eco-farming industry used the many rich and valuable experiences of China's traditional methods of farming, such as crop rotation, inter-planting, inter-sowing, the use of organic fertilizer and in­tensive and meticulous cultiva­tion. These methods attach great importance to the overall devel­opment of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, sideline prod­uction and fishery, the compre­hensive management of agricul­ture, industry and commerce, the connections between various agricultural departments and diversified management.

However, eco-farming is not simply the blind use of past experiences, but instead, putting' into practice modern systematic theories and ecological principles and co-ordinating economic and environmental development. At the same time, it makes extensive use of modern science and tech­nology and is, therefore, essen­tially different from traditional farming.

—China's eco-farming is a mo­del of a "large agricultural" system with comprehensively planned and rationally deployed plantation, animal husbandry, forestry and processing indus-

BElJING REVIEW, JULY 15-21,1991 19

CHINA

ZHANG SHINGGUI The level terraced fields in Dingxi County, Gansu Province, form a comprehensive system for water and soil conservation. tries. It takes into consideration not only horizontal development of each sector such as agricul­ture, forestry, animal husbandry, sideline production and fishery, but also the connection among agriculture, industry and com­merce, and production, supply and marketing, in order to turn them into an organic whole and ensure the co-ordinated develop­ment of the entire eco-farming system in which each sector promotes a higher and more comprehensive efficiency in oth­er industries.

In regard to the principle of production, China's eco-farming emphasizes to make the fullest and rational use of solar energy and biological resources. It also makes frugal use of other energy resources and carries out a verti­cal planting and mixed breeding system so as to make the best use of the limited space, water, soil, light and energy resources avail­able and reach the highest possi­ble usage rate of optic energy and of biological conversion. The efficient use of "wastes" turns agricultural organic wastes into productive resources. A compre­hensive prevention and treat­ment programme has been car­ried out for the control of weeds.

insect pests and plant diseases, while manure, green manure and other organic manure are used as a principal source of fertilizer, with the rational application of chemical fertilizers.

—China's eco-farming pays at­tention to the agricultural ecolo­gy, afforestation, water and soil conservation, the treatment of deserts and saline and alkali land in order to improve the natural environment. It also emphasizes the long term use of natural re­sources for agricultural produc­tion so that the ecological system will be stable and able to sustain development.

—China's eco-farming main­ly relies on the public's self-reliance, while the state chiefly provides guidance, programme design and technical assistance. Each locality raises funds on its own, by tapping its own poten­tial and developing techniques requiring less funds, low cost and simple and practical technologies which can be easily popularized.

—China's, vast territory, rich resources, varied climate and complicated geographical condi­tions have resulted in different methods used in eco-farming.

Based on their size and scale, eco-farming projects can be div­

ided into eco-counties, eco-townships, eco-villages and eco-households and, based on natur­al conditions, eco-farming areas can be divided into mountain­ous, hilly, plain and water areas.

In accordance with agricul­tural management departments, there are eco-farming, eco-forestry, eco-animal husbandry and eco-fishery, and, correspond­ingly there are eco-farms, eco-tree farms, eca-fish farms and eco-animal farms.

In terms of products, there are comprehensive and special ones. The comprehensive ones include output of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, sideline prod­uction and fishery which, at times, are produced in co­ordination. Generally, the scale is above the farm, village, town­ship and county level. The spe­cial ones mostly refer to products turned out by eco-households dealing in grain, edible fungus, chicken breeding and others.

Based on its structural fea­tures and functional characteris­tics, the eco-farming programme is divided into five systems —vertical biological integration, circular material usage, mutual biological destruction, major fac­tor control and overall regional planning—and there are certain eco-farming types and models in each of these eco-farming sys­tems (21 types and 50 models in total).

China's practice in eco-farming over the past ten years proves that the production pat­tern of eco-farming conforms to natural laws. It has soundly co­ordinated economic development and environmental protection and ensured the sustained and steady development of agricul­ture. It is a fundamental way to build a modern agriculture sys­tem with Chinese characteristics. It has not only provided job op­portunities for rural surplus la­bourers, but also created large quantities of quality sideline

20 BEIJING REVIEW, JULY 15-21, 1991

C H I N A

X I N H U A N E W S A G E N C Y

Xinghua County of Jiangsu Province irrigates land with windmills to make up for its energy shortage.

p r o d u c t s , t h u s b o o m i n g t h e r u r a l a n d u r b a n m a r k e t s a n d e n s u r i n g a n o v e r a l l d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e n a t i o n a l e c o n o m y .

T r e n d s I n t h e n a t i o n ' s f u t u r e e c o n o ­

m i c a n d s o c i a l d e v e l o p m e n t p r o ­g r a m m e , t h e C h i n e s e g o v e r n ­m e n t w i l l c o n t i n u e t o g i v e p r i o r ­i t y t o a g r i c u l t u r e a n d s t r e s s t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f e c o - f a r m i n g . I n t h e 1 9 9 0 s , C h i n a ' s e c o - f a r m i n g i s e x p e c t e d t o d e v e l o p r a p i d l y , a n d t h e d e v e l o p m e n t t r e n d s a r e as f o l l o w s .

— T h e p i l o t p r o j e c t w i l l b e f u r t h e r e x p a n d e d . A t p r e s e n t , t h e e c o - f a r m i n g p i l o t u n i t s a r e s c a t t e r e d t h r o u g h o u t t h e c o u n ­t r y , w i t h m a n y t y p e s a n d p a t ­t e r n s i n d i f f e r e n t l o c a l i t i e s . I n t h e 1 9 9 0 s , p r o j e c t sca les w i l l b e f u r t h e r e x p a n d e d o n t h e b a s i s o f n e w p i l o t p r o j e c t s a t t o w n s h i p a n d c o u n t y l e v e l s .

— T h e o r e t i c a l s t u d y w i l l b e d e e p e n e d m a i n l y i n t h e f o l l o w ­i n g a spec t s : R e s e a r c h o n i n d e x s y s t e m s a n d e v a l u a t i o n m e t h o d s ; p r o g r a m m e d e s i g n m e t h o d s f o r l a r g e - s c a l e e c o - f a r m i n g e x e m p l a ­r y a r e a s ( i n c l u d i n g e c o - f a r m i n g t o w n s h i p s , c o u n t i e s a n d c i t i e s ) ; s y s t e m a t i c r e s e a r c h o n v a r i o u s t y p e s a n d p a t t e r n s ; a n d r e s e a r c h

o n e n g i n e e r i n g t e c h n i q u e s . — D u r i n g t h e 1 9 9 0 s , C h i n a

w i l l e x p a n d e c o - f a r m i n g c o n ­s t r u c t i o n t h r o u g h o u t t h e r u r a l a r e a s , w o r k i n g o n t h e c o m p r e ­h e n s i v e i m p r o v e m e n t o f t h e r u r ­a l e c o l o g i c a l e n v i r o n m e n t . T h i s w i l l m a i n l y i n c l u d e r e c o v e r y o f g r e e n v e g e t a t i o n , p r o t e c t i o n a n d

r a t i o n a l u s e o f n a t u r a l r e s o u r c e s ; i m p r o v e m e n t o f l a n d q u a l i t y , r e ­s o l v i n g t h e p r o b l e m o f r u r a l e n e r g y s h o r t a g e a n d b r i n g i n g a g r i c u l t u r a l a n d t o w n s h i p e n t e r ­p r i s e p o l l u t i o n u n d e r c o n t r o l , as w e l l as b e g i n n i n g e c o - f a r m i n g p r o j e c t s i n s m a l l t o w n s .

— E c o - f a r m i n g p r o d u c t m a r ­k e t s w i l l b e f o r m e d . T h e C h i n e s e g o v e r n m e n t h a s a l r e a d y i n c l u d ­e d t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f e c o - f a r m i n g p r o d u c t s i n t o i t s m a j o r d e v e l o p ­m e n t p r o g r a m m e a n d w i l l e s t a ­b l i s h a g r o u p o f f o o d p r o d u c t i o n bases i n a r e a s less p o l l u t e d , b y i n d u s t r y . A s e r i e s o f s t a n d a r d s a n d m a n a g e m e n t m e t h o d s t o p r o m o t e t h e s h a p i n g o f a n e c o -f a r m p r o d u c t m a r k e t w i l l a l s o be f o r m u l a t e d . E x a m p l e s i n c l u d e t h e s t r e n g t h e n i n g o f q u a l i t y i n ­s p e c t i o n o f p r o d u c t s a n d i s s u i n g a " g r e e n f o o d " l a b e l f o r e c o - f a r m p r o d u c t s . T h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f a n e c o - f a r m p r o d u c t m a r k e t w i l l d e f i n i t e l y s t i m u l a t e t h e d e v e l o p ­m e n t o f C h i n a ' s e c o - f a r m i n g i n ­d u s t r y . •

Z H A O L I A N S H E N G

Wangdu County of Hebei Province pays attention to eco-farming and afforestation. Here people are planting trees.

BEIJING REVIEW, J U L Y 15-21,1991 21

CHINA

Eco-farming on Huaibei Plain by Our Staff Reporter Li Ping

On June 5, World Environ­ment Day, the village of Xiaozhangzhuang, Ying-

shang County, Anhui Province was awarded a prize for environ­mental protection by the United Nations in 1991. The small vil­lage situated on the Huaibei Plain in east China was ac­claimed as the "pride of China's eco-farming" by Dr. Mostafa K. Tolba, deputy general-secretary of the United Nations and execu­tive director of the UN Environ­ment Programme.

Xiaozhangzhuang is only one of many such eco-farming vil­lages on the Huaibei Plain which plant trees, develop intensive farming techniques and engage in a courtyard economy. The de­velopment of eco-farming has not only brought about initial improvements to the ecology of the Huaibei Plain, but promoted the development of agriculture and steered the once poverty-stricken area on to the road to prosperity.

Ll PING

A tree-lined canal.

Shelter Beits On our way to Xiaozhang­

zhuang, Liu Qi, an eco-farming engineer with the State Environ­mental Protection Bureau, said to this reporter that Xiaozhang­zhuang specialized in tree plant­ing, grain farming and livestock breeding. He said it has done a marvellous job in afforestation, a fact we discovered to be true when we drove by the village, hidden from view because it was so enveloped in foliage.

Xiaozhangzhuang's farmland is crisscrossed by shelter belts, the roads and canals are lined by plane trees, houses are skirted by evergreens and flowers and lakes by groves of bamboo. It is hard to believe that years ago the vil­lage was plagued by disaster. Lo­cated in the low-lying area of the Huaihe River, Xiaozhangzhuang was often hit by either drought or flood, the sandy farmland could not be cultivated and trees were felled randomly during the 1950s and 1960s. Even as recent­ly as the mid-1970s, the village would only reap 750 kg of grain per hectare and earn a yearly income of a little more than 50 yuan per capita. The area around Xiaozhangzhuang was one of the poorest in China.

It was around the mid-1970s that the village came to grips with' poverty. As part of their overall zoning programme for the farmland, roads, canals and the village, the villagers began an ecological engineering project by building water conservation fa­cilities and farmland shelter belts.

Given the fact that Xiaozhang­zhuang is a low-lying area, it is difficult to drain off flood water.

The villagers spent several win­ters and springs to construct a farmland irrigation and drainage system complete with 20 canals, 15 fish-breeding pools, 64 motor-pumped wells and two irrigation and drainage stations. The sys­tem is so efficient that it can bring water to the farmland even during times of drought and drain it when hit by heavy rains. The villagers also plough deeply and apply organic manure to the farmland.

Their campaign to transform farmland was followed by a mas­sive drive to plant trees. In the past decade or so, they have built 20 shelter belts totalling 40.8 km, 28.7 hectares of orchards and 8 hectares of bamboo groves. Alto­gether, they have planted 167,-000 trees. Now, 26.2 percent of the village is wooded as com­pared with 6.9 percent in 1976. Increased wood acreage has im­proved the micro-climate of farmland and raised its capacity to resist natural calamities.

Eco-farming has improved Xiaozhangzhuang's ecology. A scientific survey shows that the wind speed has dropped by 47.7 percent and water evaporation by 18.9 percent. The trees prov­ide a habitat for birds, and the increased number of birds re­duces insect pests. Consequently, there is less need to apply agri­cultural chemicals and a reduced potential of pollution. In addi­tion, the branches provide farm­ers with firewood, thus allowing more crop stalks to be used for manure.

Villagers are becoming pros­perous. Xiaozhangzhuang, with a population of 3,000, has a per-capita income of 808 yuan in 1989, some 15.8 times that in 1976. The per-hectare yield stood at 15,480 kg in 1989, or 20 times as much as in 1976. All the farm­ers have moved into new houses built of bricks, with per-capita space of 20 square metres. They have done this all on their own.

22 BEIJING REVIEW, JULY 15-21,1991

C H I N A

w i t h o u t a s k i n g f o r a s i n g l e p e n n y f r o m t h e s t a t e .

L a s t S e p t e m b e r w h e n h e v i s i t e d X i a o z h a n g z h u a n g , T o l b a s a i d e x c i t e d l y , " T h o u g h I o n l y s a w a p a r t o f t h e v i l l a g e , I t h i n k i t i s a n e x a m p l e f o r t h e w h o l e w o r l d . T h e y h a v e o b t a i n e d a r e l a t i v e l y c o m f o r t a b l e s t a n d a r d o f l i v i n g b y r e l y ­i n g o n t h e i r o w n s t r e n g t h t o d e v e l o p t h e e c o n o m y a n d a t t h e s a m e t i m e h a v e p r o ­t e c t e d a n d i m p r o v e d t h e e n v i r o n m e n t . "

I n t e n s i v e F a r m i n g

SHI LIXUE Dr. Tolba discusses eco-farming techniques while on a visit to Xiaozhangzhuang Village.

A n o t h e r s a l i e n t f e a t u r e o f e c o -f a r m i n g o n t h e H u a i b e i P l a i n i s i n t e n s i v e f a r m i n g t e c h n i q u e s . A t y p i c a l e x a m p l e i s t h e d i s t r i c t o f Y i m e n , W o y a n g C o u n t y , w h e r e f a r m e r s p l a n t m a n y c r o p s o n l i m i t e d f a r m l a n d , m a k i n g f u l l u s e o f t h e l i m i t e d space .

C h e n S h u h u a , h e a d o f t h e d i s ­t r i c t , s a i d t h a t h i s a r e a h a s a p o ­p u l a t i o n o f 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 , o n l y 0 . 0 8 h e c t a r e s o f l a n d p e r c a p i t a . T h e y h a v e n o o t h e r a l t e r n a t i v e b u t t o i n t e n s i v e l y f a r m a n d i n t e r p l a n t t h r e e l o c a l c r o p s — p a u l o w n i a , taigan ( a w i l d v e g e t a b l e l i k e as­p a r a g u s l e t t u c e ) a n d h e r b a c e o u s p e o n y . T h e y m a n a g e t o b r i n g i n t h r e e h a r v e s t s a y e a r b y g r o w i n g c o r n i n s u m m e r , taigan i n a u ­t u m n a n d w h e a t i n w i n t e r , g r o w h e r b a c e o u s p e o n y u n d e r p a u ­l o w n i a t r e e s a l l t h e y e a r a r o u n d a n d i n t e r p l a n t tai­gan, b r o a d b e a n s a n d v e g e t ­a b l e s , o r g r o w f o u r c r o p s i n a y e a r , t h a t i s , taigan i n s p r i n g , c o r n i n s u m m e r , a g a i n taigan i n a u t u m n a n d v e g e t a b l e s i n w i n t e r . S u c h i n t e n s i v e f a r m i n g b r i n g s i n m o r e t h a n 1 5 , 0 0 0 y u a n p e r h e c t a r e a n n u a l l y .

T h e e f f o r t h a s p a i d o f f . T h e H u a n g f a m i l y o f s i x h a s t i l l e d 0 . 4 h e c t a r e o n c o n t r a c t . O n h a l f t h e t r a c t , t h e y g r o w t w o c r o p s a y e a r ,

w h e a t a n d r i c e , a n d h a v e a y i e l d o f s o m e 2 , 7 0 0 k g . O f t h i s , t h e y k e e p 1 ,000 k g f o r t h e i r o w n u se a n d s e l l t h e r e m a i n d e r t o t h e s t a t e . O n t h e r e m a i n i n g 0 . 2 h e c ­t a r e s , t h e f a m i l y h a s p l a n t e d a p ­p l e t r e e s , u n d e r w h i c h t h e y g r o w h e r b a c e o u s p e o n y a n d taigan. T h e H u a n g - f a m i l y n e t s m o r e t h a n 1 0 , 0 0 0 y u a n a y e a r f r o m t h i s s m a l l t r a c t o f f a r m l a n d .

C o u r t y a r d F a r m i n g

C o u r t y a r d f a r m i n g i s a n o t h e r i m p o r t a n t f e a t u r e o f e c o - f a r m i n g o n t h e H u a i b e i P l a i n . A case i n p o i n t i s t h e c o u r t y a r d o f W a n g P u z h o n g , l o c a t e d o n t h e t r e e f a r m o n t h e o u t s k i r t s o f t h e c i t y o f B o z h o u . A g r a d u a t e f r o m t h e A n h u i A g r i c u l t u r a l C o l l e g e , W a n g i s a n e x p e r t i n l i v e s t o c k b r e e d i n g a n d a q u a t i c f a r m i n g .

Wang Puzhong practises intensiYe gardening in his courtyard. SHi u x u i

W a n g ' s c o u r t y a r d i s o n l y 0 . 0 2 h e c t a r e s i n s i z e , b u t i t i s e f f i c i e n t l y u s e d . I n t h e c e n t r e h e b u i l t a f i s h p o o l , 2 0 s q u a r e m e t r e s i n s i z e a n d 2 m e t r e s d e e p . I n t h e p o o l h e r a i s e s c a r p , b l a c k c a r p , g r a s s c a r p , l o a c h a n d t u r t l e , e a r n i n g b e t w e e n 2 , 0 0 0 a n d 3 , 0 0 0 y u a n a y e a r f o r h i s e f f o r t s . A r o u n d t h e p o o l h e h a s a g r a p e t r e l l i s f r o m w h i c h h e n e t s 1 ,500 y u a n f r o m m o r e t h a n 1 ,000 k g o f g r a p e s a n n u a l l y . O n o n e s i d e o f t h e p o o l i s a

p i g e o n h o u s e a n d a p i g s t y i n w h i c h h e b r e e d s s o m e 4 0 p i g e o n s a n d e i g h t p i g s . A t o p t h e p i g s t y i s a c h i c k e n c o o p w i t h s o m e 2 0 c h i c k e n s . O n t o p o f t h e c h i c k ­e n h o u s e i s a s o l a r - e n e r g y w a t ­e r h e a t e r . B e l o w t h e p i g s t y i s a m e t h a n e - g e n e r a t i n g p i t . O n t h e o t h e r s i d e o f t h e p o o l i s a t i n y v e g e t a b l e g a r d e n w h i c h p r o v i d e s t h e f a m i l y w i t h v e g e t a b l e s a l l y e a r r o u n d .

W a n g ' s c o u r t y a r d i s a s m a l l e c o - s y s t e m . C h i c k e n d r o p p i n g s a r e u s e d t o f e e d p i g s , n i g h t s o i l i s u s e d t o g e n e r a t e m e t h a n e f o r c o o k i n g a n d l i q u i d f r o m t h e m e t h a n e p i t i s u s e d as f e e d f o r f i s h a n d p i g s a n d t h e r e m a i n d e r as m a n u r e f o r f a r m l a n d o r as a c u l t u r e m e d i u m f o r m u s h r o o m . F r o m h i s c o u r t y a r d , W a n g e a r n s n e a r l y 1 0 , 0 0 0 y u a n a y e a r .

I n t h e t r e e f a r m t h e r e a r e 8 5 v i l l a g e s . T e n v i l l a g e s a n d m o r e t h a n 1 0 0 h o u s e h o l d s s p e c i a l i z e i n e c o - f a r m i n g , g r o w i n g f r u i t t r e e s , r a i s i n g bees o r w e a v i n g . T h i s y e a r e a c h o f t h e v i l l a g e s , as p l a n n e d , w i l l b e l e d b y a p r o f e s s i o n a l i n c h a r g e o f t e c h n i c a l w o r k a n d t r a i n e d i n m u s h r o o m c u l t i v a t i o n . T h e v i l l a g e r s w i l l t h e n e x ­p a n d t h e i r c o u r t y a r d f a r m ­i n g , b e c o m i n g r i c h t h r o u g h t h e u s e o f s c i e n t i f i c t e c h ­n i q u e s . •

BEIJING REVIEW, J U L Y 15-21,1991 23

CHINA

One College's Bid for Farm Modernization

In China, an over-populated and still developing nation with an age-old agricultural

tradition, dozens of agricultural colleges are having their hands full trying to meet the needs of agricultural modernization. Among these schools, the Shang­hai Agricultural College (SAC) is neither the oldest nor the larg­est, but it is one of the best. Dur­ing a latest assessment exercised by the authorities of higher edu­cation in Shanghai, SAC distin­guished itself with outstanding achievements in education and research.

Located at Qibao, a town to the southwest of Shanghai, SAC currently has a student enroll­ment of 1,125. Of the nearly 600 faculty members, 246 are profes­sors, lecturers and teaching assis­tants and 20 others are special researchers. Half of the SAC teachers are also engaged in scientific research and, as a re­sult, the college's teaching and research arms are closely linked. Most of the research achieve­ments have already been used in The Shanghai Agricultural College.

by Our Staff Reporter Dai Gang

agricultural production. SAC has turned out a total of

2,355 students, 11 with Master's degree. These students, who have been employed by relevant insti­tutes of the city's Academy of Agricultural Sciences and by agrotechnical departments in Shanghai's suburban counties, are the main force in Shanghai's drive for agricultural moderniza­tion. Many of them have carried out valuable research. Agrotechnology

Under the guiding principle of "Facing the countryside, adapt­ing to it and serving it active­ly," SAC has eatablished such a teaching system that stresses the training of professionals for a new type of agriculture by offer­ing multi-level courses in ap­plied technology and manage­ment, such a research system that chiefly studies applied theo­ry and technology in agricultural science, and such a service sys­tem that provides suburban farmers with necessary farming knowledge and skills.

The rearrangement of faculties and major disciplines is the most unique feature that SAC can boast of in its reform. According to the developments in the rural economic structure, SAC was the first among the nation's all farm­ing colleges to rearrange all its departments into five: Plant Science, Landscape Architecture and Environmental Protection, Zoology, Agro-engineering and Agro-economics. This new meth­od has made the school more at­tractive than ever to college ap­plicants and has helped increase SAC's enrollment. Moreover, to meet the demand of profession­als for suburban farming, SAC's majors are quite specialized, in­cluding such studies as Export-Oriented Farming, Decoration Gardening, Rural Foreign Eco­nomic Relations and Trade, Farming Facilities and Mach­inery, and Rural Accounting.

Foreign Exchanges In recent years, SAC has ac­

tively communicated with its ov­erseas counterparts. It has esta-

5HANG GONG

f f f f P

CHINA

French friends shown around the Shanghai Agricultural College.

A well-equipped laboratory of the Shanghai Agricultural College.

blished regular academic ex­changes with 18 universities and institutes in the United States, Japan, Canada, Britain, France, the Netherlands and Belgium. It is also the sister school of two French agricultural colleges, and is currently discussing similar possibilities with schools in Aus­tralia, the Soviet Union and Thailand. Since 1985, more than 300 foreign scholars have come to lecture in SAC. Such academ­ic communications have contri­buted to SAC's teaching and re­search. In addition, SAC always attaches importance to its facul­ty members' advanced studies. It has sent more than 40 teachers and researchers abroad to stu­dy and reserach, 85 percent of whom have returned.

Lu Ping, SAC vice-president and professor of the Department of Zoology, is among those who have returned. The middle-aged female professor went three times to the United States for studies. After she came home in 1987, she set up the most adv­anced high-tech laboratory at SAC, the No.l Biotechnology Research Centre. With the sup­port of her colleagues, the lab which cost 1 million yuan (US$0.2 million) has been well equipped with complete sets of imported instruments and fa­cilities, including anultra-centrifuge, a cell reactor and an ultra-low temperature refrigera­tor.

Lu's lab is working chiefly on cultivating monoclonal antibod­ies that can fight against viruses adversely affecting animal hus­bandry. The monoclonal anti­body technology, discovered and developed by Miistein and Koh-ler in the mid-1970s, has been widely applied in every related field of bio-medicine in the Un­ited States and Western Europe. Although China has contributed much to the research which is now being commercialized, the monoclone technology is rarely

applied in veterinery medicine. Therefore, Lu's lab is of key im­portance in supporting China's agricultural modernization.

In fact, Lu's studies have been rightfully rewarded with the suc­cessful cultivation of the mono­clonal antibodies against HORV and IBDV. Lu applied the hybri-doma technique to get the de­sired antibodies through a com­plete process of virus segre­gating, purifying, combining, selecting and testing. Both of the new antibodies have been used as an aid in the diagnosis of the above-mentioned two diseases in

rabbits and chickens. In particu­lar, over 20,000 IBDV-affected chickens have been cured with the specially prepared IBDV an­tibody. Some experts believe that these two research products are of international significance. Moreover, Lu's studies have bro­ken through seroimmunological restrictions by producing cloned antibodies outside, instead of in­side, the affected target subjects and as a result, making mass production possible. The scien­tist's next goal is to research the application of gene engineering techniques in veterinery med-

BEIJING REVIEW, JULY 15-21,1991 25

C H I N A

i c i n e . O v e r r e c e n t y e a r s , m a n y p e o ­

p l e i n S h a n g h a i h a v e s h o w n a n i n t e r e s t i n n u t r i t i o n . F e w e r a n d f e w e r r e s i d e n t s a r e s a t i s f i e d w i t h s i m p l y f e e d i n g t h e i r s t o m a c h . D e m a n d s f o r b e s t - s e l l i n g f o o d ­s t u f f s , f i n e f a r m p r o d u c e as w e l l as l o c a l s p e c i a l t i e s a r e s o a r i n g . I n v i e w o f t h e n e e d f o r a n e w t y p e o f a g r i c u l t u r a l s y s t e m a r o u n d t h e c i t y , t h e m u n i c i p a l g o v e r n ­m e n t h a s o u t l i n e d t w o l a r g e l o n g -t e r m p r o g r a m m e s t o s e c u r e a n d e n r i c h S h a n g h a i r e s i d e n t s ' f o o d : " t h e v e g e t a b l e b a s k e t p r o j e c t " a n d " t h e r i c e b a g p r o j e c t . " A s o n e o f t h e m a j o r a g r o t e c h n i c a l c e n t r e s i n S h a n g h a i , S A C h a s c o n t r i b u t e d g r e a t l y t o t h e t w o p r o g r a m m e s w i t h m o r e t h a n 1 0 0 p r i z e - w i n n i n g r e s e a r c h a c h i e v e ­m e n t s .

Z h a o Z h e s h e n , a s s o c i a t e p r o ­f e s so r a n d d e a n o f S A C ' s D e p a r t ­m e n t o f P l a n t S c i e n c e , i s a c e l e -

Chinese and foreign students performing anatomy on an animal.

hy courtesy of the Shanghai Agricaltural College

b r a t e d e x p e r t i n b l a c k r i c e w h o s e success i n d e v e l o p i n g a n e w spe­c i e s o f s p e c i a l c o l o u r e d r i c e h a s a r o u s e d i n c r e a s i n g i n t e r e s t i n a g r i c u l t u r a l c i r c l e s . S p e c i a l r i c e s , i n c l u d i n g f r a g r a n t g l u t i n o u s r i c e a n d b l a c k r i c e , a r e t h e S A C ' s t r a ­d e m a r k p r i d e . E v e n o n t h e l o c a l m a r k e t i n S h a n g h a i , t h e s e r i c e s a r e s t i l l t o o s c a r c e t o b u y . A c ­c o r d i n g t o Z h a o , p e o p l e h a v e a g r o w i n g t a s t e f o r d a r k c o l o u r e d f o o d , a s e e m i n g l y w o r l d w i d e t r e n d . T h i s i s b e c a u s e t h e d a r k c o l o u r e d f o o d , c o m p a r e d t o o t h ­e r s , c o n t a i n m o r e m i n e r a l s a n d v i t a m i n s , a n d b e c a u s e t h e n a ­t u r a l d a r k p i g m e n t i s a t t r a c t i v e . T h i s f e r v o u r f o r " D a r k F o o d " h a s s p r e a d s i l e n t l y t h r o u g h o u t S h a n g h a i .

C h i n a , o n e o f t h e w o r l d ' s m a ­j o r r i c e p r o d u c e r s , h a s m a n y a g r i c u l t u r a l r e s o u r c e s t o b e e x ­p l o i t e d . F o r e x a m p l e , b l a c k r i c e u s e d t o b e t r i b u t e t o i m p e r i a l

c o u r t i n a n c i e n t C h i n a . I n 1 9 8 5 , Z h a o a n d h i s f e l l o w r e ­s e a r c h e r s i n t r o d u c e d d i f f e r e n t s t r a i n s o f b l a c k r i c e f r o m t h e p r o v i n c e s o f G u i z h -o u , Y u n n a n a n d G u -a n g x i Z h u a n g A u t o n ­o m o u s R e g i o n i n t o S h a n g h a i . A f t e r f o u r y e a r s o f s e l e c t i o n , c u l ­t i v a t i o n a n d s t u d i e s , t h e y i n v e n t e d b l a c k l o n g - g r a i n e d a n d b l a c k g l u t t o n o u s r i c e s . I n 1 9 9 0 , t h e p r o d u c t i o n b a s e f o r b l a c k r i c e s w a s e n ­l a r g e d t o 2 3 h e c t a r e s a n d t h e t o t a l o u t p u t r e a c h e d 1 2 5 , 0 0 0 k g . I n a d d i t i o n , b o t h spe­c ie s o f " S A C f r a g r a n t g l u t i n o u s r i c e " a n d " S A C f r a g r a n t r i c e , " t h e p r o d u c t s o f Z h a o ' s r e s e a r c h , h a v e b e e n i n t r o d u c e d t o a d o z e n s o u t h C h i n a

p r o v i n c e s a n d c i t i e s f o r l a r g e -s ca l e p r o d u c t i o n . T h e S A C c o ­o p e r a t e s w i t h o t h e r f o o d c o m ­p a n i e s i n t h e p r o c e s s i n g o f r e a d y -f o o d w i t h b l a c k r i c e as t h e m a i n i n g r e d i e n t . S o m e o f t h e f o o d ­s t u f f s h a v e b e e n i n t r o d u c e d t o h o s p i t a l s f o r m e d i c a l t r e a t m e n t a n d h a v e p r o v e d e f f e c t i v e i n h e l p i n g p a t i e n t s t o r e c o v e r f r o m i l l n e s s e s .

I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e s p e c i a l r i c e s , S A C r e s e a r c h e r s h a v e a l s o c a r ­r i e d o u t s t u d i e s a n d e x p e r i m e n t s o n t h e c u l t i v a t i o n o f o r a n g e , g r a p e , s t r a w b e r r y , p e a s a n d b e a n s , v e g e t a b l e s as w e l l as e d i ­b l e m u s h r o o m s , a n d o n d a i r y a n d p o u l t r y p r o d u c t s . T h e i r p u r ­p o s e i s t o s u p p l y m o r e a n d q u a l ­i t y p r o d u c t s . P r o f e s s o r F e i X u e n -a n f r o m t h e P l a n t D e p a r t m e n t , a f t e r s e v e n y e a r s o f e x p e r i m e n t s , s u c c e e d e d i n p r o m o t i n g t h e g r o w t h a n d i m p r o v i n g t h e q u a l i ­t y o f o r a n g e s w i t h h i s n e w p l a n t -g r o w t h r e g u l a t o r . T h e m e t h o d o f r a i s i n g c h i c k e n s i n p l a s t i c f a c t o ­r y c o n t a i n e r s , d e v e l o p e d b y t h e D e p a r t m e n t o f Z o o l o g y , i s p r e ­f e r r e d b y s u b u r b a n f a r m e r s b e ­c a u s e o f i t s h i g h p r o f i t m a r g i n a n d l o w cos t s . S A C ' s s c i e n t i s t s h a v e a l s o s u c c e s s f u l l y p r o d u c e d a w i n t e r h a r v e s t o f s t r a w b e r r y i n g r e e n h o u s e s , t h u s e x p a n d i n g t h e l o c a l s t r a w b e r r y s e a s o n f r o m t h e u s u a l 2 0 d a y s t o as l o n g as s i x f u l l m o n t h s . T h e i r r e s e a r c h e f ­f o r t s i n d e v e l o p i n g a n d m a i n ­t a i n i n g t h e s u p e r i o r spec ies o f a n u m b e r o f f l o w e r s s u c h as C h i n e s e r o s e s , c h r y s a n t h e m u m a n d o r c h i d h a v e p r o v e d a b o o s t t o t h e l o c a l f l o w e r m a r k e t .

E v e n t h o u g h S h a n g h a i i s C h i ­n a ' s m o s t p o p u l o u s i n d u s t r i a l m e t r o p o l i s , i t s t i l l r e q u i r e s a m o d e r n s u b u r b a n a g r i c u l t u r a l base t o s u p p o r t i t s u r b a n d e v e l ­o p m e n t . I n t h i s s ense , S A C w i l l c o n t i n u e t o p l a y a n i n d i s p e n s i b l e r o l e i n t h e m o d e r n i z a t i o n o f t h e c i t y ' s a g r i c u l t u r e b y t r a i n i n g q u a l i f i e d a g r o n o m i s t s a n d p r o m ­o t i n g s c i e n t i f i c r e s e a r c h . •

26 BEIJING REVIEW, J U L Y 15-21, 1991

CHINA

Su Ning—A Pace-Setter by Our Staff Reporter Wu Naitao

By the time the Chinese public first heard the name "Su Ning" over national

CCTV news, Su Ning had left us for ever. The chief of staff of an artillery regiment for the Shen­yang Military Area Command in northeast China, Su, 37, died last April while rescuing two soldiers from a hand grenade explosion.

The Chinese public are in­spired by his heroic deeds and praise him as a "man of the times."

Sense of Time His death shocked his col­

leagues and the whole regiment. The Artillery Corps under the Headquarters of the General Staff of the People's Liberation Army deeply regretted the loss of

a talented commander and called on all commanders and soldiers to learn from his actions. In his 22-year career in the army, Su Ning tried to keep abreast of the times. One article in Renmin Ri-bao (People's Daily) commented that as a grass-roots commander, he had continuously dealt with matters of major importance.

Su began his research of mod­ern warfare ten years ago. In 1981, he recommended the use of computers in war operations. Though with a junior middle school education, he studied very hard, determined to do his share in modernizing the People's Lib­eration army. In two years, he finished his 20,000-word re­search paper Computer Decision-Making System for Offensive and Defensive Operations of Mo­

torized Troops. His research aroused the attention of the Headquarters of the PLA Gener­al Staff and some military scien­tific research units. Some experts believed his research was an im­portant breakthrough in the re­form of the military command and his programme was ap­proved and publicized through­out the army.

Su Ning studied at the Artil­lery Academy for three years and joined the National Society of Military Operations Research, the Economic Mathematic Re­search Society and the Artillery­men's Society under the Head­quarters of the PLA General Staff. He wrote and published more than 60 papers totalling 500,000 words. His Discussion on the Theory of the Use of Non-Material Resources in Modern Warfare delivered at an annual meeting of the National Society of Military Operations Research and the Military Systematic En­gineering Society caused a stir at the meeting. Chen Qinghua, secretary-general of the National Society of Military Operations Research, said Su's theory filled in the blanks in the research of military operations in China and provided new options for con­ducting military operations. His work was approved by the lead­ers of the Artillery Corps and the Headquarters of the PLA Gener­al Staff and he was encouraged to conduct further research.

Su Ning, however, was not sa­tisfied with the achievements he had made. After the outbreak of the Gulf War, he wrote three papers and proposed a series of research and training pro­grammes, including psychologi­cal training, battlefield sound simulation for missilemen, re­duction of commanding proce­dures and modernization of the command structure.

Su Ning once said, "My job is concerned with the nation's se­curity and my life would be

Su Ning (centre) and his colleagues plot their course on a snow-covered mountain.

BEIJING REVIEVy.JULlf,15-21,1991 27

C H I N A

pyip5 hy Z H A O J U N Su Nine ( l e f t ) and his colleague practise winter survival techniques.

Su Ning ( f r o n t ) takes his bearings on a

m e a n i n g l e s s i f I c o u l d n ' t d o s o m e t h i n g g o o d f o r m y c o u n t r y a n d t h e a r m y . " H i s s t r o n g s ense o f r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r t h e s e c u r i t y o f t h e c o u n t r y i s a c h a r a c t e r i s t i c w h i c h h u n d r e d s o f t h o u s a n d s o f y o u n g p e o p l e w a n t t o d e v e l o p i n t h e m s e l v e s .

M o r a l E x c e l l e n c e

S u N i n g f o l l o w e d i n t h e f o o t ­s teps o f L e i F e n g w h o d i e d w h i l e c a r r y i n g o u t h i s d u t i e s a n d w a s w e l l k n o w n f o r h i s h a r d w o r k , ' p l a i n l i v i n g a n d w i l l i n g n e s s t o h e l p o t h e r s i n t h e 1 9 6 0 s .

S u ' s 9 - s q u a r e - m e t r e r o o m w a s v e r y s i m p l e , w i t h j u s t a w o o d e n b e d , a d e s k , b e d d i n g s a n d a p i l ­l o w s t u f f e d w i t h h i s c l o t h i n g . H i s w i f e , W u Q i n g h u a , s a i d , " S u o n l y t h o u g h t a b o u t o t h e r p e o p l e a n d h e d i d n ' t w a s t e o n e c e n t o n h i s o w n f o o d a n d c l o t h i n g . H e l e d a v e r y s i m p l e l i f e . " T h o u g h she b o u g h t h i m a s u i t a n d a p a i r o f l e a t h e r shoes , h e d i d n o t u s e t h e m , s a y i n g h i s g e n e r a t i o n w a s h e r e n o t f o r s e l f - e n j o y m e n t b u t t o s t r u g g l e f o r t h e p e o p l e .

H e t o o k p l e a s u r e i n h e l p i n g

o t h e r s . W h e n h e a n d h i s c o l ­l e a g u e s l a i d p i p e l i n e s o n e w i n t e r , f o r e x a m p l e , h e a l w a y s u n d e r ­t o o k t h e h a r d e s t t a s k s a n d s l e p t o n t h e c o l d e s t b e d .

T h e l o c a l s h o p a t t e n d a n t s , s t u ­d e n t s , t e a c h e r s , f a r m e r s a n d p o l ­i c e m e n w e r e a l l r e c i p i e n t s o f h i s g e n e r o s i t y . A w o m a n a n d h e r s o n

w h o m a d e a l i v i n g r e p a i r i n g s h o e s c a m e t o t h e b a r r a c k s a f t e r h e a r i n g t h e n e w s o f S u ' s d e a t h . T h e y s a i d S u N i n g h a d h e l p e d t h e m q u i t e a l o t , g i v i n g t h e m r i c e , e d i b l e o i l , c l o t h e s a n d m o n e y w h e n t h e y h a d f i n a n c i a l p r o b l e m s . T h e y w e r e as s a d as i f t h e y h a d l o s t t h e i r o w n r e l a t i v e , c r y i n g , " I t i s u n b e l i e v a b l e s u c h a g o o d p e r s o n i s g o n e f o r e v e r . "

S i n c e C h i n a i n t r o d u c e d t h e r e ­f o r m a n d o p e n p o l i c y i n 1 9 7 9 , s o m e p e o p l e h a v e o n l y se t t h e i r m i n d s o n a c o m f o r t a b l e l i f e . B u t S u N i n g f o l l o w e d t h e s p i r i t o f L e i F e n g — h a r d w o r k , p l a i n l i v ­i n g a n d h e l p i n g o t h e r s . T h e m a ­j o r i t y o f t h e C h i n e s e p e o p l e a r e m o v e d b y h i s d e e d s a n d c o n ­v i n c e d t h a t h i s a c t i o n s a r e w o r ­t h y o f e m u l a t i o n . T h e y b e l i e v e o n l y C o m m u n i s t P a r t y m e m b e r s w h o c o m b i n e t h e i r s t r o n g sense

o f t i m e w i t h t r a d i t i o n a l m o r a l e x c e l l e n c e a n d r e f l e c t t h e b a s i c p r i n c i p l e s o f t h e P a r t y a r e a b l e t o m e e t t h e s t a n d a r d s set b y t h e C h i n e s e p e o p l e f o r t r u t h , h o n e s t y a n d b e a u t y . I t i s p e o p l e s u c h as t h e s e w h o h a v e a p e r m a n e n t a n d p r o n o u n c e d i n f l u e n c e o n t h e p u b l i c m o r e s . •

28 BEIJING REVIEW, J U L Y 15-21, 1991

B U S I N E S S / T R A D E

Xinjiang Expands Foreign Linlcs Some new trade activities be­

tween China and foreign coun­tries will continue to be carried out in the Xinjiang Uygur Au­tonomous Region this year in or­der to open west China's door wider, according to regional offi­cials. The activities include:

—The Alataw Pass was opened in June and the Northern Xinjiang Railway put into tem­porary operation.

—Four additional border passes will be opened to develop local trade with the Soviet Union and Mongolia.

—Foreign capital will be ac­tively introduced to develop the local economy. The region plans to seek loans from Britain and Spain, totalling US$400 mil­lion, for the construction of a 140,000-ton ethylene plant. A contract for the purchase of com­plete sets of equipment for the project had been signed in Bei­jing not long ago. The region will also apply for an investment of US$140 million from the above-mentioned government loans for the construction of a polyester

project. The World Bank will provide loans to the region to build the first phase of a farm irrigation and drainage project in the Tarim.

—The region's traditioiial fes­tivals will be exploited to attract foreign businessmen and visitors. During the June, Corban Festi­val, the traditional Muslim gala, was held in Kashi, a well-known city on the Silk Road and a centre of activity for Uygur peo­ple. In July, the Nadam Fair, a traditional Mongolian activi­ty, will be held in Bortala Mon­golia Autonomous Prefecture at Alataw Pass, the Sino-Soviet rail­way juncture of the second Eura­sian Continental Bridge. In Au­gust, the second Turpan Grape Festival of China's Silk Road will be held in the city of Tur­pan; the festival will feature on an exchange of culture, business talks and tours.

Located in the western part of China and on the border with the Soviet Union, Mongolia, Af­ghanistan, Parkistan and India, the Xinjiang Uygur Autonom­

ous Region is China's largest au­tonomous region (province). At present, the region has esta­blished economic co-operative relations with more than 50 countries and regions. Moreover, its trade and technological co­operation with the Soviet Union and countries in Central Asia have also made a lot of head­way. Last year, Xinjiang export­ed US$350 million worth of goods, an increase of nearly 21 times over the previous decade.

by Li Rongxia China to Set Up Railway Joint Venture

Deputy Minister Sun Yongfu of Railways has announced that China is seeking joint ventures to build railway lines.

According to Sun, in the com­ing five years, China will invest around 100 billion yuan in the construction of tracks. Some 4,600-km of newly electrified railway lines will be construct­ed. The Zhengzhou to Wuchang, Beijing to Zhengzhou, Chongqing to Guiyang, Chengdu to Kunming and Beijing to Qin-huangdao routes are under con­struction or are to be construct­ed. The project for the Beijing to Shanghai electrified line has been listed as a state plan. An­other 6,100-km of tracks is to cover the routes from Heng-shui to Shangqiu, Nanning to Kunming and Xian to Yanan. Also proposed is a 3,600-km double-tracked railway line from Zhejiang to Jiangxi and Shang­hai to Hangzhou routes. At the same time, building is to proceed on lines in the north of Jiang-su Province and from Jinhua to Wenzhou, while the Wuhu Yangtze River Bridge is to be constructed and passenger sta­tions at Hefei, Nanjing, Hang­zhou and Nanchaflg are to be upgraded.

Sun said that in the future

The China National Oil and Natural Gas Corp. and the Bank of China signed in late June an agreement on the provision of a loan to the development of the Tarim Oilfield in Xinjiang. Attending the signing ceremony were Premier Li Peng, Vice-Premier Zou Jiahua and Vice-Premier Zhu Songji. WANG JINGYING

BEIJING REVIEW, JUL¥t5-21,1991 29

B U S I N E S S / T R A D E

Bone china production line of the Tangshan No.l Ceramics Plant. CAO W£J

C h i n a w i l l e x p a n d c o n s t r u c t i o n o f r a i l w a y l i n e s t h r o u g h s ta te i n v e s t m e n t , t h e l o c a l r a i s i n g o f f unds a n d i n t he f o r m o f S i n o -f o r e i g n j o i n t v e n t u r e s . •

Dutch-Funded Optical Fibre Plant

T h e C h a n g f e i O p t i c a l F i b r e a n d Cab l e C o . L t d . , a S i n o - D u t c h j o i n t v e n t u r e , has r e c e n t l y gone i n t o o p e r a t i o n a f t e r t h r e e y e a r s o f c o n s t r u c t i o n . I t i s t h e l a rges t o f i t s k i n d i n C h i n a .

T h e n e w h i - t e c h v e n t u r e w a s f u n d e d b y t h e W u h a n O p t i ­c a l C o m m u n i c a t i o n s T e c h n o l ­o g y C o . , t h e W u h a n T r u s t a n d I n v e s t m e n t C o . a n d P h i l i p s C o . o f t he N e t h e r l a n d s . T o t a l i n v e s t ­m e n t f o r t h e v e n t u r e czrme t o 72.5 m i l l i o n g u i l d e r s p l u s 56 m i l ­l i o n y u a n . C o - o p e r a t i o n spans 20 years. S i x t y pe rcen t o f f o r e i g n c a p i t a l w a s c o n t r i b u t e d b y t h e D u t c h g o v e r n m e n t as l o a n s , w h i l e t h e r e m a i n d e r was s t o c k c o n t r i b u t e d e q u a l l y b y b o t h sides.

B y a d o p t i n g P h i l i p s ' w o r l d -l e a d i n g P V C D t e c h n o l o g y , t h e o p t i c a l c a b l e m a n u f a c t u r i n g t echn iques o f t h e D u t c h E l e c ­t r o n i c C a b l e C o . a n d a d v a n c e d m a n a g e m e n t , t h e v e n t u r e w i l l p roduce 50 ,000 k m o f o p t i c a l f ib res a n d 4 ,500 k m o f cables a year . A n n u a l o u t p u t v a l u e w i l l be a r o u n d 150 m i l l i o n y u a n .

C h i n e s e e x p e r t s s a i d t h a t t h e C h a n g f e i o p e r a t i o n s h a v e b r o u g h t C h i n a ' s r e l i a n c e o n i m ­p o r t o f o p t i c a l f i b r e t o a n e n d . T h e p l a n t w i l l m e e t d o m e s t i c de­m a n d a n d e x p o r t 20 pe rcen t o f i t s p roduc t s . •

Tangshan Expands Bone China Production

T a n g s h a n , t he p o r c e l a i n c a p i ­t a l i n t h e n o r t h , i s C h i n a ' s o n l y c i t y t o p roduce h i g h - g r a d e b o n e c h i n a .

T h e T a n g s h a n N o . l C e r a m i c s F a c t o r y i n v e s t e d 4 2 m i l l i o n y u a n i n t h e r e n o v a t i o n o f i t s bone c h i n a p r o d u c t i o n l i n e l a s t yea r . A b o u t U S $ 3 . 6 7 m i l l i o n o f t h e s u m w a s used t o pu rchase 63 sets o f p r o d u c t i o n e q u i p m e n t f r o m f o u r B r i t i s h c o m p a n i e s . T h i s b o o s t e d t h e f a c t o r y ' s a n n u a l -p r o d u c t i o n c a p a c i t y t o 5 m i l l i o n b o n e c h i n a pieces. A c c o r d i n g t o e s t i m a t e s b y t h e B a n k o f C h i n a , t h e f a c t o r y ' s o u t p u t v a l u e w i l l i nc rease b y 26 m i l l i o n y u a n a f t e r t h e p r o d u c t i o n l i n e is p u t i n t o o p e r a t i o n , a n d i t s a n n u a l e x p o r t e a r n i n g s w i l l r e a c h U S $ 3 . 3 m i l ­l i o n .

T h e f a c t o r y p r o d u c e s b o n e c h i n a w i t h f i n e q u a l i t y r a w m a ­t e r i a l s m i x e d w i t h a s t r i c t l y set p r o p o r t i o n o f b o n e a sh f r o m he r ­b i v o r o u s a n i m a l s a n d a c c o r d i n g t o i n t e r n a t i o n a l s t a n d a r d s . B o n e c h i n a w a r e t h u s p r o d u c e d is so g o o d i n q u a l i t y t h a t i t c a n m a t c h i t s c o u n t e r p a r t s p r o d u c e d i n B r i ­t a i n a n d J a p a n . C h i n e s e a n d W e s t e r n t a b l e w a r e , t ea sets a n d cof fee services m a n u f a c t u r e d b y t h e f a c t o r y h a v e been used t o s u b s t i t u t e d i m p o r t e d ones . T h e y a re used i n f i r s t class cab ins o n t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l f l i g h t s o f A i r C h i n a , a n d i n h i g h - g r a d e h o t e l s i n c l u d i n g t h e S h a n g r i - l a H o t e l , P a l a c e H o t e l , C h i n a H o t e l , B e i ­j i n g T i a n p i n g L e e G a r d e n s H o t e l a n d B e i j i n g - G u a n g z h o u C e n t r e .

G e S h i l i n , d i r e c t o r o f t h e T a n g s h a n f a c t o r y , sa id t h a t 70 p e r c e n t o f h i s f a c t o r y ' s b o n e c h i n a p r o d u c t s a re e x p o r t e d t o a score o f c o u n t r i e s a n d r e g i o n s i n c l u d i n g B r i t a i n , t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s , J a p a n , A u s t r a l i a a n d S o u t h e a s t A s i a . " W e hope t o ex­p a n d o u r c o - o p e r a t i o n w i t h m o r e f o r e i g n f r i e n d s , " h e added. •

Foreign Funds Gain Ground in Sichuan

C h i n a ' s i n l a n d p r o v i n c e S i ­c h u a n i s s m o o t h l y d r a w i n g o n f o r e i g n i n v e s t m e n t . B y t h e e n d ot l a s t M a y , t h e p r o v i n c e h a d ap­p r o v e d 799 S i n o - f o r e i g n j o i n t v e n t u r e s , f o r e i g n - f u n d e d co­o p e r a t i v e a n d w h o l l y f o r e i g n -f u n d e d en te rp r i ses , t o t h e t u n e o f U S $ 1 , 5 2 2 b i l l i o n . A b o u t 70 per­cen t w a s i n v e s t e d b y business­m e n f r o m H o n g K o n g a n d M a ­cao.

Z h a n g Y i n g w e n , c h a i r m a n o f t h e S i c h u a n F o r e i g n E c o n o m i c R e l a t i o n s a n d T r a d e C o m m i s ­s i o n , s a id i n a H o n g K o n g n e w s con fe r ence t h a t besides a t t r a c t ­i n g d i r e c t f o r e i g n i n v e s t m e n t , t h e p r o v i n c e , o v e r r ecen t yea r s , has a t t e m p t e d t o absorb o t h e r o v ­erseas i n v e s t m e n t i n c l u d i n g f o r ­e i g n g o v e r n m e n t loans , e x p o r t c red i t s a n d issues o f bonds a n d s tocks i n f o r e i g n c o u n t r i e s . I t has

30 BKUING.yByjEW.JULY 15-21,1991

BUSINESS/TrfADE

p u t a t o t a l o f 5 8 6 i t e m s o n t h e a g e n d a f o r p r o c e s s i n g i m p o r t e d m a t e r i a l , d e s i g n e d p r o c e s s i n g , s p a r e p a r t s p r o c e s s i n g a n d c o m ­p e n s a t o r y t r a d e . M o r e o v e r t h e p r o v i n c e h a s s i g n e d c o n t r a c t s f o r a t t r a c t i n g U S $ 1 . 4 4 b i l l i o n f o r ­e i g n i n v e s t m e n t a n d a b o u t U S $ 6 3 0 m i l l i o n o f t h e f i g u r e h a s b e e n u s e d .

T h e W o r l d B a n k h a s d e c i d e d t o p r o v i d e a l o a n o f U S $ 7 4 0 m i l ­l i o n f o r t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e S i c h u a n E r t a n H y d r o p o w e r S t a ­t i o n , t h e l a r g e s t i n A s i a . T h e t o t a l i n v e s t m e n t f o r t h e p o w e r p l a n t i s 1 0 b i l l i o n y u a n a n d i t s i n s t a l l e d c a p a c i t y i s 3 .3 m i l l i o n k w . T h e p r o j e c t i s e x p e c t e d t o b e c o m p l e t e d w i t h i n t h i s c e n t u r y .

T h e p r o v i n c e ' s f o r e i g n t r a d e h a s g r o w n r a p i d l y d u e t o t h e p o u r i n g i n o f t h i s l a r g e a m o u n t o f f o r e i g n i n v e s t m e n t . Z h a n g s a i d t h a t d u r i n g t h e f i r s t f i v e m o n t h s o f t h i s y e a r , S i c h u a n ' s d i r e c t e x p o r t v o l u m e r e a c h e d U S $ 5 3 4 m i l l i o n , r e p r e s e n t i n g a n i n c r e a s e o f 2 6 p e r c e n t c o m p a r e d w i t h t h e s a m e p e r i o d l a s t y e a r . D i r e c t i m p o r t s a m o u n t e d t o U S $ 8 0 m i l l i o n , a n i n c r e a s e o f 3 2 . 8 p e r c e n t o v e r t h e s a m e p e r ­i o d i n 1 9 9 0 .

H o n g K o n g i s S i c h u a n ' s l a r g e s t t r a d e p a r t n e r . T h e i r t r a d e v o l ­u m e r e a c h e d U S $ 3 8 9 m i l l i o n l a s t y e a r , m a k i n g u p a b o u t 3 5 p e r ­c e n t o f t h e p r o v i n c e ' s t o t a l t r a d e v o l u m e . •

Beijing to Conduct World Co-operation

T o d e v e l o p i n t o a m o d e r n m e ­t r o p o l i s , B e i j i n g r e q u i r e s a l a r g e a m o u n t o f i n v e s t m e n t a n d n e w t e c h n o l o g y . I n r e c e n t y e a r s t h e m u n i c i p a l g o v e r n m e n t h a s s u c ­c e s s f u l l y c o - o p e r a t e d w i t h m o r e t h a n t e n c o u n t r i e s a n d i n t e r n a ­t i o n a l i n s t i t u t i o n s o n o v e r 2 0 s c i e n t i f i c a n d t e c h n o l o g i c a l a r ea s .

O v e r t h e p a s t t h r e e y e a r s , t h e B e i j i n g S c i e n c e a n d T e c h n o l o g y

C o m m i s s i o n h a s w o r k e d w i t h t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s , B r i t a i n , F r a n c e , J a p a n , C a n a d a , G e r m a n y , F i n ­l a n d a n d E a s t E u r o p e a n c o u n ­t r i e s . P r o j e c t s h a v e i n v o l v e d i n ­t e r n a t i o n a l o r g a n i z a t i o n s s u c h as t h e A s i a n D e v e l o p m e n t B a n k , t h e D e v e l o p m e n t P r o g r a m m e o f t h e U n i t e d N a t i o n s , a n d t h e O v ­e r s e a s D e v e l o p m e n t A d m i n i s t r a ­t i o n o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s . J o i n t s c h e m e s h a v e c o v e r e d t h e f i e l d s o f t r a n s p o r t a t i o n a n d c o m m u n i ­c a t i o n , w a t e r r e s o u r c e s , e n v i r o n ­m e n t a l p r o t e c t i o n , u r b a n r e ­n e w a l , c o n s t r u c t i o n o f m u n i c i p a l w o r k s , m e d i c a l a n d h e a l t h c a r e . T h e c i t y h a s i m p o r t e d m o r e t h a n 1 0 0 s c i e n t i f i c a n d t e c h n o l o g i c a l i t e m s , i n v i t e d o v e r 1 4 0 f o r e i g n e x p e r t s a n d s e n t n e a r l y 1 0 0 p e r ­s o n n e l a b r o a d f o r t r a i n i n g .

C h i n a , B r i t a i n a n d F r a n c e u n ­d e r t o o k a j o i n t f e a s i b i l i t y s t u d y o n s u b w a y s f o r B e i j i n g . T h e B r i t i s h - g o v e r n m e n t d o n a t e d U S $ 1 8 . 1 9 m i l l i o n a n d g a v e b u s ­i n e s s l o a n s o f U S $ 2 4 m i l l i o n . C h i n a i m p o r t e d n i n e t e c h n o l o g i ­c a l s y s t e m s .

T o s o l v e t h e p r o b l e m o f t r a n s ­p o r t i n g f r o z e n w a t e r i n w i n t e r a l o n g t h e B e i j i n g - M i y u n D i v e r ­s i o n C a n a l , t h e B e i j i n g W a t e r C o n s e r v a n c y B u r e a u c o l l a b o r a t ­e d w i t h F i n l a n d t o s u c c e s s f u l l y d e v e l o p s u i t a b l e t e c h n o l o g y . I t h a s s u b s e q u e n t l y m a d e h u g e e c o ­n o m i c p r o f i t s .

T h r o u g h t h e c o - o p e r a t i o n w i t h a n A m e r i c a n e n v i r o n m e n t a l p r o ­t e c t i o n e x p e r t , s c i e n t i f i c a n d t e c h n i c a l p e r s o n n e l i n B e i j i n g d e ­v i s e d t e c h n o l o g y f o r d i s p o s a l o f p o l l u t e d w a t e r t h a t c a n hfe lp t o l o w e r c o s t s b y o v e r 5 0 p e r c e n t .

A t t e m p t i n g t o d e a l w i t h t h e o v e r c r o w d i n g s i t u a t i o n o f b i c y ­c l e s i n B e i j i n g , t h e c i t y c o ­o p e r a t e d w i t h B r i t a i n t o s e t u p t r a f f i c c o n t r o l a n d m a n a g e m e n t s y s t e m s i n t h e e a s t e r n p a r t o f B e i j i n g , d r a w i n g o n B r i t i s h s u p ­p o r t o f 5 5 0 , 0 0 0 p o u n d s . T h e sys ­t e m h a s i n c r e a s e d r o a d a v a i l i b i l -i t y f o r m o t o r - d r i v e n v e h i c l e s t o 2 5 p e r c e n t a n d t h a t o f b i c y c l e s t o

1 0 p e r c e n t . D u r i n g t h e E i g h t h F i v e - Y e a r

P l a n p e r i o d ( 1 9 9 1 - 9 5 ) , B e i j i n g w i l l c o n t i n u e t o s t r e n g t h e n i n t e r ­n a t i o n a l s c i e n t i f i c a n d t e c h n o l o g ­i c a l c o - o p e r a t i o n t o s o l v e g l a r i n g c i t y p r o b l e m s . •

Price of Hangzhou Silk Goes Up

A y a r d o f s i l k p r o d u c e d i n H a n g z h o u i s n o w w o r t h U S $ 8 0 o n W e s t E u r o p e a n m a r k e t s , c l o s e t o t h a t o f I t a l y ' s f a m o u s p r o d ­u c t s .

H a n g z h o u i s o n e o f C h i n a ' s m a i n s i l k - p r o d u c i n g a r e a s . F o r m e r l y , i t s s i l k w a s s o l d i n E u ­r o p e f o r o n l y U S $ 3 0 p e r y a r d b e c a u s e t h e l e v e l o f i t s t e c h n o l ­o g y f o r f i n i s h i n g , p r i n t i n g a n d d y e i n g w a s l o w . T h r o u g h a d o p t ­i n g c o m p e n s a t o r y t r a d e i n 1 9 8 7 , H a n g z h o u i m p o r t e d a w i d e -b r e a d t h s i l k p r i n t i n g a n d d y e i n g p r o d u c t i o n l i n e a n d s o f t w a r e f r o m t h e K B C C o . o f G e r m a n y w h i c h h e l p e d r a i s e i t s m a n u f a c ­t u r i n g m e t h o d s t o i n t e r n a t i o n a l s t a n d a r d s . I n 1 9 9 0 , a b o u t 1.5 m i l l i o n y a r d s o f H a n g z h o u s i l k p r i n t e d a n d d y e d b y s u c h t e c h ­n i q u e s w e r e e x p o r t e d t o W e s t e r n E u r o p e .

S u n Z i w e n , d e p u t y m a n a g e r o f t h e H a n g z h o u S i l k I n d u s t r y C o r p . , s a i d t h a t t h e c i t y h a d s p e n t U S $ 2 0 m i l l i o n o v e r t h e p a s t f i v e y e a r s t o i m p o r t a d v a n c e d s i l k p r i n t i n g a n d d y e i n g t e c h n o l o g y f r o m G e r ­m a n y , S w i t z e r l a n d , I t a l y a n d J a ­p a n . I n t h e c o m i n g f i v e y e a r s , t h e c i t y w i l l i n v e s t a n o t h e r U S $ 2 0 m i l l i o n t o i m p o r t r a p i e r a n d w a t e r - j e t l o o m s , a n d p r i n t i n g , d y e i n g a n d f i n i s h i n g t e c h n o l o g y a n d e q u i p m e n t .

by L u Fenjgqin

C O R R E C T I O N : O n p a g e 3 1 i n o u r i s s u e N o . 2 5 ,

t h e s e c o n d s e n t e n c e o f t h e se­c o n d p a r a g r a p h i n t h e l e f t c o l - , u m n s h o u l d r e a d : " I n v e s t m e n t s f o r t h e e n t e r p r i s e t o t a l l e d U S $ 6 7 1 , 2 0 0 , o f w h i c h . . . .

BEIJING REVriW, MJt¥ 15-21,1991 31

C U L T U R E / S C I E N C E

Wu Zuoren Liu Kaiqu Hua Tianyou Luo Gongliu

Footprints of the Art {Masters

Eight professors from the Central Academy of Fine Arts recently held a joint

exhibition of their masterpieces in Beijing. The eight professors have all made great contributions to the development of Chinese art. They are Wu Zuoren, Liu Kaiqu, Hua Tianyou, Luo Gongliu, Ai Zhongxin, Wang Linyi, Zeng Zhushao and Yunne-nikel.

Wu Zuoren is one of the first Chinese artists who received syste­matic training in Western paint­ing methods and introduced them to China earlier this century. He

went to France in 1930 and stu­died at the National Paris Higher Art School and then continued his studies in the Royal Academy of Fine Arts of Belgium where he won a gold medal and an honor­ary title of laureate student.

Since 1949, he has served as professor, dean of studies, vice-president and president of the Central Academy of Fine Arts. Now he is honorary president of the Academy and chairman of the Chinese Artists' Association.

In 1985, Wu was awarded the Highest Award of Art and Litera­

ture by the cultural ministry of the French government for his outstanding contribution to world art. In 1988 he received the Crown Medal from Belgium.

Some of Wu's masterpieces were on display at the exhibition including A Male Body, which won a gold medal in Belgium; a portrait of Qi Baishi, who was a great master of t radi t ional Chinese painting; as well as a number of works depicting street scenes of Beijing earlier this cen­tury.

Ai Zhongxin's oil paintings show his realistic approach and high level of workmanship. His works, both human figures and natural scenes, are full of vitality.

Bricic Relief of Two Farmer Brothers

Brick engraving is a tradition­al folk art in China which is now practised by only a

small number of Chinese artists. Brick engravings of flower and grass patterns, birds and animals, and human figures are common­ly seen in the architecture of the Ming and Qing dynasties, a period beginning in 1365 and ending in 1911. However, this traditional art form gained a noticeable come­back with the completion of an ambitious brick relief work by folk artists Zhang Cunshi and Zhang Cunsheng, two brothers from Henan Province, central China.

The Zhang brothers' work is a brick relief series based on the great Chinese classical novel writ­ten in the 16th century. Journey to

the West, describing the adven­tures of a Tang Dynasty Buddhist monk who went to India to seek Buddhist scriptures under the pro­tection of his three disciples. The Monkey King, the elder disciple, has been a popular image among common people, especially child­ren, for his heroic deeds and mag­ical abilities ever since the birth of the novel.

The brick reliefs depict some of the most dramatic episodes from the novel such aS: The Birth of the Monkey King, The Monkey King's Revolt Against the Heaven and The Monkey King Conquers the White-Bone Spirit. The brick, re­lief is 100 metres long and consists of 20 groups of engravings on huge bricks, each measuring about 10 square metres. In the whole series

there are 894 human figures, 121 birds and animals, 393 houses, and countless flowers, trees, ob­jects and natural sceneries.

In the work, human figures and their surrounding are vividly re­lieved in great detail. The brick relief, rather than being upright, rises gradually from a horizontal position along the ground, adding to the picture's perspective and three-dimensional effect.

The brick work took the Zhang brothers three years to complete. From beginning to the end, the brothers did not use a single blue­print but engraved the story di­rectly on to the bricks, relying on their fine craftsmanship, rich ima­gination and inspiration. Unlike the traditional brick engraving method in which the sculptors carved the pictures on finished bricks, the two brothers carved on unfired bricks before placing them

32 BEIJING btvtfiW, JULY 15-21, 1991

C U L T U R E / S C I E N C E m 1

Ai Zhongxin Wang Linyi Zeng Zhushao Yunne-nikel Representative of his works, Crossing the Yellow River and Crossing the Yellow River At Night, have an imposing artistic effect.

Luo Gongliu is one of the repre­sentative artists of the second ge­neration of Chinese artists in the 20th century. He studied in the Soviet Union in the 1950s. Luo is adept in portrait painting which is characterized by the use of bright colours.

The other five are famous sculptors with Liu Kaiqu as the leading figure. Liu Kaiqu entered the National Paris Higher Art School to study sculpture in 1928. In 1953 he was put in charge of both the design and construction

of the Monument to the People's Heroes now standing in Tianan­men Square. He was the first di­rector of the China Art Gallery and vice-chairman of the Chinese Artists' Association. His sculp­tures have an epic quality.

Sculptors Wang Linyi, Zeng Zhushao and Hua Tianyou all stu­died sculpture in France and be­came professors of the Central Academy of Fine Arts after re­turning from abroad. All of them participated in the creation of the relief sculptures on the Mon­ument to the People's Heroes. Meditation by Hua Tianyou won the Spring Salon Award in France in 1943.

Yunne-nikel, wife of Wang Lin­

yi, is French-Chinese. She was born in Paris in 1912 and became a Chinese citizen in 1955. Since 1950, she has been a professor of the Central Academy of Fine Arts. On this occasion she exhibit­ed some of her relief portraits of Chinese women heroes. Her bronze sculptures entitled Deer, Leopard and Tiger are vivid and breathing with life.

"Although there are a great var­iety of schools in Chinese artistic circles, the realistic tradition of Chinese art should not be neg­lected," said Zhu Naizheng, vice-president of the academy. "The works of the eight masters set us a good example," added Zhu.

by Wei Liming

in the kiln. In this way, the fin­ished artifacts are coated with a dark grey colour, smooth on the surface, durable and sturdy. The raw materials for the bricks, ac­cording to the Zhang brothers, is no other than the common earthy sand deposited by the Yellow River.

The Zhang brothers were farm­ers in Jiesu County, Anhui Prov­ince. They learned brick sculpture at an early age and later became well-known artists in their home­town. Several years ago, they came to Henan to work for the Yellow River Tourism Area.

At present, the brothers are pre­paring to present the Story of Three Kingdoms, another Chinese classic, in brick relief. They are also planning to carve two more ancient Chinese classical novels.

by Zhang Yibing A section of the brick relief. Journey to the West.

BEIJING REVIEW, JULY 15-21, 1991 33

C U L T U R E / S C I E N C E

Satellite Saves Time and Funds

A proposal about satel­lite bands, which has saved China 500 mil­

lion yuan and helped prov­ide data for oceanographic study, won the first prize of the Excellent Sugges­tion Awards of the China Science and Technology Association.

Initiated in March 1985 by Gong Huixing at the Shanghai Insti tute of Technological Physics (SITP), the scheme sug­gested that the "Fengyun I" meteorological satellite, originally designed to take

photos of the earth's cloud charts and serve meteorolog­ical departments, have two wave bands added for obser­vation of the ocean. It can double the information vol­ume of each satellite chan­nel and enable multiple use of one satellite.

This proposal aroused in­terest in some scientific de­par tments . The National Bureau of Oceanography (NBO) had planned to launch an ocean satellite, but it would take ten years and cost 500 million yuan, making it hard to list it as a state pro­ject. Gong's proposal sparked intense curiosity at the NBO and the Remote Sensing Branch of the Chinese Socie­

ty of Space Research, which after inviting experts to ap­praise the suggestion, unani­mously adopted it.

In August 1988, the State Council approved the ad­dition of two oceanic wave bands to the weather satellite. SITP took charge of the re­search.

The cost of re-designing the satellite body and sensor was only two million yuan. The year 1988 saw the success­ful launching of "Fengyun I" which bore the tasks of prov­iding weather forecast ser­vices and oceanic environ­mental investigation. From a sun-aligned orbit 830 kilo­metres above the earth, the satellite sent back high-resolution and life-like col­oured pictures of the earth plus data concerning the weather and ocean. The space vehicle covers a vast area, ranging from 3,200 kilo­metres north to south and 1,600 kilometres east to west.

The multi-purpose "Fengyun I" has realized the goal of space supervision over the oceanic environment ten years in advance and is devel­oping traditional oceanogra­phy along with space ocean­ography. With the help of this satellite, the probe time for fishing has been halved. The vehicle can forecast and su­pervise the disastrous oceanic climatic changes, such as ty­phoons, ice flees and coastal floods, helping reduce marine engineering losses.

With the successful launch­ing of "Fengyun I," realistic coloured images of the earth's land and oceans are available. This satellite is now the only one in orbit with such a func­tion.

by Wei Liming

Symphonic Concert Held in Beijing

Seven major orchestras in Beijing recently gave two joint concerts at the Capital Gym­nasium which has a capacity of 18,000 seatings. The 500 musicians performed over ten Chinese and foreign classics

including the famous fourth movement of Chaikovsky's Fourth Symphony. The con­certs were jointly sponsored by the Beijing Symphony Lov­ers Society and the Hongyun Cultural and Entertainment Corporation.

34 BEIJING REVIEW, JULY 15-21,1991

Bright colour and Beauty in Autumn.

Chinese Paintings by Liu Yitao

Liu Yitao, born in Puer Town, Yunnan Province in 1955, now works in the Kunming Plant Re­search Institute of Yunnan Prov­ince. Specializing in Chinese flow­er and bird paintings done with fine and delicate strokes, he also uses freehand brushwork for his drawings. Some of his newest creations are based on traditional techniques.

Summer Night.

ART P A Q E

Cymbidiums.

The Zibo Ceramic IVIachinery Plant of Shandong Province W a n g Shuan, d i r e a o r of factory, gives his best regards t o cus tomers in China a n d abroad!

A p roduce r of special K u n l u n - B r a n d ce ramic and bui lding m a c h i n e r y for near ly 30 years, t h e Zibo Ceramic Machinery Plant of S h a n d o n g Prov­ince is a m e m b e r of Ceramic Machinery Co­operat ion Corp. u n d e r t he Ministry of Light In­dustry of China a n d a m e m b e r of t h e b o a r d of enterprises of the Ceramic Machinery Uni ted Corp . of Shandong Province. It p r o d u c e s c o m p l e t e sets of advanced e q u i p m e n t to m e e t t he n e e d s of all k inds of clay process ing such as knead ing , m o u l d ­ing, paint ing po t te ry a n d co lour bak ing p rocess ­ing. Our factory p roduces near ly 30 m a i n p r o d u c t s including type 50kg-8T ball miU, t ype TC-102 vac ­u u m clay mixer , m u d filter, rol l-press mou lde r , rubb ing press, oil p ressure pusher , se t t ing-out machine, frame-type roller w a y furnace a n d p las ­ter agitator. Some of o u r p roduc t s , all of w h i c h sell well in t he ceramic, bui lding-mater ia l a n d c h e m i ­cal industrial enterpr ises in 29 p rov inces a n d cities nat ionwide, a re expor ted . T h e TC-2.5T cent ra l -drive ball mill w a s c i ted aS a good-qual i ty p r o d u a by the Ministry of Light Indust ry . T h e TC-102 vacuum clay mixe r w o n a pr ize for provincia l excellence in 1985 a n d is wide ly u s e d in t h e h igh ly efficient flow process for manufac tu r ing ce ramic a n d ea r thenware p roduc t s .

Our guid ing pr inc ip le is t o w e e d o u t t h e o ld and br ing forth t he n e w , w i n h o n o u r for o u r c o m p a n y by manufac tu r ing h igh-qual i ty p r o d u c t s and offer a variety of g o o d services. W e w a r m l y welcome cus tomers f rom h o m e a n d a b r o a d t o c o m e a n d visit o u r factory a n d h o l d bus iness talks.

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Address: Dakunlun, Zibo City, c Shandong Province, China I Postcode 255129 a